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Pourmasoumi M, Hadi A, Najafgholizadeh A, Kafeshani M, Sahebkar A. Clinical evidence on the effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:348-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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52
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Christodoulou E, Grafakou ME, Skaltsa E, Kadoglou N, Kostomitsopoulos N, Valsami G. Preparation, chemical characterization and determination of crocetin's pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract to C57/BL6J mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 71:753-764. [PMID: 30575029 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To prepare a lyophilized saffron aqueous extract (SFE) and determine its chemical profile and serum and tissue pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration to C57/Bl6J mice. METHODS Lyophilized SFE was prepared, characterized using semi-preparative HPLC and NMR analysis, and stability studies at room temperature, and was quantified for crocin content with an HPLC-PDA method. After intravenous and oral administration of SFE (60 mg/kg, reconstituted with water for injection) to C57/Bl6J mice, crocetin (derived from in vivo crocin hydrolysis) serum and tissue levels (unconjugated and total) were measured with an HPLC-PDA method and subjected to compartmental and non-compartmental PK analysis. KEY FINDINGS Saffron aqueous extract was rich in all-trans-crocin (27.8 ± 0.1% w/w) and stable for more than 15 months. One-compartment PK model described crocetin's (unconjugated) kinetics after intravenous administration of SFE, while a first-order kinetic parameter described the rate of crocetin biotransformation to crocetin metabolite (conjugated). Α οne-compartment PK model with first-order absorption described crocetin and crocetin's metabolite kinetics after SFE oral administration. Relative oral bioavailability was calculated at 1.17 for total crocetin. Tissue NCA PK analysis revealed extensive crocetin distribution to liver and kidneys. CONCLUSIONS SFE is a stable lyophilized extract rich in all-trans-crocin. The PK study allowed the estimation of basic PK parameters and the bioavailability of SFE's main bioactive component, crocetin, after peros administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Grafakou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Skaltsa
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center of Clinical Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Aiello D, Siciliano C, Mazzotti F, Di Donna L, Athanassopoulos CM, Napoli A. Molecular species fingerprinting and quantitative analysis of saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) for quality control by MALDI mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36104-36113. [PMID: 35558493 PMCID: PMC9088749 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe a rapid, simple, and reliable method for the quantitative analysis and molecular species fingerprinting of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by direct MS and MS/MS analysis. Experimentally, powdered saffron was subjected to a brief treatment with a 0.3% TFA water/acetonitrile solution, and the resulting mixture was directly placed on the MALDI plate for analysis. This approach allowed the detection of the commonly observed crocins C-1-C-6 and flavonols, together with the identification of the unknown highly glycosylated crocins C-7, C-8 and C-9, and carotenoid-derived metabolites. The strategy endorsed the simultaneous detection and characterization of saffron and adulterant markers using crude extracts of the adulterant itself and synthetic sets of adulterated authentic saffron samples. The implementation of the strategy was to measure the amount of an unknown adulterant from the crude extract using curcumin as a non-isotopic isobaric internal standard. The relationship between the saffron and curcumin molar ratios were established with a correlation coefficient of 0.9942. The ANOVA regression model was significant, F(1, 72) = 13 595.82, p < 0.001, y = (0.0116 ± 0.0001)x + (-0.1214 ± 0.0086). No matrix effects were observed and good results were obtained with respect to instrumental repeatability (*RSD% < 2%) and LOD (1.1%). The analysis of commercial samples of saffron using the proposed approach showed the suitability of the method for routine analysis (minimal sample preparation and very short measuring time per sample).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Aiello
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Italy
| | - Carlo Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Italy
| | - Fabio Mazzotti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Italy
| | - Leonardo Di Donna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Italy
| | | | - Anna Napoli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Italy
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Karkoula E, Angelis A, Koulakiotis NS, Gikas E, Halabalaki M, Tsarbopoulos A, Skaltsounis AL. Rapid isolation and characterization of crocins, picrocrocin, and crocetin from saffron using centrifugal partition chromatography and LC-MS. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:4105-4114. [PMID: 30232839 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates a simple method for one-step isolation of the main secondary metabolites of a hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus stigmas (saffron) using step-gradient centrifugal partition chromatography. The analysis was performed in dual and elution-extrusion mode, using five biphasic systems of the solvents heptane/ethyl acetate/butanol/ethanol/water in ratios of 4:10:0:4:10, 1:13:0:4:10, 1:12:1:4:10, 1:10:3:4:10, and 1:7:6:4:10. Five major crocins, picrocrocin, and crocetin were directly isolated in one step. Scaling up to preparative level, allowed the recovery of significantly high quantities of pure compounds, especially trans-crocin-4, saffron's principal crocin. Comparing dual-mode and elution-extrusion, in dual-mode, the trans-crocin-4 containing fractions were co-eluted with a high amount of free β-d-glucose. In contrast, absence of free β-d-glucose was observed in the corresponding trans-crocin-4 fractions obtained by the second method denoting its superiority against dual-mode. Initiating analysis with the 4th solvent-system afforded selective isolation of trans-crocin-4, with reduction in experimental time and solvent consumption. Structure elucidation was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed methodology comprises an integrated approach for the purification and characterization of biologically active saffron components in a fast, selective, and environmentally friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Karkoula
- Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Bioanalytical Department, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Kifissia, Greece
| | - Apostolis Angelis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Gikas
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anthony Tsarbopoulos
- Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Bioanalytical Department, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Kifissia, Greece
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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55
