51
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Spinelli C, Tawil N, Adnani L, Rak J, Choi D. Extracellular Vesicle Mediated Vascular Pathology in Glioblastoma. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:247-273. [PMID: 33779920 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable, infiltrative high-grade brain tumour associated with dramatic vascular responses observed both locally (angiogenesis, vascular cooption, angiocrine effects, microthrombosis) and systemically (venous thromboembolism). GBM-associated vascular pathology is diagnostically relevant and constitutes a source of morbidity, mortality and progressive changes in tumour biology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as unique mediators of vascular effects in brain tumours acting as vehicles for intercellular transfer of oncoproteins (e.g. EGFRvIII), RNA, DNA and molecular effectors of angiogenesis and thrombosis. Vascular effects of GBM EVs are regulated by cancer cell genome, epigenome and microenvironment and differ between subtypes of cancer cells and stem cells. Understanding and targeting EV-driven vascular processes in GBM may offer new approaches to diagnose and treat these intractable tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Spinelli
- McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, QC, Canada
| | - Nadim Tawil
- McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, QC, Canada
| | - Lata Adnani
- McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, QC, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, QC, Canada.
| | - Dongsic Choi
- McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, QC, Canada.
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52
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Secreted Extracellular Vesicle Molecular Cargo as a Novel Liquid Biopsy Diagnostics of Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063267. [PMID: 33806874 PMCID: PMC8004928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous cell-derived membranous granules which carry a large diversity of molecules and participate in intercellular communication by transferring these molecules to target cells by endocytosis. In the last decade, EVs’ role in several pathological conditions, from etiology to disease progression or therapy evasion, has been consolidated, including in central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. For this review, we performed a systematic search of original works published, reporting the presence of molecular components expressed in the CNS via EVs, which have been purified from plasma, serum or cerebrospinal fluid. Our aim is to provide a list of molecular EV components that have been identified from both nonpathological conditions and the most common CNS-related disorders. We discuss the methods used to isolate and enrich EVs from specific CNS-cells and the relevance of its components in each disease context.
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53
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Mukhopadhya A, Santoro J, Moran B, Useckaite Z, O'Driscoll L. Optimisation and comparison of orthogonal methods for separation and characterisation of extracellular vesicles to investigate how representative infant milk formula is of milk. Food Chem 2021; 353:129309. [PMID: 33725545 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many infants are fed infant milk formula (IMF). However, IMF production from skim milk (SM) involves harsh treatment. So, we hypothesised that the quantity and/or quality of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in IMF may be reduced. Thus, firstly, we aimed to optimise separation of EVs from IMF and SM and, secondly, we aimed to compare the EV isolates from these two sources. Prior to EV isolation, abundant casein micelles of similar sizes to EVs were removed by treating milk samples with either acetic acid or hydrochloric acid. Samples progressed to differential ultracentrifugation (DUC) or gradient ultracentrifugation (GUC). EV characterisation included BCA, SDS-PAGE, nanoparticle tracking (NTA), electron microscopy (TEM), immunoblotting, and imaging flow cytometry (IFCM). Reduced EV concentrations were found in IMF. SM-derived EVs were intact, while IMF contained disrupted EV-like structures. EV biomarkers were more abundant with isolates from SM, indicating EV proteins in IMF are compromised. Altogether, a suitable method combining acid pre-treatment with GUC for EV separation from milk products was developed. EVs appear to be substantially compromised in IMF compared to SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Mukhopadhya
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Jessie Santoro
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Barry Moran
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Zivile Useckaite
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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54
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Wang L, Sun Z, Wang H. Extracellular vesicles and the regulation of tumor immunity: Current progress and future directions. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:760-769. [PMID: 33594754 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As nano-level information carriers, extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain proteins, DNA or RNA, which maintain the transmembrane transport of biomolecules and the homeostasis of normal cells. EVs can be released by most cell types and absorbed by specific recipient cells, subsequently affecting phenotypic expression. EVs are believed to play an important role in cellular communication, especially in immune cells. During tumor development, EVs of different origins have different effects on the survival and growth of tumor cells. Some tumor cell-derived EVs can mediate tumor immunosuppressive responses by inhibiting the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and by negatively regulating the expression of T cell receptors, causing tumor cells to escape immune surveillance and proliferate. EVs have therefore become a key component of tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In contrast, EVs derived from DCs mediate antitumor immune activation by inducing the killing and inhibitory effects of the immune system. This makes it an antigen component of the antitumor response. Integrating the interaction and connection of EVs to immunosuppression and immune response is significant for the application of EVs in clinical practice. Here, we reviewed the research progress on the role of EVs in the immune regulation of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wang
- Departments of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Basic Department, Jiangxi Health Vocational College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- Departments of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Academy of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Departments of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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55
