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Structural and functional neural correlates of self-reported attachment in healthy adults: evidence for an amygdalar involvement. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 10:941-952. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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52
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Adult attachment style modulates neural responses in a mentalizing task. Neuroscience 2015; 303:462-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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53
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Gainotti G. Is the difference between right and left ATLs due to the distinction between general and social cognition or between verbal and non-verbal representations? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:296-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Norman L, Lawrence N, Iles A, Benattayallah A, Karl A. Attachment-security priming attenuates amygdala activation to social and linguistic threat. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:832-9. [PMID: 25326039 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A predominant expectation that social relationships with others are safe (a secure attachment style), has been linked with reduced threat-related amygdala activation. Experimental priming of mental representations of attachment security can modulate neural responding, but the effects of attachment-security priming on threat-related amygdala activation remains untested. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the present study examined the effects of trait and primed attachment security on amygdala reactivity to threatening stimuli in an emotional faces and a linguistic dot-probe task in 42 healthy participants. Trait attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were positively correlated with amygdala activation to threatening faces in the control group, but not in the attachment primed group. Furthermore, participants who received attachment-security priming showed attenuated amygdala activation in both the emotional faces and dot-probe tasks. The current findings demonstrate that variation in state and trait attachment security modulates amygdala reactivity to threat. These findings support the potential use of attachment security-boosting methods as interventions and suggest a neural mechanism for the protective effect of social bonds in anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Norman
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK, School of Psychology, University of Exeter, UK, and Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Natalia Lawrence
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK, School of Psychology, University of Exeter, UK, and Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew Iles
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK, School of Psychology, University of Exeter, UK, and Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Abdelmalek Benattayallah
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK, School of Psychology, University of Exeter, UK, and Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Anke Karl
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK, School of Psychology, University of Exeter, UK, and Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
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55
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Getov S, Kanai R, Bahrami B, Rees G. Human brain structure predicts individual differences in preconscious evaluation of facial dominance and trustworthiness. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:690-9. [PMID: 25193945 PMCID: PMC4420744 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cues conveyed by the human face, such as eye gaze direction, are evaluated even before they are consciously perceived. While there is substantial individual variability in such evaluation, its neural basis is unknown. Here we asked whether individual differences in preconscious evaluation of social face traits were associated with local variability in brain structure. Adult human participants (n = 36) monocularly viewed faces varying in dominance and trustworthiness, which were suppressed from awareness by a dynamic noise pattern shown to the other eye. The time taken for faces to emerge from suppression and become visible (t2e) was used as a measure of potency in competing for visual awareness. Both dominant and untrustworthy faces resulted in slower t2e than neutral faces, with substantial individual variability in these effects. Individual differences in t2e were correlated with gray matter volume in right insula for dominant faces, and with gray matter volume in medial prefrontal cortex, right temporoparietal junction and bilateral fusiform face area for untrustworthy faces. Thus, individual differences in preconscious social processing can be predicted from local brain structure, and separable correlates for facial dominance and untrustworthiness suggest distinct mechanisms of preconscious processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spas Getov
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK, UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London, UK, Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey 1, Brighton, UK, Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University, and Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK, UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London, UK, Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey 1, Brighton, UK, Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University, and Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ryota Kanai
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK, UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London, UK, Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey 1, Brighton, UK, Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University, and Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK, UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London, UK, Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey 1, Brighton, UK, Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University, and Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bahador Bahrami