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Lamari FN, Papasotiropoulos V, Tsiris D, Bariamis SE, Sotirakis K, Pitsi E, Vogiatzoglou AP, Iatrou G. Phytochemical and genetic characterization of styles of wild Crocus species from the island of Crete, Greece and comparison to those of cultivated C. sativus. Fitoterapia 2018; 130:225-233. [PMID: 30213756 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to contribute to the characterization of Crocus taxa using morphological, phytochemical and genetic analysis. The styles of C. cartwrightianus, C. oreocreticus and C. laevigatus, collected in the island of Crete were compared to those of C. sativus cultivated at the region of Western Macedonia (Greece). Phytochemical analysis was done using GC-MS and HPLC methods, while ISSR markers were used for their genetic characterization. Safranal was the major volatile component of the styles of C. sativus, 4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde of C. cartwrightianus and C. oreocreticus, and isophorone of C. laevigatus. C. sativus had the highest content of crocins and picrocrocin, while C. laevigatus the lowest (only 5% of C. sativus' quantity) and negligible amount of picrocrocin. According to both the genetic and the chemical analysis, C. cartwrightianus is more related to C. oreocreticus, while C. sativus and C. laevigatus are more distinct. Concordance between the two different types of data was also confirmed by the Mantel test (r = 0.932, P = .68). This is the first thorough screening of secondary metabolites (volatile and non-volatile) and also genetic and morphological characters of wild Crocus styles simultaneously, that contributes to the identification and valorisation of genotypes with similar to C. sativus traits which may be introduced as new cultivars through breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini N Lamari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Papasotiropoulos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics, Department of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Amaliada, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Tsiris
- Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics, Department of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Amaliada, Greece
| | - Stavros E Bariamis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Food Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Sotirakis
- Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics, Department of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Amaliada, Greece
| | - Efthimia Pitsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Amalia P Vogiatzoglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Gregoris Iatrou
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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Kashtwari M, Wani AA, Dhar MK, Jan S, Kamili AN. Development of an efficient in vitro mutagenesis protocol for genetic improvement of saffron ( Crocus sativus L.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:951-962. [PMID: 30150869 PMCID: PMC6103935 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L) is a triploid (2n = 3x = 24), sterile geophyte which can only be propagated by means of underground vegetative corms. Since corm multiplication does not induce genome variations, therefore, the entire saffron population is expected to have a similar genetic makeup. Keeping in view the economic importance of the plant and the factors responsible for its low yield, the present investigation has been undertaken to establish an in vitro ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis protocol followed by characterization of the induced variability in the advanced generations. The present report is limited to standardization of in vitro mutagenesis protocol only. Among the mutagenic treatments tested, concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5% EMS showed a varied survival of explants. Based on various growth parameters, the LD50 was calculated to be 0.3% EMS for 3 h. Among the two types of explants analyzed, the corm explant gave better results for in vitro survival and the growth parameters than callus explant. An average of 57.33 and 92.00 daughter cormlets in all EMS treatments as compared to 47.67 and 57.67 daughter cormlets in control, obtained from callus and corm explants respectively, were transferred to the field. The maximum, average daughter cormlet weight was obtained in control (3.01 g, corm explant) followed by 0.1% EMS (2.8 g, corm explant). In general, the growth parameters showed decreasing trend with an increase in EMS concentration in both the explants. The present study has been a significant achievement in the sense that the first mutagenesis protocol for C. sativus has been standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahpara Kashtwari
- Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006 India
| | - Aijaz A. Wani
- Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006 India
| | - Manoj K. Dhar
- Plant Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006 India
| | - Sabbi Jan
- Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006 India
| | - Azra N. Kamili
- Department of Environmental Science, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 190006 India
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Abstract
Growing modernization and lifestyle changes with limited physical activity have impacted diet and health, leading to an increased cancer mortality rate worldwide. As a result, there is a greater need than before to develop safe and novel anticancer drugs. Current treatment options such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, induce unintended side effects, compromising patient's quality of life, and physical well-being. Therefore, there has been an increased global interest in the use of dietary supplements and traditional herbal medicines for treatment of cancer. Recently, nutraceuticals or "natural" substances isolated from food have attracted considerable attention in the cancer field. Emerging research suggests that nutraceuticals may indeed prevent and protect against cancer. The intent of this article is to review some of the current spice-derived nutraceuticals in the treatment of melanoma and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapoorna Sreedhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Trans-crocin 4 is not hydrolyzed to crocetin following i.p. administration in mice, while it shows penetration through the blood brain barrier. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:62-72. [PMID: 29920295 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel, fit-for-purpose, highly sensitive, analytical UPLC-PDA methodology was developed and fully validated, according to ICH, FDA and EMA guidelines, for the rapid and accurate quantification of trans-crocin 4 (TC4) and crocetin (CRC) in mice plasma and brain after i.p. administration. A PDA based methodology shows a wider applicability as it is cost effective and can be easily and seamlessly adopted by the pharma industry. The separation of the analytes was performed on a C18 Hypersil Gold column with 2.5 min run time, employing the internal standard (ISTD) methodology. The two methods were successfully applied for the determination of CRC and TC4 in mouse plasma and brain after i.p. administration of TC4 (50 mg/kg) in a time range of 0-240 min. Due to the selection of i.p. administration route, the first-pass metabolism and/or gastric hydrolysis were bypassed, a fact that enhanced the bioavailability of TC4. Furthermore, TC4 was found to be capable of crossing the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and build up levels in the mouse brain, regardless of its highly hydrophilic character. CRC was not detected in any plasma or brain sample, although it has been reported that TC4 quickly hydrolyzes to CRC after p.o. administration. Therefore i.p. administration could be used in the case of TC4 for the accurate determination of its biological role. Overall, the developed methodology offers important information about the bioavailability of TC4 in mouse plasma and for the first time, demonstrates the ability of TC4 to penetrate the BBB and localize inside the brain.
