51
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Copeland NG, Silan CM, Kingsley DM, Jenkins NA, Cannizzaro LA, Croce CM, Huebner K, Sims JE. Chromosomal location of murine and human IL-1 receptor genes. Genomics 1991; 9:44-50. [PMID: 1672292 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene for the type I interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor has been mapped in both mouse and human. In the human genome, a combination of segregation analysis of rodent-human hybrid cells and chromosomal in situ hybridization has placed the gene on the long arm of chromosome 2, at band 2q12. This is near the reported map position of the loci for IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta (2q13----2q21). The murine gene has been mapped by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in interspecific backcrosses to the centromeric end of chromosome 1, in a region that is syntenic to a portion of human chromosome 2. The murine Il-1r1 gene has thus been separated from the IL-1 genes, which lie on murine chromosome 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Copeland
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21701
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52
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Spriggs MK, Lioubin PJ, Slack J, Dower SK, Jonas U, Cosman D, Sims JE, Bauer J. Induction of an interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) on monocytic cells. Evidence that the receptor is not encoded by a T cell-type IL-1R mRNA. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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53
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Benjamin D, Wormsley S, Dower SK. Heterogeneity in interleukin (IL)-1 receptors expressed on human B cell lines. Differences in the molecular properties of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta binding sites. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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54
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Dower SK, Qwarnstrom EE, Page RC, Blanton RA, Kupper TS, Raines E, Ross R, Sims JE. Biology of the interleukin-1 receptor. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 94:68S-73S. [PMID: 2141050 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12875154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects of the two interleukin-1s on cells of connective tissue origin are mediated by specific cell-surface receptors. Molecular cloning studies have revealed that these receptors are identical in protein sequence to the IL-1 receptors on cells of the T-lymphocyte lineage. The functional interleukin-1 receptor on T-cells and fibroblasts is composed of a single polypeptide chain that binds both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. The single chain appears to be all that is required to transduce a signal to cells. While the nature of the signal is unknown, the structure of the receptor is inconsistent with its possessing any protein tyrosine kinase activity. It is therefore not surprising that the mitogenic activity of IL-1 for fibroblasts is mediated by IL-1 induction of PDGF-A gene transcription. Finally, IL-1 is known to modulate fibroblast-matrix interactions in several ways. It is interesting therefore, that the majority of the IL-1 receptors on cultured fibroblasts are clustered into focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Dower
- Immunex Corporation, Department of Pathology, Seattle, Washington 98101
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55
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Chandrasekhar S, Harvey AK, Hrubey PS, Bendele AM. Arthritis induced by interleukin-1 is dependent on the site and frequency of intraarticular injection. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1990; 55:382-400. [PMID: 2340648 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(90)90126-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intraarticular injection of recombinant human interleukin-1 (IL-1) in rats resulted in varying degrees of inflammatory changes depending on the site and frequency of injections. (i) Much lower amounts of IL-1 were required to elicit an inflammatory response in the ankle joints (15-3000 ng) than the knee joints (90-150 micrograms). (ii) The inflammatory response was much greater if IL-1 was administered in multiple doses as compared to a single dose injection. One day after a single injection of IL-1 (90-150 micrograms), knee joints exhibited a mild increase in volume as a consequence of edema, but at the end of 1 week, no discernible change in volume was observed. However, when the same total amount of IL-1 was injected in three doses, there was a dramatic increase in joint volume at the end of 1 week that persisted for at least 3 weeks. The increase was dose dependent. (iii) The inflammatory response was dependent on the age/weight of the rats: the older the animals the greater the response. (iv) Under conditions where IL-1 induced inflammatory changes in knee joints, recombinant tumor necrosis factor failed to induce any significant response. (v) Histological examination of the knee joints revealed distinct differences in the pathological response to the two different protocols of IL-1 administration in the knee joints. The animals injected with a single dose of IL-1 showed a mild and transient inflammation that was resolved by 2 weeks postinjection, but exhibited degenerative changes associated with focal loss of chondrocytes and proteoglycan of the knee joint cartilage, which became progressively severe. The knee joints of animals given three injections of IL-1 showed evidence of marked acute synovitis, fibroplasia, loss of proteoglycan and chondrocytes, resorption of subchondral bone, and transition of hematopoeitic marrow cells into cells of mesenchymal morphology. (vi) Examination of proteoglycan synthesis by cartilage of IL-1-injected rats revealed that within 1 day after injection, a dramatic reduction in synthesis occurred which persisted for at least 2 weeks. These studies suggest that intraarticular injection of IL-1 provides a useful rodent model for the investigation of pathological changes occurring within a localized joint as a result of acute and chronic inflammatory stimuli. Relevant aspects of the pathology of joint erosion can be demonstrated depending on the frequency of IL-1 injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandrasekhar
- Department of Connective Tissue and Monoclonal Antibody Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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56
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Fanslow WC, Sims JE, Sassenfeld H, Morrissey PJ, Gillis S, Dower SK, Widmer MB. Regulation of alloreactivity in vivo by a soluble form of the interleukin-1 receptor. Science 1990; 248:739-42. [PMID: 2139736 DOI: 10.1126/science.2139736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that cytokines are involved in the regulation of the immune response, but their role in vivo is less well defined. Specific cytokine antagonists enable the identification of particular cytokines involved in the response and offer a means for modifying it. Systemic administration of a soluble, extracellular portion of the receptor for interleukin-1 (sIL-1R) had profound inhibitory effects on the development of in vivo alloreactivity. Survival of heterotopic heart allografts was prolonged from 12 days in controls to 17 days in mice treated with sIL-1R. Lymph node hyperplasia in response to a localized injection of allogeneic cells was completely blocked by sIL-1R treatment. The inhibition was overcome by simultaneous administration of interleukin-1 (IL-1); thus, sIL-1R acts by neutralizing IL-1. These results implicate IL-1 as a regulator of allograft rejection and demonstrate the in vivo biological efficacy of a soluble cytokine receptor.
