51
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Genna A, Lapetina S, Lukic N, Twafra S, Meirson T, Sharma VP, Condeelis JS, Gil-Henn H. Pyk2 and FAK differentially regulate invadopodia formation and function in breast cancer cells. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:375-395. [PMID: 29133485 PMCID: PMC5748976 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is highly expressed in invasive breast cancer, but how it potentiates tumor cell invasiveness is unclear. Genna et al. find that Pyk2 and the closely related kinase FAK modulate breast cancer cell invasiveness by distinct mechanisms and coordinate the balance between focal adhesion–mediated migration and invadopodia-dependent extracellular matrix invasion. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is highly expressed in invasive breast cancer, but the mechanism by which it potentiates tumor cell invasiveness is unclear at present. Using high-throughput protein array screening and bioinformatic analysis, we identified cortactin as a novel substrate and interactor of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2). Pyk2 colocalizes with cortactin to invadopodia of invasive breast cancer cells, where it mediates epidermal growth factor–induced cortactin tyrosine phosphorylation both directly and indirectly via Src-mediated Abl-related gene (Arg) activation, leading to actin polymerization in invadopodia, extracellular matrix degradation, and tumor cell invasion. Both Pyk2 and the closely related focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulate tumor cell invasion, albeit via distinct mechanisms. Although Pyk2 regulates tumor cell invasion by controlling invadopodium-mediated functions, FAK controls invasiveness of tumor cells by regulating focal adhesion–mediated motility. Collectively, our findings identify Pyk2 as a unique mediator of invadopodium formation and function and also provide a novel insight into the mechanisms by which Pyk2 mediates tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Genna
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Nikola Lukic
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Shams Twafra
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Tomer Meirson
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ved P Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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52
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Cho DC, Brennan HJ, Johnson RW, Poulton IJ, Gooi JH, Tonkin BA, McGregor NE, Walker EC, Handelsman DJ, Martin TJ, Sims NA. Bone corticalization requires local SOCS3 activity and is promoted by androgen action via interleukin-6. Nat Commun 2017; 8:806. [PMID: 28993616 PMCID: PMC5634449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Long bone strength is determined by its outer shell (cortical bone), which forms by coalescence of thin trabeculae at the metaphysis (corticalization), but the factors that control this process are unknown. Here we show that SOCS3-dependent cytokine expression regulates bone corticalization. Young male and female Dmp1Cre.Socs3 f/f mice, in which SOCS3 has been ablated in osteocytes, have high trabecular bone volume and poorly defined metaphyseal cortices. After puberty, male mice recover, but female corticalization is still impaired, leading to a lasting defect in bone strength. The phenotype depends on sex-steroid hormones: dihydrotestosterone treatment of gonadectomized female Dmp1Cre.Socs3 f/f mice restores normal cortical morphology, whereas in males, estradiol treatment, or IL-6 deletion, recapitulates the female phenotype. This suggests that androgen action promotes metaphyseal corticalization, at least in part, via IL-6 signaling.The strength of long bones is determined by coalescence of trabeculae during corticalization. Here the authors show that this process is regulated by SOCS3 via a mechanism dependent on IL-6 and expression of sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Chul Cho
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdukro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Holly J Brennan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Rachelle W Johnson
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1255B MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Gooi
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Brett A Tonkin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Narelle E McGregor
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Emma C Walker
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- Department of Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, 3 Hospital Road, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia
| | - T J Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
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53
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Park OJ, Kim J, Ahn KB, Lee JY, Park YJ, Kum KY, Yun CH, Han SH. A 15-amino acid C-terminal peptide of beta-defensin-3 inhibits bone resorption by inhibiting the osteoclast differentiation and disrupting podosome belt formation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1315-1325. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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54
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Narendra Talabattula VA, Morgan P, Frech MJ, Uhrmacher AM, Herchenröder O, Pützer BM, Rolfs A, Luo J. Non-canonical pathway induced by Wnt3a regulates β-catenin via Pyk2 in differentiating human neural progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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55
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Uehara S, Udagawa N, Mukai H, Ishihara A, Maeda K, Yamashita T, Murakami K, Nishita M, Nakamura T, Kato S, Minami Y, Takahashi N, Kobayashi Y. Protein kinase N3 promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts in response to Wnt5a-Ror2 signaling. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/494/eaan0023. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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56
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Wang H, Luo J, Carlton C, McGinnis LK, Kinsey WH. Sperm-oocyte contact induces outside-in signaling via PYK2 activation. Dev Biol 2017; 428:52-62. [PMID: 28527703 PMCID: PMC5539980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization is a multi-step process that begins with plasma membrane interactions that enable sperm - oocyte binding followed by fusion of the sperm and oocyte plasma membranes. Once membrane fusion has occurred, sperm incorporation involves actin remodeling events within the oocyte cortex that allow the sperm head to penetrate the cortical actin layer and gain access to the ooplasm. Despite the significance for reproduction, the control mechanisms involved in gamete binding, fusion, and sperm incorporation are poorly understood. While it is known that proline - rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2 or PTK2b) kinase activity plays an important role in fertilization, its specific function has not been addressed. The present study made use of a zona-free mouse oocyte fertilization assay to investigate the relationship between PYK2 activity and sperm - oocyte binding and fusion, as well as localized changes in actin polymerization and sperm incorporation. In this assay, the majority of bound sperm had no apparent effect on the oocyte and only a few became incorporated into the ooplasm. However, a subset of bound sperm were associated with a localized response in which PYK2 was recruited to the oocyte cortex where it frequently co-localized with a ring or disk of f-actin. The frequency of sperm-oocyte binding sites that exhibited this actin response was reduced in pyk2-/- oocytes and the pyk2-/- oocytes proved less efficient at incorporating sperm, indicating that this protein kinase may have an important role in sperm incorporation. The response of PYK2 to sperm-oocyte interaction appeared unrelated to gamete fusion since PYK2 was recruited to sperm - binding sites under conditions where sperm - oocyte fusion was prevented and since PYK2 suppression or ablation did not prevent sperm - oocyte fusion. While a direct correlation between the PYK2 response in the oocyte and the successful incorporation of individual bound sperm remains to be established, these findings suggest a model in which the oocyte is not a passive participant in fertilization, but instead responds to sperm contact by localized PYK2 signaling that promotes actin remodeling events required to physically incorporate the sperm head into the ooplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Wang
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jinping Luo
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Applied StemCell Inc., Milpitas, CA 95035, USA
| | - Carol Carlton
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Lynda K McGinnis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - William H Kinsey
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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57
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Meng X, Cui B, Cheng D, Lyu H, Jiang L, Zheng K, Liu S, Pan J, Zhang C, Bai J, Zhou J. Activated proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 regulates meiotic spindle assembly in the mouse oocyte. J Cell Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Qian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong ProvinceInstitute of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Bing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong ProvinceInstitute of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Dong Cheng
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and PreventionJinanShandongChina
| | - Hui Lyu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and PreventionJinanShandongChina
| | - Li‐Gang Jiang
- Infertility CenterQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Ke‐Gang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong ProvinceInstitute of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Shu‐Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong ProvinceInstitute of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Jie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong ProvinceInstitute of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Cong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong ProvinceInstitute of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsJinan Maternity and Child Care HospitalJinanShandongChina
| | - Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong ProvinceInstitute of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanShandongChina
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58
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Llewellyn RA, Thomas KS, Gutknecht MF, Bouton AH. The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2 promotes the turnover of monocytes at steady state. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1069-1080. [PMID: 28754799 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0217-063r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are short-lived myeloid cells that perform functions essential for tissue homeostasis and disease resolution. However, the cellular mechanisms controlling the maintenance and turnover of monocyte populations are largely undefined. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that regulates numerous immune cell functions, but its role in monocytes is currently unknown. In this study, we sought to characterize the expression and function of Pyk2 in lineage-committed monocyte populations. Here, we report that Pyk2 protein expression is increased in the Ly6C- monocyte population. Using a Pyk2 knockout mouse model (Pyk2-/-), we show that Pyk2 regulates the relative proportion of monocyte subsets normally represented in the bone marrow (BM) at steady state. In support of this conclusion, a similar phenotype was observed in the peripheral blood and spleen. Data from reciprocal BM chimera experiments indicate that the alterations in monocyte populations exhibited by Pyk2-/- mice are due to factors intrinsic to the monocytes. Lineage-tracing of monocyte populations suggests that Pyk2 promotes apoptosis in BM monocytes, thereby acting as an important homeostatic regulator of turnover in these short-lived, innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Llewellyn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Keena S Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael F Gutknecht
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amy H Bouton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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59
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Non-receptor type, proline-rich protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a possible therapeutic target for Kawasaki disease. Clin Immunol 2017; 179:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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60
