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Hicheur H, Chauvin A, Cavin V, Fuchslocher J, Tschopp M, Taube W. Augmented-Feedback Training Improves Cognitive Motor Performance of Soccer Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:141-152. [PMID: 31425382 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we tested the hypothesis that augmented feedback (AF) training can improve both perceptual-cognitive and/or motor skills specific to soccer. METHODS Three groups of young elite players (U14-U15 categories) performed a test consisting in passing the ball as accurately and as quickly as possible toward a visual target moving briefly across a large screen located at 6 m from the player. The performed task required players to correctly perceive the target, anticipate its future location, and to adequately adjust the pass direction and power. The control group (CON) performed normal soccer training and was compared with two visuomotor training groups (AF and no-feedback [NF]) that followed the same training regime but integrated series of 32 passes three times per week over a 17-d period into their normal soccer training. Objective measurements of the passing performance were provided using a high-technology system (COGNIFOOT) before, during, and after training. During training, only players of the AF group received visuoauditory feedback immediately after each trial informing them about the accuracy of their passes. RESULTS The results show that only players of the AF group significantly improved passing accuracy, reactiveness, and global passing performance (+22%), whereas the NF group only improved passing accuracy. None of these parameters was improved in the CON group. The objectively measured changes in passing performance were compared with the more subjectively judged passing performance provided by coaches and players. Coaches' judgments were more reliable than players' judgments and exhibited a training group effect comparable to the ones objectively measured by COGNIFOOT. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that the training of cognitive motor performance in soccer players highly benefits from the use of augmented feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Hicheur
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, SWITZERLAND
| | - Alan Chauvin
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, FRANCE
| | | | - Joerg Fuchslocher
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, SWITZERLAND
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52
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Schwesig R, Schulze S, Reinhardt L, Laudner KG, Delank KS, Hermassi S. Differences in Player Position Running Velocity at Lactate Thresholds Among Male Professional German Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2019; 10:886. [PMID: 31338041 PMCID: PMC6629897 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the differences in running velocities at specific lactate thresholds among male German soccer players. One hundred fifty-two professional (3rd league: n = 78; 4th league: n = 74) male soccer players (mean ± SD; age: 24.7 ± 4.37 years, body mass: 80.8 ± 7.33 kg, body height: 1.83 ± 0.06 m) volunteered for the investigation. Players were categorized as goalkeepers, central defenders, central midfielders, wings and forward. Players completed a treadmill test, at incremental speeds, to determine running velocity at different blood lactate concentrations (v2 = 2 mmol/l; v4 = 4 mmol/l; and v6 = 6 mmol/l). In addition, the largest difference between positions for running velocity was found at the lactate threshold v2 (p = 0.005). The running data revealed that only goalkeepers had significantly lower velocities at the lactate thresholds compared to outfield players. The central midfielders showed the highest average performance level at the lactate thresholds (v2: 12.5 ± 1.20 km/h; v4: 15.2 ± 1.14 km/h; and v6: 16.6 ± 1.14 km/h). In conclusion, this study provides soccer and position-specific reference data for the running performance of male professional German soccer players to evaluate the endurance performance in a standardized way. In this context, future research should extend the database for the first and second leagues. Further research assessing running performance during competition matches over the entire season is required to validate the endurance test performance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Schulze
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lars Reinhardt
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kevin G Laudner
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Karl-Stefan Delank
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Souhail Hermassi
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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53
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The Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 Test: Reliability of Performance Scores, Physiological Responses and Overload Characteristics in Competitive Soccer, Basketball and Volleyball Players. J Hum Kinet 2019; 67:223-233. [PMID: 31523320 PMCID: PMC6714357 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of the physiological and overload features of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2 (Yo-Yo IE2) in competitive male soccer (n = 20), basketball (n = 11), and volleyball players (n = 10). The participants completed Yo-Yo IE2 tests on three separate occasions with assessment of performance, heart rate, running speed, accelerations, decelerations and body load using GPS instrumentation. The intra-class correlation coefficient index, confidence intervals and coefficients of variation were calculated to assess the reliability of the test. Intra-class correlation coefficients for test-retest trials in the total sample ranged from large to nearly perfect (total distance: 0.896; mean speed: 0.535; maximum speed: 0.715; mean HR: 0.876; maximum HR: 0.866; body load: 0.865). The coefficients of variation for distance, mean speed, HR response, as well as acceleration and deceleration scores for test-retest trials ranged from 1.2 to 12.5% with no differences observed among particular sport disciplines. The CV for shuttles performed ranged from 4.4 to 5.5% in all sports. Similar results were obtained for the three different categories of players tested. These results suggest that the Yo-Yo IE2 test appears to be a reliable alternative for evaluating the ability to perform intermittent high-intensity running in different outdoor and indoor team sports. Players may need one or two familiarization tests to ensure valid assessment of intermittent endurance capacity. It appears that the Yo-Yo IE2 test incorporates accelerations and decelerations in a consistent and reproducible fashion.
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54
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Rago V, Krustrup P, Martín-Acero R, Rebelo A, Mohr M. Training load and submaximal heart rate testing throughout a competitive period in a top-level male football team. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1408-1415. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1618534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rafael Martín-Acero
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Center of Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kadlubowski B, Keiner M, Hartmann H, Wirth K, Frick U. The Relationship between Change of Direction Tests in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050111. [PMID: 31091766 PMCID: PMC6571937 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Change of direction (COD) is a performance-limiting factor in team sports. However, there are no exact definitions describing which physical abilities limit COD performance in soccer. Nevertheless, different COD tests are used or have been recommended as being equally effective in the professional practice of measuring COD performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different COD tests, and to test the independence and generalizability of these COD tests in soccer. As such, 27 elite youth soccer players were randomly recruited and were tested in different COD tests (i.e., Illinois agility test (IAT), T agility test (TT), 505 agility test (505), Gewandtheitslauf (GewT), triangle test (Tri-t), and square test (SQT)). Bivariate Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between the COD tests. The Benjamini–Hochberg method was used to control for the false discovery rate of the study at 0.05. This investigation calculated explained variances of 10% to 55% between performances in the different COD tests. This suggested that the tests covered different aspects or task-specific characteristics of the COD. Therefore, coaches and sport scientists should review and select different tests with a logical validity, based on the requirement profiles of the corresponding sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kadlubowski
- Germany University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany.
- DSC Arminia Bielefeld e. V, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Michael Keiner
- Germany University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany.
| | - Hagen Hartmann
- Germany University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany.