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK, UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London, UK, Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey 1, Brighton, UK, Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University, and Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK, UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London, UK, Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey 1, Brighton, UK, Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University, and Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Geraint Rees
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK, UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London, UK, Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey 1, Brighton, UK, Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University, and Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK, UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London, UK, Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey 1, Brighton, UK, Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University, and Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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56
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Vrtička P, Sander D, Anderson B, Badoud D, Eliez S, Debbané M. Social feedback processing from early to late adolescence: influence of sex, age, and attachment style. Brain Behav 2014; 4:703-20. [PMID: 25328847 PMCID: PMC4113975 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The establishment of an accurate understanding of one's social context is a central developmental task during adolescence. A critical component of such development is to learn how to integrate the objective evaluation of one's behavior with the social response to the latter--here referred to as social feedback processing. CASE REPORT We measured brain activity by means of fMRI in 33 healthy adolescents (12-19 years old, 14 females). Participants played a difficult perceptual game with integrated verbal and visual feedback. Verbal feedback provided the participants with objective performance evaluation (won vs. lost). Visual feedback consisted of either smiling or angry faces, representing positive or negative social evaluations. Together, the combination of verbal and visual feedback gave rise to congruent versus incongruent social feedback combinations. In addition to assessing sex differences, we further tested for the effects of age and attachment style on social feedback processing. Results revealed that brain activity during social feedback processing was significantly modulated by sex, age, and attachment style in prefrontal cortical areas, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, caudate, and amygdala/hippocampus. We found indication for heightened activity during incongruent social feedback processing in females, older participants, and individuals with an anxious attachment style. Conversely, we observed stronger activity during processing of congruent social feedback in males and participants with an avoidant attachment style. CONCLUSION Our findings not only extend knowledge on the typical development of socio-emotional brain function during adolescence, but also provide first clues on how attachment insecurities, and particularly attachment avoidance, could interfere with the latter mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vrtička
- Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany ; Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Stanford, California ; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Laboratory for the study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Sander
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Laboratory for the study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brittany Anderson
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Badoud
- Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine Geneva, Switzerland ; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva School of Medicine Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Debbané
- Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine Geneva, Switzerland ; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London London, UK
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57
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Moser DA, Aue T, Suardi F, Kutlikova H, Cordero MI, Rossignol AS, Favez N, Rusconi Serpa S, Schechter DS. Violence-related PTSD and neural activation when seeing emotionally charged male-female interactions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:645-53. [PMID: 25062841 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that involves impaired regulation of the fear response to traumatic reminders. This study tested how women with male-perpetrated interpersonal violence-related PTSD (IPV-PTSD) differed in their brain activation from healthy controls (HC) when exposed to scenes of male-female interaction of differing emotional content. Sixteen women with symptoms of IPV-PTSD and 19 HC participated in this study. During magnetic resonance imaging, participants watched a stimulus protocol of 23 different 20 s silent epochs of male-female interactions taken from feature films, which were neutral, menacing or prosocial. IPV-PTSD participants compared with HC showed (i) greater dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activation in response to menacing vs prosocial scenes and (ii) greater anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right hippocampus activation and lower ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activty in response to emotional vs neutral scenes. The fact that IPV-PTSD participants compared with HC showed lower activity of the ventral ACC during emotionally charged scenes regardless of the valence of the scenes suggests that impaired social perception among IPV-PTSD patients transcends menacing contexts and generalizes to a wider variety of emotionally charged male-female interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik A Moser
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Aue
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Suardi
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hana Kutlikova
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria I Cordero
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ana Sancho Rossignol
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Favez
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Rusconi Serpa
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Schechter
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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58