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D’Archivio AA, Di Pietro L, Maggi MA, Rossi L. Optimization using chemometrics of HS-SPME/GC–MS profiling of saffron aroma and identification of geographical volatile markers. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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60
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Quality assessment of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extracts via UHPLC-DAD-MS analysis and detection of adulteration using gardenia fruit extract (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). Food Chem 2018; 257:325-332. [PMID: 29622218 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new UHPLC-DAD-MS method based on a Core-Shell particles column was developed to realize the rapid separation of saffron stigma metabolites (Crocus sativus L.). A single separation of 35 compounds included cis and trans-crocetin esters (crocins), cis-crocetin, trans-crocetin, kaempferol derivatives, safranal, and picrocrocin from pure saffron stigmas. This method permitted the detection of 11 picrocrocin derivatives as the typical group of compounds from saffron as well as the detection of gardenia-specific compounds as typical adulterant markers. The metabolite concentration in a Standardized Saffron Extract (SSE) was determined using the method described herein and by comparison to the ISO3632 conventional method. The safranal content was 5-150 times lower than the value of 2% that was expected via ISO3632 analyses. Using the same Core-Shell separation, geniposide detection appeared to be a relevant approach for detecting the adulteration of saffron by using gardenia.
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Transcriptome analysis in tissue sectors with contrasting crocins accumulation provides novel insights into apocarotenoid biosynthesis and regulation during chromoplast biogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2843. [PMID: 29434251 PMCID: PMC5809551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocins, the red soluble apocarotenoids of saffron, accumulate in the flowers of Crocus species in a developmental and tissue-specific manner. In Crocus sieberi, crocins accumulate in stigmas but also in a distinct yellow tepal sector, which we demonstrate contains chromoplast converted from amyloplasts. Secondary metabolites were analysed by LC-DAD-HRMS, revealing the progressive accumulation of crocetin and crocins in the yellow sector, which were also localized in situ by Raman microspectroscopy. To understand the underlying mechanisms of crocin biosynthesis, we sequenced the C. sieberi tepal transcriptome of two differentially pigmented sectors (yellow and white) at two developmental stages (6 and 8) by Illumina sequencing. A total of 154 million high-quality reads were generated and assembled into 248,099 transcripts. Differentially expressed gene analysis resulted in the identification of several potential candidate genes involved in crocin metabolism and regulation. The results provide a first profile of the molecular events related to the dynamics of crocetin and crocin accumulation during tepal development, and present new information concerning apocarotenoid biosynthesis regulators and their accumulation in Crocus. Further, reveals genes that were previously unknown to affect crocin formation, which could be used to improve crocin accumulation in Crocus plants and the commercial quality of saffron spice.
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Lu M, Cao Y, Xiao J, Song M, Ho CT. Molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of bioactive ingredients in common spices: a review. Food Funct 2018; 9:4569-4581. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01349g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the anti-obesity effects of bioactive compounds in common spices in adipocytes, animal models and human participants have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muwen Lu
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- P. R. China
- Department of Food Science
| | - Yong Cao
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Xiao
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- P. R. China
- Department of Food Science
| | - Mingyue Song
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- P. R. China
- Department of Food Science
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
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Bioactive Components of Saffron and Their Pharmacological Properties. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64056-7.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Shafiee M, Aghili Moghaddam NS, Nosrati M, Tousi M, Avan A, Ryzhikov M, Parizadeh MR, Fiuji H, Rajabian M, Bahreyni A, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. Saffron against Components of Metabolic Syndrome: Current Status and Prospective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10837-10843. [PMID: 29136374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Saffron, the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L., is mainly used as a food coloring and flavoring agent. This agricultural product is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases including asthma, liver disease, menstruation disorders, and, of special interest in this review, metabolic syndrome. Saffron and its active components including crocin, crocetin, and safranal are potential therapeutic candidates for attenuating MetS complications including hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, and dyslipidemia. This review summarizes the protective role of saffron and its constituents in the pathogenesis of MetS for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Nosrati
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | | | | | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University , School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | | | - Hamid Fiuji
- Department of Biochemistry, Payame-Noor University , Mashhad 433-91735, Iran
| | - Majid Rajabian
- Department of Biochemistry, Payame-Noor University , Mashhad 433-91735, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Mazandaran 48175-866, Iran
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Guijarro-Díez M, Castro-Puyana M, Crego AL, Marina ML. A novel method for the quality control of saffron through the simultaneous analysis of authenticity and adulteration markers by liquid chromatography-(quadrupole-time of flight)-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 228:403-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Torki-Harchegani M, Ghanbarian D, Maghsoodi V, Moheb A. Infrared thin layer drying of saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) stigmas: Mass transfer parameters and quality assessment. Chin J Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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67
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Dhar MK, Sharma M, Bhat A, Chrungoo NK, Kaul S. Functional genomics of apocarotenoids in saffron: insights from chemistry, molecular biology and therapeutic applications. Brief Funct Genomics 2017; 16:336-347. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Guijarro-Díez M, Castro-Puyana M, Crego AL, Marina ML. Detection of saffron adulteration with gardenia extracts through the determination of geniposide by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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69
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Ghorbani R, Koocheki A. Sustainable Cultivation of Saffron in Iran. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58679-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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70
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Zhang Y, Fei F, Zhen L, Zhu X, Wang J, Li S, Geng J, Sun R, Yu X, Chen T, Feng S, Wang P, Yang N, Zhu Y, Huang J, Zhao Y, Aa J, Wang G. Sensitive analysis and simultaneous assessment of pharmacokinetic properties of crocin and crocetin after oral administration in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1044-1045:1-7. [PMID: 28056427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Crocin and crocetin in rat plasma were simultaneously analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS), and method was fully validated. For the first time, levels of both crocin and crocetin in plasma were profiled after oral administration of crocin, and this UPLC-MS/MS approach was applied to evaluate pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of crocin and crocetin in rats. It was shown that crocin transformed into crocetin quickly in the gastrointestinal tract, and crocetin was 56-81 fold higher exposed in rat plasma than crocin after oral administration of crocin. A comparison study revealed that an oral administration of equal molar crocin achieved higher exposure of crocetin in rat plasma than that of crocetin. It was suggested that oral administration of crocin has the advantages over crocetin, and crocetin may be the active component potentially responsible for the pharmacological effect of crocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Fei Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Le Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 282, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Jiankun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Sijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianliang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Runbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Mianyang Nanshan Experimental High School, Mianyang 621000, PR China