| | - Klaus Wirth
- University of Applied Sciences, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
| | - Ulrich Frick
- Institute of sport science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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56
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Aquino R, Melli-Neto B, Ferrari JVS, Bedo BLS, Vieira LHP, Santiago PRP, Gonçalves LGC, Oliveira LP, Puggina EF. Validity and reliability of a 6-a-side small-sided game as an indicator of match-related physical performance in elite youth Brazilian soccer players. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2639-2644. [PMID: 31064264 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1608895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were: (i) to compare the external and internal load during a 6-a-side small-sided game (6v6-SSG) according to age-group; (ii) to relate these parameters between the 6v6-SSG and official matches; and (iii) to test the reliability of the 6v6-SSG. A total of 51 Brazilian youth soccer players participated in this study (U11 [n = 16]; U13 [n = 10]; U15 [n = 9]; U17 [n = 8]; U20 [n = 8]). Three experiments were conducted. Experiment A: fifty-one U11 to U20 players were submitted to 6v6-SSGs (n = 10 games; two for each age-group). Experiment B: thirty-two players were randomized to also play official matches (n = 6 matches). Experiment C: thirty-five youth players played the 6v6-SSG twice for test and retest reliability analysis. External load was obtained using Global Positioning Systems and the internal load parameter was calculated through mean heart rate. Statistical approaches showed progressive increases in all parameters according to categories (U11< U13< U15< U17< U20; p < 0.05; ES = 0.42-23.68). Even controlling for chronological age, all parameters showed likely to almost certain correlations between 6v6-SSG and official matches (r = 0.25-0.92). Collectively, the proposed protocol indicates good reliability (CV% = 2.0-12.6; TE% = 2.3-2.7%; ICC = 0.78-0.90). This research suggests that the 6v6-SSG is an alternative tool to indicate match-related physical performance in youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aquino
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.,Faculty of Physical Education, University of Estácio , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Bruno Melli-Neto
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - João Victor S Ferrari
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Bruno L S Bedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Luiz H Palucci Vieira
- Human Movement Research Laboratory, Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto P Santiago
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | | | - Lucas P Oliveira
- Department of Performance Analysis, Botafogo Football (Soccer) Club , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Enrico F Puggina
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Gonaus C, Birklbauer J, Lindinger SJ, Stöggl TL, Müller E. Changes Over a Decade in Anthropometry and Fitness of Elite Austrian Youth Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2019; 10:333. [PMID: 30984022 PMCID: PMC6447713 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in physical (e.g., high-intensity running and sprinting), technical (e.g., passing rate), and tactical (e.g., player density) aspects made elite level soccer more challenging within the past years. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether these evolutions are also been reflected in changes in anthropometric and fitness characteristics between former (2002 to 2005) and current (2012 to 2015) elite Austrian youth development center (U13 to U14) and soccer academy (U15 to U18) players. A battery of anthropometric, general and soccer-specific fitness tests was conducted annually at the end of each year. Independent t-test and Cohen’s d (ES) were calculated to compare the two four-year periods (2530 vs. 2611 players) at each age group separately. Current players were significantly faster in 20 m sprint (ES = 0.26–0.50) and reaction test (ES = 0.15–0.39, except for U18), but less flexible at sit-and-reach (ES = –0.19 to –0.55), in all age categories. Whereas height (ES = 0.26–0.32), body mass (ES = 0.11–0.18) and countermovement jump (ES = 0.24–0.26) increased significantly at youth development center level, current academy players performed superior at shuttle sprint (ES = 0.21–0.59), hurdles agility run (ES = 0.24–0.49), and endurance run (ES = 0.11–0.20). These changes over time in speed, change-of-direction ability, lower-body power, coordination, and endurance were attributed to modern training approaches (e.g., modified games and change-of-direction drills) and modifications in selection politics (e.g., coaches favor speed and decision-making skills).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gonaus
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jürgen Birklbauer
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan J Lindinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas L Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erich Müller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Bujnovky D, Maly T, Ford KR, Sugimoto D, Kunzmann E, Hank M, Zahalka F. Physical Fitness Characteristics of High-level Youth Football Players: Influence of Playing Position. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E46. [PMID: 30781535 PMCID: PMC6409586 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the speed, agility, aerobic and anaerobic capacities of football players varied by playing positions. Elite youth football players (n = 123, age = 15.7 ± 0.5 years) who played in six different positions, as goalkeepers (GK), full backs (FB), central defenders (CD), wide midfielders (WM), central midfielders (CM), and attackers (AT), were assessed. Multivariate analysis of variances was used to compare the following variables: Linear running sprint for 5 m (S5) and 10 m (S10), flying sprint for 20 m (F20), agility 505 test with turn on the dominant (A505D) and non-dominant leg (A505N), agility K-test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (YYIR1) test and repeat sprint ability (RSA) test. The results showed significant influence of playing positions on linear-running sprint performance (F1,123 = 6.19, p < 0.01, ηp² = 0.23). Midfielders reached significantly higher performance levels (CM = 2.44 ± 0.08 s, WM = 2.47 ± 0.13 s) in the A505N test compared to GK (2.61 ± 0.23 s). Outfield players had significantly higher performance in both YYIR1 and RSA tests compared to GK (p < 0.01). The results of this study may provide insightful strategies for coaches and clinical practitioners for developing position-specific conditioning programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bujnovky
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Maly
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kevin R Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA.
| | - Dai Sugimoto
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthpaedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Egon Kunzmann
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Mikulas Hank
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Zahalka
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Sellami M, Chamari K, Zagatto AM, Kebsi W, Chaouachi A, Zouhal H. Racial differences in hemoglobin and plasma volume variation: implications for muscle performance and recovery. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2019; 24:182-193. [PMID: 28393541 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1315375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the effect of race differences on sprint performance, Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Ht) and plasma volume (PV) variation in response to repeated sprint exercise. Design: Thirty-six healthy, moderately trained men and women (20.8 ± 0.2 year-old) volunteered to participate in this study. They were allocated to one of the four groups according to their gender and race: Black men's group (BM, n = 9), White men's group (WM, n = 9), Black women's group (BW, n = 9) and White women's group (WW, n = 9). All participants performed the running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST), which consists of six 35-m sprints with 10 s of recovery in-between. Six venous blood samples were collected to determine Hb, Ht and PV levels at rest, after warm-up, immediately post- and at 5, 15 and 30 min post-RAST. Blood lactate is also sampled during the 3rd minutes of recovery. Results: The best running time was significantly shorter (P = .002) in BW compared to WW. We have observed significantly higher Hb (P = .010) and Ht (P = .004) levels in BW compared to WW during the 5th minute of recovery. During RAST, the PV decreased significantly (P = .007) in WM only. Black groups had lower (P < .05) lactate levels compared to the white subjects. During recovery, PV increase was significantly (P = .003) higher in WW compared to BW during the 5th minute of recovery. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that sprint and repeated sprint performances were different between white and black women. Differences in anaerobic performance between the groups were associated with racial differences in lactate levels and blood count among women's group during recovery time. Hence, it is important to take into account this race-related difference in hematological parameters in responses to intense efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Sellami
- a Research Laboratory 'Sport Performance Optimisation', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport (CNMSS) , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Karim Chamari
- b Athelete Health and Performance (AHP) Research Center, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- c Faculty of Sciences - Bauru-SP, Department of Physical Education , UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Brazil
| | - Wiem Kebsi
- d Laboratory of Movement, Sport and health Sciences (M2S), UFR APS, University of Rennes 2 , Rennes cedex , Rennes, France
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- a Research Laboratory 'Sport Performance Optimisation', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport (CNMSS) , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- d Laboratory of Movement, Sport and health Sciences (M2S), UFR APS, University of Rennes 2 , Rennes cedex , Rennes, France
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Teixeira AS, Silva JFD, Santos PCD, Salvador PCDN, Campos FDS, Lucas RDD, Guglielmo LGA. Relative age effect, skeletal maturation and aerobic running performance in youth soccer players. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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61
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Pardos- Mainer E, Casajús JA, Gonzalo-Skok O. Reliability and sensitivity of jumping, linear sprinting and change of direction ability tests in adolescent female football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1554257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pardos- Mainer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Antonio Casajús
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Zaragoza, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding soccer players' match-related fatigue and recovery profiles likely helps with developing conditioning programs that increase team performance and reduce injuries and illnesses. In order to improve match recovery (the return-to-play process and ergogenic interventions) it is also pivotal to determine if match simulation protocols and actual match-play lead to similar responses. OBJECTIVES (1) To thoroughly describe the development of fatigue during actual soccer match play and its recovery time course in terms of physiological, neuromuscular, technical, biochemical and perceptual responses, and (2) to determine similarities of recovery responses between actual competition (11 vs. 11) and match simulations. METHODS A first screening phase consisted of a systematic search on PubMed (MEDLINE) and SportDiscus databases until March 2016. Inclusion criteria were: longitudinal study with soccer players; match or validated protocol; duration > 45 min; and published in English. RESULTS A total of 77 eligible studies (n = 1105) were used to compute 1196 effect sizes (ES). Half-time assessments revealed small to large alterations in immunological parameters (e.g. leukocytes, ES = 1.9), a moderate decrement in insulin concentration (ES = - 0.9) and a small to moderate impairment in lower-limb muscle function (ES = - 0.5 to - 0.7) and physical performance measures (e.g. linear sprint, ES = - 0.3 to - 1.0). All the systematically analyzed fatigue-related markers were substantially altered at post-match. Hamstrings force production capacity (ES = - 0.7), physical performance (2-4%, ES = 0.3-0.5), creatine kinase (CK, ES = 0.4), well-being (ES = 0.2-0.4) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS, ES = 0.6-1.3) remained substantially impaired at G + 72 h. Compared to simulation protocols, 11 vs. 11 match format (CK, ES = 1.8) induced a greater magnitude of change in muscle damage (i.e. CK, ES = 1.8 vs. 0.7), inflammatory (IL-6, ES = 2.6 vs. 1.1) and immunological markers and DOMS (ES = 1.5 vs. 0.7) than simulation protocols at post-assessments. Neuromuscular performances at post-match did not differ between protocols. CONCLUSION While some parameters are fully recovered (e.g. hormonal and technical), our systematic review shows that a period of 72 h post-match play is not long enough to completely restore homeostatic balance (e.g. muscle damage, physical and well-being status). The extent of the recovery period post-soccer game cannot consist of a 'one size fits all approach'. Additionally, the 'real match' (11 vs. 11 format) likely induces greater magnitudes of perceptual (DOMS) and biochemical alterations (e.g. muscle damage), while neuromuscular alterations were essentially similar. Overall, coaches must adjust the structure and content of the training sessions during the 72-h post-match intervention to effectively manage the training load within this time-frame.
