51
|
Galani I, Karaiskos I, Souli M, Papoutsaki V, Galani L, Gkoufa A, Antoniadou A, Giamarellou H. Outbreak of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae endowed with ceftazidime-avibactam resistance mediated through a VEB-1-mutant (VEB-25), Greece, September to October 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25. [PMID: 31992391 PMCID: PMC6988274 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.3.2000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
From September to October 2019, seven patients colonised or infected with a ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA)-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-2-producing K. pneumoniae were detected in two intensive care units of a Greek general hospital. The outbreak strain was sequence type (ST)147 and co-produced KPC-2 and the novel plasmid-borne Vietnamese extended-spectrum β-lactamase (VEB)-25 harbouring a K234R substitution associated with CZA resistance. Epidemiological investigations revealed that the resistance was probably acquired by horizontal transmission independently from previous CZA exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Galani
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Karaiskos
- 1st Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Department, Hygeia General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Souli
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Lamprini Galani
- 1st Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Department, Hygeia General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Gkoufa
- 1st Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Department, Hygeia General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Antoniadou
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Giamarellou
- 1st Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Department, Hygeia General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Karaiskos I, Giamarellou H. Carbapenem-Sparing Strategies for ESBL Producers: When and How. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E61. [PMID: 32033322 PMCID: PMC7167803 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria are prevalent worldwide and correlated with hospital infections, but they have been evolving as an increasing cause of community acquired infections. The spread of ESBL constitutes a major threat for public health, and infections with ESBL-producing organisms have been associated with poor outcomes. Established therapeutic options for severe infections caused by ESBL-producing organisms are considered the carbapenems. However, under the pressure of carbapenem overuse and the emergence of resistance, carbapenem-sparing strategies have been implemented. The administration of carbapenem-sparing antibiotics for the treatment of ESBL infections has yielded conflicting results. Herein, the current available knowledge regarding carbapenem-sparing strategies for ESBL producers is reviewed, and the optimal conditions for the "when and how" of carbapenem-sparing agents is discussed. An important point of the review focuses on piperacillin-tazobactam as the agent arousing the most debate. The most available data regarding non-carbapenem β-lactams (i.e., ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftazidime-avibactam, temocillin, cephamycins and cefepime) are also thoroughly presented as well as non β-lactams (i.e., aminoglycosides, quinolones, tigecycline, eravacycline and fosfomycin).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Karaiskos
- Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Hygeia General Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece;
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Saran S, Rao NS, Azim A. New and promising anti-bacterials: Can this promise be sustained? J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020; 36:13-19. [PMID: 32174651 PMCID: PMC7047672 DOI: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_113_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) announced antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major threat to public health which requires that new antimicrobials need to be developed faster than ever before. The rapid development of resistance has rendered many promising antibacterials useless in treating critically ill patients. This article discusses new antibacterials, which got Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in the last few years, along with their key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) advantages, added antimicrobial spectrum, indications, strengths and weaknesses of these drugs from an intensivist point of view. A brief mention has been made on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), bacteriophages and nanoparticles, which are likely to dominate the future of antibacterials. Finally, it must be understood that the battle against AMR can only be won by a combination of innovative therapies, good infection control practices, strong antibiotic stewardship in the hands of informed healthcare workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Saran
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Super Speciality Cancer Institute and Hospital, CG City, India
| | - Namrata S. Rao
- Department of Nephrology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti Khand, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Afzal Azim