| | - Siqi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yejin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jingqiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jiye Aa
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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71
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Mazumder AG, Sharma P, Patial V, Singh D. Crocin Attenuates Kindling Development and Associated Cognitive Impairments in Mice via Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated NF-κB Activation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 120:426-433. [PMID: 27800651 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Crocin is a pharmacologically active carotenoid pigment mainly present in the stigmas of Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae). It has been well explored in experimental animal models of cognitive impairments, depression, anxiety and epilepsy. This study was designed to understand the effect of crocin on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced kindling development and its associated cognitive deficit in mouse. Crocin treatment at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg p.o. doses showed a marked reduction in severity of PTZ-induced seizures. There was an increase in novel object preference index and discrimination ratio in the crocin-treated groups in the novel object recognition test. Its treatment also increased percentage spontaneous alternations in T-maze test at all the tested doses. Histopathological examination by Nissl staining showed a reduction in dark neurons in the hippocampal pyramidal layer of crocin-treated animals in contrast to vehicle control, indicating a decrease in neuronal damage. Biochemical estimations showed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase activity and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hippocampus of crocin-treated animals. Immunohistochemistry results revealed attenuation in the levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphorylated NF-κB in the hippocampal sections of crocin-treated animals. The results of this study concluded that crocin treatment increased seizure threshold, thus inhibiting PTZ-induced kindling development and improving cognitive functions. The effect was found to be due to suppression of seizure-induced ROS generation and its linked NF-κB pathway-associated neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Ghosh Mazumder
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pallavi Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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72
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Esposito E, Drechsler M, Huang N, Pavoni G, Cortesi R, Santonocito D, Puglia C. Ethosomes and organogels for cutaneous administration of crocin. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:108. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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73
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Esposito E, Drechsler M, Mariani P, Panico AM, Cardile V, Crascì L, Carducci F, Graziano ACE, Cortesi R, Puglia C. Nanostructured lipid dispersions for topical administration of crocin, a potent antioxidant from saffron (Crocus sativus L.). MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 71:669-677. [PMID: 27987758 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Crocin, a potent antioxidant obtained from saffron, shows anticancer activity in in vivo models. Unfortunately unfavorable physicochemical features compromise its use in topical therapy. The present study describes the preparation and characterization of nanostructured lipid dispersions as drug delivery systems for topical administration of crocin and the evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of crocin once encapsulated into nanostructured lipid dispersions. Nanostructured lipid dispersions based on monoolein in mixture with sodium cholate and sodium caseinate have been characterized by cryo-TEM and PCS. Crocin permeation was evaluated in vitro by Franz cells, while the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activity was tested in vitro by the MTT test using a human melanoma cell line. The emulsification of monoolein with sodium cholate and sodium caseinate led to dispersions of cubosomes, hexasomes, sponge systems and vesicles, depending on the employed emulsifiers. Permeation and shelf life studies demonstrated that nanostructured lipid dispersions enabled to control both rate of crocin diffusion through the skin and crocin degradation. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay pointed out an interesting and prolonged antioxidant activity of crocin while the MTT test showed an increase of crocin cytotoxic effect after incorporation in nanostructured lipid dispersions. This work has highlighted that nanostructured lipid dispersions can protect the labile molecule crocin from degradation, control its skin diffusion and prolong antioxidant activity, therefore suggesting the suitability of nanostructured lipid dispersions for crocin topical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | - Paolo Mariani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Panico
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Crascì
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Federica Carducci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Rita Cortesi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
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74
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Condurso C, Cincotta F, Tripodi G, Verzera A. Bioactive volatiles in Sicilian (South Italy) saffron: safranal and its related compounds. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1244115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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75
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Investigation of the effect of safranal and crocin pre-treatment on hepatic injury induced by infrarenal aortic occlusion. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:160-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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76
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Sudan dyes in adulterated saffron (Crocus sativus L.): Identification and quantification by (1)H NMR. Food Chem 2016; 217:418-424. [PMID: 27664653 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Saffron, the dried red stigmas of Crocus sativus L., is considered as one of the most expensive spices worldwide, and as such, it is prone to adulteration. This study introduces an NMR-based approach to identify and determine the adulteration of saffron with Sudan I-IV dyes. A complete (1)H and (13)C resonance assignment for Sudan I-IV, achieved by two-dimensional homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR experiments, is reported for the first time. Specific different proton signals for the identification of each Sudan dye in adulterated saffron can be utilised for quantitative (1)H NMR (qHNMR), a well-established method for quantitative analysis. The quantification of Sudan III, as a paradigm, was performed in varying levels (0.14-7.1g/kg) by considering the NMR signal occurring at 8.064ppm. The high linearity, accuracy and rapidity of investigation enable high resolution (1)H NMR spectroscopy to be used for evaluation of saffron adulteration with Sudan dyes.
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77
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Wani ZA, Mirza DN, Arora P, Riyaz-Ul-Hassan S. Molecular phylogeny, diversity, community structure, and plant growth promoting properties of fungal endophytes associated with the corms of saffron plant: An insight into the microbiome of Crocus sativus Linn. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1509-1524. [PMID: 27890087 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A total of 294 fungal endophytes were isolated from the corms of Crocus sativus at two stages of crocus life cycle collected from 14 different saffron growing sites in Jammu and Kashmir (J & K) State, India. Molecular phylogeny assigned them into 36 distinct internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes which spread over 19 genera. The diversity of endophytes was higher at the dormant than at the vegetative stage. The Saffron microbiome was dominated by Phialophora mustea and Cadophora malorum, both are dark septate endophytes (DSEs). Some endophytes were found to possess antimicrobial properties that could be helpful for the host in evading the pathogens. These endophytes generally produced significant quantities of indole acetic acid (IAA) as well. However, thirteen of the endophytic taxa were found to cause corm rot in the host with different levels of severity under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions. This is the first report of community structure and biological properties of fungal endophytes associated with C. sativus, which may eventually help us to develop agro-technologies, based on plant-endophyte interactions for sustainable cultivation of saffron. The endophytes preserved ex situ, in this study, may also yield bioactive natural products for pharmacological and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmed Wani
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
| | - Dania Nazir Mirza
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
| | - Palak Arora
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
| | - Syed Riyaz-Ul-Hassan
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India.