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63
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SMALLCOMBE JAMESW, BARRETT LAURAA, MORRIS JOHNG, SHERAR LAURENB, TOLFREY KEITH. Small-Sided Soccer in School Reduces Postprandial Lipemia in Adolescent Boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:2351-2359. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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64
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Taylor JM, Cunningham L, Hood P, Thorne B, Irvin G, Weston M. The reliability of a modified 505 test and change-of-direction deficit time in elite youth football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1526402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Hood
- Middlesbrough Football Club, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Ben Thorne
- Middlesbrough Football Club, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Exercise, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Soccer Players: Is Test Specificity the Issue?-A Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:28. [PMID: 29923108 PMCID: PMC6008274 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is important that players and coaches have access to objective information on soccer player’s physical status for team selection and training purposes. Physiological tests can provide this information. Physiological testing in laboratories and field settings are very common, but both methods have been questioned because of their specificity and accuracy respectively. Currently, football players have their direct aerobic fitness assessed in laboratories using treadmills or cycle ergometers, whilst indirect measures (using estimation of aerobic performance) are performed in the field, typically comprising multiple shuttle runs back and forth over a set distance. The purpose of this review is to discuss the applied techniques and technologies used for evaluating soccer players’ health and fitness variables with a specific focus on cardiorespiratory testing. A clear distinction of the functionality and the specificity between the field tests and laboratory tests is well established in the literature. The review findings prioritize field tests over laboratory tests, not only for commodity purpose but also for motivational and specificity reasons. Moreover, the research literature suggests a combination of various tests to provide a comprehensive assessment of the players. Finally, more research needs to be conducted to develop a specific and comprehensive test model through the combination of various exercise modes for soccer players.
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66
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Rommers N, Mostaert M, Goossens L, Vaeyens R, Witvrouw E, Lenoir M, D'Hondt E. Age and maturity related differences in motor coordination among male elite youth soccer players. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:196-203. [PMID: 29913097 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1488454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated differences in generic and soccer specific motor coordination, as well as speed and agility depending on age and maturity in elite youth soccer players (U10-U15, N = 619). Measurements included body height, body weight and sitting height to estimate age at peak height velocity (APHV); three Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder subtests (i.e. jumping sideways (JS), moving sideways (MS), balancing backwards (BB)) to assess generic motor coordination; the UGent dribbling test for soccer specific motor coordination; a 5m/30m sprint and T-test for speed and agility, respectively. Age specific z-scores of the predicted APHV identified players as earlier, on time or later maturing. (M)ANOVA analyses showed significant age by maturity interaction effects for the speed and agility test cluster, revealing maturity related differences in U14 and U15 players. Next to an overall higher performance with age for all test clusters (η2 0.080-0.468), earlier maturing players outperformed their later maturing peers in 5m/30m sprinting. The opposite was seen for JS and BB. So, players' maturity status should be taken into account to adequately value performance in talent identification. Also, the focus on characteristics that appear to be minimally biased by an earlier maturational timing (i.e. motor coordination) should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Rommers
- a Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium.,b Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,c Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Mireille Mostaert
- b Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Lennert Goossens
- b Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Roel Vaeyens
- b Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Erik Witvrouw
- d Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- b Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- a Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium.,b Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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67
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Redkva PE, Paes MR, Fernandez R, da-Silva SG. Correlation between Match Performance and Field Tests in Professional Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2018; 62:213-219. [PMID: 29922392 PMCID: PMC6006532 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate possible correlations between aerobic and anaerobic fitness (in field tests) with performance during a 90 min friendly match, through the following variables: total distance covered, maximal running speed, number of high-intensity actions and number of sprints. Eighteen professional soccer players from a Brazilian elite team (age 23 ± 3 years, body mass 77.5 ± 8.9 kg) participated in the study. The athletes performed a Yo-Yo Endurance Test (aerobic fitness) and a Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (six maximal 35 m efforts separated by 10 s of passive recovery, anaerobic fitness). Data were collected during friendly matches using a GPS with 5 Hz technology. To establish the correlation between the variables determined during the matches, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used (significance level of p ≤ 0.05). A high correlation was found between distance covered in the Yo-Yo endurance test and total distance covered (r = 0.72; p < 0.05), number of high-intensity actions (r = 0.78; p < 0.05) and number of sprints (r = 0.88; p < 0.01) in the soccer matches. The RAST variables did not relate to the standards set during the matches (p < 0.05). From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that there is no correlation between RAST and friendly match data variables. However, better results in the Yo-Yo endurance test correlate with total distance, number of high-intensity actions and sprints during matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo E Redkva
- Research Center on Exercise and Sports, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Mauro R Paes
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sergio G da-Silva
- Research Center on Exercise and Sports, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
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68
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Lockie RG, Risso FG, Giuliano DV, Orjalo AJ, Jalilvand F. Practical Fitness Profiling Using Field Test Data for Female Elite-Level Collegiate Soccer Players: A Case Analysis of a Division I Team. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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69
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Pojskic H, Åslin E, Krolo A, Jukic I, Uljevic O, Spasic M, Sekulic D. Importance of Reactive Agility and Change of Direction Speed in Differentiating Performance Levels in Junior Soccer Players: Reliability and Validity of Newly Developed Soccer-Specific Tests. Front Physiol 2018; 9:506. [PMID: 29867552 PMCID: PMC5962722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Agility is a significant determinant of success in soccer; however, studies have rarely presented and evaluated soccer-specific tests of reactive agility (S_RAG) and non-reactive agility (change of direction speed – S_CODS) or their applicability in this sport. The aim of this study was to define the reliability and validity of newly developed tests of the S_RAG and S_CODS to discriminate between the performance levels of junior soccer players. The study consisted of 20 players who were involved at the highest national competitive rank (all males; age: 17.0 ± 0.9 years), divided into three playing positions (defenders, midfielders, and forwards) and two performance levels (U17 and U19). Variables included body mass (BM), body height, body fat percentage, 20-m sprint, squat jump, countermovement jump, reactive-strength-index, unilateral jump, 1RM-back-squat, S_CODS, and three protocols of S_RAG. The reliabilities of the S_RAG and S_CODS were appropriate to high (ICC: 0.70 to 0.92), with the strongest reliability evidenced for the S_CODS. The S_CODS and S_RAG shared 25–40% of the common variance. Playing positions significantly differed in BM (large effect-size differences [ES]; midfielders were lightest) and 1RM-back-squat (large ES; lowest results in midfielders). The performance levels significantly differed in age and experience in soccer; U19 achieved better results in the S_CODS (t-test: 3.61, p < 0.05, large ES) and two S_RAG protocols (t-test: 2.14 and 2.41, p < 0.05, moderate ES). Newly developed tests of soccer-specific agility are applicable to differentiate U17 and U19 players. Coaches who work with young soccer athletes should be informed that the development of soccer-specific CODS and RAG in this age is mostly dependent on training of the specific motor proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Pojskic
- Department for Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,The Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Erik Åslin
- Department for Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Ante Krolo
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ognjen Uljevic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Miodrag Spasic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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70