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Pragasam AK, Veeraraghavan B, Shankar BA, Bakthavatchalam YD, Mathuram A, George B, Chacko B, Korula P, Anandan S. Will ceftazidime/avibactam plus aztreonam be effective for NDM and OXA-48-Like producing organisms: Lessons learnt from In vitro study. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37:34-41. [PMID: 31424008 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_19_189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Carbapenem resistance (CR) in Klebsiella pneumoniae is mainly mediated by bla NDM and bla OXA-48 carbapenemases. Newer Food and Drug Administration-approved antimicrobial ceftazidime/avibactam (C/A) has a potent activity against bla OXA-48-like producers. However, its activity is limited in organisms co-producing bla NDM and bla OXA-48-like. Addition of aztreonam (ATM) to C/A potentially expands the spectrum of coverage for carbapenemase co-producers. With this, we aimed to determine the synergistic activity of combination of C/A plus ATM against bla NDM, bla OXA-48-like and co-producers of bla NDM + bla OXA-48-like producing CR Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp). Materials and Methods A total of 12 isolates of CRKp-harbouring genes encoding bla NDM and bla OXA-48-like were tested. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for several antimicrobial agents, including C/A (0.5-8 μg/ml) by broth microdilution method. Checkerboard assay was performed for the combination of C/A plus ATM at varying concentrations. Fold differences in the MIC of C/A with and without addition of ATM were determined to infer synergistic effects. Results MIC of C/A and ATM ranged from 0.5 to >8 μg/ml and 64 to 2048 μg/ml, respectively. Two isolates were susceptible to C/A with MIC of 0.5 and 1 μg/ml, while others were resistant with MIC of >8 μg/ml. Synergistic effects of >8-fold MIC difference in C/A MIC were noted with addition of ATM at 4 μg/ml. This was observed for all CRKp with profiles of bla NDM, bla OXA-48-like and co-producers of bla NDM + bla OXA-48-like genes, which was a promising effect. Notably, all five of the colistin-resistant CRKp were inhibited with >8-fold MIC difference in the combination of C/A plus ATM at 4 μg/ml. Conclusion With the increasing burden of CRKp, the use of C/A with ATM combination seems to be very promising, especially for bla NDM, bla OXA-48-like and co-producers of bla NDM + bla OXA-48like carbapenemases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agila Kumari Pragasam
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Veeraraghavan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baby Abirami Shankar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Alice Mathuram
- Department of General Medicine Unit-1, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Binila Chacko
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pritish Korula
- Department of Division of Critical Care, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shalini Anandan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Li ZW, Lu X, Wang YX, Hu XX, Fu HG, Gao LM, You XF, Tang S, Song DQ. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation against resistant Gram-negative bacteria of monobactams bearing various substituents on oxime residue. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103487. [PMID: 31831161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Based on the structural characteristics of aztreonam (AZN) and its target PBP3, a series of new monobactam derivatives bearing various substituents on oxime residue were prepared and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against susceptible and resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, compounds 8p and 8r displayed moderate potency with MIC values of 0.125-32 μg/mL against most tested Gram-negative strains, comparable to AZN. Meanwhile, the combination of 8p and 8r with avibactam as a β-lactamases inhibitor, in a ratio of 1:16, showed a promising synergistic effect against both ESBLs- and NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae, with significantly reduced MIC values up to 8-fold and >256-fold respectively. Furthermore, both of them demonstrated excellent safety profiles both in vitro and in vivo. The results provided powerful information for further structural optimization of monobactam antibiotics to fight β-lactamase-producing resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin-Xin Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hai-Gen Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li-Mei Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue-Fu You
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Dan-Qing Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Song X, Wu Y, Cao L, Yao D, Long M. Is Meropenem as a Monotherapy Truly Incompetent for Meropenem-Nonsusceptible Bacterial Strains? A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling With Monte Carlo Simulation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2777. [PMID: 31849910 PMCID: PMC6895071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections due to meropenem-nonsusceptible bacterial strains (MNBSs) with meropenem minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ≥ 16 mg/L have become an urgent problem. Currently, the optimal treatment strategy for these cases remains uncertain due to some limitations of currently available mono- and combination therapy regimens. Meropenem monotherapy using a high dose of 2 g every 8 h (q 8 h) and a 3-h traditional simple prolonged-infusion (TSPI) has proven to be helpful for the treatment of infections due to MNBSs with MICs of 4–8 mg/L but is limited for cases with higher MICs of ≥16 mg/L. This study demonstrated that optimized two-step-administration therapy (OTAT, i.e., a new administration model of i.v. bolus plus prolonged infusion) for meropenem, even in monotherapy, can resolve this problem and was thus an important approach of suppressing such highly resistant bacterial isolates. Herein, a pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling with Monte Carlo simulation was performed to calculate the probabilities of target attainment (PTAs) and the cumulative fractions of response (CFRs) provided by dosage regimens and 39 OTAT regimens in five dosing models targeting eight highly resistant bacterial species with meropenem MICs ≥ 16 mg/L, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, were designed and