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Kuypers S, Smisdom N, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Ameloot M, Michiels L, Hendrix J, Hosseinkhani B. Unsupervised Machine Learning-Based Clustering of Nanosized Fluorescent Extracellular Vesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006786. [PMID: 33448084 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are biological nanoparticles that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. The phenotypic profile of EV populations is a promising reporter of disease, with direct clinical diagnostic relevance. Yet, robust methods for quantifying the biomarker content of EV have been critically lacking, and require a single-particle approach due to their inherent heterogeneous nature. Here, multicolor single-molecule burst analysis microscopy is used to detect multiple biomarkers present on single EV. The authors classify the recorded signals and apply the machine learning-based t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding algorithm to cluster the resulting multidimensional data. As a proof of principle, the authors use the method to assess both the purity and the inflammatory status of EV, and compare cell culture and plasma-derived EV isolated via different purification methods. This methodology is then applied to identify intercellular adhesion molecule-1 specific EV subgroups released by inflamed endothelial cells, and to prove that apolipoprotein-a1 is an excellent marker to identify the typical lipoprotein contamination in plasma. This methodology can be widely applied on standard confocal microscopes, thereby allowing both standardized quality assessment of patient plasma EV preparations, and diagnostic profiling of multiple EV biomarkers in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Kuypers
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Nick Smisdom
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Luc Michiels
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
- Dynamic Bio-imaging Lab, Advanced Optical Microscopy Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Baharak Hosseinkhani
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
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56
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Droste M, Thakur BK, Eliceiri BP. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and the Immune System-Lessons From Immune-Competent Mouse-Tumor Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606859. [PMID: 33391275 PMCID: PMC7772428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) are important regulators of the immune response in cancer; however, most research so far has been carried out using cell culture systems. Immune-competent murine tumor models currently provide the best platform to assess proposed roles of TEVs using in vivo animal models and therefore are important for examining interactions between TEVs and the immune system. In this review, we present the current knowledge on TEVs using in vivo tumor-bearing animal models, with a focus on the role of TEVs in mediating crosstalk between tumor cells and both adaptive and innate immune cells. In particular, we address the question how animal models can clarify the reported heterogeneity of TEV effects in both anti-tumor responses and evasion of immune surveillance. The potential of TEVs in mediating direct antigen-presenting functions supports their potential as cancer vaccine therapeutics, therefore, we provide an overview of key findings of TEV trials that have the potential as novel immunotherapies, and shed light on challenges in the path toward the first in-human trials. We also highlight the important updates on the methods that continue to enhance the rigor and reproducibility of EV studies, particularly in functional animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Droste
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Burns, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics II (Pediatric Nephrology), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant K Thakur
- Cancer Exosomes Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Brian P Eliceiri
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Burns, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
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57
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Möller A, Lobb RJ. The evolving translational potential of small extracellular vesicles in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:697-709. [PMID: 32958932 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-00299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are regarded as having promising potential to be used as therapeutics and disease biomarkers. Mechanistically, EVs have been shown to function in most, if not all, steps of cancer progression. Cancer EVs, including small EVs (sEVs), contain unique biomolecular cargo, consisting of protein, nucleic acid and lipids. Through progress in the identification of this specific cargo, cancer biomarkers have been identified and developed, opening up novel and interesting opportunities for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Intriguingly, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the cancer-specific pathways that govern EV biogenesis in cancer cells. Filling this knowledge gap will rapidly improve cancer EV biomarkers, as it will also allow discrimination of the procancer and anticancer actions of those EVs. Even more promising is uncovering therapeutically targetable, tumour-specific EV pathways and content, which will generate novel classes of cancer therapies. This Review highlights the progress the cancer sEV field has made in the areas of biomarker discovery and validation as well as sEV-based therapeutics, highlights the challenges we are facing and identifies gaps in our knowledge, which currently prevent us from developing the full potential of sEVs in cancer diagnostic and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Richard J Lobb
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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58
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He X, Zhong X, Hu Z, Zhao S, Wei P, Li D. An insight into small extracellular vesicles: Their roles in colorectal cancer progression and potential clinical applications. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e249. [PMID: 33377655 PMCID: PMC7733319 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nano-sized extracellular vesicles containing a variety of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. Recent evidence from CRC has revealed that sEVs contribute to tumorigenesis, progression, and drug resistance, and serve as a tool for "liquid biopsy" and a drug delivery system for therapy. In this review, we summarize information about the roles of sEVs in the proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, formation of the premetastatic niche, and drug resistance to elucidate the mechanisms governing sEVs in CRC and to identify novel targets for therapy and prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng He
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinyang Zhong
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zijuan Hu
- Department of PathologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Institute of PathologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Senlin Zhao
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of PathologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Institute of PathologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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59