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78
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Heidarbeigi K, Mohtasebi S, Serrano-Diaz J, Medina-Plaza C, Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti M, Alonso G, Garcia-Rodriguez M, Rafiee S, Rezaei K, Garcia-Hernandez C, de Saja J, Rodriguez-Mendez M. Flavour characteristics of Spanish and Iranian saffron analysed by electronic tongue. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2015.0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Heidarbeigi
- Department of Mechanics of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Engineers School, Universidad of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - S.S. Mohtasebi
- Department of Mechanics of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - J. Serrano-Diaz
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agronomos de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - C. Medina-Plaza
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Engineers School, Universidad of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - G.L. Alonso
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agronomos de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - M.V. Garcia-Rodriguez
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agronomos de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - S. Rafiee
- Department of Mechanics of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - K. Rezaei
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology Faculty of Agricultural and Engineering Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - C. Garcia-Hernandez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Engineers School, Universidad of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - J.A. de Saja
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
| | - M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Engineers School, Universidad of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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79
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Kiani S, Minaei S. Potential application of machine vision technology to saffron (Crocus sativus L.) quality characterization. Food Chem 2016; 212:392-4. [PMID: 27374547 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Saffron quality characterization is an important issue in the food industry and of interest to the consumers. This paper proposes an expert system based on the application of machine vision technology for characterization of saffron and shows how it can be employed in practical usage. There is a correlation between saffron color and its geographic location of production and some chemical attributes which could be properly used for characterization of saffron quality and freshness. This may be accomplished by employing image processing techniques coupled with multivariate data analysis for quantification of saffron properties. Expert algorithms can be made available for prediction of saffron characteristics such as color as well as for product classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Kiani
- Biosystems Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Minaei
- Biosystems Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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80
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Carlin S, Vrhovsek U, Franceschi P, Lotti C, Bontempo L, Camin F, Toubiana D, Zottele F, Toller G, Fait A, Mattivi F. Regional features of northern Italian sparkling wines, identified using solid-phase micro extraction and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 208:68-80. [PMID: 27132825 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We carried out comprehensive mapping of volatile compounds in 70 wines, from 48 wineries and 6 vintages, representative of the two main production areas for Italian sparkling wines, by HS-SPME-GCxGC-TOF-MS and multivariate analysis. The final scope was to describe the metabolomics space of these wines, and to verify whether the grape cultivar signature, the pedoclimatic influence of the production area, and the complex technology were measurable in the final product. The wine chromatograms provided a wealth of information, with 1695 compounds being found. A large number of putative markers influenced by the cultivation area was observed. A subset of 196 biomarkers fully discriminated between the two types of sparkling wines investigated. Among the new compounds, safranal and α-isophorone were observed. We showed how correlation-based network analysis could be used as a tool to detect the differences in compound behaviour based on external/environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carlin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Pietro Franceschi
- Biostatistics and Data Management, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Cesare Lotti
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - David Toubiana
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands (FAAB), The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Fabio Zottele
- Department of Experimentation and Technology Services, Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Giambattista Toller
- Department of Experimentation and Technology Services, Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Aaron Fait
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands (FAAB), The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
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81
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De novo transcriptome assembly and comprehensive expression profiling in Crocus sativus to gain insights into apocarotenoid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22456. [PMID: 26936416 PMCID: PMC4776159 DOI: 10.1038/srep22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is commonly known as world’s most expensive spice with rich source of apocarotenoids and possesses magnificent medicinal properties. To understand the molecular basis of apocarotenoid biosynthesis/accumulation, we performed transcriptome sequencing from five different tissues/organs of C. sativus using Illumina platform. After comprehensive optimization of de novo transcriptome assembly, a total of 105, 269 unique transcripts (average length of 1047 bp and N50 length of 1404 bp) were obtained from 206 million high-quality paired-end reads. Functional annotation led to the identification of many genes involved in various biological processes and molecular functions. In total, 54% of C. sativus transcripts could be functionally annotated using public databases. Transcriptome analysis of C. sativus revealed the presence of 16721 SSRs and 3819 transcription factor encoding transcripts. Differential expression analysis revealed preferential/specific expression of many transcripts involved in apocarotenoid biosynthesis in stigma. We have revealed the differential expression of transcripts encoding for transcription factors (MYB, MYB related, WRKY, C2C2-YABBY and bHLH) involved in secondary metabolism. Overall, these results will pave the way for understanding the molecular basis of apocarotenoid biosynthesis and other aspects of stigma development in C. sativus.
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82
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Pitsikas N. Constituents of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) as Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders and Schizophrenia. Molecules 2016; 21:303. [PMID: 26950102 PMCID: PMC6273654 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders and schizophrenia are common public health issues. The dried stigma of the plant Crocus sativus L., (C. sativus) commonly known as saffron are used in folk medicine for various purposes. Several lines of evidence suggest that C. sativus, crocins and safranal are implicated in anxiety and schizophrenia. Here, I intend to critically review advances in research of these emerging molecules for the treatment of anxiety and schizophrenia, discuss their advantages over currently used anxiolytics and neuroleptics, as well remaining challenges. Current analysis shows that C. sativus and its components might be a promising class of compounds for the treatment of the above mentioned psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pitsikas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Panepistimiou 3 (Biopolis), Larissa 41500, Greece.