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57
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Shen V, Cheng SL, Kohler NG, Peck WA. Characterization and hormonal modulation of IL-1 binding in neonatal mouse osteoblastlike cells. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5:507-15. [PMID: 2142376 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence indicates that interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a potent regulator of bone cell activity. Consequently, we studied its binding to neonatal mouse osteoblastlike cells. Purified, labeled recombinant IL-1 alpha bound specifically to neonatal mouse osteoblastlike cells with a dissociation constant of 30-200 pM at 22 degrees C. There were 3000-15,000 receptors per cell. IL-1 bound to cell surfaces at 4 degrees C was rapidly internalized when the temperature was raised to 37 degrees C. Receptor specificity was confirmed by demonstrating that, among a series of 11 polypeptides, only IL-1 inhibited 125I-IL-1 binding. Treatment of surface-bound 125I-IL-1 alpha with a bivalent water-soluble cross-linker identified a membrane peptide of Mr 70,000 cross-linked to IL-1. The apparent IL-1 receptor was solubilized from a plasma membrane-enriched fraction using 3-[(3-cholamidopropyldimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAP). The resulting material exhibited specific IL-1 binding. Preincubation of cells with IL-1, retinoic acid, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), or phorbol ester caused a reduction in apparent receptor numbers per cell, while preincubation with epidermal growth factor (EGF), dexamethasone, or parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased receptor numbers per cell. Preincubation with insulin, vitamin D, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and 17 beta-estradiol had no effect. These results suggest that specific, high-affinity IL-1 receptors are present on osteoblastlike cells and that the receptor number can be modified by various osteotropic agents. Regulation of bone cell IL-1 receptors may contribute to the control of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shen
- Department of Medicine, Jewish Hospital, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110
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58
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Borish L, Rosenbaum R, McDonald B, Rosenwasser LJ. Recombinant interleukin-1 beta interacts with high-affinity receptors to activate neutrophil leukotriene B4 synthesis. Inflammation 1990; 14:151-62. [PMID: 2157662 DOI: 10.1007/bf00917454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of interleukin-1 (IL-1) to function as a neutrophil (PMN) activator has been the subject of controversy. While IL-1 purified from mononuclear cell supernatants induced PMN activation, these observations have not been confirmed with recombinant IL-1. To document a cellular basis for a putative PMN-IL-1 interaction, we investigated the presence of IL-1 receptors on the PMN. Using an [35S]methionine-labeled preparation, specific binding of IL-1 to PMNs was demonstrated. Through Scatchard analysis PMNs were calculated to have a mean of 469 +/- 337 receptors per PMN with an affinity (Kd) of 0.32 +/- 0.09 nM. As IL-1 frequently activates arachidonic acid metabolism in other cell types, we investigated eicosanoid production as a putative consequence of the IL-1-PMN interaction. HPLC analysis of extracted supernatants of IL-1-treated PMNs demonstrated the release of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), its oxidative products, and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE). Production of LTB4 was quantified using a commercial RIA. LTB4 secretion increased from 17.2 +/- 1.1 to 96.7 +/- 16.4 ng, also with 10.0 ng of IL-1. In time-course studies, it was shown that maximal eicosanoid secretion required a 30-min incubation with IL-1. These observations confirm the proinflammatory activity of IL-1 on neutrophils and resolve the controversy concerning a direct effect of IL-1 on neutrophils. In conclusion, recombinant IL-1 beta interacts with neutrophils through the presence on the PMN of a high-affinity receptor and results in the secretion of arachidonate metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Borish
- Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Tufts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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59
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Calkins JH, Guo H, Sigel MM, Lin T. Differential effects of recombinant interleukin-1 alpha and beta on Leydig cell function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 167:548-53. [PMID: 2157407 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)92059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have reported that human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)-stimulated testosterone biosynthesis was markedly inhibited by purified natural human interleukin-1 (IL-1). In the present study we evaluated the effects of human and murine recombinant IL-1 (rIL-1) on Leydig cell steroidogenesis in primary culture. Human rIL-1 beta caused a dose-dependent inhibition of hCG-, 8-bromo cyclic AMP-, and forskolin-induced testosterone formation. In contrast, human rIL-1 alpha was considerably less potent. When the effects of the cytokines were corrected for their biological potencies, human rIL-1 beta and murine rIL-1 alpha were still more effective than human rIL-1 alpha in inhibiting testosterone production (at least 100-fold more potent). Thus, even though IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta bind to the same receptors on T cells, Leydig cells exhibit differential sensitivity in response to rIL-1 alpha and rIL-1 beta which is partly species dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Calkins
- Medical and Research Services, WJB Dorn Veterans Hospital, Columbia, South Carolina
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60