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Yekula A, Muralidharan K, Rosh Z, Youngkin AE, Kang KM, Balaj L, Carter BS. Liquid Biopsy Strategies to Distinguish Progression from Pseudoprogression and Radiation Necrosis in Glioblastomas. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e2000029. [PMID: 32484293 PMCID: PMC7708392 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy for the detection and monitoring of central nervous system tumors is of significant clinical interest. At initial diagnosis, the majority of patients with central nervous system tumors undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), followed by invasive brain biopsy to determine the molecular diagnosis of the WHO 2016 classification paradigm. Despite the importance of MRI for long-term treatment monitoring, in the majority of patients who receive chemoradiation therapy for glioblastoma, it can be challenging to distinguish between radiation treatment effects including pseudoprogression, radiation necrosis, and recurrent/progressive disease based on imaging alone. Tissue biopsy-based monitoring is high risk and not always feasible. However, distinguishing these entities is of critical importance for the management of patients and can significantly affect survival. Liquid biopsy strategies including circulating tumor cells, circulating free DNA, and extracellular vesicles have the potential to afford significant useful molecular information at both the stage of diagnosis and monitoring for these tumors. Here, current liquid biopsy-based approaches in the context of tumor monitoring to differentiate progressive disease from pseudoprogression and radiation necrosis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anudeep Yekula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zachary Rosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna E. Youngkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Keiko M. Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bob S. Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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60
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Xing Y, Cheng Z, Wang R, Lv C, James TD, Yu F. Analysis of extracellular vesicles as emerging theranostic nanoplatforms. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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61
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Useckaite Z, Mukhopadhya A, Moran B, O'Driscoll L. Extracellular vesicles report on the MET status of their cells of origin regardless of the method used for their isolation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19020. [PMID: 33149187 PMCID: PMC7642384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MET pathway is an important actionable target across many solid tumour types and several MET inhibitors have been developed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are proposed to be mini-maps of their cells of origin. However, the potential of EVs to report on the MET status of their cells of origin is unknown. After applying three proposed methods of EV separation from medium conditioned by three cell lines of known MET status, this study used an extensive range of methodologies to fundamentally characterise the resulting particles (nanoparticle tracking analysis, TEM, flow cytometry, immunoblotting) and their MET status (RT-qPCR and ELISAs). The results indicated that ultracentrifugation on density-gradient (UC-DG) consistently produced the most reliable data with regards to purest EVs. EV cargo reflected MET mRNA, total MET and pMET status of their cells of origin. In conclusion, to simply determine if the general contents of conditioned medium reflect the MET status of the conditioning cells, choice of method for initial EV separation may not be crucial. However, to be confident of specifically studying EVs and thus EV-MET cargo, UC-DG followed by extensive EV characterisation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zivile Useckaite
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anindya Mukhopadhya
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Barry Moran
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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62
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Chen X, Jia M, Liu L, Qiu X, Zhang H, Yu X, Gu W, Qing G, Li Q, Hu X, Wang R, Zhao X, Zhang L, Wang X, Durkan C, Wang N, Wang G, Luo Y. High-Fidelity Determination and Tracing of Small Extracellular Vesicle Cargoes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002800. [PMID: 32877016 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct tracing of small extracellular vesicle (sEV) cargoes holds unprecedented importance for elucidating the mechanisms involved in intercellular communication. However, high-fidelity determination of sEVs' molecular cargoes in situ has yet to be achieved due to the difficulty in transporting molecular probes into intact sEVs. Herein, a fLuorescent Intracellular-Guided Hairpin-Tetrahedron (fLIGHT) nanoprobe is described for direct visualization of sEV microRNAs in situ. Integrating the advantages of nondestructive sEV penetration via DNA origami and single-nucleotide discrimination as well as wash-free fluorescence readout using a hairpin probe, the proposed approach enables high-fidelity fluorescence visualization of sEVs' microRNA without RNA extraction or leakage, demonstrating the potential of on-site tracing of sEV cargoes. This strategy opens an avenue to establishing universal molecular detection and labeling platforms that can facilitate both sEV-derived fundamental biological studies and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Chen
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Mei Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China
| | - Lianhua Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory Science, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Xingle Yu
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gu
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Guangchao Qing
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Ruixuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory Science, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Xianxian Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory Science, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Colm Durkan
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Nan Wang
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
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63
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Jurgielewicz BJ, Yao Y, Stice SL. Kinetics and Specificity of HEK293T Extracellular Vesicle Uptake using Imaging Flow Cytometry. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:170. [PMID: 32833066 PMCID: PMC7445225 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer-bound vesicles that are naturally secreted from most cell types as a communication mechanism to deliver proteins, lipids, and genetic material. Despite the therapeutic potential of EVs, there is limited information on EV uptake kinetics and specificity. Here, we optimized an imaging flow cytometry (IFC)-based platform to quantitatively assess dose, time, and recipient cell specificity effects on human embryonic kidney cell (HEK293T) EV internalization in a high-throughput manner. We found that HEK293T EV uptake is an active process that is dose and time dependent. Further, the selectivity of EV uptake was quantified in vitro, and we found that HEK293T EVs were internalized at higher quantities by cells of the same origin. Lastly, neural stem cells internalized significantly more HEK293T EVs relative to mature neurons, suggesting that stem cells or progenitors, which are more metabolically active than terminally differentiated cells, may have higher rates of active EV internalization. The characterization of EV uptake, notably specificity, dose and time dependence, and kinetic assays will help inform and develop targeted and efficient EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- ArunA Bio, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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64