evaluated. The data indicated that meropenem monotherapy administered at a high dose of 2 g q 8 h and as an OTAT achieved a PTA of ≥90% for isolates with an MIC of up to 128 mg/L and a CFR of ≥90% for all of the targeted pathogen populations when 50% f T > MIC (50% of the dosing interval during which free drug concentrations remain above the MIC) is chosen as the PD target, with Enterococcus faecalis being the sole exception. Even though 50% f T > 5 × MIC is chosen as the PD target, the aforementioned dosage regimen still reached a PTA of ≥90% for isolates with an MIC of up to 32 mg/L and a CFR of ≥90% for Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae populations. In conclusion, meropenem monotherapy displays potential competency for infections due to such highly resistant bacterial isolates provided that it is administered as a reasonable OTAT but not as the currently widely recommended TSPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqing Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dunwu Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Minghui Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Lai CC, Chen CC, Tang HJ. Meropenem-Vaborbactam in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Infections. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1650. [PMID: 31614430 PMCID: PMC6832217 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the integrated analysis of two phase III studies of meropenem-vaborbactam in the treatment of acute bacterial infections. Targeting Antibiotic Non-Susceptible Gram-Negative Organisms (TANGO) I compared the clinical efficacy and tolerability of meropenem-vaborbactam and piperacillin-tazobactam in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI)/acute pyelonephritis (APN). TANGO II compared the effect and safety of meropenem-vaborbactam and best-available therapy in the treatment confirmed/suspect carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. The clinical cure rates at end of treatment (EOT) and test of cure (TOC) among the meropenem-vaborbactam group were non-inferior to those of the control group (at EOT, 92.5% versus 89.3%, risk ratio (RR) 1.27, 95% CI 0.64-2.50; at TOC, 86.2% versus 81.7%, RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.62-3.01). Meropenem-vaborbactam was non-inferior to comparators for microbiological eradication at EOT and TOC (at EOT, 93.3% versus 88.3%, RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.74-1.97; at TOC, 66.5% versus 59.9%, RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.97-1.30). In the subgroup of patients with cUTI/APN, meropenem-vaborbactam had similar overall success rate to the control group at EOT (RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09) and at TOC (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.93-1.19). Meropenem-vaborbactam had a similar risk of treatment-emergent adverse events, events leading to discontinuation of the study drug, any serious adverse events, life-threatening adverse events, drug-related adverse events, and risk of death to comparators. In conclusion, meropenem-vaborbactam was noninferior to comparators for clinical cure and microbiological eradication in the treatment of acute bacterial infection, particularly cUTI/APN, and meropenem-vaborbactam was as tolerable as comparators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Tainan Branch, Tainan 71051, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Tang
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Che H, Wang R, Wang J, Cai Y. Ceftazidime/avibactam versus carbapenems for the treatment of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 54:809-813. [PMID: 31533075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enterobacteriaceae are the most common pathogens in nosocomial and community infections. Carbapenems are widely used as the most effective antibacterial agents against Enterobacteriaceae. However, increasing use of carbapenems has accelerated the emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. This was a systematic review of recently published data to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ-AVI) and carbapenems in the treatment of Enterobacteriaceae infections. Moreover, we also attempted to assess whether it is feasible to treat Enterobacteriaceae infections with CAZ-AVI instead of carbapenems. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed using Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy and safety of CAZ-AVI and carbapenems for the treatment of Enterobacteriaceae infections. Clinical success, microbiological success, adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs) and mortality were assessed as the main outcomes. RESULTS Three RCTs (1186 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that there were no significant differences between CAZ-AVI and carbapenems in clinical success [risk difference (RD) = 0.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.06 to 0.06; P = 0.99], microbiological success (RD = 0.07, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.18; P = 0.21) or AEs (RD = 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.03; P = 0.81). SAEs with CAZ-AVI were numerically higher than with carbapenems (RD = 0.02, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.04; P = 0.06). CONCLUSION CAZ-AVI is comparable with carbapenems in efficacy and safety for Enterobacteriaceae infections. More high-quality and large-scale RCTs are needed to further confirm the safety of CAZ-AVI. [PROSPERO ID: CRD42019116685.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Che
- Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wang
- Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Cai
- Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Alraddadi BM, Saeedi M, Qutub M, Alshukairi A, Hassanien A, Wali G. Efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam in the treatment of infections due to Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:772. [PMID: 31484510 PMCID: PMC6724371 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) represent an important global threat. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical course and outcomes of patients with CRE infections treated with ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) compared to patients treated with other agents. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients with established CRE infections from January 2017 until August 2018 was conducted. All patients who received CAZ-AVI and all cultures with carbapenem-resistant isolates were screened. We compared patients who received CAZ-AVI for CRE infections with patients who received other agents. RESULTS A total of 38 consecutive patients with CRE infections were identified. Age and baseline comorbidities were similar between the two groups. The median time from admission to isolation of CRE culture was 22.5 days in the CAZ-AVI group and 17 days in the comparative group (P = 0.7). The incidence of CRE bacteremia was similar between the two groups: 7 patients (70%) in the CAZ-AVI group and 15 patients (53.6%) in the comparative group (P = 0.47). The most common type of CRE infections in both groups was hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the predominant pathogen in both groups. A carbapenemase gene was detected in 35 (92%) patients; the OXA-48 gene was the predominant gene identified in 28 (74%) isolates. Eight out of ten patients in the CAZ-AVI group and fifteen out of twenty-eight in the comparative group achieved clinical remission (P = 0.14). After thirty days, all-cause mortality was observed in five patients in the CAZ-AVI group and 16 patients in the comparative group, accounting for 50 and 57% respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patients with established OXA-48-type CRE infection, CAZ-AVI is a reasonable alternative to standard therapy. These findings need to be confirmed in prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basem M Alraddadi
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Saeedi
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Qutub
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Clinical Microbiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Alshukairi
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ghassan Wali
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Suay-García B, Pérez-Gracia MT. Present and Future of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E122. [PMID: 31430964 PMCID: PMC6784177 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have become a public health threat worldwide. There are three major mechanisms by which Enterobacteriaceae become resistant to carbapenems: enzyme production, efflux pumps and porin mutations. Of these, enzyme production is the main resistance mechanism. There are three main groups of enzymes responsible for most of the carbapenem resistance: KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) (Ambler class A), MBLs (Metallo-ß-Lactamases) (Ambler class B) and OXA-48-like (Ambler class D). KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae are endemic in the United States, Colombia, Argentina, Greece and Italy. On the other hand, the MBL NDM-1 is the main carbapenemase-producing resistance in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, while OXA-48-like enzyme-producers are endemic in Turkey, Malta, the Middle-East and North Africa. All three groups of enzymes are plasmid-mediated, which implies an easier horizontal transfer and, thus, faster spread of carbapenem resistance worldwide. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic guidelines to treat CRE infections. Bearing in mind the different mechanisms by which Enterobacteriaceae can become resistant to carbapenems, there are different approaches to treat infections caused by these bacteria, which include the repurposing of already existing antibiotics, dual therapies with these antibiotics, and the development of new ß-lactamase inhibitors and antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Suay-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, C/ Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Teresa Pérez-Gracia
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, C/ Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Simon M, Koestler J, Reischl U, Gessner A, Jantsch J. Detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales and the BD Phoenix CPO Detect panel. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:659-665. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1645598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Simon
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Josef Koestler
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reischl
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Soman R, Veeraraghavan B, Hegde A, Jiandani P, Mehta Y, Nagavekar V, Rodrigues C, Singh RK, Swaminathan S, Todi S, Varma S, Patil S, Barkate H. Indian consensus on the management of CRE infection in critically ill patients (ICONIC) - India. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:647-660. [PMID: 31375039 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1647103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: The increasing burden of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) carriage and infection in different patient settings in India has created an acute need for guidance for clinicians regarding optimal strategies for the management of CRE infection in critically ill patients. Research design and methods: A multidisciplinary panel of 11 Indian experts in CRE infection assembled for comprehensive discussion and consensus development. The experts developed clinical statements through a systematic review of key literature. Main outcome measures: The panel voted anonymously on 60 clinically relevant questions, through a modified Delphi process. Results: Forty-six key clinical consensus statements (CCS) were proposed. The panel reached a consensus on several important issues, providing recommendations on surveillance, diagnosis, prevention, pharmacokinetic challenges, combination therapy, and cornerstone molecules in CRE infections. The panel also proposed a treatment algorithm for NDM-prevalent settings. Conclusion: These consensus statements may offer clinicians expert guidance on the management of CRE infections. There is a dearth of high-/moderate-level evidence on managing CRE infections; the recommendations presented herein are based on expert opinion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Soman