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Solari R, Smithers N, Page K, Bolton E, Champion BR. Interleukin 1 responsiveness and receptor expression by murine TH1 and TH2 clones. Cytokine 1990; 2:129-41. [PMID: 1983333 DOI: 10.1016/1043-4666(90)90007-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Murine Th1 and Th2 T cell lines differ in their responses to interleukin 1 (IL 1). Therefore, we examined two T-cell lines, D10.G4.1 (Th2) and MTg12B (Th1) in an attempt to correlate IL 1 receptor (IL 1R) expression with their IL 1 responsiveness. D10.G4.1 cells, which respond to IL 1, expressed two forms of the IL 1R, with molecular masses of approximately 80 kDa and approximately 60 kDa. In contrast, MTg12B cells failed to respond to IL 1 and only expressed the approximately 60 kDa receptor form. This suggests that the approximately 80 kDa receptor is essential for signaling. Expression of both IL 1R forms on D10.G4.1 cells could be inhibited by the anti-IL 4 antibody, 11B11. Antigen presentation reversibly upregulated both forms of the IL 1R, whereas stimulation with concanavalin A (ConA) and anti-CD3 only upregulated the approximately 60 kDa moiety. Upregulation of the approximately 80-kDa IL 1R by repeated antigenic stimulation resulted in a marked increase in sensitivity of D10.G4.1 cells to IL 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Solari
- Department of Cellular Sciences, Glaxo Group Research Ltd., Greenford, Middlesex, UK
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61
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Benton HP. Similar regulation of chondrocyte functions by cellular stimulants of unknown mechanism. Retinoids, cytokines, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39:1-6. [PMID: 2404492 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H P Benton
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K
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62
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Sims JE, Acres RB, Grubin CE, McMahan CJ, Wignall JM, March CJ, Dower SK. Cloning the interleukin 1 receptor from human T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:8946-50. [PMID: 2530587 PMCID: PMC298407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.22.8946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
cDNA clones of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor expressed in a human T-cell clone have been isolated by using a murine IL-1 receptor cDNA as a probe. The human and mouse receptors show a high degree of sequence conservation. Both are integral membrane proteins possessing a single membrane-spanning segment. Similar to the mouse receptor, the human IL-1 receptor contains a large cytoplasmic region and an extracellular, IL-1 binding portion composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains. When transfected into COS cells, the human IL-1 receptor cDNA clone leads to expression of two different affinity classes of receptors, with Ka values indistinguishable from those determined for IL-1 receptors in the original T-cell clone. An IL-1 receptor expressed in human dermal fibroblasts has also been cloned and sequenced and found to be identical to the IL-1 receptor expressed in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sims
- Immunex Corp., Seattle, WA 98101
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63
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Savage N, Puren AJ, Orencole SF, Ikejima T, Clark BD, Dinarello CA. Studies on IL-1 receptors on D10S T-helper cells: demonstration of two molecularly and antigenically distinct IL-1 binding proteins. Cytokine 1989; 1:23-35. [PMID: 2535251 DOI: 10.1016/1043-4666(89)91045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Receptor binding studies were performed on the interleukin-1 (IL-1) sensitive T-helper cell line D10S, a stable line which proliferates to subfemtomolar concentrations of IL-1 in the absence of mitogens. IL-1 binds in a specific and saturable manner and Scatchard analysis at 4 degrees C reveals one class of binding affinity. On D10S cells, the Kd for IL-1 is 227 pM +/- 80, with 11,000 (range 3,300 to 23,800) sites per cell. EL4.6.1 cells, which are less sensitive to IL-1, bind with a single class of high affinity sites (55 pM; 4,000 sites). D10S cells incubated 18 h with IL-1 display reduced IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) numbers and affinities, consistent with reduced (75%, p less than 0.005) proliferation to subsequent IL-1; preincubation with IL-4 increases the number of IL-1R which is associated with increased (200%, p less than 0.001) proliferation to IL-1. The molecular mass of the major (80 kD) IL-1R binding [125I]IL-1 alpha on D10S cells was consistently observed at 73 kD as compared to the 80 kD molecule on the EL4 cells. On the other hand, crosslinking studies with [125I]IL-1 beta on D10S cells revealed a novel 46 kD band on gradient SDS-PAGE corresponding to a binding protein of 29 to 30 kD, which is antigenically distinct from the 80 kD IL-1R. Crosslinking of D10S or EL4 cells at 4 degrees C in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and labeled IL-1 enhanced the appearance of the 30 kD IL-1 binding protein. The findings are consistent with a two-chain model for the IL-1R, although Scatchard analysis did not consistently indicate two classes of affinities. IL-1 binding to the 80 kD protein may form a heteroduplex with the 30 kD IL-1R which could account for the presence of the 120 to 130 kD IL-1 crosslinked proteins observed by several investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Savage
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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64
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Mizuno K, Nakai S, Ohmoto Y, Hirai Y. Identification of a specific receptor for interleukin-1 on rat bone marrow cells. FEBS Lett 1989; 257:27-30. [PMID: 2530111 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor on rat bone marrow cells was investigated using 125I-labeled IL-1 alpha and -1 beta. These radiolabeled ligands bound to the rat bone marrow cells in a specific and saturable manner with Kd values of 0.36 +/- 0.072 nM and 1.9 +/- 0.27 nM, respectively. In a competitive binding experiment, IL-1 alpha and -1 beta inhibited the binding of 125I-IL-1 alpha with Ki values of 0.35 +/- 0.041 nM and 2.9 +/- 1.0 nM. The binding of 125I-IL-1 beta was inhibited by IL-1 alpha and -1 beta with Ki values of 0.27 +/- 0.020 nM and 0.74 +/- 0.12 nM. In cross-linking experiments, 125I-IL-1 alpha was covalently incorporated into two proteins of 163 kDa and 63 kDa. These results suggested the presence of two binding proteins for IL-1 on the rat bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mizuno