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Mende KC, Pantel TF, Flitsch J. Revived Attention for Adult Craniopharyngioma. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 129:172-177. [PMID: 32750720 DOI: 10.1055/a-1217-7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Craniopharyngioma as a rare tumor originating from cells of rathke's pouch and representing 2-5% of all intracranial tumors is a rare and generally benign neoplasm of the central nervous system with two incidence peaks one in childhood and one after 40 years of age. Data on adult patients is scarce compared to childhood onset tumors, however the burden of disease caused by the tumors and related treatment options is significant. Clinical symptoms range from headaches, visual disability, cranial nerve affection or hypothalamic symptoms (e. g. morbid obesity) to endocrine disorders. Most symptoms are related to tumor mass effect. The current standard of diagnostics is the determination of serum hormone levels and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging often resulting in surgical treatment which holds a key role in all treatment concepts and should follow a hypothalamus sparing path. Radiation therapy may prove beneficial as adjuvant therapeutic option or in recurrent tumor, especially papillary tumors may be targeted using BRAF-600 inhibitors, targeted therapies for adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma have not yet reached a stage of clinical testing. Although prognosis regarding overall survival is favorable, life expectancy may be reduced due to the tumor itself as well as due to treatment effects. An important aspect especially in the adult population is the reduction in quality of life which is comparable to primary malignant brain tumors and metastases, calling for individual patient specific treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Christian Mende
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Fabian Pantel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Flitsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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65
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Veziroglu EM, Mias GI. Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles and Their Diverse RNA Contents. Front Genet 2020; 11:700. [PMID: 32765582 PMCID: PMC7379748 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells release nanometer-scale, lipid bilayer-enclosed biomolecular packages (extracellular vesicles; EVs) into their surrounding environment. EVs are hypothesized to be intercellular communication agents that regulate physiological states by transporting biomolecules between near and distant cells. The research community has consistently advocated for the importance of RNA contents in EVs by demonstrating that: (1) EV-related RNA contents can be detected in a liquid biopsy, (2) disease states significantly alter EV-related RNA contents, and (3) sensitive and specific liquid biopsies can be implemented in precision medicine settings by measuring EV-derived RNA contents. Furthermore, EVs have medical potential beyond diagnostics. Both natural and engineered EVs are being investigated for therapeutic applications such as regenerative medicine and as drug delivery agents. This review focuses specifically on EV characterization, analysis of their RNA content, and their functional implications. The NIH extracellular RNA communication (ERC) program has catapulted human EV research from an RNA profiling standpoint by standardizing the pipeline for working with EV transcriptomics data, and creating a centralized database for the scientific community. There are currently thousands of RNA-sequencing profiles hosted on the Extracellular RNA Atlas alone (Murillo et al., 2019), encompassing a variety of human biofluid types and health conditions. While a number of significant discoveries have been made through these studies individually, integrative analyses of these data have thus far been limited. A primary focus of the ERC program over the next five years is to bring higher resolution tools to the EV research community so that investigators can isolate and analyze EV sub-populations, and ultimately single EVs sourced from discrete cell types, tissues, and complex biofluids. Higher resolution techniques will be essential for evaluating the roles of circulating EVs at a level which impacts clinical decision making. We expect that advances in microfluidic technologies will drive near-term innovation and discoveries about the diverse RNA contents of EVs. Long-term translation of EV-based RNA profiling into a mainstay medical diagnostic tool will depend upon identifying robust patterns of circulating genetic material that correlate with a change in health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren M. Veziroglu
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - George I. Mias
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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66
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Tertel T, Görgens A, Giebel B. Analysis of individual extracellular vesicles by imaging flow cytometry. Methods Enzymol 2020; 645:55-78. [PMID: 33565978 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into their environment, such as exosomes and microvesicles. EVs can mediate intercellular communication processes in a targeted manner. Representing their cell of origin, EVs contain cell type specific signatures, qualifying them as a novel class of biomarkers. Furthermore, according to their tropism to certain target cells, EVs provide promising aspects to be used as drug delivery vehicles. Depending on their origin, certain EVs contain the potential to modulate physiological and pathophysiological processes. Although the EV field provides many interesting aspects, the methodology in EV research is limited. For now, EVs are mainly analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis and bulk molecular analysis, regularly Western Blot. These technologies cannot dissect the heterogeneity of EVs observed by electron microscopy (EM). Although EM technologies help to demonstrate the heterogeneity within EV samples, EM technologies are not appropriate to perform more complex and quantitative EV analyses. Flow cytometry (FCM) is a traditional method for dissecting the heterogeneity of given cell populations in a quantitative and complex manner. However, classical FCM regularly fails to detect objects in the size range of small EVs (sEVs) that typically is in the range between 70 and 150nm. Recently, we and others demonstrated the potential of imaging FCM for the analyses of small EVs at the single vesicle level. Here, at the example of sEVs harvested from supernatants of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), we share a protocol for studying the expression of the tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81 on single EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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67
