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Pistono C, Bister N, Stanová I, Malm T. Glia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Role in Central Nervous System Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:623771. [PMID: 33569385 PMCID: PMC7868382 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are crucial for the maintenance of correct neuronal functionality in a physiological state and intervene to restore the equilibrium when environmental or pathological conditions challenge central nervous system homeostasis. The communication between glial cells and neurons is essential and extracellular vesicles (EVs) take part in this function by transporting a plethora of molecules with the capacity to influence the function of the recipient cells. EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, are a heterogeneous group of biogenetically distinct double membrane-enclosed vesicles. Once released from the cell, these two types of vesicles are difficult to discern, thus we will call them with the general term of EVs. This review is focused on the EVs secreted by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, aiming to shed light on their influence on neurons and on the overall homeostasis of the central nervous system functions. We collect evidence on neuroprotective and homeostatic effects of glial EVs, including neuronal plasticity. On the other hand, current knowledge of the detrimental effects of the EVs in pathological conditions is addressed. Finally, we propose directions for future studies and we evaluate the potential of EVs as a therapeutic treatment for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Pistono
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nea Bister
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Iveta Stanová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Zhao S, Liu X, Kang J, Sun S, Li Y, Zhang J, Li Q, Ji X. Analysis of microRNA expression in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion after mild therapeutic hypothermia treatment in rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:168. [PMID: 33569470 PMCID: PMC7867934 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of mild hypothermia in in the treatment of cerebral ischemia, microRNA (miRNA) microarrays and bioinformatics analysis were employed to examine the miRNA expression profiles of rats with mild therapeutic hypothermia after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods MCAO was induced in Male Sprague–Dawley rats. Mild hypothermia treatment began from the onset of ischemia and maintained for 3 hours. miRNA expressions following focal cerebral ischemia and mild hypothermia treatment were profiled using microarray technology. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to analyze the functions of the target genes in mild therapeutic hypothermia after MCAO. 60 min before MCAO, mimics and inhibitor of miR-291b were injected into the right lateral ventricle respectively, then the infarct volume and neuronal apoptosis were analyzed. Results Six upregulated miRNAs and 6 downregulated miRNAs were detected 4 hours after mild therapeutic hypothermia, and after 24 hours, 41 and 10 miRNAs were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. The target genes of the differentially expressed genes were mainly related with multicellular organism development and the mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis pathway was the most enriched KEGG pathway. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, miR-291b was selected to assess the effects of mild therapeutic hypothermia in MCAO rats. At 24 hours after mild therapeutic hypothermia, miR-291b overexpression was proved to exhibit neuroprotective effects. Conclusions The results showed that miRNAs might play a pivotal role in mild therapeutic hypothermia in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Further understanding of the mechanism and function of miRNAs would help to illuminate the mechanism of mild therapeutic hypothermia in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Medina L, Castillo C, Liempi A, Guerrero-Muñoz J, Rojas-Pirela M, Maya JD, Prieto H, Kemmerling U. Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii Induce a Differential MicroRNA Profile in Human Placental Explants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595250. [PMID: 33240284 PMCID: PMC7677230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii are two parasites than can be transmitted from mother to child through the placenta. However, congenital transmission rates are low for T. cruzi and high for T. gondii. Infection success or failure depends on complex parasite-host interactions in which parasites can alter host gene expression by modulating non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs. As of yet, there are no reports on altered miRNA expression in placental tissue in response to either parasite. Therefore, we infected human placental explants ex vivo by cultivation with either T. cruzi or T. gondii for 2 h. We then analyzed the miRNA expression profiles of both types of infected tissue by miRNA sequencing and quantitative PCR, sequence-based miRNA target prediction, pathway functional enrichment, and upstream regulator analysis of differentially expressed genes targeted by differentially expressed miRNAs. Both parasites induced specific miRNA profiles. GO analysis revealed that the in silico predicted targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs regulated different cellular processes involved in development and immunity, and most of the identified KEGG pathways were related to chronic diseases and infection. Considering that the differentially expressed miRNAs identified here modulated crucial host cellular targets that participate in determining the success of infection, these miRNAs might explain the differing congenital transmission rates between the two parasites. Molecules of the different pathways that are regulated by miRNAs and modulated during infection, as well as the miRNAs themselves, may be potential targets for the therapeutic control of either congenital Chagas disease or toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisvaneth Medina
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesús Guerrero-Muñoz
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maura Rojas-Pirela
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Humberto Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ministerio de Agricultura, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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The Role of Exosomal microRNAs and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3232869. [PMID: 33193999 PMCID: PMC7641266 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3232869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are aging-associated diseases with irreversible damage of brain tissue. Oxidative stress is commonly detected in neurodegenerative diseases and related to neuronal injury and pathological progress. Exosome, one of the extracellular vesicles, is demonstrated to carry microRNAs (miRNAs) and build up a cell-cell communication in neurons. Recent research has found that exosomal miRNAs regulate the activity of multiple physiological pathways, including the oxidative stress response, in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the role of exosomal miRNAs and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Firstly, we explore the relationship between oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases. Secondly, we introduce the characteristics of exosomes and roles of exosome-related miRNAs. Thirdly, we summarized the crosstalk between exosomal miRNAs and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Fourthly, we discuss the potential of exosomes to be a biomarker in neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we summarize the advantages of exosome-based delivery and present situation of research on exosome-based delivery of therapeutic miRNA. Our work is aimed at probing and reinforcing the recognition of the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative diseases and providing the basis for novel