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83
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Milajerdi A, Djafarian K, Hosseini B. The toxicity of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its constituents against normal and cancer cells. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2015.12.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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84
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Karimi S, Feizy J, Mehrjo F, Farrokhnia M. Detection and quantification of food colorant adulteration in saffron sample using chemometric analysis of FT-IR spectra. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25983e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study is to investigate the combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with pattern recognition to recognize the standard saffron from those which have been adulterated with various types of food colorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Karimi
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Persian Gulf University
- Bushehr
- Iran
| | - Javad Feizy
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology
- Mashhad
- Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehrjo
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Persian Gulf University
- Bushehr
- Iran
| | - Maryam Farrokhnia
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center
- Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
- Bushehr
- Iran
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85
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DOVRTĚLOVÁ G, NOSKOVÁ K, JUŘICA J, TURJAP M, ZENDULKA O. Can Bioactive Compounds of Crocus sativus L. Influence the Metabolic Activity of Selected CYP Enzymes in the Rat? Physiol Res 2015; 64:S453-8. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Safranal and crocin are biologically active compounds isolated from Crocus sativus L., commonly known as saffron. Clinical trials confirm that saffron has antidepressant effect, thus being a potential valuable alternative in the treatment of depression. The aim of the present study was to determine, whether systemic administration of safranal and crocin can influence the metabolic activity of CYP3A, CYP2C11, CYP2B, and CYP2A in rat liver microsomes (RLM). The experiments were carried out on male Wistar albino rats intragastrically administered with safranal (4, 20, and 100 mg/kg/day) or with intraperitoneal injections of crocin (4, 20, and 100 mg/kg/day). Our results demonstrate the ability of safranal and crocin to increase the total protein content and to change the metabolic activity of several CYP enzymes assessed as CYP specific hydroxylations of testosterone in RLM. Crocin significantly decreased the metabolic activity of all selected CYP enzymes, while safranal significantly increased the metabolic activity of CYP2B, CYP2C11 and CYP3A enzymes. Therefore, both substances could increase the risk of interactions with co-administered substances metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - O. ZENDULKA
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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86
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Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Nebauer SG, Molina RV, Gómez-Gómez L. Saffron: Its Phytochemistry, Developmental Processes, and Biotechnological Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8751-64. [PMID: 26414550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The present state of knowledge concerning developmental processes and the secondary metabolism of saffron, Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae), along with the genes involved in these processes so far known, is reviewed. Flowers and corms constitute the most valuable parts of saffron. Corm and flower development are two key aspects to be studied in saffron to increase the yield and quality of the spice, to raise its reproductive rate, and to implement new production systems. Important knowledge about the physiology of flowering and vegetative growth has been acquired in recent years, but there is still only limited information on molecular mechanisms controlling these processes. Although some genes involved in flower formation and meristem transition in other species have been isolated in saffron, the role of these genes in this species awaits further progress. Also, genes related with the synthesis pathway of abscisic acid and strigolactones, growth regulators related with bud endodormancy and apical dominance (paradormancy), have been isolated. However, the in-depth understanding of these processes as well as of corm development is far from being achieved. By contrast, saffron phytochemicals have been widely studied. The different flower tissues and the corm have been proved to be an important source of phytochemicals with pharmacological properties. The biotechnological prospects for saffron are here reviewed on the basis of the discovery of the enzymes involved in key aspects of saffron secondary metabolism, and we also analyze the possibility of transferring current knowledge about flowering and vegetative propagation in model species to the Crocus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Fundación Parque Cientı́fico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha , Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Angela Rubio-Moraga
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Sergio G Nebauer
- Departamento de Biologı́a Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia , 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Victoria Molina
- Departamento de Biologı́a Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia , 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
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87
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Bakhtiari AA, Hematian A, Sharifi A. Energy analyses and greenhouse gas emissions assessment for saffron production cycle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16184-16201. [PMID: 26070740 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Population growth and world climate changes are putting high pressure on agri-food production systems. Exacerbating use of energy sources and expanding the environmental damaging symptoms are the results of these difficult situations. This study was conducted to determine the energy balance for saffron production cycle and investigate the corresponding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Iran. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the main spice that historically cultivated in Iran. Data were obtained from 127 randomly selected saffron growers using a face to face questionnaire technique. The results revealed that in 5 years of saffron production cycle, the overall input and output energy use were to be 163,912.09 and 184,868.28 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The highest-level of energy consumption belongs to seeds (23.7 %) followed by chemical fertilizers (23.4 %). Energy use efficiency, specific energy, net energy, and energy productivity of saffron production were 1.1, 13.4 MJ kg(-1), 20,956.2 MJ ha(-1), and 0.1 kg MJ(-1), respectively. The result shows that the cultivation of saffron emits 2325.5 kg CO2 eq. ha(-1) greenhouse gas, in which around 46.5 % belonged to electricity followed by chemical fertilizers. In addition the Cobb-Douglas production function was applied into EViews 7 software to define the functional relationship. The results of econometric model estimation showed that the impact of human labor, electricity, and water for irrigation on stigma, human labor, electricity, and seed on corm and also human labor and farmyard manure (FYM) on flower and leaf yield were found to be statistically significant. Sensitivity analysis results of the energy inputs demonstrated that the marginal physical productivity (MPP) worth of electricity energy was the highest for saffron stigma and corm, although saffron flower and leaf had more sensitivity on chemicals energy inputs. Moreover, MPP values of renewable and indirect energies were higher than non-renewable and direct energies, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Bakhtiari
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Amir Hematian
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azin Sharifi
- Department of Financial Engineering, Faculty of Financial Sciences, University of Economic Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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88