- Cellular Technology Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Tokushima, Japan
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65
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Chizzonite R, Truitt T, Kilian PL, Stern AS, Nunes P, Parker KP, Kaffka KL, Chua AO, Lugg DK, Gubler U. Two high-affinity interleukin 1 receptors represent separate gene products. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:8029-33. [PMID: 2530579 PMCID: PMC298207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.20.8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a polypeptide hormone that mediates a broad range of biological activities and interacts with surface receptors on numerous cell types. Equilibrium binding studies have identified a class of IL-1 receptors on T cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells that have 2- to 5-fold higher affinity than the receptors on bone marrow cells, pre-B cells, and macrophage cell lines. Affinity cross-linking with human 125I-labeled IL-1 alpha (125I-IL-1 alpha) labels an approximately 100-kDa protein on T cells and fibroblasts and an approximately 80-kDa protein on pre-B cells and macrophage cell lines. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies specific for the IL-1 receptor on T cells and fibroblasts block human 125I-IL-1 alpha binding to T cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells but cannot block IL-1 binding to bone marrow cells, pre-B cells, and macrophages. These antibodies immunoprecipitate the IL-1 receptor-human 125I-IL-1 alpha complex from T cells and fibroblasts but not from pre-B cells and macrophage cell lines. An S1 nuclease protection assay demonstrated that T cells and fibroblasts contain identical IL-1 receptor mRNA but that pre-B cells and macrophages do not contain this receptor mRNA. Taken together, the data demonstrate that mouse T cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells express an identical IL-1 receptor, whereas the IL-1 receptor on pre-B cells, macrophages, and bone marrow cells represents a different gene product.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Genes
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Molecular Weight
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chizzonite
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110
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66
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Stern AS, Pan YC, Hellmann RS, Parker KP, Mueller D, Hulmes JD, Kilian PL, Chizzonite R. Purification of homogeneity and amino acid sequence analysis of a receptor protein for interleukin 1. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 274:26-36. [PMID: 2528328 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor from mouse EL-4 thymoma cells was purified to homogeneity by a method which utilized ligand affinity chromatography and classical chromatographic techniques. After solubilization of the receptor from intact cells with the zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate, the IL-1 binding activity was purified greater than 23,000-fold. Analysis of the purified protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblot, and ligand blot demonstrated that a single protein of molecular mass of approximately 80 kDa is the IL-1 binding polypeptide. The purified protein bound IL-1 with a dissociation constant of approximately 1.1 X 10(-10) M, which is indistinguishable from the affinity of the cell-bound receptor. The amino acid composition of this protein is strikingly similar to the composition deduced from the sequence of a cDNA coding for an IL-1 receptor from EL-4 cells. Protein sequence analysis of Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease-derived peptides yields data consistent with the sequence proposed from cloned cDNA. These studies have demonstrated that the high affinity IL-1 receptor on EL-4 cells is the 80-kDa protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Stern
- Department of Protein Biochemistry, Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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67
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta are 17.5 kDa peptides which exert a wide variety of biological activities. Both forms of interleukin bind to a common 60-70 kDa receptor expressed by most somatic cells. One major effect of interleukin-1 is to induce the expression of other genes, including genes for other interleukins (IL-6), colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF and G-CSF) and growth factors (PDGFA) and adhesion proteins (ELAM-1, ICAM-1). In vitro, cells of the hematopoietic stroma including thymic epithelium, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, are all capable of responding to interleukin-1 by expressing most of these IL-1 inducible genes. Accordingly, because interleukin-1 has no direct effect on hematopoietic progenitor cells, its major effect on hematopoiesis is to regulate the expression of hematopoietic growth factor genes by other cells. The mechanism by which interleukin-1 induces gene expression is to first induce mRNA accumulation which accounts for an increase in translation of the mRNA. The accumulation of RNA, interestingly, does not result from increased transcription of these genes but by the stabilization of the mRNA. Ordinarily, the hematopoietic growth factor gene transcripts have a very short half-life but in an interleukin-1 induced cell, the half-life of these transcripts is markedly prolonged (greater than 24 h). This particular effect of IL-1 on transcript stability likely accounts for virtually all of the hematopoietic activities of interleukin-1 including: (1) induction of growth factors; (2) synergy with other factors; (3) priming; and (4) auto-induction. Three clinical models of hematopoiesis are presented which suggest that the interleukin-1 CSF network is operative in vivo. The ability of interleukin-1 to induce the expression of hematopoietic growth factor genes as well as genes whose products regulate cellular function and traffic suggest that interleukin-1 is an essential molecular master switch for a number of cellular responses occurring in organisms facing the vicissitudes of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Bagby
- Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland
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68
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Sauder DN, Orr FW, Matic S, Stetsko D, Parker KP, Chizzonite R, Kilian PL. Human interleukin-1 alpha is chemotactic for normal human keratinocytes. Immunol Lett 1989; 22:123-7. [PMID: 2528505 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(89)90178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to have mitogenic and chemotactic properties for a variety of cell types includes keratinocytes. These studies suggested that keratinocytes possess receptors for IL-1. In this study, the chemotactic properties of IL-1 for keratinocytes were confirmed and IL-1 receptors were demonstrated on keratinocytes using a radio receptor assay. Crosslinking studies with IL-1 alpha identified two major bands of Mr 97 kDa and 133 kDa. Thus, keratinocytes possess high affinity IL-1 receptors and respond to IL-1 by directed migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Sauder
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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69
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Smith RJ, Rohloff NA, Sam LM, Justen JM, Deibel MR, Cornette JC. Recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha and recombinant human interleukin-1 beta stimulate cartilage matrix degradation and inhibit glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Inflammation 1989; 13:367-82. [PMID: 2668162 DOI: 10.1007/bf00914921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rhIL-1 alpha) and recombinant human interleukin 1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) stimulated the time- and concentration-dependent release of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from bovine nasal cartilage explants. Maximum GAG release occurred during six to eight days of cartilage exposure to either species of rhIL-1; and rhIL-1 alpha was consistently more potent than rhIL-1 beta. In addition to inducing cartilage matrix resorption, rhIL-1 alpha and rhIL-1 beta also inhibited the incorporation of [35SO4]sulfate into cartilage, which is a reflection of the suppression of GAG synthesis. IL-1 had no capacity to stimulate GAG relase from or inhibit GAG synthesis by dead cartilage. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, and 1, 10-phenanthroline, a metalloproteinase inhibitor, suppressed rhIL-1-stimulated cartilage matrix resorption. Polyclonal antisera to rhIL-1 alpha and rhIL-1 beta specifically neutralized the respective cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Smith
- Department of Hypersensitivity Diseases Research Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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70
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Busbridge NJ, Dascombe MJ, Tilders FJ, van Oers JW, Linton EA, Rothwell NJ. Central activation of thermogenesis and fever by interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-1 alpha involves different mechanisms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 162:591-6. [PMID: 2787987 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 exists in two forms (alpha and beta) which are assumed to act on the same receptor. Both forms of the molecule stimulated fever and thermogenesis in the rat when injected into the brain, but interleukin-1 beta was more effective, and combined injection of alpha and beta elicited additive responses. The actions of interleukin-1 beta were inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with either a receptor antagonist or monoclonal antibody to corticotrophin releasing factor. The effects of interleukin-1 alpha were unaltered by these treatments. The results indicate that brain corticotrophin releasing factor mediates thermogenesis and fever induced by interleukin-1 beta but not by interleukin-1 alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Busbridge
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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71
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A cytokine-selective defect in interleukin-1β-mediated acute phase gene expression in a subclone of the human hepatoma cell line (HEPG2). J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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72
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Linsley PS, Bolton-Hanson M, Horn D, Malik N, Kallestad JC, Ochs V, Zarling JM, Shoyab M. Identification and characterization of cellular receptors for the growth regulator, oncostatin M. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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73
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Abstract
Human endothelial cells have been shown to be distinctive from other IL-1 responsive cells (e.g. murine thymocytes), in the equal units of murine and human IL-1 do not have the same endothelial cell stimulatory effect, as measured by increased lymphocyte adherence. In this paper, the cell surface IL-1 receptors of human endothelial cells, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes have been compared, to investigate whether endothelial cells have a unique receptor for IL-1. IL-1 receptors were isolated by both immunoprecipitation and chemical cross-linking to the ligand. Both techniques demonstrated that human endothelial cells are similar to human T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts, in that they all have a 78,000 mol. wt IL-1 receptor.