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Banda M, Grobbelaar HW, Terblanche E. Body composition and somatotypes of male Zimbabwean Premier League football referees. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:434-439. [PMID: 29687687 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite athletes need to optimize their body composition to deliver world class performances and this argument could be extended to elite referees as well. Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of body composition information among football referees. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the body composition and somatotypes of male football referees and assistant referees who officiated in the 2013 Zimbabwe Premier Football League. METHODS Forty-one participants (21 referees, 20 assistant referees; 8 FIFA, 33 ZIFA licensed referees) with a mean age of 34.89±5.13 years took part. They had on average 10.85±3.85 years of refereeing experience. The ISAK restricted anthropometric profile was used to measure body mass, height, skinfolds, girths and bone breadths, from which Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), percentage body fat and somatotype were calculated. RESULTS The referees were significantly taller than the assistant referees. The FIFA referees had moderately more desirable anthropometric profiles than the ZIFA referees. With a mean somatotype of 2.62-4.65-2.65, the total sample could be classified as balanced mesomorphs. They had lower BMI and body fat percentages than that observed among referees from other nationalities in the available literature. CONCLUSIONS The results add to the paucity of information on the body composition of football officials. Referees aiming to excel at higher levels need to obtain and maintain an ideal body composition since elite level football is intense and requires high fitness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Banda
- Department of Sports Science and Coaching, Faculty of Applied Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.,Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Heinrich W Grobbelaar
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa -
| | - Elmarie Terblanche
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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71
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Relationships between performance test and match-related physical performance parameters. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-018-0519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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72
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Maneiro Dios R, Amatria Jiménez M. Polar Coordinate Analysis of Relationships With Teammates, Areas of the Pitch, and Dynamic Play in Soccer: A Study of Xabi Alonso. Front Psychol 2018; 9:389. [PMID: 29628905 PMCID: PMC5876316 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in soccer has traditionally focused on very specific aspects of the game, such as technical and physiological aspects, and has largely ignored important issues such as tactical performance and the role of individual players within the team. The aim of this study was to study the different relationships that Xabi Alonso, one of the world's best midfielders, establishes with his teammates during offensive play, and to investigate his connections with the pitch in terms of where his direct interventions started and finished, his use of technical actions, his involvement in set plays and interceptions, and his relationship with shots at goal. To do this, we analyzed all the matches played by the winner of the 2012 UEFA European Championship: Spain. We employed an observational methodology design (Anguera, 1979) using a modified version of the ad hoc soccer observation instrument designed by Amatria et al. (2016). The resulting data were analyzed by polar coordinate analysis (Gorospe and Anguera, 2000), which is a powerful data reduction technique with high predictive power. The results showed significant associations (Z > 1.96; p < 0.05) between Alonso and players in different positions, a wide sphere of influence on the pitch, both for the start and end of interventions, and a strong link with game interruptions and interceptions and with the use of different technical actions. No significant associations were detected for type of shot. Studies on tactical performance that take account of the multiple factors involved in soccer will lead to better decision-making by coaches and facilitate analysis of a player's true performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Maneiro Dios
- Faculty of Science of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mario Amatria Jiménez
- Faculty of Science of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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73
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Rago V, Silva JR, Mohr M, Barreira D, Krustrup P, Rebelo AN. The inter-individual relationship between training status and activity pattern during small-sided and full-sized games in professional male football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1414953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João R. Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme Excellence in Soccer Project, Aspetar-Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Magni Mohr
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - António N. Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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74
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Murr D, Raabe J, Höner O. The prognostic value of physiological and physical characteristics in youth soccer: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:62-74. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1386719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Murr
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Raabe
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Höner
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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75
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Lockie RG, Jalilvand F, Moreno MR, Orjalo AJ, Risso FG, Nimphius S. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 and Its Relationship With Other Typical Soccer Field Tests in Female Collegiate Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2667-2677. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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76
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Markers of the Aerobic Energy-Delivery System as Measures of Post-Match Fatigue and Recovery in Soccer; a Repeated Measures Design. Asian J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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77
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Higino WP, Sorroche ADS, de Mattos Falqueiro PG, Suzuki Lima YC, Higa CL. Determination of Aerobic Performance in Youth Soccer Players: Effect of Direct And Indirect Methods. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:109-118. [PMID: 28469749 PMCID: PMC5384058 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to correlate and compare values for variables determined in indirect tests with the values determined directly in youth soccer players. The study subjects were 27 youth soccer players (age 16.77 ± 0.75 years; body mass 63.29 ± 7.37 kg; body height 174.14 ± 8.46 cm) playing in the basic categories of a first division team at the regional level of Brazilian soccer. Each subject was evaluated with the following tests: a) a treadmill test to directly determine values of VO2max and Vamax (Treadmill); b) an indirect Shuttle Run Test (SRT); c) an indirect Carminatti’s test (TCar). VO2max showed significantly different values in the Treadmill and the SRT (59.21 ± 5.88 and 50.67 ± 3.58 ml⋅kg−1⋅min−1, respectively). Similarly, values obtained for VPeak in the treadmill test and for Vamax in TCar were different from values for SRT VPeak (15.01 ± 1.10, 14.92 ± 0.87 and 12.64 ± 0.62 km⋅h−1, respectively). A correlation analysis showed a moderate relationship between values for VPeak TCar and VO2max determined on a treadmill (r = 0.46) and Vamax determined on a treadmill (r = 0.54). The analysis also showed a high correlation between values of VO2max determined on the treadmill and VO2max evaluated in the SRT (r = 0.69), as well as VPeak determined in the SRT and VO2max tested on the treadmill (r = 0.71), as well as between VPeak determined in the SRT and VO2max evaluated on the treadmill (r = 0.77). We concluded that the SRT underestimated values of VO2max and Vamax. Additionally, VPeak TCar showed no difference compared to Vamax, although it did show a low correlation with it. In addition the SRT, even with high correlations, did not seem to be a great predictor of aerobic fitness in youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonder Passoni Higino
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais - Campus Muzambinho - Curso de Educação Física, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila Lie Higa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Campus Rio Claro - Departamento de Educação Física, Brazil
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78
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Marqués-Jiménez D, Calleja-González J, Arratibel I, Delextrat A, Terrados N. Fatigue and Recovery in Soccer: Evidence and Challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1875399x01710010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Soccer presents physiological, metabolic, physical and psychological demands which can deteriorate players’ performance due to fatigue. The high variability in physiological, metabolic, physical and psychological responses also influences the magnitude of exercise-induced muscle damage, with symptoms negatively affecting neuromuscular function during recovery or subsequent training sessions or matches. Consequently, more precise and consistent knowledge is required in this area to optimize training and performance.
Objective:
Therefore, the purpose is to sum-up current evidence on fatigue and recovery in soccer players, to shed light on factors that can affect players’ performance, and to suggest applications for coaches and further research.
Method:
A comprehensive review of the scientific literature on the field was conducted.
Results:
Physical performance decrements during matches have traditionally been associated with physiological fatigue, but the magnitude of the symptoms in soccer players is unclear and depends on several factors. Moreover, the decline in physical performance during a soccer match is related to specific demands of each match. These could explain inter-individual variability in acute fatigue or training recovery processes when comparing players from the same team. Recovery counteracts the effects of fatigue, both peripheral and central, but there is a lack of consensus about the usefulness of tests used to monitor fatigue and recovery kinetics.
Conclusion:
Although fatigue and recovery in soccer has been extensively studied, there are still uncertainties about the underlying mechanisms because they are influenced by physiological and match-related demands.