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Rikkert LG, Beekman P, Caro J, Coumans FAW, Enciso-Martinez A, Jenster G, Le Gac S, Lee W, van Leeuwen TG, Loozen GB, Nanou A, Nieuwland R, Offerhaus HL, Otto C, Pegtel DM, Piontek MC, van der Pol E, de Rond L, Roos WH, Schasfoort RBM, Wauben MHM, Zuilhof H, Terstappen LWMM. Cancer-ID: Toward Identification of Cancer by Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Blood. Front Oncol 2020; 10:608. [PMID: 32582525 PMCID: PMC7287034 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have great potential as biomarkers since their composition and concentration in biofluids are disease state dependent and their cargo can contain disease-related information. Large tumor-derived EVs (tdEVs, >1 μm) in blood from cancer patients are associated with poor outcome, and changes in their number can be used to monitor therapy effectiveness. Whereas, small tumor-derived EVs (<1 μm) are likely to outnumber their larger counterparts, thereby offering better statistical significance, identification and quantification of small tdEVs are more challenging. In the blood of cancer patients, a subpopulation of EVs originate from tumor cells, but these EVs are outnumbered by non-EV particles and EVs from other origin. In the Dutch NWO Perspectief Cancer-ID program, we developed and evaluated detection and characterization techniques to distinguish EVs from non-EV particles and other EVs. Despite low signal amplitudes, we identified characteristics of these small tdEVs that may enable the enumeration of small tdEVs and extract relevant information. The insights obtained from Cancer-ID can help to explore the full potential of tdEVs in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Rikkert
- Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P Beekman
- Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Applied Microfluidics for Bioengineering Research, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - J Caro
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - F A W Coumans
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A Enciso-Martinez
- Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - G Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for Bioengineering Research, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - W Lee
- Optical Sciences Group, Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - T G van Leeuwen
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - G B Loozen
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - A Nanou
- Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - R Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H L Offerhaus
- Optical Sciences Group, Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - C Otto
- Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - D M Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M C Piontek
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - E van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - L de Rond
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - W H Roos
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - R B M Schasfoort
- Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - M H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - H Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - L W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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68
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Tertel T, Bremer M, Maire C, Lamszus K, Peine S, Jawad R, Andaloussi SE, Giebel B, Ricklefs FL, Görgens A. High‐Resolution
Imaging Flow Cytometry Reveals Impact of Incubation Temperature on Labeling of Extracellular Vesicles with Antibodies. Cytometry A 2020; 97:602-609. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Michel Bremer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Cecile Maire
- Department of Neurological Surgery University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurological Surgery University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Department of Neurological Surgery University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Rim Jawad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Samir E.L. Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited Oxford UK
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Franz L. Ricklefs
- Department of Neurological Surgery University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited Oxford UK
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69
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Palumbo P, Lombardi F, Augello FR, Giusti I, Dolo V, Leocata P, Cifone MG, Cinque B. Biological effects of selective COX-2 inhibitor NS398 on human glioblastoma cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:167. [PMID: 32435158 PMCID: PMC7222447 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inflammation-associated enzyme, has been implicated in tumorigenesis and progression of glioblastoma (GBM). The poor survival of GBM was mainly associated with the presence of glioma stem cells (GSC) and the markedly inflammatory microenvironment. To further explore the involvement of COX-2 in glioma biology, the effects of NS398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, were evaluated on GSC derived from COX-2 expressing GBM cell lines, i.e., U87MG and T98G, in terms of neurospheres' growth, autophagy, and extracellular vesicle (EV) release. Methods Neurospheres' growth and morphology were evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Autophagy was measured by staining acidic vesicular organelles. Extracellular vesicles (EV), released from neurospheres, were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The autophagic proteins Beclin-1 and LC3B, as well as the EV markers CD63 and CD81, were analyzed by western blotting. The scratch assay test was used to evaluate the NS398 influence on GBM cell migration. Results Both cell lines were strongly influenced by NS398 exposure, as showed by morphological changes, reduced growth rate, and appearance of autophagy. Furthermore, the inhibitor led to a functional change of EV released by neurospheres. Indeed, EV secreted by NS398-treated GSC, but not those from control cells, were able to significantly inhibit adherent U87MG and T98G cell migration and induced autophagy in recipient cells, thus leading to effects quite similar to those directly caused by NS398 in the same cells. Conclusion Despite the intrinsic diversity and individual genetic features of U87MG and T98G, comparable effects were exerted by the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 on both GBM cell lines. Overall, our findings support the crucial role of the inflammatory-associated COX-2/PGE2 system in glioma and glioma stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pietro Leocata
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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70