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Meirson T, Samson AO, Gil-Henn H. An in silico high-throughput screen identifies potential selective inhibitors for the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1535-1557. [PMID: 28572720 PMCID: PMC5441678 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s136150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The non-receptor tyrosine kinase proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a critical mediator of signaling from cell surface growth factor and adhesion receptors to cell migration, proliferation, and survival. Emerging evidence indicates that signaling by Pyk2 regulates hematopoietic cell response, bone density, neuronal degeneration, angiogenesis, and cancer. These physiological and pathological roles of Pyk2 warrant it as a valuable therapeutic target for invasive cancers, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and inflammatory cellular response. Despite its potential as a therapeutic target, no potent and selective inhibitor of Pyk2 is available at present. As a first step toward discovering specific potential inhibitors of Pyk2, we used an in silico high-throughput screening approach. A virtual library of six million lead-like compounds was docked against four different high-resolution Pyk2 kinase domain crystal structures and further selected for predicted potency and ligand efficiency. Ligand selectivity for Pyk2 over focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was evaluated by comparative docking of ligands and measurement of binding free energy so as to obtain 40 potential candidates. Finally, the structural flexibility of a subset of the docking complexes was evaluated by molecular dynamics simulation, followed by intermolecular interaction analysis. These compounds may be considered as promising leads for further development of highly selective Pyk2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Meirson
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Abraham O Samson
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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61
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Castillo LM, Guerrero CA, Acosta O. Expression of typical osteoclast markers by PBMCs after PEG-induced fusion as a model for studying osteoclast differentiation. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:169-185. [PMID: 28343338 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a metabolically active organ subjected to continuous remodeling process that involves resorption by osteoclast and subsequent formation by osteoblasts. Osteoclast involvement in this physiological event is regulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). Fusion of mono-nuclear pre-osteoclasts is a critical event for osteoclast differentiation and for bone resorption. Here we show that PBMCs can be successfully fused with polyethylenglicol (PEG) in order to generated viable osteoclast-like cells that exhibit tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and bone resorptive activities. PEG-fused PBMCs expressed additional markers compatible with osteoclastogenic differentiation such as carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), calcitonin receptor (CR), cathepsin K (Cat K), vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) subunit C1 (V-ATPase), integrin β3, RANK and cell surface aminopeptidase N/CD13. Actin redistribution in PEG-fused cells was found to be affected by cell cycle synchronization at G0/G1 or G2/M phases. PEG-induced fusion also led to expression of tyrosine kinases c-Src and Syk in their phosphorylated state. Scanning electron microscopy images showed morphological features typical of osteoclast-like cells. The results here shown allow concluding that PEG-induced fusion of PBMCs provides a suitable model system for understanding the mechanisms involved in osteoclastogenesis and for assaying new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Castillo
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Guerrero
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Orlando Acosta
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Abstract
Osteocytes are differentiated osteoblasts that become surrounded by matrix during the process of bone formation. Acquisition of the osteocyte phenotype is achieved by profound changes in gene expression that facilitate adaptation to the changing cellular environment and constitute the molecular signature of osteocytes. During osteocytogenesis, the expression of genes that are characteristic of the osteoblast are altered and the expression of genes and/or proteins that impart dendritic cellular morphology, regulate matrix mineralization and control the function of cells at the bone surface are ordely modulated. The discovery of mutations in human osteocytic genes has contributed, in a large part, to our understanding of the role of osteocytes in bone homeostasis. Osteocytes are targets of the mechanical force imposed on the skeleton and have a critical role in integrating mechanosensory pathways with the action of hormones, which thereby leads to the orchestrated response of bone to environmental cues. Current, therapeutic approaches harness this accumulating knowledge by targeting osteocytic signalling pathways and messengers to improve skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I. Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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63
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Zalli D, Neff L, Nagano K, Shin NY, Witke W, Gori F, Baron R. The Actin-Binding Protein Cofilin and Its Interaction With Cortactin Are Required for Podosome Patterning in Osteoclasts and Bone Resorption In Vivo and In Vitro. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1701-12. [PMID: 27064822 PMCID: PMC5070801 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion of osteoclasts (OCs) to bone and bone resorption require the assembly of specific F-actin adhesion structures, the podosomes, and their dense packing into a sealing zone. The OC-specific formation of the sealing zone requires the interaction of microtubule (MT) + ends with podosomes. Here, we deleted cofilin, a cortactin (CTTN)- and actin-binding protein highly expressed in OCs, to determine if it acts downstream of the MT-CTTN axis to regulate actin polymerization in podosomes. Conditional deletion of cofilin in OCs in mice, driven by the cathepsin K promoter (Ctsk-Cre), impaired bone resorption in vivo, increasing bone density. In vitro, OCs were not able to organize podosomes into peripheral belts. The MT network was disorganized, MT stability was decreased, and cell migration impaired. Active cofilin stabilizes MTs and allows podosome belt formation, whereas MT disruption deactivates cofilin via phosphorylation. Cofilin interacts with CTTN in podosomes and phosphorylation of either protein disrupts this interaction, which is critical for belt stabilization and for the maintenance of MT dynamic instability. Accordingly, active cofilin was required to rescue the OC cytoskeletal phenotype in vitro. These findings suggest that the patterning of podosomes into a sealing zone involves the dynamic interaction between cofilin, CTTN, and the MTs + ends. This interaction is critical for the functional organization of OCs and for bone resorption. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detina Zalli
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn Neff
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenichi Nagano
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nah Young Shin
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter Witke
- Institut für Genetik, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Francesca Gori
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Touaitahuata H, Morel A, Urbach S, Mateos-Langerak J, de Rossi S, Blangy A. Tensin 3 is a new partner of Dock5 that controls osteoclast podosome organization and activity. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3449-61. [PMID: 27505886 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.184622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone resorption by osteoclasts is mediated by a typical adhesion structure called the sealing zone or actin ring, whose architecture is based on a belt of podosomes. The molecular mechanisms driving podosome organization into superstructures remain poorly understood to date, in particular at the osteoclast podosome belt. We performed proteomic analyses in osteoclasts and found that the adaptor protein tensin 3 is a partner of Dock5, a Rac exchange factor necessary for podosome belt formation and bone resorption. Expression of tensin 3 and Dock5 concomitantly increase during osteoclast differentiation. These proteins associate with the osteoclast podosome belt but not with individual podosomes, in contrast to vinculin. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that, even if they colocalize in the x-y plane of the podosome belt, Dock5 and tensin 3 differentially localize relative to vinculin in the z-axis. Tensin 3 increases Dock5 exchange activity towards Rac, and suppression of tensin 3 in osteoclasts destabilizes podosome organization, leading to delocalization of Dock5 and a severe reduction in osteoclast activity. Our results suggest that Dock5 and tensin 3 cooperate for osteoclast activity, to ensure the correct organization of podosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiani Touaitahuata
- CRBM, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 34000 Montpellier, France Montpellier University, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Morel
- CRBM, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 34000 Montpellier, France Montpellier University, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Montpellier University, 34000 Montpellier, France Functional Proteomics Platform, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Julio Mateos-Langerak
- Montpellier University, 34000 Montpellier, France Montpellier RIO Imaging, Biocampus UMS3426 CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain de Rossi
- Montpellier University, 34000 Montpellier, France Montpellier RIO Imaging, Biocampus UMS3426 CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Blangy
- CRBM, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 34000 Montpellier, France Montpellier University, 34000 Montpellier, France
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65
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Cheung SMS, Ostergaard HL. Pyk2 Controls Integrin-Dependent CTL Migration through Regulation of De-Adhesion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1945-56. [PMID: 27456486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is required for T cell adhesion to ICAM-1; however, the mechanism by which it regulates adhesion remains unexplored. Pyk2 function in murine CTL clones and activated ex vivo CD8(+) T cells was disrupted by pharmacological inhibition, knockdown of expression with small interfering RNA, or expression of the dominant-negative C-terminal domain. We found that Pyk2 is not absolutely required for adhesion of CTL to ICAM-1, but rather delays the initial adhesion. Disruption of Pyk2 function caused cells to display an unusual elongated appearance after 1 h on ICAM-1, consistent with abnormally strong adhesion. Furthermore, the random mobility of CTL on ICAM-1 was severely compromised using all three methods of disrupting Pyk2 function. Live-cell imaging studies revealed that the decreased migration is the result of a defect in the detachment from ICAM-1 at the trailing edge when Pyk2 function is inhibited. Examination of Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation in normal polarized cells demonstrated that Pyk2 phosphorylated at Y579 and Y580 preferentially localizes to the leading edge, whereas Y881-phosphorylated Pyk2 is enriched at the trailing edge, suggesting that the tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 is spatially regulated in migrating CTL. Additionally, inhibition of Pyk2 caused cells to form multiple LFA-1-rich tails at the trailing edge, most likely resulting from a defect in LFA-1 release required for forward movement. Our results show that Pyk2 contributes to CTL migration by regulating detachment of CTL at the trailing edge, which could explain why Pyk2 is important for chemotactic and migratory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M S Cheung
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Hanne L Ostergaard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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66
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Significance of kinase activity in the dynamic invadosome. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:483-492. [PMID: 27465307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invadosomes are actin rich protrusive structures that facilitate invasive migration in multiple cell types. Comprised of invadopodia and podosomes, these highly dynamic structures adhere to and degrade the extracellular matrix, and are also thought to play a role in mechanosensing. Many extracellular signals have been implicated in invadosome stimulation, activating complex signalling cascades to drive the formation, activity and turnover of invadosomes. While the structural components of invadosomes have been well studied, the regulation of invadosome dynamics is still poorly understood. Protein kinases are essential to this regulation, affecting all stages of invadosome dynamics and allowing tight spatiotemporal control of their activity. Invadosome organisation and function have been linked to pathophysiological states such as cancer invasion and metastasis; therapeutic targeting of invadosome regulatory components is thus warranted. In this review, we discuss the involvement of kinase signalling in every stage of the invadosome life cycle and evaluate its significance.