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Landa A, Wang Z, Russell JA, Posner J, Duan Y, Kangarlu A, Huo Y, Fallon BA, Peterson BS. Distinct neural circuits subserve interpersonal and non-interpersonal emotions. Soc Neurosci 2014; 8:474-88. [PMID: 24028312 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2013.833984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emotions elicited by interpersonal versus non-interpersonal experiences have different effects on neurobiological functioning in both animals and humans. However, the extent to which the brain circuits underlying interpersonal and non-interpersonal emotions are distinct still remains unclear. The goal of our study was to assess whether different neural circuits are implicated in the processing of arousal and valence of interpersonal versus non-interpersonal emotions. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants imagined themselves in emotion-eliciting interpersonal or non-interpersonal situations and then rated the arousal and valence of emotions they experienced. We identified (1) separate neural circuits that are implicated in the arousal and valence dimensions of interpersonal versus non-interpersonal emotions, (2) circuits that are implicated in arousal and valence for both types of emotion, and (3) circuits that are responsive to the type of emotion, regardless of the valence or arousal level of the emotion. We found extensive recruitment of limbic (for arousal) and temporal-parietal (for valence) systems associated with processing of specifically interpersonal emotions compared to non-interpersonal ones. The neural bases of interpersonal and non-interpersonal emotions may, therefore, be largely distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Landa
- a Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry , Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and New York State Psychiatric Institute , New York , NY , USA
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59
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Clark-Polner E, Clark MS. Understanding and accounting for relational context is critical for social neuroscience. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:127. [PMID: 24723868 PMCID: PMC3971189 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists have increasingly turned to the brain and to neuroscience more generally to further an understanding of social and emotional judgments and behavior. Yet, many neuroscientists (certainly not all) do not consider the role of relational context. Moreover, most have not examined the impact of relational context in a manner that takes advantage of conceptual and empirical advances in relationship science. Here we emphasize that: (1) all social behavior takes place, by definition, within the context of a relationship (even if that relationship is a new one with a stranger), and (2) relational context shapes not only social thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, but also some seemingly non-social thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in profound ways. We define relational context and suggest that accounting for it in the design and interpretation of neuroscience research is essential to the development of a coherent, generalizable neuroscience of social behavior. We make our case in two ways: (a) we describe some existing neuroscience research in three substantive areas (perceiving and reacting to others' emotions, providing help, and receiving help) that already has documented the powerful impact of relational context. (b) We describe some other neuroscience research from these same areas that has not taken relational context into account. Then, using findings from social and personality psychology, we make a case that different results almost certainly would have been found had the research been conducted in a different relational context. We neither attempt to review all evidence that relational context shapes neuroscience findings nor to put forward a theoretical analysis of all the ways relational context ought to shape neuroscience findings. Our goal is simply to urge greater and more systematic consideration of relational context in neuroscientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret S. Clark
- Department of Psychology, Trumbull College, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
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60
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Verbeke W, Bagozzi RP, van den Berg WE. The role of attachment styles in regulating the effects of dopamine on the behavior of salespersons. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:32. [PMID: 24550811 PMCID: PMC3912551 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two classic strategic orientations have been found to pervade the behavior of modern salespersons: a sales orientation (SO) where salespersons use deception or guile to get customers to buy even if they do not need a product, and a customer orientation (CO) where salespersons first attempt to discover the customer's needs and adjust their product and selling approach to meet those needs. Study 1 replicates recent research and finds that the Taq A1 variant of the DRD2 gene is not related to either sales or CO, whereas the 7-repeat variant of the DRD4 gene is related to CO but not SO. Study 2 investigates gene × phenotype explanations of orientation of salespersons, drawing upon recent research in molecular genetics and biological/psychological attachment theory. The findings show that attachment style regulates the effects of DRD2 on CO, such that greater avoidant attachment styles lead to higher CO for persons with the A2/A2 variant but neither the A1/A2 nor A1/A1 variants. Likewise, attachment style regulates the effects of DRD4 on CO, such that greater avoidant attachment styles lead to higher CO for persons with the 7-repeat variant but not other variants. No effects were found on a SO, and secure and anxious attachment styles did not function as moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Verbeke
- Department of Business Economics, Erasmus School of Economics Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter E van den Berg
- Department of Business Economics, Erasmus School of Economics Rotterdam, Netherlands
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61