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79
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Sunderland CD, Edwards PL. Activity Profile and Between-Match Variation in Elite Male Field Hockey. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:758-764. [PMID: 27359206 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sunderland, CD and Edwards, PL. Activity profile and between-match variation in elite male field hockey. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 758-764, 2017-This study aimed to (a) provide a position-specific activity profile for elite male hockey players, (b) determine if the activity profile was altered by the introduction of the "self-pass" rule, and (c) provide information relating to match-to-match variability in elite male field hockey. The activity of 28 elite male field hockey players was analyzed over 2 seasons totaling 395 player-match analyses using Global Positioning Satellite technology. Total distance, high-speed running (>15.5 km·h), sprinting (>20 km·h), and mean speed were recorded. Players were categorized into 4 positions: fullback (FB), halfback (HB), midfield (M), and forward (F). Data were analyzed using a 2-way analysis of variance (season, position) and between-match coefficients of variation (CV). The time played differs with position (FB: 65.5 ± 5.3, HB: 49.5 ± 11.5, M: 45.9 ± 7.1, F: 39.5 ± 5.4 minutes; p < 0.0005) and thus affected the activity profile. Total distance covered was greater for fullbacks (FB: 8,001 ± 447, HB: 6,435 ± 1,399, M: 6,415 ± 908, F: 5,844 ± 762 m, p < 0.001), and mean speed and percentage time spent high-speed running and sprinting were greater for forwards than all other positions (HSR: FB: 6.8 ± 1.0, HB: 8.8 ± 1.3, M: 10.7 ± 1.2, F: 13.5 ± 1.8%, p < 0.001). The activity profile did not differ with the introduction of the self-pass. Match-to-match variability (CV) ranged from 5.0% to 22.0% for total and sprint distance, respectively. This is the first study to present an activity profile of elite men's field hockey and its associated variability and demonstrates that each position is unique, and therefore, training and recovery should be position specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D Sunderland
- 1Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Center, Department of Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and 2Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts
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80
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Top E, Akil M. Effects of a 3-month recreative exercise applied to individuals with intellectual disability on their electromyogram (EMG) variations and balance performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 64:282-287. [PMID: 34141316 PMCID: PMC8115516 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2017.1317459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine how 3-month recreative exercises affect the balance performance of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and to evaluate the electromyogram (EMG) changes following exercises. Methods: Eleven individuals (M=14.18, S.D=1.94) with mild intellectual disability (MID) who attend the school for children with ID and to the vocational school were included in the study. In the study, the subjects were applied a recreative exercise program (60 min/3 days/12 weeks) and their balance, EMG, and aerobic and anaerobic performances were evaluated by means of the pretest-posttest model. Results: When the EMG values in our study were examined, differences were found in terms of EMG3-VL muscle variable (P=0.075/2=0.038), EMG3-RF muscle variable (P=0.080/2=0.040), and EMG5-RF muscle variable (P=0.066/2=0.033). The exercise program decreased the EMG values significantly. When the balance scores were evaluated, significant differences were found in terms of the variables of Balance 2 (after 30 s) (P=0.077/2=0.039) and Balance 3 (after 3 min) (P=0.084/2=0.042). The exercise program significantly decreased the balance values. Conclusion: Consequently, it was determined that 3-month recreative exercises applied to individuals with ID lowered the EMG and Balance values during and after the exercise. In this context, it is thought that the people working with the children with MID need to consider the parameters constituting the balance in a detailed way in their exercise practices and to include activities improving their balance skills into their programs, and that recreative exercises can also provide contribution in this term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Top
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Akil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
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81
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Julian R, Hecksteden A, Fullagar HHK, Meyer T. The effects of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance in female soccer players. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173951. [PMID: 28288203 PMCID: PMC5348024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female soccer has grown extensively in recent years, however differences in gender-specific physiology have rarely been considered. The female reproductive hormones which rise and fall throughout the menstrual cycle, are known to affect numerous cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory and metabolic parameters, which in turn, may have implications on exercise physiology and soccer performance. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to investigate potential effects of menstrual cycle phase on performance in soccer specific tests. METHODS Nine sub elite female soccer players, all of whom have menstrual cycles of physiological length; performed a series of physical performance tests (Yo-Yo Intermittent endurance test (Yo-Yo IET), counter movement jump (CMJ) and 3x30 m sprints). These were conducted at distinct time points during two main phases of the menstrual cycle (early follicular phase (FP) and mid luteal phase (LP)) where hormones contrasted at their greatest magnitude. RESULTS Yo-Yo IET performance was considerably lower during the mid LP (2833±896 m) as compared to the early FP (3288±800 m). A trend towards significance was observed (p = 0.07) and the magnitude based inferences suggested probabilities of 0/61/39 for superiority/equality/inferiority of performance during the mid LP, leading to the inference of a possibly harmful effect. For CMJ (early FP, 20.0±3.9 cm; mid LP 29.6±3.0 cm, p = 0.33) and sprint (early FP, 4.7±0.1 s; mid LP, 4.7±0.1 s, p = 0.96) performances the results were unclear (8/24/68, 48/0/52, respectively). CONCLUSION The results of this study are in support of a reduction in maximal endurance performance during the mid LP of the menstrual cycle. However, the same effect was not observed for jumping and sprint performance. Therefore, consideration of cycle phase when monitoring a player's endurance capacity may be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Julian
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Hugh H. K. Fullagar
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, Lindifield, Australia
- Department of Athletics (Football), University of Oregon, Leo Harris Pwky Drive, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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82
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Silva B, Clemente FM, Camões M, Bezerra P. Functional Movement Screen Scores and Physical Performance among Youth Elite Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5010016. [PMID: 29910376 PMCID: PMC5969015 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study had two main objectives: (1) to determine if differences in Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores exist between two levels of competition; and (2) to analyze the association between FMS individual and overall scores and physical performance variables of lower-limb power (jumps), repeated sprint ability and shot speed. Twenty-two Under 16 (U16) and twenty-six Under 19 (U19) national competitive soccer players participated in this study. All participants were evaluated according to anthropometrics, FMS, jump performance, instep kick speed and anaerobic performance. There were no significant differences in the individual FMS scores between competitive levels. There were significant negative correlations between hurdle step (right) and Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) power average (ρ = −0.293; p = 0.043) and RAST fatigue index (RAST FatIndex) (ρ = −0.340; p = 0.018). The hurdle step (left) had a significant negative correlation to squat jump (SJ) (ρ = −0.369; p = 0.012). Rotary stability had a significant negative correlation to RAST fatigue index (Right: ρ = −0.311; p = 0.032. Left: ρ = −0.400; p = 0.005). The results suggest that individual FMS scores may be better discriminants of performance than FMS total score and established minimal association between FMS scores and physical variables. Based on that, FMS may be suitable for the purposes of determining physical function but not for discriminating physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4960-320 Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4960-320 Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
- Delegação da Covilhã, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Camões
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4960-320 Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Bezerra
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4960-320 Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, CIDESD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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83
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Seasonal Variation of Agility, Speed and Endurance Performance in Young Elite Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5010012. [PMID: 29910372 PMCID: PMC5969008 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the linear running speed (LRS) for 30 m, change of direction speed (CODS), and endurance in young elite Czech soccer players. The following tests were conducted to assess CODS and endurance: Agility 505 turning toward the dominant (A505DL) and non-dominant lower limb (A505NL); Illinois Agility Test (IAT); and intermittent test (Yo-Yo IRT1). During the soccer season, we investigated performance at the following time periods: the start (t₁) and the end of the pre-season period (t₂); during (t₃) and at the end of the competitive period (t₄). Repeated measurement analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of time period on selected fitness parameters (p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis for test A505DL revealed significant improvements of performance at t₃ (2.71 ± 0.08 s) and t₄ (2.72 ± 0.06 s) compared to t₁ (2.81 ± 0.09 s). A505NL was significantly different between t₁ (2.83 ± 0.09 s) and t₂ (2.76 ± 0.09 s), t₃ (2.7 ± 0.07 s) and t₄ (2.71 ± 0.09 s). Performance of CODS at t₁ for the IAT (18.82 ± 0.56 s) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than any other time period (t₂ = 18.52 ± 0.63 s, t₃ = 17.94 ± 0.51 s, t₄ = 17.89 ± 0.66 s). The power of LRS was significantly different at t₃ (4.99 ± 0.15 s), and t₄ (4.98 ± 0.17 s) compared to t₁ (5.15 ± 0.21 s), and t₂ (5.07 ± 0.14 s). For the Yo-Yo IRT1 test, we observed a significant increase in performance between t₁ (625.26 ± 170.34 m), t₂ (858.95 ± 210.55 m), and t₃ (953.68 ± 229.88 m). These results show the impact of soccer season time period on young soccer player performance and may further serve as a basis for comparison with similar research conducted by peers. These results may aid sports practice for clinicians, conditioning coaches, soccer coaches and physiotherapeutic coaches.