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67
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Kwon JO, Lee YD, Kim H, Kim MK, Song MK, Lee ZH, Kim HH. Tetraspanin 7 regulates sealing zone formation and the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:1078-1084. [PMID: 27416754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanin family proteins regulate morphology, motility, fusion, and signaling in various cell types. We investigated the role of the tetraspanin 7 (Tspan7) isoform in the differentiation and function of osteoclasts. Tspan7 was up-regulated during osteoclastogenesis. When Tspan7 expression was reduced in primary precursor cells by siRNA-mediated gene knock-down, the generation of multinuclear osteoclasts was not affected. However, a striking cytoskeletal abnormality was observed: the formation of the podosome belt structure was inhibited and the microtubular network were disrupted by Tspan7 knock-down. Decreases in acetylated microtubules and levels of phosphorylated Src and Pyk2 in Tspan7 knock-down cells supported the involvement of Tspan7 in cytoskeletal rearrangement signaling in osteoclasts. This cytoskeletal defect interfered with sealing zone formation and subsequently the bone-resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts on dentin surfaces. Our results suggest that Tspan7 plays an important role in cytoskeletal organization required for the bone-resorbing function of osteoclasts by regulating signaling to Src, Pyk2, and microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Oh Kwon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Deok Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Haemin Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Song
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Zang Hee Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu X, Efimova N, Arnette C, Hanks SK, Kaverina I. Podosome dynamics and location in vascular smooth muscle cells require CLASP-dependent microtubule bending. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:300-15. [PMID: 27105779 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during physiological processes is mediated by invasive protrusions called podosomes. Positioning and dynamics of podosomes define the extent of ECM degradation. Microtubules are known to be involved in podosome regulation, but the role of microtubule (MT) network configuration in podosome dynamics and positioning is not well understood. Here, we show that the arrangement of the microtubule network defines the pattern of podosome formation and relocation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We show that microtubule plus-end targeting facilitates de novo formation of podosomes, in addition to podosome remodeling. Moreover, specialized bent microtubules with plus ends reversed towards the cell center promote relocation of podosomes from the cell edge to the cell center, resulting in an evenly distributed podosome pattern. Microtubule bending is induced downstream of protein kinase C (PKC) activation and requires microtubule-stabilizing proteins known as cytoplasmic linker associated proteins (CLASPs) and retrograde actin flow. Similar to microtubule depolymerization, CLASP depletion by siRNA blocks microtubule bending and eliminates centripetal relocation of podosomes. Podosome relocation also coincides with translocation of podosome-stimulating kinesin KIF1C, which is known to move preferentially along CLASP-associated microtubules. These findings indicate that CLASP-dependent microtubule network configuration is critical to the cellular location and distribution of KIF1C-dependent podosomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Nadia Efimova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Christopher Arnette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Steven K Hanks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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69
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Pandruvada SN, Gonzalez OA, Kirakodu S, Gudhimella S, Stromberg AJ, Ebersole JL, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Novak MJ, Huja SS. Bone biology-related gingival transcriptome in ageing and periodontitis in non-human primates. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:408-17. [PMID: 26859687 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cellular and molecular immunoinflammatory changes in gingival tissues drive alveolar bone loss in periodontitis. Since ageing is a risk factor for periodontitis, we sought to identify age-related gingival transcriptome changes associated with bone metabolism in both healthy and in naturally occurring periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult (12-16 years) and aged (18-23 years) non-human primates (M. mulatta) (n = 24) were grouped into healthy and periodontitis. Gingival tissue samples were obtained and subjected to microarray analysis using the Gene Chip Macaque Genome Array. Gene expression profiles involved in osteoclast/osteoblast proliferation, adhesion and function were evaluated and compared across and between the age groups. QPCR was also performed on selected genes to validate microarray data. RESULTS Healthy aged tissues showed a gene profile expression that suggest enhancement of osteoclastic adhesion, proliferation/survival and function (SPP1, TLR4, MMP8 and TFEC) and impaired osteoblastic activity (SMEK3P and SMAD5). The gingival transcriptome in both adult and aged animals with naturally occurring periodontitis (FOS, IL6, TLR4, MMP9, MMP10 and SPP1 genes) was consistent with a local inflammatory response driving towards bone/connective tissue destruction. CONCLUSION A pro-osteoclastogenic gingival transcriptome is associated with periodontitis irrespective of age; however; a greater bone-destructive molecular environment is associated with ageing in healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanya N Pandruvada
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sudha Gudhimella
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Michael J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sarandeep S Huja
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Reppe S, Datta H, Gautvik KM. The Influence of DNA Methylation on Bone Cells. Curr Genomics 2016; 16:384-92. [PMID: 27019613 PMCID: PMC4765525 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150817202913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation in eukaryotes invokes heritable alterations of the of the cytosine base in DNA without changing the underlying genomic DNA sequence. DNA methylation may be modified by environmental exposures as well as gene polymorphisms and may be a mechanistic link between environmental risk factors and the development of disease. In this review, we consider the role of DNA methylation in bone cells (osteoclasts/osteoblasts/osteocytes) and their progenitors with special focus on in vitro and ex vivo analyses. The number of studies on DNA methylation in bone cells is still somewhat limited, nevertheless it is getting increasingly clear that this type of the epigenetic changes is a critical regulator of gene expression. DNA methylation is necessary for proper development and function of bone cells and is accompanied by disease characteristic functional alterations as presently reviewed including postmenopausal osteoporosis and mechanical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjur Reppe
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo, Norway; ; Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway;; University of Oslo, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harish Datta
- Newcastle University, Institute of Cellular Medicine, UK
| | - Kaare M Gautvik
- Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway;; University of Oslo, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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72
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Jin WJ, Kim B, Kim JW, Kim HH, Ha H, Lee ZH. Notch2 signaling promotes osteoclast resorption via activation of PYK2. Cell Signal 2016; 28:357-365. [PMID: 26829213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays a central role in various cell fate decisions, including skeletal development. Recently, Notch signaling was implicated in osteoclast differentiation and maturation, including the resorption activity of osteoclasts. However, the specific involvement of notch signaling in resorption activity was not fully investigated. Here, we investigated the roles of Notch signaling in the resorption activity of osteoclasts by use of the gamma-secretase inhibitor dibenzazepine (DBZ). Attenuating Notch signaling by DBZ suppressed the expression of NFATc1, a master transcription factor for osteoclast differentiation. However, overexpression of a constitutively active form of NFATc1 did not fully rescue the effects of DBZ. DBZ suppressed the autophosphorylation of PYK2, which is essential for the formation of the podosome belt and sealing zone, with reduced c-Src/PYK2 interaction. We found that RANKL increases PYK2 activation accompanied by increased NICD2 production in osteoclasts. Overexpression of NICD2 in osteoclasts rescued DBZ-mediated suppression of resorption activity with promotion of PYK2 autophosphorylation and microtubule acetylation. Consistent with the in vitro results, DBZ strongly suppressed bone destruction in an interleukin-1-induced bone loss model. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Notch2 in osteoclasts plays a role in the control of resorption activity via the PYK2-c-Src-microtubule signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jong Jin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjun Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunil Ha
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zang Hee Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea.