- a Infectious Diseases, Jupiter Hospital , Pune , India
| | - Balaji Veeraraghavan
- b Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College , Vellore , India
| | - Ashit Hegde
- c Critical Care, Hinduja Hospital , Mumbai , India
| | | | - Yatin Mehta
- e Institute of Critical Care and Anesthesiology, Medanta, The Medicity , Gurugram , India
| | | | | | - R K Singh
- h Department of Emergency Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences , Lucknow , India
| | | | - Subhash Todi
- j Critical Care, Critical Care AMRI Hospitals , Kolkata , India
| | - Subhash Varma
- k Internal Medicine/Hematology, Fortis Hospital , Mohali , India
| | - Saiprasad Patil
- l Medical Services, IF, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd ., Mumbai , India
| | - Hanmant Barkate
- m Medical Services, IF & MEA, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd ., Mumbai , India
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Karaiskos I, Lagou S, Pontikis K, Rapti V, Poulakou G. The "Old" and the "New" Antibiotics for MDR Gram-Negative Pathogens: For Whom, When, and How. Front Public Health 2019; 7:151. [PMID: 31245348 PMCID: PMC6581067 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent expansion of multidrug resistant and pan-drug-resistant pathogens poses significant challenges in the treatment of healthcare associated infections. An important advancement, is a handful of recently launched new antibiotics targeting some of the current most problematic Gram-negative pathogens, namely carbapenem-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA). Less options are available against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and strains producing metallo-beta lactamases (MBL). Ceftazidime-avibactam signaled a turning point in the treatment of KPC and partly OXA- type carbapenemases, whereas meropenem-vaborbactam was added as a potent combination against KPC-producers. Ceftolozane-tazobactam could be seen as an ideal beta-lactam backbone for the treatment of CRPA. Plazomicin, an aminoglycoside with better pharmacokinetics and less toxicity compared to other class members, will cover important proportions of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Eravacycline holds promise in the treatment of infections by CRAB, with a broad spectrum of activity similar to tigecycline, and improved pharmacokinetics. Novel drugs and combinations are not to be considered "panacea" for the ongoing crisis in the therapy of XDR Gram-negative bacteria and colistin will continue to be considered as a fundamental companion drug for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (particularly in areas where MBL predominate), for the treatment of CRPA (in many cases being the only in vitro active drug) as well as CRAB. Aminoglycosides are still important companion antibiotics. Finally, fosfomycin as part of combination treatment for CRE infections and P. aeruginosa, deserves a greater attention. Optimal conditions for monotherapy and the "when and how" of combination treatments integrating the novel agents will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Karaiskos
- First Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Hygeia General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Styliani Lagou
- Third Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Pontikis
- ICU First Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Rapti
- Third Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Garyphallia Poulakou
- Third Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Gajdács M. The Concept of an Ideal Antibiotic: Implications for Drug Design. Molecules 2019; 24:E892. [PMID: 30832456 PMCID: PMC6429336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a major public health issue, which requires global action of an intersectoral nature. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens-especially "ESKAPE" bacteria-can withstand lethal doses of antibiotics with various chemical structures and mechanisms of action. Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly turning away from participating in the development of new antibiotics, due to the regulatory environment and the financial risks. There is an urgent need for innovation in antibiotic research, as classical discovery platforms (e.g., mining soil Streptomycetes) are no longer viable options. In addition to discovery platforms, a concept of an ideal antibiotic should be postulated, to act as a blueprint for future drugs, and to aid researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and relevant stakeholders in selecting lead compounds. Based on 150 references, the aim of this review is to summarize current advances regarding the challenges of antibiotic drug discovery and the specific attributes of an ideal antibacterial drug (a prodrug or generally reactive compound with no specific target, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, adequate penetration through the Gram-negative cell wall, activity in biofilms and in hard-to-treat infections, accumulation in macrophages, availability for oral administration, and for use in sensitive patient groups).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márió Gajdács
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|