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84
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Sargent C, Gebruers C, O’Mahony J. A review of the physiological and psychological health and wellbeing of naval service personnel and the modalities used for monitoring. Mil Med Res 2017; 4:1. [PMID: 28116111 PMCID: PMC5242023 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-016-0112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Naval cohorts rely heavily on personnel to ensure the efficient running of naval organisations. As such, the wellbeing of personnel is essential. In an occupational setting, naval service personnel experience a variety of physiological and psychological stressors. Most naval services arrange annual physical fitness and body composition tests to ensure the physical readiness of personnel. However, these tests only evaluate a small amount of physiological capabilities. Components such as aerobic and strength capabilities are assessed, however, other components of physical fitness such as speed, agility, anaerobic capacity and flexibility are not. In addition to the physical capabilities, personnel are impacted by fatigue, nutrition and psychological stressors such as copping in stressful situations or dealing with time away from family and friends. This review will discuss the physiological and psychological factors that affect personnel's wellbeing. In addition to this, it will also evaluate the methods that are used to assess both physiological and psychological wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliodhna Sargent
- Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
| | - Cormac Gebruers
- National Maritime College of Ireland, Ringaskiddy, Cork Ireland
| | - Jim O’Mahony
- Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
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85
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Spigolon LMP, Cavaglieri CR, Gomes AC, Pascoal EHF, Borges JH, Borin JP. Training program influences the relation between functional and neuromuscular performance indicators during the season in young soccer players. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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86
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Floriano LT, da Silva JF, Teixeira AS, Salvador PCDN, Dittrich N, Carminatti LJ, Nascimento LL, Guglielmo LGA. Physiological Responses During the Time Limit at 100% of the Peak Velocity in the Carminatti's Test in Futsal Players. J Hum Kinet 2016; 54:91-101. [PMID: 28031761 PMCID: PMC5187963 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses during the time limit at the intensity of the peak velocity of the Carminatti's test (T-CAR). Ten professional futsal players (age, 27.4 ± 5.8 years, body mass, 78.8 ± 8.5 kg, body height, 175.8 ± 6.8 cm, body fat mass, 14.1 ± 2.6%) took part in the study. The players performed three tests, with an interval of at least 48 hours, as follows: the T-CAR to determine the peak velocity and the maximal heart rate; an incremental treadmill protocol to determine the maximal physiological responses; and a time limit running test at the peak velocity reached in the T-CAR. During the last two tests, a portable gas analyzer was used for direct measurement of cardiorespiratory variables. It was shown that the peak velocity was not significantly different from the maximal aerobic speed achieved in the laboratory (p = 0.213). All athletes reached their maximum oxygen uptake during the time limit test. The maximum oxygen uptake achieved during the time limit test was not different from that observed in the laboratory condition (51.1 ± 4.7 vs. 49.6 ± 4.7 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectively, p = 0.100). In addition, Bland and Altman plots evidenced acceptable agreement between them. On average, athletes took ~140 s to achieve maximum oxygen uptake and maintained it for ~180 s. Therefore, the peak velocity intensity can be used as an indicator of maximal aerobic power of futsal athletes and the time limit can be used as a reference for training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Teixeira Floriano
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Naiandra Dittrich
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lorival José Carminatti
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lucas Loyola Nascimento
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Florianópolis, Brazil
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87
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Khan MA, Moiz JA, Raza S, Verma S, Shareef MY, Anwer S, Alghadir A. Physical and balance performance following exercise induced muscle damage in male soccer players. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:2942-2949. [PMID: 27821967 PMCID: PMC5088158 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The present study aimed to determine the changes in physical and balance
performance following exercise-induced muscle damage using a sport-specific protocol.
[Subjects and Methods] Fifteen collegiate soccer players were asked to perform a
sport-specific sprint protocol to induce muscle damage. The markers of muscle damage
(soreness, range of motion, limb girth, muscle strength, creatine kinase and lactate
dehydrogenase), physical performance (speed, agility and power) and balance (static and
dynamic balance) were assessed at baseline and 24, 48 and 72 hours following the sprint
protocol. [Results] All variables, including the markers of muscle damage, physical
performance and balance showed a significant difference when assessed at the 4 time
points. [Conclusion] The study demonstrated that both the physical and balance performance
were affected following repeated sprint protocol in soccer players. It is recommended the
balance performance of an athlete be continually assessed following exercise-induced
muscle damage so as to determine the appropriate return to sport decision thereby,
minimizing the risk of further injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffar Ahmad Khan
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, India
| | - Jamal Ali Moiz
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, India
| | - Shahid Raza
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, India
| | - Shalini Verma
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, India
| | - M Y Shareef
- Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, India
| | - Shahnawaz Anwer
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia; Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Physiotherapy, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Ahmad Alghadir
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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88
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Cerda-Kohler H, Burgos-Jara C, Ramírez-Campillo R, Valdés-Cerda M, Báez E, Zapata-Gómez D, Andrade DC, Izquierdo M. Analysis of Agreement Between 4 Lactate Threshold Measurements Methods in Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2864-70. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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89
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Fernandes-da-Silva J, Castagna C, Teixeira AS, Carminatti LJ, Guglielmo LGA. The peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test is related to physical match performance in young soccer players. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:2238-2245. [PMID: 27687493 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1209307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test (T-CAR) (PVT-CAR) and physical match performance in young soccer players. Thirty-three youth soccer players were recruited from 2 non-professional clubs. Friendly matches and small-sided game were performed. Physical match demands were assessed using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. On a separate occasion, the players were submitted to the T-CAR. Players were categorised into 3 groups based on their T-CAR performance: Low (PVT-CAR ≤ P33), Intermediate (P33 > PVT-CAR < P66) and High (PVT-CAR ≥ P66). The PVT-CAR (15.5 ± 0.7 km·h-1) was significantly related to high-intensity activities (HIA; r = 0.78, P < 0.001), high-intensity running (HIR; r = 0.66, P < 0.001), sprinting (r = 0.62, P < 0.001) and total distance (TD) covered (r = 0.47, P < 0.01) during friendly matches. The PVT-CAR was strongly correlated with the amount of HIA (r = 0.81, P < 0.001), HIR (r = 0.85, P < 0.001) and TD covered (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) during small-sided game. No significant correlation was observed between the PVT-CAR and distance of sprinting (r = 0.49, P = 0.067) during small-side game. Furthermore, players in the High group covered significantly more TD (10%) and did more HIA (42%), sprinting (31%) and HIR (25%) during friendly matches compared to the players classified as having Low performance on the T-CAR. These differences still remained after adjusting for chronological age (CA), maturity and body size. In conclusion, the current study gives empirical support to the ecological and construct validity of this novel field test (T-CAR) as an indicator of match-related physical performance in young soccer players during pubertal years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Fernandes-da-Silva
- a Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal , Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.,b Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Carlo Castagna
- c Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Technical Department , Italian Football Federation (FIGC) , Coverciano , Florence , Italy
| | - Anderson Santiago Teixeira
- a Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal , Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.,b Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Lorival José Carminatti
- b Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.,d Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University (CEFID/UDESC), Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
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90