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Viviani R. Emotion regulation, attention to emotion, and the ventral attentional network. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:746. [PMID: 24223546 PMCID: PMC3819767 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accounts of the effect of emotional information on behavioral response and current models of emotion regulation are based on two opposed but interacting processes: automatic bottom-up processes (triggered by emotionally arousing stimuli) and top-down control processes (mapped to prefrontal cortical areas). Data on the existence of a third attentional network operating without recourse to limited-capacity processes but influencing response raise the issue of how it is integrated in emotion regulation. We summarize here data from attention to emotion, voluntary emotion regulation, and on the origin of biases against negative content suggesting that the ventral network is modulated by exposure to emotional stimuli when the task does not constrain the handling of emotional content. In the parietal lobes, preferential activation of ventral areas associated with “bottom-up” attention by ventral network theorists is strongest in studies of cognitive reappraisal. In conditions when no explicit instruction is given to change one's response to emotional stimuli, control of emotionally arousing stimuli is observed without concomitant activation of the dorsal attentional network, replaced by a shift of activation toward ventral areas. In contrast, in studies where emotional stimuli are placed in the role of distracter, the observed deactivation of these ventral semantic association areas is consistent with the existence of proactive control on the role emotional representations are allowed to take in generating response. It is here argued that attentional orienting mechanisms located in the ventral network constitute an intermediate kind of process, with features only partially in common with effortful and automatic processes, which plays an important role in handling emotion by conveying the influence of semantic networks, with which the ventral network is co-localized. Current neuroimaging work in emotion regulation has neglected this system by focusing on a bottom-up/top-down dichotomy of attentional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Viviani
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany ; Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
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62
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Moser DA, Aue T, Wang Z, Rusconi Serpa S, Favez N, Peterson BS, Schechter DS. Limbic brain responses in mothers with post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid dissociation to video clips of their children. Stress 2013; 16:493-502. [PMID: 23777332 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2013.816280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal dissociative symptoms which can be comorbid with interpersonal violence-related post-traumatic stress disorder (IPV-PTSD) have been linked to decreased sensitivity and responsiveness to children's emotional communication. This study examined the influence of dissociation on neural activation independently of IPV-PTSD symptom severity when mothers watch video-stimuli of their children during stressful and non-stressful mother-child interactions. Based on previous observations in related fields, we hypothesized that more severe comorbid dissociation in IPV-PTSD would be associated with lower limbic system activation and greater neural activity in regions of the emotion regulation circuit such as the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Twenty mothers (of children aged 12-42 months), with and without IPV-PTSD watched epochs showing their child during separation and play while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Multiple regression indicated that when mothers diagnosed with IPV-PTSD watched their children during separation compared to play, dissociative symptom severity was indeed linked to lowered activation within the limbic system, while greater IPV-PTSD symptom severity was associated with heightened limbic activity. Concerning emotion regulation areas, there was activation associated to dissociation in the right dlPFC. Our results are likely a neural correlate of affected mothers' reduced capacity for sensitive responsiveness to their young child following exposure to interpersonal stress, situations that are common in day-to-day parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Andreas Moser
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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63
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Escobar MJ, Rivera-Rei A, Decety J, Huepe D, Cardona JF, Canales-Johnson A, Sigman M, Mikulan E, Helgiu E, Baez S, Manes F, Lopez V, Ibañez A. Attachment patterns trigger differential neural signature of emotional processing in adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70247. [PMID: 23940552 PMCID: PMC3733979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research suggests that individuals with different attachment patterns process social information differently, especially in terms of facial emotion recognition. However, few studies have explored social information processes in adolescents. This study examined the behavioral and ERP correlates of emotional processing in adolescents with different attachment orientations (insecure attachment group and secure attachment group; IAG and SAG, respectively). This study also explored the association of these correlates to individual neuropsychological profiles. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a modified version of the dual valence task (DVT), in which participants classify stimuli (faces and words) according to emotional valence (positive or negative). Results showed that the IAG performed significantly worse than SAG on tests of executive function (EF attention, processing speed, visuospatial abilities and cognitive flexibility). In the behavioral DVT, the IAG presented lower performance and accuracy. The IAG also exhibited slower RTs for stimuli with negative valence. Compared to the SAG, the IAG showed a negative bias for faces; a larger P1 and attenuated N170 component over the right hemisphere was observed. A negative bias was also observed in the IAG for word stimuli, which was demonstrated by comparing the N170 amplitude of the IAG with the valence of the SAG. Finally, the amplitude of the N170 elicited by the facial stimuli correlated with EF in both groups (and negative valence with EF in the IAG). Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that individuals with different attachment patterns process key emotional information and corresponding EF differently. This is evidenced by an early modulation of ERP components’ amplitudes, which are correlated with behavioral and neuropsychological effects. In brief, attachments patterns appear to impact multiple domains, such as emotional processing and EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvaro Rivera-Rei