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Righi V, Parenti F, Tugnoli V, Schenetti L, Mucci A. Crocus sativus Petals: Waste or Valuable Resource? The Answer of High-Resolution and High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8439-8444. [PMID: 26367873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intact Crocus sativus petals were studied for the first time by high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy, revealing the presence of kinsenoside (2) and goodyeroside A (3), together with 3-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone (4). These findings were confirmed by HR-NMR analysis of the ethanol extract of fresh petals and showed that, even though carried out rapidly, partial hydrolysis of glucopyranosyloxybutanolides occurs during extraction. On the other hand, kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside (1), which is "NMR-silent" in intact petals, is present in extracts. These results suggest to evaluate the utilization of saffron petals for phytopharmaceutical and nutraceutical purposes to exploit a waste product of massive production of commercial saffron and point to the application of HR-MAS NMR for monitoring bioactive compounds directly on intact petals, avoiding the extraction procedure and the consequent hydrolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Righi
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, Università di Bologna , Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | | | - Vitaliano Tugnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna , Via Belmeloro 8/A, 40123 Bologna, Italy
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89
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Amanpour A, Sonmezdag AS, Kelebek H, Selli S. GC-MS-olfactometric characterization of the most aroma-active components in a representative aromatic extract from Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Food Chem 2015; 182:251-6. [PMID: 25842335 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aroma and aroma-active compounds of Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus L.) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. The saffron aromatic extracts were obtained by four different extraction techniques including solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and compared to achieve a representative aromatic extract from saffron. According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract obtained by SAFE was the most representative of saffron odour. A total of 28 aroma compounds were identified in saffron. Ketones were quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in saffron, followed by aldehydes and acids. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was used for the determination of aroma-active compounds of saffron. A total of nine aroma-active compounds were detected in the aromatic extract. On the basis of the flavour dilution (FD) factor, the most powerful aroma active compounds were safranal (FD = 512), 4-ketoisophorone (FD = 256) and dihydrooxophorone (FD = 128).
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Amanpour
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - A Salih Sonmezdag
- Department of Organic Agriculture, Araban Vocational High School, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Hasim Kelebek
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Adana Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Serkan Selli
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
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90
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Christodoulou E, Kadoglou NPE, Kostomitsopoulos N, Valsami G. Saffron: a natural product with potential pharmaceutical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:1634-49. [PMID: 26272123 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, a great deal of interest has been developed to isolate and investigate novel bioactive components from natural resources with health beneficial effects. Saffron is the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L. and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine mainly for its healing properties, as well as for the treatment of various pathological conditions. Objectives of the present review are to unravel its therapeutic properties and investigate the potential applications of saffron in contemporary therapy of a wide spectrum of diseases and summarize previous and current evidence regarding the biological/pharmacological activities of saffron and its active ingredients and their possible therapeutic uses. KEY FINDINGS Recent phytochemistry and pharmacological experiments have indicated that crocin and safranal, the major active ingredients of saffron, exert important actions, such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic. Unfortunately, the vast majority of those data derive from in vitro studies, whereas a limited number of in vivo experiments support the aforementioned effects. In addition to studies with mechanistic implications, very few clinical trials provide preliminary evidence of saffron potentiality to alleviate depression and increase cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. SUMMARY The history and structural features of saffron constituents are given in the first part of the review, followed by a comprehensive and critical presentation of the published preclinical and clinical studies and review papers on the pharmacology and possible therapeutic uses of saffron and its main active components crocin and safranal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos P E Kadoglou
- Center of Clinical Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of inherited cardiovascular diseases, The Heart Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center of Clinical Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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91
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Naghshineh A, Dadras A, Ghalandari B, Riazi GH, Modaresi SMS, Afrasiabi A, Aslani MK. Safranal as a novel anti-tubulin binding agent with potential use in cancer therapy: An in vitro study. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 238:151-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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92
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Guijarro-Díez M, Nozal L, Marina ML, Crego AL. Metabolomic fingerprinting of saffron by LC/MS: novel authenticity markers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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93
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Gas chromatography of safranal as preferable method for the commercial grading of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Food Chem 2015; 176:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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94
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95
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Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Saffron as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 23:31. [PMID: 25928729 PMCID: PMC4418072 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-015-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus) is an extensively used food additive for its color and taste. Since ancient times this plant has been introduced as a marvelous medicine throughout the world. The wide spectrum of saffron pharmacological activities is related to its major constituents including crocin, crocetin and safranal. Based on several studies, saffron and its active ingredients have been used as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antinociceptive, antidepressant, antitussive, anticonvulsant, memory enhancer, hypotensive and anticancer. According to the literatures, saffron has remarkable therapeutic effects. The protective effects of saffron and its main constituents in different tissues including brain, heart, liver, kidney and lung have been reported against some toxic materials either natural or chemical toxins in animal studies. In this review article, we have summarized different in vitro and animal studies in scientific databases which investigate the antidotal and protective effects of saffron and its major components against natural toxins and chemical-induced toxicities. Due to the lake of human studies, further investigations are required to ascertain the efficacy of saffron as an antidote or a protective agent in human intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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96
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The Effect of Crocus sativus L. and Its Constituents on Memory: Basic Studies and Clinical Applications. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:926284. [PMID: 25713594 PMCID: PMC4331467 DOI: 10.1155/2015/926284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Memory-related disorders are a common public health issue. Memory impairment is frequent in degenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson disease), cerebral injuries, and schizophrenia. The dried stigma of the plant Crocus sativus L. (C. sativus), commonly known as saffron, is used in folk medicine for various purposes. Several lines of evidence suggest that C. sativus and its constituents are implicated in cognition. Here we critically review advances in research of these emerging molecular targets for the treatment of memory disorders, and discuss their advantages over currently used cognitive enhancers as well remaining challenges. Current analysis has shown that C. sativus and its components might be a promising target for cognition impairments.