strategies of clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Gharbi T, Zhang Z, Yang GY. The Function of Astrocyte Mediated Extracellular Vesicles in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:568889. [PMID: 33178687 PMCID: PMC7593543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.568889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte activation plays an important role during disease-induced inflammatory response in the brain. Exosomes in the brain could be released from bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells, neuro stem cells (NSC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), etc. We summarized that exosomes release and transport signaling to the target cells, and then produce function. Furthermore, we discussed the pathological interactions between astrocytes and other brain cells, which are related to brain diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), psychiatric, traumatic brain injury (TBI), etc. We provide up-to-date, comprehensive and valuable information on the involvement of exosomes in brain diseases, which is beneficial for basic researchers and clinical physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Gharbi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Adams V, Gußen V, Zozulya S, Cruz A, Moriscot A, Linke A, Labeit S. Small-Molecule Chemical Knockdown of MuRF1 in Melanoma Bearing Mice Attenuates Tumor Cachexia Associated Myopathy. Cells 2020; 9:E2272. [PMID: 33050629 PMCID: PMC7600862 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Patients with malignant tumors frequently suffer during disease progression from a syndrome referred to as cancer cachexia (CaCax): CaCax includes skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness, loss of bodyweight, and fat tissues. Currently, there are no FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved treatments available for CaCax. Here, we studied skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction in a murine CaCax model by injecting B16F10 melanoma cells into mouse thighs and followed mice during melanoma outgrowth. Skeletal muscles developed progressive weakness as detected by wire hang tests (WHTs) during days 13-23. Individual muscles analyzed at day 24 had atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, augmented metabolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress, and a catabolically activated ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), including upregulated MuRF1. Accordingly, we tested as an experimental intervention of recently identified small molecules, Myomed-205 and -946, that inhibit MuRF1 activity and MuRF1/MuRF2 expression. Results indicate that MuRF1 inhibitor fed attenuated induction of MuRF1 in tumor stressed muscles. In addition, the compounds augmented muscle performance in WHTs and attenuated muscle weight loss. Myomed-205 and -946 also rescued citrate synthase and complex-1 activities in tumor-stressed muscles, possibly suggesting that mitochondrial-metabolic and muscle wasting effects in this CaCax model are mechanistically connected. Inhibition of MuRF1 during tumor cachexia may represent a suitable strategy to attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Adams
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, TU Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, 1307 Dresden, Germany; (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Dresden Cardiovascular Research Institute and Core Laboratories GmbH, 01067 Dresden, Germany
| | - Victoria Gußen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, TU Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, 1307 Dresden, Germany; (V.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Sergey Zozulya
- Department of Drug Research, Enamine-Bienta Ltd., 02000 Kiev, Ukraine;
| | - André Cruz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Anselmo Moriscot
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Axel Linke
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, TU Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, 1307 Dresden, Germany; (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Dresden Cardiovascular Research Institute and Core Laboratories GmbH, 01067 Dresden, Germany
| | - Siegfried Labeit
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
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Protective Effects of Adiponectin against Cobalt Chloride-Induced Apoptosis of Smooth Muscle Cells via cAMP/PKA Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7169348. [PMID: 33102590 PMCID: PMC7576343 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7169348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) is an adipokine secreted from adipose tissue and exhibits biological functions such as microcirculation-regulating, hearing-protective, and antiapoptotic. However, the effect of APN on the apoptosis of spiral arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) under hypoxic conditions in vitro is not clear. We used cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to simulate chemical hypoxia in vitro, and the SMCs were pretreated with APN and then stimulated with CoCl2. The viability of cells and apoptosis were assessed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, cAMP level, and the activity of PKA were detected by ELISA. Protein expression and localization were studied by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. In the present study, we found that APN exhibits antiapoptosis effects. CoCl2 exhibited decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis and MDA levels, and decreased SOD activity in a concentration-dependent manner, compared with the control group. Moreover, CoCl2 upregulated the expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and then downregulated Bcl-2 levels in a time-dependent manner. Compared with the CoCl2 group, the group pretreated with APN had increased cell viability, SOD activity, PKA activity, cAMP level, and PKA expression, but decreased MDA levels and apoptosis. Lastly, the protective effect of APN was blocked by cAMP inhibitor SQ22536 and PKA inhibitor H 89. These results showed that APN protected SMCs against CoCl2-induced hypoxic injury via the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.
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Pistono C, Bister N, Stanová I, Malm T. Glia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Role in Central Nervous System Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020. [PMID: 33569385 DOI: 10.3389/cell.2020.623771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are crucial for the maintenance of correct neuronal functionality in a physiological state and intervene to restore the equilibrium when environmental or pathological conditions challenge central nervous system homeostasis. The communication between glial cells and neurons is essential and extracellular vesicles (EVs) take part in this function by transporting a plethora of molecules with the capacity to influence the function of the recipient cells. EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, are a heterogeneous group of biogenetically distinct double membrane-enclosed vesicles. Once released from the cell, these two types of vesicles are difficult to discern, thus we will call them with the general term of EVs. This review is focused on the EVs secreted by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, aiming to shed light on their influence on neurons and on the overall homeostasis of the central nervous system functions. We collect evidence on neuroprotective and homeostatic effects of glial EVs, including neuronal plasticity. On the other hand, current knowledge of the detrimental effects of the EVs in pathological conditions is addressed. Finally, we propose directions for future studies and we evaluate the potential of EVs as a therapeutic treatment for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Pistono
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nea Bister
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Iveta Stanová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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