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Xiao F, Lv S, Zong Z, Wu L, Tang X, Kuang W, Zhang P, Li X, Fu J, Xiao M, Wu M, Wu L, Zhu X, Huang K, Guo H. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for brain tumor detection: clinical roles and current progress. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1379-1396. [PMID: 32355549 PMCID: PMC7191171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors include those that originate within the brain (primary tumors) as well as those that arise from other cancers (metastatic tumors). The fragile nature of the brain poses a major challenge to access focal malignancies, which certainly limits both diagnostics and therapeutic approaches. This limitation has been alleviated with the advent of liquid biopsy technologies. Liquid biopsy represents a highly convenient, fast and non-invasive method, which allows multiple sampling and dynamic pathological detection. Biomarkers derived from liquid biopsies can promptly reflect changes on the gene expression profiling of tumors. Biomarkers derived from tumor cells contain abundant genetic information, which may provide a strong basis for the diagnosis and the individualized treatment of brain tumor patients. A series of body fluids can be assessed for liquid biopsy, including peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine or saliva. Interestingly, the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers from the CSF of patients with brain tumors is typically higher than those detected in the peripheral blood and other sources. Hence, here we describe and properly discuss the clinical roles of distinct classes of CSF biomarkers, isolated from patients with brain tumors, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNA (miRNA), proteins, and extracellular vesicles (EVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shigang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhitao Zong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineJiujiang 332005, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xueping Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Kuang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of NanchangNangchang 330009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Menghua Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Miaojing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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71
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FASN Is a Biomarker Enriched in Malignant Glioma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061931. [PMID: 32178271 PMCID: PMC7139767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known for their important role in cancer progression and hold considerable potential as a source for tumor biomarkers. However, purification of tumor-specific EVs from patient plasma is still an urgent unmet need due to contamination by normal host cell-derived EVs, that results in compromised analytical sensitivity. Here we identified fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key lipogenic enzyme which is highly expressed in malignant glioma cells, to be elevated in CD63- and CD81-positive EVs in glioma patient plasma samples, opening vital opportunities to sort brain tumor-specific EVs.
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72
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Wang S, Khan A, Huang R, Ye S, Di K, Xiong T, Li Z. Recent advances in single extracellular vesicle detection methods. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 154:112056. [PMID: 32093894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by a variety of cells. They are known for their pertinent role in intercellular communication, and participation in different pathological processes, making them ideal candidate for utilization as a biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In contemporary years, the concept of a well-established liquid biopsy technology, and detection and utilization of EVs as a biomarkers have received unprecedented attention. Many rapid and precise EVs detection methods have been proposed, however, majority of them detect EVs in a bulk. As the prevalent heterogeneity of single extracellular vesicle (SEV) plays an important role in the analysis of disease progression, therefore, to prevent information loss, increased attention has been paid to SEV detection with remarkable successes. Technologies like fluorescence labeling, micro imaging and microfluidic chip were successfully employed for EVs detection at SEV level. This review summarizes the recent advances in SEV detection methods, their potential targets, applications as well as concludes future prospects for developing new SEV detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Wang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Adeel Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Shiyi Ye
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Kaili Di
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yizheng Hospital of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group, Yizheng 211900, PR China.
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73
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Stevic I, Buescher G, Ricklefs FL. Monitoring Therapy Efficiency in Cancer through Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010130. [PMID: 31935901 PMCID: PMC7017260 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-enclosed vesicles made of a phospholipid bilayer and are secreted by all cell types. EVs are present in a variety of body fluids containing proteins, DNA, RNA species, and lipids, and play an important role in cell- to-cell communication and are worth being considered as biomarkers for both early diagnosis of cancer patients and real-time monitoring of treatment response. Recently, emerging evidence verified EVs to have crucial roles in cancer progression and metastasis and a great potential in therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the potential of EVs in monitoring the efficacy of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Stevic
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Gustav Buescher
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Franz Lennard Ricklefs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-7410-53750
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74
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Whitehead CA, Kaye AH, Drummond KJ, Widodo SS, Mantamadiotis T, Vella LJ, Stylli SS. Extracellular vesicles and their role in glioblastoma. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019:1-26. [PMID: 31865806 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1700208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in disease pathogenesis has been rapidly growing over the last two decades. As EVs can mediate intercellular communication, they can ultimately facilitate both normal and pathological processes through the delivery of their bioactive cargo, which may include nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. EVs have emerged as important regulators of brain tumors, capable of transferring oncogenic proteins, receptors, and small RNAs that may support brain tumor progression, including in the most common type of brain cancer, glioma. Investigating the role of EVs in glioma is crucial, as the most malignant glioma, glioblastoma (GBM), is incurable with a dismal median survival of 12-15 months. EV research in GBM has primarily focused on circulating brain tumor-derived vesicles in biofluids, such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), investigating their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Gaining a greater understanding of the role of EVs and their cargo in brain tumor progression may contribute to the discovery of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the known and emerging functions of EVs in glioma biology and pathogenesis, as well as their emerging biomarker potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A Whitehead