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Martinez-Santos R, Castillo D, Los Arcos A. Sprint and jump performances do not determine the promotion to professional elite soccer in Spain, 1994-2012. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:2279-2285. [PMID: 27238422 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1190460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study are (a) to describe the evolution of neuromuscular performance over an 18 year period within a Spanish elite reserve team; (b) to check if there were any relation between the playing position and sprint and jump performances and (c) to look into the alleged impact of this factor on the top playing level attained by the soccer players. We considered the physical tests (5 m and 15 m sprint times and countermovement jump (CMJ) height) made by 235 players enrolled in the reserve team of the Club from 1994 to 2012 and the highest competitive-level they achieved: Spanish first (n = 39) and second divisions (n = 36) and semi-professional (n = 160). Furthermore, the players were classified according to their playing positions. The main findings were a very-likely/most-likely lower neuromuscular performance (ES = 0.48-0.68, small to moderate) in the last six-season term (2006-2012) than in the first term (1994-2000); possibly/very-likely lower performances in sprinting and CMJ (ES = 0.22-0.55, small) by central defenders (CDs) and midfielders than by other playing positions; very-likely better performances in sprinting and jumping by first and second divisions central defenders than by semi-professional central defenders (ES = 0.90-1.02, moderate). Sprint and jump performances are not a relevant physical parameter to promote to the top level of soccer in Spain except for one in six of the playing positions: CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Martinez-Santos
- a Faculty of Education and Sport , University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- a Faculty of Education and Sport , University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Asier Los Arcos
- a Faculty of Education and Sport , University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
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91
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Fransz DP, Huurnink A, de Boode VA, Kingma I, van Dieën JH. The effect of the stability threshold on time to stabilization and its reliability following a single leg drop jump landing. J Biomech 2016; 49:496-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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92
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Brocherie F, Girard O, Faiss R, Millet GP. High-intensity intermittent training in hypoxia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled field study in youth football players. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:226-37. [PMID: 24978836 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of 5 weeks (∼60 minutes per training, 2 d·wk) of run-based high-intensity repeated-sprint ability (RSA) and explosive strength/agility/sprint training in either normobaric hypoxia repeated sprints in hypoxia (RSH; inspired oxygen fraction [FIO2] = 14.3%) or repeated sprints in normoxia (RSN; FIO2 = 21.0%) on physical performance in 16 highly trained, under-18 male footballers. For both RSH (n = 8) and RSN (n = 8) groups, lower-limb explosive power, sprinting (10-40 m) times, maximal aerobic speed, repeated-sprint (10 × 30 m, 30-s rest) and repeated-agility (RA) (6 × 20 m, 30-s rest) abilities were evaluated in normoxia before and after supervised training. Lower-limb explosive power (+6.5 ± 1.9% vs. +5.0 ± 7.6% for RSH and RSN, respectively; both p < 0.001) and performance during maximal sprinting increased (from -6.6 ± 2.2% vs. -4.3 ± 2.6% at 10 m to -1.7 ± 1.7% vs. -1.3 ± 2.3% at 40 m for RSH and RSN, respectively; p values ranging from <0.05 to <0.01) to a similar extent in RSH and RSN. Both groups improved best (-3.0 ± 1.7% vs. -2.3 ± 1.8%; both p ≤ 0.05) and mean (-3.2 ± 1.7%, p < 0.01 vs. -1.9 ± 2.6%, p ≤ 0.05 for RSH and RSN, respectively) repeated-sprint times, whereas sprint decrement did not change. Significant interactions effects (p ≤ 0.05) between condition and time were found for RA ability-related parameters with very likely greater gains (p ≤ 0.05) for RSH than RSN (initial sprint: 4.4 ± 1.9% vs. 2.0 ± 1.7% and cumulated times: 4.3 ± 0.6% vs. 2.4 ± 1.7%). Maximal aerobic speed remained unchanged throughout the protocol. In youth highly trained football players, the addition of 10 repeated-sprint training sessions performed in hypoxia vs. normoxia to their regular football practice over a 5-week in-season period was more efficient at enhancing RA ability (including direction changes), whereas it had no additional effect on improvements in lower-limb explosive power, maximal sprinting, and RSA performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brocherie
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and 2Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR-Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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93
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Nimmerichter A, Weber NJR, Wirth K, Haller A. Effects of Video-Based Visual Training on Decision-Making and Reactive Agility in Adolescent Football Players. Sports (Basel) 2015; 4:sports4010001. [PMID: 29910249 PMCID: PMC5968940 DOI: 10.3390/sports4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the trainability of decision-making and reactive agility via video-based visual training in young athletes. Thirty-four members of a national football academy (age: 14.4 ± 0.1 years) were randomly assigned to a training (VIS; n = 18) or a control group (CON; n = 16). In addition to the football training, the VIS completed a video-based visual training twice a week over a period of six weeks during the competition phase. Using the temporal occlusion technique, the players were instructed to react on one-on-one situations shown in 40 videos. The number of successful decisions and the response time were measured with a video-based test. In addition, the reactive-agility sprint test was used. VIS significantly improved the number of successful decisions (22.2 ± 3.6 s vs. 29.8 ± 4.5 s; p < 0.001), response time (0.41 ± 0.10 s vs. 0.31 ± 0.10 s; p = 0.006) and reactive agility (2.22 ± 0.33 s vs. 1.94 ± 0.11 s; p = 0.001) pre- vs. post-training. No significant differences were found for CON. The results have shown that video-based visual training improves the time to make decisions as well as reactive agility sprint-time, accompanied by an increase in successful decisions. It remains to be shown whether or not such training can improve simulated or actual game performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Nimmerichter
- Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Johannes Gutenberg Str. 3, Wiener Neustadt A-2700, Austria.
| | - Nikolaus J R Weber
- Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Johannes Gutenberg Str. 3, Wiener Neustadt A-2700, Austria.
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Johannes Gutenberg Str. 3, Wiener Neustadt A-2700, Austria.
| | - Andreas Haller
- Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Johannes Gutenberg Str. 3, Wiener Neustadt A-2700, Austria.
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The reliability, validity and sensitivity of a novel soccer-specific reactive repeated-sprint test (RRST). Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2531-42. [PMID: 26335624 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the reliability, validity and sensitivity of a reactive repeated-sprint test (RRST). METHODS Elite (n = 72) and sub-elite male (n = 87) and elite female soccer players (n = 12) completed the RRST at set times during a season. Total distance timed was 30 m and the RRST performance measure was the total time (s) across eight repetitions. Competitive match running performance was measured using GPS and high-intensity running quantified (≥ 19.8 km h(-1)). RESULTS Test-retest coefficient of variation in elite U16 and sub-elite U19 players was 0.71 and 0.84 %, respectively. Elite U18 players' RRST performances were better (P < 0.01) than elite U16, sub-elite U16, U18, U19 and elite senior female players (58.25 ± 1.34 vs 59.97 ± 1.64, 61.42 ± 2.25, 61.66 ± 1.70, 61.02 ± 2.31 and 63.88 ± 1.46 s; ES 0.6-1.9). For elite U18 players, RRST performances for central defenders (59.84 ± 1.35 s) were lower (P < 0.05) than full backs (57.85 ± 0.77 s), but not attackers (58.17 ± 1.73 s) or central and wide midfielders (58.55 ± 1.08 and 58.58 ± 1.89 s; ES 0.7-1.4). Elite U16 players demonstrated lower (P < 0.01) RRST performances during the preparation period versus the start, middle and end of season periods (61.13 ± 1.53 vs 59.51 ± 1.39, 59.25 ± 1.42 and 59.20 ± 1.57 s; ES 1.0-1.1). Very large magnitude correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between RRST performance and high-intensity running in the most intense 5-min period of a match for both elite and sub-elite U18 players (r = -0.71 and -0.74), with the best time of the RRST also correlating with the arrowhead agility test for elite U16 and U18 players (r = 0.84 and 0.75). CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that the RRST is a reliable and valid test that distinguishes between performance across standard, position and seasonal period.
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Han J, Van Dongen K. Friendship Network Centrality and the Performance of Soccer Players: The Role of Cognitive Accuracy. HUMAN PERFORMANCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/08959285.2015.1021044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Carvalho HM, Lekue JA, Badiola A, Figueiredo AJ, Gil SM. Applicability of an agility test in young players in the soccer field. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220152102144406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: in soccer, agility is a relevant parameter that is defined as the ability to change the direction of the body rapidly and is a result of a combination of strength, speed, balance and coordination.OBJECTIVE: to demonstrated the reliability and validity of the modified Barrow test in soccer players aged 10 to 14 years, analyze its relationship with age, maturation, experience and body size and test the effectiveness of the protocol for distinguishing performance changes during a 10-month competitive season.METHODS: fifty-one adolescent Basque soccer players were enrolled. Age, maturation, experience, body size, vertical jump and 15-m sprint were measured. The reliability of the test was analyzed using replicate tests in a subgroup n= 34. Another subgroup of 33 players n =18, under-11, 10.4 ± 0.3 years; n = 15 under-13, 12.0 ± 0.8 years was evaluated at the beginning and the end of the season.RESULTS: the reliability of the test was good change in mean = -0.5%, 95% CI -1.2 to 0.2, SD=0.14; coefficient of variation = 0.9%, 95% CI - 0.7 to 1.5, SD=0.25. Chronological age and adiposity were significant predictors of agility performance P<0.01. An improvement in performance was observed over a 10-month soccer season, with a significant group effect P<0.01.CONCLUSION: the agility test demonstrated logic and validity, and proved to be a reliable and objective instrument for assessing adolescent soccer players.