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73
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Tonna S, Poulton IJ, Taykar F, Ho PWM, Tonkin B, Crimeen-Irwin B, Tatarczuch L, McGregor NE, Mackie EJ, Martin TJ, Sims NA. Chondrocytic ephrin B2 promotes cartilage destruction by osteoclasts in endochondral ossification. Development 2016; 143:648-57. [PMID: 26755702 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the skeleton arises by endochondral ossification, whereby cartilaginous templates expand and are resorbed by osteoclasts then replaced by osteoblastic bone formation. Ephrin B2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by osteoblasts and growth plate chondrocytes that promotes osteoblast differentiation and inhibits osteoclast formation. We investigated the role of ephrin B2 in endochondral ossification using Osx1Cre-targeted gene deletion. Neonatal Osx1Cre.Efnb2(Δ/Δ) mice exhibited a transient osteopetrosis demonstrated by increased trabecular bone volume with a high content of growth plate cartilage remnants and increased cortical thickness, but normal osteoclast numbers within the primary spongiosa. Osteoclasts at the growth plate had an abnormal morphology and expressed low levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; this was not observed in more mature bone. Electron microscopy revealed a lack of sealing zones and poor attachment of Osx1Cre.Efnb2(Δ/Δ) osteoclasts to growth plate cartilage. Osteoblasts at the growth plate were also poorly attached and impaired in their ability to deposit osteoid. By 6 months of age, trabecular bone mass, osteoclast morphology and osteoid deposition by Osx1Cre.Efnb2(Δ/Δ) osteoblasts were normal. Cultured chondrocytes from Osx1Cre.Efnb2(Δ/Δ) neonates showed impaired support of osteoclastogenesis but no significant change in Rankl (Tnfsf11) levels, whereas Adamts4 levels were significantly reduced. A population of ADAMTS4(+) early hypertrophic chondrocytes seen in controls was absent from Osx1Cre.Efnb2(Δ/Δ) neonates. This suggests that Osx1Cre-expressing cells, including hypertrophic chondrocytes, are dependent on ephrin B2 for their production of cartilage-degrading enzymes, including ADAMTS4, and this might be required for attachment of osteoclasts and osteoblasts to the cartilage surface during endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Tonna
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Farzin Taykar
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Patricia W M Ho
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Brett Tonkin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | | | - Liliana Tatarczuch
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Narelle E McGregor
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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Zhao H, Liu X, Zou H, Dai N, Yao L, Zhang X, Gao Q, Liu W, Gu J, Yuan Y, Bian J, Liu Z. Osteoprotegerin disrupts peripheral adhesive structures of osteoclasts by modulating Pyk2 and Src activities. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:299-309. [PMID: 26743491 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1129480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin has previously been shown to modulate bone mass by blocking osteoclast maturation and function. The detailed mechanisms of osteoprotegerin-induced disassembly of podosomes, disruption of adhesive structures and modulation of adhesion-related proteins in osteoclasts, however, are not well characterized. In this study, tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase staining demonstrated that osteoprotegerin inhibited differentiation of osteoclasts. The use of scanning electron microscopy, real-time cell monitoring and confocal microscopy indicated that osteoclasts responded in a time and dose-dependent manner to osteoprotegerin treatments with retraction of peripheral adhesive structures and detachment from the extracellular substrate. Combined imaging and Western blot studies showed that osteoprotegerin induced dephosphorylation of Tyr 402 in Pyk2 and decreased its labeling in peripheral adhesion regions. osteoprotegerin induced increased intracellular labeling of Tyr 402 in Pyk2, Tyr 416 in Src, increased dephosphorylation of Tyr 527 in Src, and increased Pyk2/Src association in the central region of osteoclasts. This evidence suggests that Src may function as an adaptor protein that competes for Pyk2 and relocates it from the peripheral adhesive zone to the central region of osteoclasts in response to osteoprotegerin treatment. Osteoprotegerin may induce podosome reassembly and peripheral adhesive structure detachment by modulating phosphorylation of Pyk2 and Src and their intracellular distribution in osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Hui Zou
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Nannan Dai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Lulian Yao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Qian Gao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Yan Yuan
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Zongping Liu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important, Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , P.R. China
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75
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Giralt A, Coura R, Girault JA. Pyk2 is essential for astrocytes mobility following brain lesion. Glia 2015; 64:620-34. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Giralt
- Inserm UMR-S839; Paris 75005 France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités; Paris 75005 France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin; Paris 75005 France
| | - Renata Coura
- Inserm UMR-S839; Paris 75005 France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités; Paris 75005 France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin; Paris 75005 France
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S839; Paris 75005 France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités; Paris 75005 France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin; Paris 75005 France
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Eleniste PP, Patel V, Posritong S, Zero O, Largura H, Cheng YH, Himes ER, Hamilton M, Ekwealor JTB, Kacena MA, Bruzzaniti A. Pyk2 and Megakaryocytes Regulate Osteoblast Differentiation and Migration Via Distinct and Overlapping Mechanisms. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1396-406. [PMID: 26552846 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblast differentiation and migration are necessary for bone formation during bone remodeling. Mice lacking the proline-rich tyrosine kinase Pyk2 (Pyk2-KO) have increased bone mass, in part due to increased osteoblast proliferation. Megakaryocytes (MKs), the platelet-producing cells, also promote osteoblast proliferation in vitro and bone-formation in vivo via a pathway that involves Pyk2. In the current study, we examined the mechanism of action of Pyk2, and the role of MKs, on osteoblast differentiation and migration. We found that Pyk2-KO osteoblasts express elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I collagen and osteocalcin mRNA levels as well as increased ALP activity, and mineralization, confirming that Pyk2 negatively regulates osteoblast function. Since Pyk2 Y402 phosphorylation is important for its catalytic activity and for its protein-scaffolding functions, we expressed the phosphorylation-mutant (Pyk2(Y402F) ) and kinase-mutant (Pyk2(K457A) ) in Pyk2-KO osteoblasts. Both Pyk2(Y402F) and Pyk2(K457A) reduced ALP activity, whereas only kinase-inactive Pyk2(K457A) inhibited Pyk2-KO osteoblast migration. Consistent with a role for Pyk2 on ALP activity, co-culture of MKs with osteoblasts led to a decrease in the level of phosphorylated Pyk2 (pY402) as well as a decrease in ALP activity. Although, Pyk2-KO osteoblasts exhibited increased migration compared to wild-type osteoblasts, Pyk2 expression was not required necessary for the ability of MKs to stimulate osteoblast migration. Together, these data suggest that osteoblast differentiation and migration are inversely regulated by MKs via distinct Pyk2-dependent and independent signaling pathways. Novel drugs that distinguish between the kinase-dependent or protein-scaffolding functions of Pyk2 may provide therapeutic specificity for the control of bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre P Eleniste
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Vruti Patel
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sumana Posritong
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Odette Zero
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heather Largura
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ying-Hua Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Evan R Himes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Matthew Hamilton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jenna T B Ekwealor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Johnson RW, McGregor NE, Brennan HJ, Crimeen-Irwin B, Poulton IJ, Martin TJ, Sims NA. Glycoprotein130 (Gp130)/interleukin-6 (IL-6) signalling in osteoclasts promotes bone formation in periosteal and trabecular bone. Bone 2015; 81:343-351. [PMID: 26255596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptors (IL-6R and IL-11R, respectively) are both expressed in osteoclasts and transduce signal via the glycoprotein130 (gp130) co-receptor, but the physiological role of this pathway is unclear. To determine the critical roles of gp130 signalling in the osteoclast, we generated mice using cathepsin K Cre (CtskCre) to disrupt gp130 signalling in osteoclasts. Bone marrow macrophages from CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice generated more osteoclasts in vitro than cells from CtskCre.gp130(w/w) mice; these osteoclasts were also larger and had more nuclei than controls. While no increase in osteoclast numbers was observed in vivo, osteoclasts on trabecular bone surfaces of CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice were more spread out than in control mice, but had no functional defect detectable by serum CTX1 levels or trabecular bone cartilage remnants. However, trabecular osteoblast number and mineralising surfaces were significantly lower in male CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice compared to controls, and this was associated with a significantly lower trabecular bone volume at 12 weeks of age. Furthermore, CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice exhibited greatly suppressed periosteal bone formation at this age, indicated by significant reductions in both double-labelled surface and mineral apposition rate. By 26 weeks of age, CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice exhibited narrower femora, with lower periosteal and endocortical perimeters than CtskCre.gp130(w/w) controls. Since IL-6 and IL-11R global knockout mice exhibited a similar reduction in femoral width, we also assessed periosteal bone formation in those strains, and found bone forming surfaces were also reduced in male IL-6 null mice. These data suggest that IL-6/gp130 signalling in the osteoclast is not essential for normal bone resorption in vivo, but maintains both trabecular and periosteal bone formation in male mice by promoting osteoblast activity through the stimulation of osteoclast-derived "coupling factors" and "osteotransmitters", respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Holly J Brennan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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78