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katharine J Drummond
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Samuel S Widodo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Laura J Vella
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
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75
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Jones PS, Yekula A, Lansbury E, Small JL, Ayinon C, Mordecai S, Hochberg FH, Tigges J, Delcuze B, Charest A, Ghiran I, Balaj L, Carter BS. Characterization of plasma-derived protoporphyrin-IX-positive extracellular vesicles following 5-ALA use in patients with malignant glioma. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:23-35. [PMID: 31628025 PMCID: PMC6838454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant gliomas are rapidly progressive brain tumors with high mortality. Fluorescence guided surgery (FGS) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) provides fluorescent delineation of malignant tissue, which helps achieve maximum safe resection. 5-ALA-based fluorescence is due to preferential accumulation of the fluorophore protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) in malignant glioma tissue. Additionally, gliomas cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which carry biomarkers of disease. Herein, we performed animal and human studies to investigate whether 5-ALA dosed glioma cells, in vitro and in vivo, release PpIX positive EVs in circulation which can be captured and analyzed. METHODS We used imaging flow cytometry (IFC) to characterize PpIX-positive EVs released from 5-ALA-dosed glioma cells, glioma-bearing xenograft models, as well as patients with malignant glioma undergoing FGS. FINDINGS We first show that glioma cells dosed with 5-ALA release 247-fold higher PpIX positive EVs compared to mock dosed glioma cells. Second, we demonstrate that the plasma of glioma-bearing mice (n = 2) dosed with 5-ALA contain significantly higher levels of circulating PpIX-positive EVs than their pre-dosing background (p = 0.004). Lastly, we also show that the plasma of patients with avidly fluorescent tumors (n = 4) undergoing FGS contain circulating PpIX-positive EVs at levels significantly higher than their pre-dosing background (p = 0.00009) and this rise in signal correlates with enhancing tumor volumes (r 2 = 0.888). INTERPRETATION Our findings highlight the potential of plasma-derived PpIX-positive EV-based diagnostics for malignant gliomas, offering a novel liquid biopsy platform for confirming and monitoring tumor status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anudeep Yekula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lansbury
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julia L Small
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caroline Ayinon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott Mordecai
- Department of Pathology, Flow Cytometry Core, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - John Tigges
- Flow Cytometry Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bethany Delcuze
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alain Charest
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ionita Ghiran
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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76
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Weinberg F, Griffin R, Fröhlich M, Heining C, Braun S, Spohr C, Iconomou M, Hollek V, Röring M, Horak P, Kreutzfeldt S, Warsow G, Hutter B, Uhrig S, Neumann O, Reuss D, Heiland DH, von Kalle C, Weichert W, Stenzinger A, Brors B, Glimm H, Fröhling S, Brummer T. Identification and characterization of a BRAF fusion oncoprotein with retained autoinhibitory domains. Oncogene 2019; 39:814-832. [PMID: 31558800 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fusion proteins involving the BRAF serine/threonine kinase occur in many cancers. The oncogenic potential of BRAF fusions has been attributed to the loss of critical N-terminal domains that mediate BRAF autoinhibition. We used whole-exome and RNA sequencing in a patient with glioblastoma multiforme to identify a rearrangement between TTYH3, encoding a membrane-resident, calcium-activated chloride channel, and BRAF intron 1, resulting in a TTYH3-BRAF fusion protein that retained all features essential for BRAF autoinhibition. Accordingly, the BRAF moiety of the fusion protein alone, which represents full-length BRAF without the amino acids encoded by exon 1 (BRAFΔE1), did not induce MEK/ERK phosphorylation or transformation. Likewise, neither the TTYH3 moiety of the fusion protein nor full-length TTYH3 provoked ERK pathway activity or transformation. In contrast, TTYH3-BRAF displayed increased MEK phosphorylation potential and transforming activity, which were caused by TTYH3-mediated tethering of near-full-length BRAF to the (endo)membrane system. Consistent with this mechanism, a synthetic approach, in which BRAFΔE1 was tethered to the membrane by fusing it to the cytoplasmic tail of CD8 also induced transformation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TTYH3-BRAF signals largely independent of a functional RAS binding domain, but requires an intact BRAF dimer interface and activation loop phosphorylation sites. Cells expressing TTYH3-BRAF exhibited increased MEK/ERK signaling, which was blocked by clinically achievable concentrations of sorafenib, trametinib, and the paradox breaker PLX8394. These data provide the first example of a fully autoinhibited BRAF protein whose oncogenic potential is dictated by a distinct fusion partner and not by a structural change in BRAF itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weinberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Griffin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Fröhlich
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heining
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, NCT Dresden, Dresden, and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Braun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Spohr
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mary Iconomou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viola Hollek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Röring
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Horak
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, NCT Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, NCT Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Warsow
- Omics IT and Data Management Core Facility, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Hutter
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Uhrig
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Neumann
- DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Reuss
- DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,DKTK, Munich, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, NCT Dresden, Dresden, and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, NCT Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany. .,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,DKTK Partner Site Freiburg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.