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74
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Yaron I, Meyer FA, Dayer JM, Bleiberg I, Yaron M. Some recombinant human cytokines stimulate glycosaminoglycan synthesis in human synovial fibroblast cultures and inhibit it in human articular cartilage cultures. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1989; 32:173-80. [PMID: 2493252 DOI: 10.1002/anr.1780320210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human cytokines were compared for their effects on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis in human synovial fibroblast cultures and human articular cartilage explant cultures. In fibroblast cultures, recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rHuIL-1 alpha), rHuIL-1 beta, and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (rHuTNF alpha) stimulated hyaluronic acid (HA) production and, to a lesser extent, sulfated GAG production, while recombinant human gamma-interferon did not have a significant effect. Half-maximal stimulation of HA by rHuIL-1 beta was 0.14 pM, while stimulation for rHuIL-1 alpha and rHuTNF alpha was 1.6 pM and 32 pM, respectively. Indomethacin (10 micrograms/ml) had no influence on HA stimulation by cytokines, while hydrocortisone (2-10 micrograms/ml) caused a significant reduction. In articular cartilage cultures, the cytokines inhibited production of sulfated GAGs. The activity of rHuIL-1 beta was greater than that of rHuIL-1 alpha (half-maximal inhibition at 0.71 pM and 4.7 pM, respectively) and both were considerably more active than rHuTNF alpha; gamma-interferon again had no significant effect. Neither indomethacin nor hydrocortisone influenced cytokine-induced inhibition by either rHuIL-1 preparation. These studies indicate that cytokines released during an inflammatory process may affect GAG synthesis in human joint tissues and may have opposite effects on GAG synthesis in different types of connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yaron
- Department of Rheumatology, Ichilov Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel
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75
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Hampson F, Monick M, Peterson MW, Hunninghake GW. Immune mediators increase adherence of T-lymphocytes to human lung fibroblasts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 256:C336-40. [PMID: 2493195 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1989.256.2.c336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether immunological mediators that are known to be released in the lungs of patients with active sarcoidosis might increase the adherence of human T-lymphocytes to human lung fibroblasts. The studies demonstrate that interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), gamma-interferon (IFN), and interleukin 2 (IL-2) increase the adherence of T-lymphocytes to fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner. An effect of IL-1, TNF, and IFN was observed at concentrations less than 1 ng/ml; an effect of IL-2 was not observed unless greater than or equal to 60 ng/ml of the mediator was used. The effect of the mediators was primarily on the fibroblasts; however, a significant increase in adherence was also observed when the T-lymphocytes were preincubated with the mediators. These observations suggest that there may be an intimate relationship between the immune response and the fibrotic response in the lungs of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis or in other disorders where tissue fibrosis is mediated by immunological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hampson
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration, Iowa City, Iowa
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76
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Blanton RA, Kupper TS, McDougall JK, Dower S. Regulation of interleukin 1 and its receptor in human keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:1273-7. [PMID: 2465548 PMCID: PMC286670 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.4.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes in culture synthesize and respond to interleukin 1 (IL-1). We have measured surface IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) on keratinocytes in culture using radiolabeled IL-1 binding assays. Surface IL-1R levels are less than 2000 receptors per cell in postconfluent cultures but increase 9- to 20-fold 24 hr after treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) at 10 ng/ml or after raising the extracellular Ca2+ concentration to 2 mM. This induction of surface IL-1R can be blocked by the addition of retinoic acid and parallels induction of squamous differentiation markers. These results imply that IL-1R levels may be related to the degree of differentiation of these cells. In parallel studies IL-1 protein levels were determined by bioassay and by Western blotting (immunoblots). All detectable IL-1 protein and essentially all IL-1 activity was cell-associated. Although constitutive levels of IL-1 biological activity and protein are significant in these cultures, IL-1 levels increase when either PMA or retinoic acid alone are added to cultures. IL-1 does not increase when PMA and retinoic acid are added simultaneously to cultures; nor is it induced when extracellular Ca2+ concentrations are raised to 2 mM. Thus, cell-associated IL-1 levels do not necessarily parallel surface IL-1R levels in these cultures. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IL-1 and surface IL-1R levels are differentially and complexly regulated in keratinocyte cultures. Possible implications of these results in terms of normal and abnormal regulation of proliferation and differentiation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Blanton
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104
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77
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Ohkawara S, Goto F, Yoshinaga M. Interleukin 1 as an inflammatory hormone. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1989; 39:85-100. [PMID: 2524152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1989.tb01486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Ohkawara
- Department of Pathology, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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78
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Postlethwaite AE, Smith GN, Lachman LB, Endres RO, Poppleton HM, Hasty KA, Seyer JM, Kang AH. Stimulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in cultured human dermal fibroblasts by interleukin 1. Induction of hyaluronic acid synthesis by natural and recombinant interleukin 1s and synthetic interleukin 1 beta peptide 163-171. J Clin Invest 1989; 83:629-36. [PMID: 2783590 PMCID: PMC303724 DOI: 10.1172/jci113927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is believed to play a critical role in wound healing and in morphogenesis. Factors controlling the production of HA by fibroblasts in normal and pathological states are not completely understood. In this report we have observed that natural human interleukin (IL-1)1 beta and human recombinant (hrIL)-1 alpha and beta are potent stimulators of HA production by fibroblasts in vitro. Hyaluronic acid is the major species of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) stimulated by IL-1 in fibroblasts. PGE2 does not appear to be involved directly in this IL-1 effect on fibroblasts, but stimulation of HA production by IL-1 is dependent on protein synthesis. The synthetic human IL-1 beta peptide 163-171 (Val-Gln-Gly-Glu-Glu-Ser-Asn-Asp-Lys), which has been previously shown to stimulate thymocyte proliferation but not fibroblast PGE2 production, is also able to stimulate fibroblast HA production. The synthesis and secretion of IL-1 by mononuclear phagocytes at sites of inflammation and immune reactions in vivo could potentially serve as a signal for fibroblasts to synthesize HA, which in turn could serve to facilitate and modulate reparative and immune processes by virtue of its ability to alter cell-cell, cell matrix, and cell-membrane receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Postlethwaite
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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79
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Abstract
Much information has accumulated on the isolation and characterization of a heterogeneous group of molecules that inhibit one or more of the bioactivities of interleukin 1. In this review James Larrick discusses the biological and biochemical data available on several of these native interleukin 1 inhibitors, some of which have additional, unexpected activities.