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Scanlon V, Soung DY, Adapala NS, Morgan E, Hansen MF, Drissi H, Sanjay A. Role of Cbl-PI3K Interaction during Skeletal Remodeling in a Murine Model of Bone Repair. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138194. [PMID: 26393915 PMCID: PMC4578922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice in which Cbl is unable to bind PI3K (YF mice) display increased bone volume due to enhanced bone formation and repressed bone resorption during normal bone homeostasis. We investigated the effects of disrupted Cbl-PI3K interaction on fracture healing to determine whether this interaction has an effect on bone repair. Mid-diaphyseal femoral fractures induced in wild type (WT) and YF mice were temporally evaluated via micro-computed tomography scans, biomechanical testing, histological and histomorphometric analyses. Imaging analyses revealed no change in soft callus formation, increased bony callus formation, and delayed callus remodeling in YF mice compared to WT mice. Histomorphometric analyses showed significantly increased osteoblast surface per bone surface and osteoclast numbers in the calluses of YF fractured mice, as well as increased incorporation of dynamic bone labels. Furthermore, using laser capture micro-dissection of the fracture callus we found that cells lacking Cbl-PI3K interaction have higher expression of Osterix, TRAP, and Cathepsin K. We also found increased expression of genes involved in propagating PI3K signaling in cells isolated from the YF fracture callus, suggesting that the lack of Cbl-PI3K interaction perhaps results in enhanced PI3K signaling, leading to increased bone formation, but delayed remodeling in the healing femora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Scanlon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Do Yu Soung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Naga Suresh Adapala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Elise Morgan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Marc F. Hansen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (HD)
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (HD)
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79
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Abstract
Cell invasion of the extracellular matrix is prerequisite to cross tissue migration of tumor cells in cancer metastasis, and vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. The tumor suppressor p53, better known for its roles in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, has ignited much interest in its function as a suppressor of cell migration and invasion. How p53 and its gain-of-function mutants regulate cell invasion remains a puzzle and a challenge for future studies. In recent years, podosomes and invadopodia have also gained center stage status as veritable apparatus specialized in cell invasion. It is not clear, however, whether p53 regulates cell invasion through podosomes and invadopodia. In this review, evidence supporting a negative role of p53 in podosomes formation in vascular smooth muscle cells will be surveyed, and signaling nodes that may mediate this regulation in other cell types will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Mak
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences; Queen's University; Kingston, ON Canada
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80
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Georgess D, Machuca-Gayet I, Blangy A, Jurdic P. Podosome organization drives osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:191-204. [PMID: 24714644 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for physiological bone resorption. A specific organization of their most prominent cytoskeletal structures, podosomes, is crucial for the degradation of mineralized bone matrix. Each podosome is constituted of an F-actin-enriched central core surrounded by a loose F-actin network, called the podosome cloud. In addition to intrinsic actin dynamics, podosomes are defined by their adhesion to the extracellular matrix, mainly via core-linking CD44 and cloud-linking integrins. These properties allow podosomes to collectively evolve into different patterns implicated in migration and bone resorption. Indeed, to resorb bone, osteoclasts polarize, actively secrete protons, and proteases into the resorption pit where these molecules are confined by a podosome-containing sealing zone. Here, we review recent advancements on podosome structure and regulatory pathways in osteoclasts. We also discuss the distinct functions of different podosome patterns during the lifespan of a single osteoclast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Georgess
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon, France
| | - Irma Machuca-Gayet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon, France
| | - Anne Blangy
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire; CNRS UMR 5237; Montpellier University; Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Jurdic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon, France
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81
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Walkiewicz KW, Girault JA, Arold ST. How to awaken your nanomachines: Site-specific activation of focal adhesion kinases through ligand interactions. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 119:60-71. [PMID: 26093249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the related protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta (Pyk2) are highly versatile multidomain scaffolds central to cell adhesion, migration, and survival. Due to their key role in cancer metastasis, understanding and inhibiting their functions are important for the development of targeted therapy. Because FAK and Pyk2 are involved in many different cellular functions, designing drugs with partial and function-specific inhibitory effects would be desirable. Here, we summarise recent progress in understanding the structural mechanism of how the tug-of-war between intramolecular and intermolecular interactions allows these protein 'nanomachines' to become activated in a site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna W Walkiewicz
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm, UMR-S 839, F-75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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82
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McGinnis LK, Kinsey WH. Role of focal adhesion kinase in oocyte-follicle communication. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:90-102. [PMID: 25536210 PMCID: PMC4324459 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Germ cells require communication with associated somatic cells for normal gametogenesis, as exemplified by an oocyte that interacts with granulosa cells via paracrine factors as well as gap junctions located at sites of contact between these two cell types. The objective of the present study was to define the mechanisms by which cell-cell contact with the oocyte is controlled and to determine the extent that the oocyte actively participates in this association. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2), a focal adhesion kinase, was found to be activated at sites of contact between the oocyte and trans-zonal cell processes from the surrounding granulosa cells. In order to determine the functional significance of oocyte-derived PTK2 signaling in oocyte-follicle communication, an oocyte-specific Ptk2 knockout was produced through a breeding strategy pairing a floxed Ptk2-CAT-eGFP mouse with the Zp3-Cre line. Since Ptk2-null mice never develop to birth, this represents the first opportunity to define the role of PTK2 in oocyte-follicle communication. Ablation of Ptk2 within the developing oocyte resulted in lower fertility with reduced numbers of pups, lower rates of blastocyst formation, and reduced cell numbers per blastocyst. Follicles containing Ptk2-null oocytes exhibited reduced oocyte diameter, reduced numbers of connexin 37 and 43 foci at the oocyte surface, and impaired dye coupling between oocyte and granulosa cells. These findings are consistent with a model in which PTK2 plays a critical role in establishing or maintaining oocyte-granulosa cell contacts that are essential for gap junction-mediated communication between granulosa cells and the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda K. McGinnis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS USA
| | - William H. Kinsey
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS USA
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83
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Linder S, Wiesner C. Tools of the trade: podosomes as multipurpose organelles of monocytic cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:121-35. [PMID: 25300510 PMCID: PMC11113205 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Podosomes are adhesion and invasion structures that are particularly prominent in cells of the monocytic lineage such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts. They are multifunctional organelles that combine several key abilities required for cell migration and invasion. The podosome repertoire includes well-established functions such as cell-substrate adhesion, and extracellular matrix degradation, recently discovered abilities such as rigidity and topology sensing as well as antigen sampling, and also more speculative functions such as cell protrusion stabilization and transmigration. Collectively, podosomes not only enable dynamic interactions of cells with their surroundings, they also gather information about the pericellular environment, and are actively involved in its reshaping. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge on podosome composition, architecture, and regulation. We focus in particular on the growing list of podosome functions and discuss the specific properties of podosomes in macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts. Moreover, this article highlights podosome-related intracellular transport processes, the formation of podosomes in 3D environments as well as potentially podosome-associated diseases involving monocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany,
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84