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David Huepe
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Juan Felipe Cardona
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), INECO (Institute of Cognitive Neurology) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Andres Canales-Johnson
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, RM, Chile
- Medical Research Council (MRC), Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mariano Sigman
- Departamento de Física, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Mikulan
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), INECO (Institute of Cognitive Neurology) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Elena Helgiu
- College of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sandra Baez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), INECO (Institute of Cognitive Neurology) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), INECO (Institute of Cognitive Neurology) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Vladimir Lopez
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Agustín Ibañez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), INECO (Institute of Cognitive Neurology) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, RM, Chile
- * E-mail:
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64
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Vrtička P, Sander D, Vuilleumier P. Lateralized interactive social content and valence processing within the human amygdala. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 6:358. [PMID: 23346054 PMCID: PMC3548516 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, the amygdala has generally been conceptualized as a fear-processing module. Recently, however, it has been proposed to respond to all stimuli that are relevant with respect to the current needs, goals, and values of an individual. This raises the question of whether the human amygdala may differentiate between separate kinds of relevance. A distinction between emotional (vs. neutral) and social (vs. non-social) relevance is supported by previous studies showing that the human amygdala preferentially responds to both emotionally and socially significant information, and these factors might even display interactive encoding properties. However, no investigation has yet probed a full 2 (positive vs. negative valence) × 2 (social vs. non-social content) processing pattern, with neutral images as an additional baseline. Applying such an extended orthogonal factorial design, our fMRI study demonstrates that the human amygdala is (1) more strongly activated for neutral social vs. non-social information, (2) activated at a similar level when viewing social positive or negative images, but (3) displays a valence effect (negative vs. positive) for non-social images. In addition, this encoding pattern is not influenced by cognitive or behavioral emotion regulation mechanisms, and displays a hemispheric lateralization with more pronounced effects on the right side. Finally, the same valence × social content interaction was found in three additional cortical regions, namely the right fusiform gyrus, right anterior superior temporal gyrus, and medial orbitofrontal cortex. Overall, these findings suggest that valence and social content processing represent distinct kinds of relevance that interact within the human amygdala as well as in a more extensive cortical network, likely subserving a key role in relevance detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vrtička
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA ; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Laboratory for Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital and Medical School, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3 Lab), Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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Vrtička P, Vuilleumier P. Neuroscience of human social interactions and adult attachment style. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:212. [PMID: 22822396 PMCID: PMC3398354 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first description four decades ago, attachment theory (AT) has become one of the principal developmental psychological frameworks for describing the role of individual differences in the establishment and maintenance of social bonds between people. Yet, still little is known about the neurobiological underpinnings of attachment orientations and their well-established impact on a range of social and affective behaviors. In the present review, we summarize data from recent studies using cognitive and imaging approaches to characterize attachment styles and their effect on emotion and social cognition. We propose a functional neuroanatomical framework to integrate the key brain mechanisms involved in the perception and regulation of social emotional information, and their modulation by individual differences in terms of secure versus insecure (more specifically avoidant, anxious, or resolved versus unresolved) attachment traits. This framework describes how each individual's attachment style (built through interactions between personal relationship history and predispositions) may influence the encoding of approach versus aversion tendencies (safety versus threat) in social encounters, implicating the activation of a network of subcortical (amygdala, hippocampus, striatum) and cortical (insula, cingulate) limbic areas. These basic and automatic affective evaluation mechanisms are in turn modulated by more elaborate and voluntary cognitive control processes, subserving mental state attribution and emotion regulation capacities, implicating a distinct network in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), among others. Recent neuroimaging data suggest that affective evaluation is decreased in avoidantly but increased in anxiously attached individuals. In turn, although data on cognitive control is still scarce, it points toward a possible enhancement of mental state representations associated with attachment insecurity and particularly anxiety. Emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal or suppression of social emotions are also differentially modulated by attachment style. This research does not only help better understand the neural underpinnings of human social behavior, but also provides important insights on psychopathological conditions where attachment dysregulation is likely to play an important (causal) role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vrtička
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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