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80
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Scapigliati G, Ghiara P, Bartalini M, Tagliabue A, Boraschi D. Differential binding of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta to receptors on B and T cells. FEBS Lett 1989; 243:394-8. [PMID: 2521831 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin 1 receptors (IL-1R) on the human B lymphoma RAJI and on the murine thymoma EL4-6.1 have been characterized. Equilibrium binding analysis using both 125I-labeled IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta showed that RAJI cells have a higher number of binding sites/cell for IL-1 beta (2400, Kd 2.2 nM) than for IL-1 alpha (316, Kd 0.13 nM). On the other hand, EL4-6.1 cells have more receptors/cell for IL-1 alpha (22 656, Kd 1 nM) than for IL-1 beta (2988, Kd 0.36 nM). Dexamethasone (DXM) induced on RAJI cells a time-dependent increase in binding sites for both IL-1 beta and IL-1 alpha without affecting their binding affinities. However, while receptor-bound 125I-IL-1 alpha was displaced with equal efficiency by both IL-1 forms, only unlabeled IL-1 beta could effectively displace 125I-IL-1 beta. Cross-linking experiments indicated that RAJI cells have a predominant IL-1R of about 68 kDa, while EL4-6.1 cells have an IL-1-binding polypeptide of 80 kDa. These results suggest that B and T cells possess structurally different IL-1R with distinct binding properties for IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Scapigliati
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Sclavo Research Centre, Siena, Italy
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81
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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82
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Smith RL, Allison AC, Schurman DJ. Induction of articular cartilage degradation by recombinant interleukin 1 alpha and 1 beta. Connect Tissue Res 1989; 18:307-16. [PMID: 2787228 DOI: 10.3109/03008208909019079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of human recombinant interleukin 1, alpha and beta, on articular cartilage. The effects of rIL-1 alpha and rIL-1 beta on proteoglycan degradation and synthesis following treatment of bovine articular cartilage in serum-free organ culture were quantified. Purified human IL-1 and both rIL-1 alpha and rIL-1 beta induced a two-fold or greater increase in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release from cultured articular cartilage. Levels or rIL-1 alpha as low as 15 pM induced increased proteoglycan degradation whereas identical levels of rIL-1 beta did not. Killing of the cartilage cells abolished induced GAG release by all forms of IL-1. Analysis of proteoglycan size following IL-1 treatment showed limited degradation of material released into the culture medium or remaining within cartilage. Both forms of recombinant IL-1 inhibited GAG synthesis when continually present in the culture medium. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide inhibited IL-1 dependent cartilage destruction whereas indomethacin did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Smith
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305
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83
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Sauder DN, Arsenault T, McKenzie RC, Stetsko DK, Harley CB. Biology and molecular biology of epidermal cell-derived thymocyte activating factor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 548:241-52. [PMID: 2854717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb18812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ETAF/IL-1 has a multiplicity of divergent biological effects: enhancement of thymocyte proliferation, stimulation of cells in the hypothalamus to mediate fever, leukocyte chemotaxis, stimulation of hepatic synthesis of acute-phase proteins, augmentation of IL-2 production and keratinocyte proliferation. Until recently, it has not been possible to determine whether these divergent activities are mediated by closely related cytokines or separate cytokines. Now with the identification of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1k from keratinocytes, these studies will become possible. In either case, it is likely that ETAF/IL-1 plays an important role in local cutaneous and systemic inflammatory and immunological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Sauder
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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84
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Lichtman AH, Chin J, Schmidt JA, Abbas AK. Role of interleukin 1 in the activation of T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:9699-703. [PMID: 3264404 PMCID: PMC282842 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.24.9699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of T lymphocytes requires their stimulation via clonotypic antigen receptors as well as nonantigen-specific costimulators, the best defined of which is the cytokine interleukin 1 (IL-1). Recent studies have shown that murine CD4+ helper T lymphocytes consist of two nonoverlapping subsets that selectively utilize interleukin 2 (IL-2) or interleukin 4 as their autocrine growth factors and are called Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. We now show that IL-1 functions as a costimulator for the proliferation of Th2 but not of Th1 clones and only Th2 cells express high-affinity receptors for IL-1. Secretion of autocrine growth-promoting lymphokines by Th1 and Th2 cells occurs after stimulation via the antigen receptor-CD3 complex and is neither dependent on nor affected by IL-1. These findings suggest that the activation of T lymphocytes can be divided into two stages, lymphokine secretion and proliferation, and only proliferation requires costimulators such as IL-1. Moreover, the prevailing view that IL-1 functions as a costimulator by inducing secretion of IL-2 or expression of IL-2 receptors may not be generally applicable, because IL-2-producing Th1 clones do not express receptors for IL-1 and are insensitive to this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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85
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86