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Pedersen AV, Lorås H, Norvang OP, Asplund J. Measuring soccer technique with easy-to-administer field tasks in female soccer players from four different competitive levels. Percept Mot Skills 2015; 119:961-70. [PMID: 25456249 DOI: 10.2466/03.30.pms.119c31z2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Soccer is a multidimensional sport that requires skills in many different domains. Reports from competitions at the highest levels around the world suggest that a particularly decisive performance factor is a team's technical execution. Testing of technical skills in soccer has been infrequent compared with testing of physiological variables, and there has been a lack of consensus as to which tasks should be included in test batteries. In this study, the validity of four field tasks (heading, long pass, juggling, and hit-the-post) was examined by testing 108 female soccer players from four different competitive levels, representing a hierarchy of skill levels. Correlation analysis indicated that the tasks' results appeared statistically unrelated (Spearman's ρ ≤ .36). Statistical comparisons across competitive levels showed that task performance was closely correlated with players' competition level, with regression analysis indicating that 92% of the variance in mean rankings across tasks could be explained by competitive level. As the easily administered and low-cost tasks identified differences in technical skills across competitive levels, such tasks appear valid for inclusion in tests of technical skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arve Vorland Pedersen
- 1 Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Education and Social Work, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway
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98
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Bridge CA, Ferreira da Silva Santos J, Chaabène H, Pieter W, Franchini E. Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Med 2014; 44:713-33. [PMID: 24549477 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Taekwondo has evolved into a modern-day Olympic combat sport. The physical and physiological demands of modern-day taekwondo competition require athletes to be competent in several aspects of fitness. This review critically explores the physical and physiological characteristics of taekwondo athletes and presents implications for training and research. International taekwondo athletes possess low levels of body fat and a somatotype that characterises a blend of moderate musculoskeletal tissue and relative body linearity. While there is some variation in the maximum oxygen uptake of taekwondo athletes, moderate to high levels of cardio-respiratory fitness are necessary to support the metabolic demands of fighting and to facilitate recovery between consecutive matches. Taekwondo athletes demonstrate high peak anaerobic power characteristics of the lower limbs and this attribute appears to be conducive to achieving success in international competition. The ability to generate and sustain power output using both concentric and 'stretch-shortening cycle' muscle actions of the lower limbs may be important to support the technical and tactical actions in combat. Taekwondo competitors also display moderate to high maximum dynamic strength characteristics of the lower and upper extremities, and moderate endurance properties of the trunk and hip flexor musculature. The dynamic nature of the technical and tactical actions in the sport demand high flexibility of the lower limbs. More extensive research is required into the physical and physiological characteristics of taekwondo athletes to extend existing knowledge and to permit specialised conditioning for different populations within the sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Bridge
- Sport and Exercise Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Wilson Centre, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK,
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McCormack WP, Stout JR, Wells AJ, Gonzalez AM, Mangine GT, Fragala MS, Hoffman JR. Predictors of high-intensity running capacity in collegiate women during a soccer game. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:964-70. [PMID: 24378664 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine which physiological assessments best predicted high-intensity running (HIR) performance during a women's collegiate soccer game. A secondary purpose was to examine the relationships among physiological performance measures including muscle architecture on soccer performance (distance covered, HIR, and sprints during the game) during a competitive collegiate women's soccer game. Ten National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I women soccer players performed physiological assessments within a 2-week period before a competitive regulation soccer game performed during the spring season. Testing consisted of height, body mass, ultrasound measurement of dominant (DOMleg), and nondominant leg (NDOMleg) vastus lateralis for muscle thickness (MT) and pennation angle (PA), VO2max, running economy, and Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) for peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue rate (FR). During the game, distance run, HIR, and sprints were measured using a 10-Hz global positioning system. Stepwise regression revealed that VO2max, dominant leg thickness, and dominant leg PA were the strongest predictors of HIR distance during the game (R = 0.989, SEE = 115.5 m, p = 0.001). V[Combining Dot Above]O2max was significantly correlated with total distance run (r = 0.831; p = 0.003), HIR (r = 0.755; p = 0.012), WAnTPP (r = -0.737; p = 0.015), WAnTPP·kg (r = -0.706; p = 0.022), and WAnTFR (r = -0.713; p = 0.021). DOMlegMT was significantly correlated with WAnTFR (r = 0.893; p = 0.001). DOMlegPA was significantly correlated with WAnTFR (r = 0.740; p = 0.023). The NDOMlegPA was significantly correlated to peak running velocity (r = 0.781; p = 0.013) and WAnT MP·kg (r = 0.801; p = 0.01). Results of this study indicate that V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and muscle architecture are important characteristics of NCAA Division I women soccer players and may predict HIR distance during a competitive contest.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P McCormack
- Department of Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Ingebrigtsen J, Brochmann M, Castagna C, Bradley PS, Ade J, Krustrup P, Holtermann A. Relationships between field performance tests in high-level soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:942-9. [PMID: 23838979 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a1f861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To reduce athlete testing time, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test levels 1 (IR1) and 2 (IR2) performances, maximal sprinting speed (10, 20, and 35 m), repeated sprint ability (RSA; 7 × 35 m), and submaximal heart rates (HRs) after 2 and 4 minutes of the Yo-Yo IR tests by testing 57 high-level soccer players. All players played regularly in one of 3 highest levels of Norwegian soccer and were tested during 3 sessions on 3 consecutive days. Large correlations were observed between Yo-Yo IR1 and IR2 test performances (r = 0.753, p ≤ 0.05). Small and moderate correlations were found between 20- and 35-m sprinting speed and Yo-Yo IR1 performance (r = -0.289 and -0.321, respectively, p ≤ 0.05), whereas 35-m sprinting speed correlated moderately to Yo-Yo IR2 performance (r = -0.371, p ≤ 0.05). Repeated sprint ability at 10, 20, and 35 m all showed moderate to large correlations to Yo-Yo IR1 performance (r = -0.337 to -0.573, p ≤ 0.05). Repeated sprint ability at 20 m (r = -0.348, p ≤ 0.05) and 35 m (r = -0.552, p ≤ 0.01) correlated moderately and largely to Yo-Yo IR2 performance. In addition, moderate and large correlations were found between submaximal Yo-Yo IR1 HRs after 2 (r = -0.483, p ≤ 0.01) and 4 minutes (r = -0.655, p ≤ 0.01) and Yo-Yo IR1 performance, and 2 minutes Yo-Yo IR2 HR and Yo-Yo IR2 performance (r = -0.530, p ≤ 0.01). Intraclass correlation measures of submaximal HR after 2 and 4 minutes of Yo-Yo IR1 test and after 2 minutes of the Yo-Yo IR2 were 0.92 (coefficient of variation [CV] = 4.1%, n = 33), 0.93 (CV = 3.8%, n = 33), and 0.72 (CV = 2.9%, n = 10). Adjusted ordinary least square (OLS) regressions revealed associations (p ≤ 0.05) between sprint speed at 20 and 35 m and Yo-Yo IR1 test performance, but only between 35 m and IR2 test performance (p ≤ 0.05). Further, OLS showed that RSA at 35 m was related to both levels of the Yo-Yo IR test (p ≤ 0.01), and that submaximal HRs after 2 and 4 minutes were independently associated with Yo-Yo IR1 and IR2 performances (p ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, Yo-Yo IR1 and 2 test performances, as well as sprint and RSA performances, correlated very largely, and it may therefore be considered using only one of the Yo-Yo tests and a RSA test, in a general soccer-specific field test protocol. The submaximal HR measures during Yo-Yo tests are reproducible and may be used for frequent, time-efficient, and nonexhaustive testing of intermittent exercise capacity of high-level soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Ingebrigtsen
- 1Department of Sports, Center for Practical Knowledge, University of Nordland, Bodø, Norway; 2Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Center for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; 3Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 4Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Technical Department, Coverciano, Florence, Italy; 5Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom; 6Medical Department, Newcastle United Football Club, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; 7Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and 8National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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