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97
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Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Jimeno ML, Gómez-Gómez L. Structural characterization of highly glucosylated crocins and regulation of their biosynthesis during flower development in Crocus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:971. [PMID: 26582258 PMCID: PMC4632010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Crocin biosynthesis in Crocus has been proposed to proceed through a zeaxanthin cleavage pathway catalyzed by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2 (CCD2), and followed by glucosylation reactions catalyzed by CsGT2 (UGT74AD1). In Crocus ancyrensis flowers, crocins with eight (crocin-1), seven (crocin-2), and six glucose (crocin-3) moieties accumulated both in stigma and tepals. We have characterized the structure of these highly glucosylated crocins and follow up their accumulation by high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector along the development of both tissues, and coupled to the isolation and analysis of the expression of eighteen genes (PSY-I, PSY-II, PDS-(I-V), ISO-ZDS, ZDS, CtrISO, LYC-I and II, BCH, CaCCD2, UGT74AD2-5) related with the apocarotenoid metabolism in C. ancyrensis tepals and stigmas. Structure elucidation of crocin-1 and crocin-2 was done by the combined use of 1D and 2D [(1)H, (1)H] (gCOSY and TOCSY and ROESY) and [(1)H-(13)C] NMR experiments, revealing that for crocin-1 was all-trans-crocetin O-[β-D- Glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→2)]-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl diester, while crocin-2 showed an identical structure except for the absence of one glucose residue in one end of the molecule. Crocins accumulation was not synchronically regulated in stigma and tepals, although in both cases crocins accumulation parallels tissue development, decreasing at anthesis. The expression of the carotenogenic genes PSY, ZDS-V, BCH, and LCY-II was correlated with crocins accumulation. In addition, CaCCD2 and only one of the four glucosyltransferase encoding genes, UGT74AD2, were highly expressed, and the expression was correlated with high levels of crocins accumulation in stigma and tepals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaAlbacete, Spain
- Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La ManchaAlbacete, Spain
| | - Angela Rubio-Moraga
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaAlbacete, Spain
| | - Maria L. Jimeno
- Centro Química Orgánica “Lora-Tamayo” – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaAlbacete, Spain
- *Correspondence: Lourdes Gómez-Gómez,
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98
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Petrakis EA, Cagliani LR, Polissiou MG, Consonni R. Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) adulteration with plant adulterants by (1)H NMR metabolite fingerprinting. Food Chem 2014; 173:890-6. [PMID: 25466103 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a preliminary study for the detection of adulterated saffron and the identification of the adulterant used by means of (1)H NMR and chemometrics is reported. Authentic Greek saffron and four typical plant-derived materials utilised as bulking agents in saffron, i.e., Crocus sativus stamens, safflower, turmeric, and gardenia were investigated. A two-step approach, relied on the application of both OPLS-DA and O2PLS-DA models to the (1)H NMR data, was adopted to perform authentication and prediction of authentic and adulterated saffron. Taking into account the deficiency of established methodologies to detect saffron adulteration with plant adulterants, the method developed resulted reliable in assessing the type of adulteration and could be viable for dealing with extensive saffron frauds at a minimum level of 20% (w/w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios A Petrakis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Laura R Cagliani
- Institute for the Study of Macromolecules, NMR Laboratory, National Council of Research, v. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Moschos G Polissiou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Roberto Consonni
- Institute for the Study of Macromolecules, NMR Laboratory, National Council of Research, v. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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99
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Rabani-Foroutagheh M, Hamidoghli Y, Mohajeri SA. Effect of split foliar fertilisation on the quality and quantity of active constituents in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1872-1878. [PMID: 24288269 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most expensive medicinal and aromatic plants in the world. Due to the excessive application of chemical fertilisers in saffron farms and alkalinity of most cultivated soils, split foliar fertilisation has been suggested. The primary goal of this study was to propose split foliar fertilisation as a technique in increasing the quality and quantity of active constituents in saffron. HPLC analysis was used to quantify the most important saffron components; crocins (colour), picrocrocin (taste), and safranal (odour). This study was carried out in Kashmar, Iran, to determine the effect of split foliar fertilisations on quality and quantity of saffron in 2011 and 2012. A split-plot design experiment based on randomised complete block with three replications was conducted to examine three fertiliser types in three regimes for split foliar fertilisation. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed that split foliar fertilisation and the fertiliser type significantly increased saffron yield, number of flowers and crocin; whereas it decreased the picrocrocin and safranal content of the saffron stigmas (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, split foliar fertilisation increased saffron yield and colour but decreased the taste and the odour of saffron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rabani-Foroutagheh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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100
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Altinoz E, Oner Z, Elbe H, Cigremis Y, Turkoz Y. Protective effects of saffron (its active constituent, crocin) on nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:127-34. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327114538989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species take role in pathogenesis of many diseases including hypoxia, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, nephropathy, hypertension, ischemia–reperfusion damage, and heart defects. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether crocin administration could protect kidney injury from oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups each containing 10 animals as follows: group 1, control group; group 2, diabetes mellitus (DM) group; and group 3, DM + crocin group. At the end of the study, trunk blood was collected to determine the plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). The kidney tissue was removed, and biochemical and histological changes were examined. Diabetes caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities and a decrease in glutathione (GSH) contents ( p < 0.01) when compared with control group in the rat kidneys. Crocin given to DM rats significantly decreased MDA ( p < 0.01) and XO ( p < 0.05) activities and elevated GSH ( p < 0.05) contents when compared with DM group. Plasma levels of BUN and Cr were significantly higher in the DM group when compared with the control group ( p < 0.01). Pretreatment of the DM animals with crocin decreased the high level of serum Cr and BUN. Control group was normal in histological appearance, but congestion, severe inflammation, tubular desquamation, tubular necrosis, and hydropic degeneration in tubular cells were observed in the DM group. Histopathological changes markedly reduced, and appearance of kidney was nearly similar to control group in DM + crocin group. Our results show that crocin could be beneficial in reducing diabetes-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Altinoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Health High School, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Z Oner
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - H Elbe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Y Cigremis
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Y Turkoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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