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Zhao H, Liu X, Zou H, Dai N, Yao L, Gao Q, Liu W, Gu J, Yuan Y, Bian J, Liu Z. Osteoprotegerin induces podosome disassembly in osteoclasts through calcium, ERK, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Cytokine 2014; 71:199-206. [PMID: 25461399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are critical for bone resorption and use podosomes to attach to bone matrix. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a negative regulator of osteoclast function that can affect the formation and function of podosomes. However, the signaling pathways that link OPG to podosome function have not been well characterized. Therefore, this study examined the roles of intracellular calcium and MAPKs in OPG-induced podosome disassembly in osteoclasts. We assessed the effects of the intracellular calcium chelator Bapta-AM, ERK inhibitor U0126, and p38 inhibitor SB202190 on OPG-treated osteoclast differentiation, adhesion structures, intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration and the phosphorylation state of podosome associated proteins (Pyk2 and Src). Mouse monocytic RAW 264.7 cells were differentiated to osteoclasts using RANKL (30ng/mL) and M-CSF (25ng/mL). The cells were pretreated with Bapta-AM (5μM), U0126 (5μM), or SB202190 (10μM) for 30min, followed by 40ng/mL OPG for 3h. Osteoclastogenesis, adhesion structure, viability and morphology, intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration and the phosphorylation state of Pyk2 and Src were measured by TRAP staining, scanning electron microscopy, real-time cell analyzer, flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively. OPG significantly inhibited osteoclastogenesis, the formation of adhesion structures, and reduced the amount of phosphorylated Pyk2 and Src-pY527, but increased phosphorylation of Src-pY416. Bapta-AM, U0126, and SB202190 partially restored osteoclast differentiation and adhesion structures. Both Bapta-AM and U0126, but not SB202190, restored the levels of intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration, phosphorylated Pyk2 and Src-pY527. All three inhibitors blocked OPG-induced phosphorylation at Src-pY416. These results suggest OPG disrupts the attachment structures of osteoclasts and activates Src as an adaptor protein that competes for the reduced amount of phosphorylated Pyk2 through calcium- and ERK-dependent signaling pathways. p38 MAPK signaling may have a different role in OPG-induced osteoclast retraction. Our findings potentially offer novel insights into the signaling mechanisms downstream of OPG that affect osteoclast attachment to the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Nannan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Lulian Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Qian Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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85
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Itzstein C, Coxon FP, Rogers MJ. The regulation of osteoclast function and bone resorption by small GTPases. Small GTPases 2014; 2:117-130. [PMID: 21776413 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.3.16453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are responsible for resorption of bone, and increased activity of these cells is associated with several common bone diseases, including postmenopausal osteoporosis. Upon adhesion to bone, osteoclasts become polarized and reorganise their cytoskeleton and membrane to form unique domains including the sealing zone (SZ), which is a dense ring of F-actin-rich podosomes delimiting the ruffled border (RB), where protons and proteases are secreted to demineralise and degrade the bone matrix, respectively. These processes are dependent on the activity of small GTPases. Rho GTPases are well known to control the organization of F-actin and adhesion structures of different cell types, affecting subsequently their migration. In osteoclasts, RhoA, Rac, Cdc42, RhoU and also Arf6 regulate podosome assembly and their organization into the SZ. By contrast, the formation of the RB involves vesicular trafficking pathways that are regulated by the Rab family of GTPases, in particular lysosomal Rab7. Finally, osteoclast survival is dependent on the activity of Ras GTPases. The correct function of almost all these GTPases is absolutely dependent on post-translational prenylation, which enables them to localize to specific target membranes. Bisphosphonate drugs, which are widely used in the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis, act by preventing the prenylation of small GTPases, resulting in the loss of the SZ and RB and therefore inhibition of osteoclast activity, as well as inducing osteoclast apoptosis. In this review we summarize current understanding of the role of specific prenylated small GTPases in osteoclast polarization, function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Itzstein
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme; Institute of Medical Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen, Scotland UK
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86
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Efimova N, Grimaldi A, Bachmann A, Frye K, Zhu X, Feoktistov A, Straube A, Kaverina I. Podosome-regulating kinesin KIF1C translocates to the cell periphery in a CLASP-dependent manner. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5179-88. [PMID: 25344256 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.149633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin KIF1C is known to regulate podosomes, actin-rich adhesion structures that remodel the extracellular matrix during physiological processes. Here, we show that KIF1C is a player in the podosome-inducing signaling cascade. Upon induction of podosome formation by protein kinase C (PKC), KIF1C translocation to the cell periphery intensifies and KIF1C accumulates both in the proximity of peripheral microtubules that show enrichment for the plus-tip-associated proteins CLASPs and around podosomes. Importantly, without CLASPs, both KIF1C trafficking and podosome formation are suppressed. Moreover, chimeric mitochondrially targeted CLASP2 recruits KIF1C, suggesting a transient CLASP-KIF1C association. We propose that CLASPs create preferred microtubule tracks for KIF1C to promote podosome induction downstream of PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Efimova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37232, TN, USA
| | - Ashley Grimaldi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37232, TN, USA
| | - Alice Bachmann
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Keyada Frye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37232, TN, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37232, TN, USA
| | - Alexander Feoktistov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37232, TN, USA
| | - Anne Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37232, TN, USA
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87
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Inhibition of Microtubule Dynamics Affects Podosome Belt Formation During Osteoclast Induction. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:741-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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88
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Mizoguchi F, Murakami Y, Saito T, Miyasaka N, Kohsaka H. miR-31 controls osteoclast formation and bone resorption by targeting RhoA. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R102. [PMID: 24004633 PMCID: PMC3978447 DOI: 10.1186/ar4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increased activity of osteoclasts is responsible for bone loss and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. For osteoclast development and bone resorption activity, cytoskeletal organization must be properly regulated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small noncoding RNAs that suppress expression of their target genes. This study was conducted to identify crucial miRNAs to control osteoclasts. Methods miRNA expression in the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) with or without receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) stimulation was analyzed by miRNA array. To examine the role of specific miRNAs in osteoclast formation, bone resorption activity and actin ring formation, the BMM were retrovirally transduced with miRNA antagomirs. To confirm whether the suppressive effects on osteoclastogenesis by miR-31 inhibition were mediated by targeting RhoA, osteoclast formation was analyzed in the presence of the RhoA inhibitor, exoenzyme C3. Results miR-31 was identified as one of the highly upregulated miRNAs during osteoclast development under RANKL stimulation. Inhibition of miR-31 by specific antagomirs suppressed the RANKL-induced formation of osteoclasts and bone resorption. Phalloidin staining of osteoclasts revealed that actin ring formation at the cell periphery was severely impaired by miR-31 inhibition, and clusters of small ringed podosomes were observed instead. In these osteoclasts, expression of RhoA, one of the miR-31 target genes, was upregulated by miR-31 inhibition in spite of the impaired osteoclastogenesis. Treatment with the RhoA inhibitor, exoenzyme C3, rescued the osteoclastogenesis impaired by miR-31 inhibition. Conclusions miR-31 controls cytoskeleton organization in osteoclasts for optimal bone resorption activity by regulating the expression of RhoA.
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89
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Mechanical loading in osteocytes induces formation of a Src/Pyk2/MBD2 complex that suppresses anabolic gene expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97942. [PMID: 24841674 PMCID: PMC4026426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation of the skeleton promotes bone gain and suppresses bone loss, ultimately resulting in improved bone strength and fracture resistance. The molecular mechanisms directing anabolic and/or anti-catabolic actions on the skeleton during loading are not fully understood. Identifying molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction (MTD) signaling cascades could identify new therapeutic targets. Most research into MTD mechanisms is typically focused on understanding the signaling pathways that stimulate new bone formation in response to load. However, we investigated the structural, signaling and transcriptional molecules that suppress the stimulatory effects of loading. The high bone mass phenotype of mice with global deletion of either Pyk2 or Src suggests a role for these tyrosine kinases in repression of bone formation. We used fluid shear stress as a MTD stimulus to identify a novel Pyk2/Src-mediated MTD pathway that represses mechanically-induced bone formation. Our results suggest Pyk2 and Src function as molecular switches that inhibit MTD in our mechanically stimulated osteocyte culture experiments. Once activated by oscillatory fluid shear stress (OFSS), Pyk2 and Src translocate to and accumulate in the nucleus, where they associate with a protein involved in DNA methylation and the interpretation of DNA methylation patterns –methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2). OFSS-induced Cox-2 and osteopontin expression was enhanced in Pyk2 KO osteoblasts, while inhibition of Src enhanced osteocalcin expression in response to OFSS. We found that Src kinase activity increased in the nucleus of osteocytes in response to OFSS and an interaction activated between Src (Y418) and Pyk2 (Y402) increased in response to OFSS. Thus, as a mechanism to prevent an over-reaction to physical stimulation, mechanical loading may induce the formation of a Src/Pyk2/MBD2 complex in the nucleus that functions to suppress anabolic gene expression.