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77
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Leukocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Blood with and without EpCAM Enrichment. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080937. [PMID: 31434250 PMCID: PMC6721753 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Large tumor-derived Extracellular Vesicles (tdEVs) detected in blood of metastatic prostate, breast, colorectal, and non-small cell lung cancer patients after enrichment for Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) expression and labeling with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), phycoerythrin-conjugated antibodies against Cytokeratins (CK-PE), and allophycocyanin-conjugated antibody against the cluster of differentiation 45 (CD45-APC), are negatively associated with the overall survival of patients. Here, we investigated whether, similarly to tdEVs, leukocyte-derived EVs (ldEVs) could also be detected in EpCAM-enriched blood. Presence of ldEVs and leukocytes in image data sets of EpCAM-enriched samples of 25 healthy individuals and 75 metastatic cancer patients was evaluated using the ACCEPT software. Large ldEVs could indeed be detected, but in contrast to the 20-fold higher frequency of tdEVs as compared to Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), ldEVs were present in a 5-fold lower frequency as compared to leukocytes. To evaluate whether these ldEVs pre-exist in the blood or are formed during the CellSearch procedure, the blood of healthy individuals without EpCAM enrichment was labelled with the nuclear dye Hoechst and fluorescently tagged monoclonal antibodies recognizing the leukocyte-specific CD45, platelet-specific CD61, and red blood cell-specific CD235a. Fluorescence microscopy imaging using a similar setup as the CellSearch was performed and demonstrated the presence of a similar population of ldEVs present at a 3-fold lower frequency as compared to leukocytes.
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78
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Cavallaro S, Horak J, Hååg P, Gupta D, Stiller C, Sahu SS, Görgens A, Gatty HK, Viktorsson K, El Andaloussi S, Lewensohn R, Karlström AE, Linnros J, Dev A. Label-Free Surface Protein Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles by an Electrokinetic Sensor. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1399-1408. [PMID: 31020844 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) generated from the endolysosomal system, often referred to as exosomes, have attracted interest as a suitable biomarker for cancer diagnostics, as they carry valuable biological information and reflect their cells of origin. Herein, we propose a simple and inexpensive electrical method for label-free detection and profiling of sEVs in the size range of exosomes. The detection method is based on the electrokinetic principle, where the change in the streaming current is monitored as the surface markers of the sEVs interact with the affinity reagents immobilized on the inner surface of a silica microcapillary. As a proof-of-concept, we detected sEVs derived from the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line H1975 for a set of representative surface markers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CD9, and CD63. The detection sensitivity was estimated to be ∼175000 sEVs, which represents a sensor surface coverage of only 0.04%. We further validated the ability of the sensor to measure the expression level of a membrane protein by using sEVs displaying artificially altered expressions of EGFR and CD63, which were derived from NSCLC and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells, respectively. The analysis revealed that the changes in EGFR and CD63 expressions in sEVs can be detected with a sensitivity in the order of 10% and 3%, respectively, of their parental cell expressions. The method can be easily parallelized and combined with existing microfluidic-based EV isolation technologies, allowing for rapid detection and monitoring of sEVs for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cavallaro
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Josef Horak
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Hååg
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital (Theme, Cancer; Patient Area, Pelvis), Akademiska stråket 1, 171 64 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford OX4 4HG, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Stiller
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siddharth S. Sahu
- Department of Solid State Electronics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, Uppsala SE-751-21, Sweden
| | - André Görgens
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford OX4 4HG, United Kingdom
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Hithesh K. Gatty
- Department of Solid State Electronics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, Uppsala SE-751-21, Sweden
| | - Kristina Viktorsson
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital (Theme, Cancer; Patient Area, Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin), Akademiska stråket 1, 171 64 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford OX4 4HG, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital (Theme, Cancer; Patient Area, Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin), Akademiska stråket 1, 171 64 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie E. Karlström
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Linnros
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Apurba Dev
- Department of Solid State Electronics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, Uppsala SE-751-21, Sweden
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Jablonska J, Pietrowska M, Ludwig S, Lang S, Thakur BK. Challenges in the Isolation and Proteomic Analysis of Cancer Exosomes-Implications for Translational Research. Proteomes 2019; 7:proteomes7020022. [PMID: 31096692 PMCID: PMC6631388 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes7020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes belong to the group of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that derive from various cell populations and mediate intercellular communication in health and disease. Like hormones or cytokines, exosomes released by cells can play a potent role in the communication between the cell of origin and distant cells in the body to maintain homeostatic or pathological processes, including tumorigenesis. The nucleic acids, and lipid and protein cargo present in the exosomes are involved in a myriad of carcinogenic processes, including cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and metastasis formation. The ability of exosomal proteins to mediate direct functions by interaction with other cells qualifies them as tumor-specific biomarkers and targeted therapeutic approaches. However, the heterogeneity of plasma-derived exosomes consistent of (a) exosomes derived from all kinds of body cells, including cancer cells and (b) contamination of exosome preparation with other extracellular vesicles, such as apoptotic bodies, makes it challenging to obtain solid proteomics data for downstream clinical application. In this manuscript, we review these challenges beginning with the choice of different isolation methods, through the evaluation of obtained exosomes and limitations in the process of proteome analysis of cancer-derived exosomes to identify novel protein targets with functional impact in the context of translational oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Jablonska
- Translational Oncology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute⁻Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Translational Oncology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Cancer Exosome Research Lab, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
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