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90
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Finkelshtein E, Lotinun S, Levy-Apter E, Arman E, den Hertog J, Baron R, Elson A. Protein tyrosine phosphatases ε and α perform nonredundant roles in osteoclasts. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1808-18. [PMID: 24694598 PMCID: PMC4038506 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-03-0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The closely related tyrosine phosphatases PTPa and PTPe fulfill distinct roles in osteoclasts. The various effects of each PTP on podosome organization in osteoclasts are caused by their distinct N-termini. The function of PTPe in these cells requires the presence of its 12 N-terminal residues, in particular serine 2. Female mice lacking protein tyrosine phosphatase ε (PTP ε) are mildly osteopetrotic. Osteoclasts from these mice resorb bone matrix poorly, and the structure, stability, and cellular organization of their podosomal adhesion structures are abnormal. Here we compare the role of PTP ε with that of the closely related PTP α in osteoclasts. We show that bone mass and bone production and resorption, as well as production, structure, function, and podosome organization of osteoclasts, are unchanged in mice lacking PTP α. The varying effects of either PTP on podosome organization in osteoclasts are caused by their distinct N-termini. Osteoclasts express the receptor-type PTP α (RPTPa), which is absent from podosomes, and the nonreceptor form of PTP ε (cyt-PTPe), which is present in these structures. The presence of the unique 12 N-terminal residues of cyt-PTPe is essential for podosome regulation; attaching this sequence to the catalytic domains of PTP α enables them to function in osteoclasts. Serine 2 within this sequence regulates cyt-PTPe activity and its effects on podosomes. We conclude that PTPs α and ε play distinct roles in osteoclasts and that the N-terminus of cyt-PTPe, in particular serine 2, is critical for its function in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eynat Finkelshtein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sutada Lotinun
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Einat Levy-Apter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Esther Arman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, NetherlandsInstitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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91
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Luo J, McGinnis LK, Carlton C, Beggs HE, Kinsey WH. PTK2b function during fertilization of the mouse oocyte. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1212-7. [PMID: 24667605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization triggers rapid changes in intracellular free calcium that serve to activate multiple signaling events critical to the initiation of successful development. Among the pathways downstream of the fertilization-induced calcium transient is the calcium-calmodulin dependent protein tyrosine kinase PTK2b or PYK2 kinase. PTK2b plays an important role in fertilization of the zebrafish oocyte and the objective of the present study was to establish whether PTK2b also functions in mammalian fertilization. PTK2b was activated during the first few hours after fertilization of the mouse oocyte during the period when anaphase resumption was underway and prior to the pronuclear stage. Suppression of PTK2b kinase activity in oocytes blocked sperm incorporation and egg activation although sperm-oocyte binding was not affected. Oocytes that failed to incorporate sperm after inhibitor treatment showed no evidence of a calcium transient and no evidence of anaphase resumption suggesting that egg activation did not occur. The results indicate that PTK2b functions during the sperm-egg fusion process or during the physical incorporation of sperm into the egg cytoplasm and is therefore critical for successful development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Luo
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Lynda K McGinnis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Carol Carlton
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Hilary E Beggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - William H Kinsey
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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92
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Touaitahuata H, Blangy A, Vives V. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by Rho GTPases. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e28119. [PMID: 24614674 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue constantly renewed through a regulated balance between bone formation and resorption. Excessive bone degradation by osteoclasts leads to pathological decreased bone density characteristic of osteolytic diseases such as post-menopausal osteoporosis or bone metastasis. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells via a complex differentiation process. Their unique ability to resorb bone is dependent on the formation of the actin-rich sealing zone. Within this adhesion structure, the plasma membrane differentiates into the ruffled border where protons and proteases are secreted to demineralize and degrade bone, respectively. On the bone surface, mature osteoclasts alternate between stationary resorptive and migratory phases. These are associated with profound actin cytoskeleton reorganization, until osteoclasts die of apoptosis. In this review, we highlight the role of Rho GTPases in all the steps of osteoclasts differentiation, function, and death and conclude on their interest as targets for treatment of osteolytic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiani Touaitahuata
- Montpellier University; CNRS UMR 5237; Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire; Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Blangy
- Montpellier University; CNRS UMR 5237; Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire; Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Vives
- Montpellier University; CNRS UMR 5237; Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire; Montpellier, France
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93
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McMichael BK, Scherer KF, Franklin NC, Lee BS. The RhoGAP activity of myosin IXB is critical for osteoclast podosome patterning, motility, and resorptive capacity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87402. [PMID: 24466350 PMCID: PMC3900720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage that generate specialized substrate adhesion complexes to facilitate their function as bone-degrading cells. The patterning and function of these actin-based complexes, podosomes and sealing zones, are regulated by the small GTPase Rho. Myosin IXB (Myo9b) is a unique actin-based motor protein that contains a RhoGAP domain, which, like other RhoGAPs, is inhibitory to Rho signaling. In this study, Myo9b is shown to be expressed in osteoclasts and act as a critical regulator of podosome patterning and osteoclast function. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of Myo9b results in increased activity of Rho but not Rac in osteoclasts. Knockdown in osteoclasts on glass results in altered podosome patterning and decreased motility, and this effect is reversed by addition of a Rho inhibitor. SiRNA-mediated suppression of Myo9b expression in osteoclasts on bone results in a dramatic loss of resorptive capacity even though sealing zones appear normal. This loss of resorption is also reversible with addition of a Rho inhibitor. Cells with diminished Myo9b levels display mislocalization and suppressed activation of Src, a tyrosine kinase with critical effects on osteoclast actin cytoskeletal rearrangement and function. In addition, siRNA-treated cells display poorly formed microtubule networks and a lack of tubulin acetylation, a marker of microtubule stability. However, short-term addition of TNFα to cells with suppressed Myo9b levels overcomes or circumvents these defects and causes increased sealing zone size and resorptive capacity. These results indicate that the RhoGAP activity of Myo9b plays a key role in regulating the actin-based structures necessary for osteoclast motility and resorption, and confirms that Myo9b can act as a motorized signaling molecule that links Rho signaling to the dynamic actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K. McMichael
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katharine F. Scherer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nicole C. Franklin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Beth S. Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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94
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Gu Z, Liu F, Tonkova EA, Lee SY, Tschumperlin DJ, Brenner MB. Soft matrix is a natural stimulator for cellular invasiveness. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:457-69. [PMID: 24336521 PMCID: PMC3923638 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-05-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ECM softness (low stiffness comparable to soft tissues) alone is sufficient to prevent cell-to-cell adherens junction formation, up-regulate MMP secretion, promote MMP activity, and induce invadosome-like protrusion formation. Such findings suggest that cell invasion in vivo is a spontaneous cell behavior in response to ECM stiffness. Directional mesenchymal cell invasion in vivo is understood to be a stimulated event and to be regulated by cytokines, chemokines, and types of extracellular matrix (ECM). Instead, by focusing on the cellular response to ECM stiffness, we found that soft ECM (low stiffness) itself is sufficient to prevent stable cell-to-cell adherens junction formation, up-regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion, promote MMP activity, and induce invadosome-like protrusion (ILP) formation. Consistently, similar ILP formation was also detected in a three-dimensional directional invasion assay in soft matrix. Primary human fibroblasts spontaneously form ILPs in a very narrow range of ECM stiffness (0.1–0.4 kPa), and such ILP formation is Src family kinase dependent. In contrast, spontaneous ILP formation in malignant cancer cells and fibrosarcoma cells occurs across a much wider range of ECM stiffness, and these tumor cell ILPs are also more prominent at lower stiffness. These findings suggest that ECM softness is a natural stimulator for cellular invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhan Gu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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95
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Yu CH, Rafiq NBM, Krishnasamy A, Hartman KL, Jones GE, Bershadsky AD, Sheetz MP. Integrin-matrix clusters form podosome-like adhesions in the absence of traction forces. Cell Rep 2013; 5:1456-68. [PMID: 24290759 PMCID: PMC3898747 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix-activated integrins can form different adhesion structures. We report that nontransformed fibroblasts develop podosome-like adhesions when spread on fluid Arg-Gly-Asp peptide (RGD)-lipid surfaces, whereas they habitually form focal adhesions on rigid RGD glass surfaces. Similar to classic macrophage podosomes, the podosome-like adhesions are protrusive and characterized by doughnut-shaped RGD rings that surround characteristic core components including F-actin, N-WASP, and Arp2/Arp3. Furthermore, there are 18 podosome markers in these adhesions, though they lack matrix metalloproteinases that characterize invadopodia and podosomes of Src-transformed cells. When nontransformed cells develop force on integrin-RGD clusters by pulling RGD lipids to prefabricated rigid barriers (metal lines spaced by 1–2 μm), these podosomes fail to form and instead form focal adhesions. The formation of podosomes on fluid surfaces is mediated by local activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the production of phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3) in a FAK/PYK2-dependent manner. Enrichment of PIP3 precedes N-WASP activation and the recruitment of RhoA-GAP ARAP3. We propose that adhesion structures can be modulated by traction force development and that production of PIP3 stimulates podosome formation and subsequent RhoA downregulation in the absence of traction force. Nontransformed fibroblasts on RGD membranes form podosome-like protrusions Nanopatterned RGD membranes enable traction force, suppressing protrusion formation Local activation of PI3K transforms prepodosomal-like RGD clusters PIP3-bound RhoA GAP ARAP3 is recruited at the protrusion and downregulates RhoA-GTP
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-han Yu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| | - Nisha Bte Mohd Rafiq
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anitha Krishnasamy
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Kevin L Hartman
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Gareth E Jones
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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96
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Microtubule dynamic instability controls podosome patterning in osteoclasts through EB1, cortactin, and Src. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:16-29. [PMID: 24144981 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00578-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In osteoclasts (OCs) podosomes are organized in a belt, a feature critical for bone resorption. Although microtubules (MTs) promote the formation and stability of the belt, the MT and/or podosome molecules that mediate the interaction of the two systems are not identified. Because the growing "plus" ends of MTs point toward the podosome belt, plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) might regulate podosome patterning. Among the +TIPs, EB1 increased as OCs matured and was enriched in the podosome belt, and EB1-positive MTs targeted podosomes. Suppression of MT dynamic instability, displacement of EB1 from MT ends, or EB1 depletion resulted in the loss of the podosome belt. We identified cortactin as an Src-dependent interacting partner of EB1. Cortactin-deficient OCs presented a defective MT targeting to, and patterning of, podosomes and reduced bone resorption. Suppression of MT dynamic instability or EB1 depletion increased cortactin phosphorylation, decreasing its acetylation and affecting its interaction with EB1. Thus, dynamic MTs and podosomes interact to control bone resorption.
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97
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Khor EC, Abel T, Tickner J, Chim SM, Wang C, Cheng T, Ng B, Ng PY, Teguh DA, Kenny J, Yang X, Chen H, Nakayama KI, Nakayama K, Pavlos N, Zheng MH, Xu J. Loss of protein kinase C-δ protects against LPS-induced osteolysis owing to an intrinsic defect in osteoclastic bone resorption. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70815. [PMID: 23951014 PMCID: PMC3738588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is intrinsically regulated by cell signaling molecules. The Protein Kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases is involved in multiple signaling pathways including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and osteoclast biology. However, the precise involvement of individual PKC isoforms in the regulation of osteoclast formation and bone homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we identify PKC-δ as the major PKC isoform expressed among all PKCs in osteoclasts; including classical PKCs (-α, -β and -γ), novel PKCs (-δ, -ε, -η and -θ) and atypical PKCs (-ι/λ and -ζ). Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation of PKC-δ impairs osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro. Moreover, disruption of PKC-δ activity protects against LPS-induced osteolysis in mice, with osteoclasts accumulating on the bone surface failing to resorb bone. Treatment with the PKC-δ inhibitor Rottlerin, blocks LPS-induced bone resorption in mice. Consistently, PKC-δ deficient mice exhibit increased trabeculae bone containing residual cartilage matrix, indicative of an osteoclast-rich osteopetrosis phenotype. Cultured ex vivo osteoclasts derived from PKC-δ null mice exhibit decreased CTX-1 levels and MARKS phosphorylation, with enhanced formation rates. This is accompanied by elevated gene expression levels of cathepsin K and PKC -α, -γ and -ε, as well as altered signaling of pERK and pcSrc416/527 upon RANKL-induction, possibly to compensate for the defects in bone resorption. Collectively, our data indicate that PKC-δ is an intrinsic regulator of osteoclast formation and bone resorption and thus is a potential therapeutic target for pathological osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Cheng Khor
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tamara Abel
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shek Man Chim
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cathy Wang
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Taksum Cheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin Ng
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pei Ying Ng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dian Astari Teguh
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jacob Kenny
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghui Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nathan Pavlos
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ming H. Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (JX); (MHZ)
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (JX); (MHZ)
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98
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Cheng YH, Hooker RA, Nguyen K, Gerard-O'Riley R, Waning DL, Chitteti BR, Meijome TE, Chua HL, Plett AP, Orschell CM, Srour EF, Mayo LD, Pavalko FM, Bruzzaniti A, Kacena MA. Pyk2 regulates megakaryocyte-induced increases in osteoblast number and bone formation. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1434-45. [PMID: 23362087 PMCID: PMC3663900 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical evidence from megakaryocyte (MK)-related diseases suggests that MKs play a significant role in maintaining bone homeostasis. Findings from our laboratories reveal that MKs significantly increase osteoblast (OB) number through direct MK-OB contact and the activation of integrins. We, therefore, examined the role of Pyk2, a tyrosine kinase known to be regulated downstream of integrins, in the MK-mediated enhancement of OBs. When OBs were co-cultured with MKs, total Pyk2 levels in OBs were significantly enhanced primarily because of increased Pyk2 gene transcription. Additionally, p53 and Mdm2 were both decreased in OBs upon MK stimulation, which would be permissive of cell cycle entry. We then demonstrated that OB number was markedly reduced when Pyk2-/- OBs, as opposed to wild-type (WT) OBs, were co-cultured with MKs. We also determined that MKs inhibit OB differentiation in the presence and absence of Pyk2 expression. Finally, given that MK-replete spleen cells from GATA-1-deficient mice can robustly stimulate OB proliferation and bone formation in WT mice, we adoptively transferred spleen cells from these mice into Pyk2-/- recipient mice. Importantly, GATA-1-deficient spleen cells failed to stimulate an increase in bone formation in Pyk2-/- mice, suggesting in vivo the important role of Pyk2 in the MK-induced increase in bone volume. Further understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the MK-mediated enhancement of OB number and bone formation will facilitate the development of novel anabolic therapies to treat bone loss diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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99
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Cox S, Jones GE. Imaging cells at the nanoscale. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1669-78. [PMID: 23688552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently developed super-resolution techniques in optical microscopy have pushed the length scale at which cellular structure can be observed down to tens of nanometres. A wide array of methods have been described that fall under the umbrella term of super-resolution microscopy and each of these methods has different requirements for acquisition speed, experimental complexity, fluorophore requirements and post-processing of data. For example, experimental complexity can be decreased by using a standard widefield microscope for acquisition, but this requires substantial processing of the data to extract the super-resolution information. These powerful techniques are bringing new insights into the nanoscale structure of sub-cellular assemblies such as podosomes, which are an ideal system to observe with super-resolution microscopy as the structures are relatively thin and they form and dissociate over a period of several minutes. Here we discuss the major classes of super-resolution microscopy techniques, and demonstrate their relative performance by imaging podosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cox
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
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100
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Kim S, Cipolla L, Guidetti G, Okigaki M, Jin J, Torti M, Kunapuli SP. Distinct role of Pyk2 in mediating thromboxane generation downstream of both G12/13 and integrin αIIbβ3 in platelets. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18194-203. [PMID: 23640884 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.461087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is activated by various agonists in platelets. We evaluated the signaling mechanism and the functional role of Pyk2 in platelets by using pharmacological inhibitors and Pyk2-deficient platelets. We found that platelet aggregation and secretion in response to 2-methylthio-ADP (2-MeSADP) and AYPGKF were diminished in the presence of Pyk2 inhibitors or in Pyk2-deficient platelets, suggesting that Pyk2 plays a positive regulatory role in platelet functional responses. It has been shown that ADP-, but not thrombin-induced thromboxane (TxA2) generation depends on integrin signaling. Unlike ADP, thrombin activates G12/13 pathways, and G12/13 pathways can substitute for integrin signaling for TxA2 generation. We found that Pyk2 was activated downstream of both G12/13 and integrin-mediated pathways, and both 2-MeSADP- and AYPGKF-induced TxA2 generation was significantly diminished in Pyk2-deficient platelets. In addition, TxA2 generation induced by co-stimulation of Gi and Gz pathways, which is dependent on integrin signaling, was inhibited by blocking Pyk2. Furthermore, inhibition of 2-MeSADP-induced TxA2 generation by fibrinogen receptor antagonist was not rescued by co-stimulation of G12/13 pathways in the presence of Pyk2 inhibitor. We conclude that Pyk2 is a common signaling effector downstream of both G12/13 and integrin αIIbβ3 signaling, which contributes to thromboxane generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soochong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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