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Kupper TS, Lee F, Birchall N, Clark S, Dower S. Interleukin 1 binds to specific receptors on human keratinocytes and induces granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA and protein. A potential autocrine role for interleukin 1 in epidermis. J Clin Invest 1988; 82:1787-92. [PMID: 2460504 PMCID: PMC442749 DOI: 10.1172/jci113792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured human keratinocytes have been shown to produce IL-1 alpha and beta mRNA and protein. IL-1 biological activity has been identified in normal human epidermis; in vitro, most biologically active IL-1 resides in a cell-associated compartment. The potential for autocrine effects of IL-1 on human keratinocytes was assessed by measurement of keratinocyte IL-1 receptors. Both high- and low-affinity cell surface receptors that bound recombinant (r) IL-1 alpha and beta with comparable affinities could be identified on cultured human keratinocytes, using 125I-labeled rIL-1. Chemical crosslinking experiments identified a cell surface molecule of roughly 72,500 Mr that bound 125I-labeled IL-1, similar to the molecular weight of previously described IL-1 receptors on fibroblasts, B cells, and T cells. To assess the biological consequences of keratinocyte IL-1 binding, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene expression was measured. The addition of exogenous rIL-1 alpha led to a dose-dependent increase in the accumulation of GM-CSF mRNA, as measured by a sensitive and specific S1 nuclease assay. This increase in mRNA was reflected in a marked increase in GM-CSF biological activity as measured by proliferation of blast cells from chronic myelogenous leukemia patients. The biological activity was completely inhibitable by an antibody to human rGM-CSF. GM-CSF activates mature neutrophils and macrophages and appears to enhance the efficiency of Langerhans cell antigen presentation to T cells. Release of IL-1 from injured or activated keratinocytes may lead to enhanced epidermal GM-CSF gene expression via an autocrine mechanism, thus enhancing local host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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87
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Katsuura G, Gottschall PE, Arimura A. Identification of a high-affinity receptor for interleukin-1 beta in rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 156:61-7. [PMID: 2972289 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A single type of high-affinity binding sites for IL-1 beta was identified in the rat hypothalamus (Kd = 1.0 +/- 0.2 nM) and cerebral cortex (Kd = 1.3 +/- 0.2 nM), but not in the pituitary. The maximum binding capacity (Bmax) in the hypothalamus (Bmax = 75.4 +/- 10.8 fmol/mg protein) was 4 times greater than in the cerebral cortex (Bmax = 17.2 +/- 1.5 fmol/mg protein). Neither various neuropeptides nor IL-2 appeared to influence the binding of [125I]IL-1 beta to the hypothalamic membrane preparations. The potency of unlabeled IL-1 alpha to replace the binding of [125I]IL-1 beta to the hypothalamic membrane preparations was considerably less than that of unlabeled IL-1 beta. These findings indicate that IL-1 beta receptors are heterogeneously distributed in the central nervous system and that IL-1 alpha does not bind with IL-1 beta receptors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Katsuura
- U.S.-Japan Biomedical Research Laboratories, Tulane University Hebert Center, Belle Chasse, LA 70037
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88
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Butler DM, Vitti GF, Leizer T, Hamilton JA. Stimulation of the hyaluronic acid levels of human synovial fibroblasts by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha, tumor necrosis factor beta (lymphotoxin), interleukin-1 alpha, and interleukin-1 beta. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1988; 31:1281-9. [PMID: 3140820 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780311010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage polypeptides (monokines) alter the properties of synovial cells. This interaction could explain some of the properties of the inflamed synovium in rheumatic disease. Only recently has it been possible to test the action of purified monokines on the target synovial cells. We report here that recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha, tumor necrosis factor beta (lymphotoxin), interleukin-1 alpha, and interleukin-1 beta stimulate the hyaluronic acid (HA) levels of human synovial fibroblast-like cells. The effect of monokines was generally inhibited by indomethacin, suggesting the involvement of an endogenous cyclooxygenase product in the stimulation, and by the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. In contrast, all-trans-retinoic acid stimulated synovial cell plasminogen activator activity but did not increase the HA levels. These findings could help to explain the raised HA levels found in the joint fluids and in the circulation of patients with rheumatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Butler
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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89
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Tyler JA, Benton HP. Synthesis of type II collagen is decreased in cartilage cultured with interleukin 1 while the rate of intracellular degradation remains unchanged. COLLAGEN AND RELATED RESEARCH 1988; 8:393-405. [PMID: 3265659 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(88)80013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of interleukin 1 (IL1) on the synthesis and degradation of collagen was examined in explants of cultured cartilage. IL1 induced a reversible, dose-dependent (10-100 pM) inhibition of type II collagen synthesis. The proportion of collagen produced decreased selectively from 7% to 1.2% of total protein after 72 h exposure to IL1 (100pM). There was no change in the rate of degradation of newly synthesized collagen. Analysis of newly synthesized material showed that the type II collagen synthesized in the presence of IL1 had the same characteristics as that extracted from unstimulated cartilage. The relative amounts of type II procollagen mRNA were estimated by Northern blot hybridization. The levels were decreased in cartilage cultured with IL1 to a similar extent as that seen for the type II collagen protein. Exposure to IL1 (10-350pM) for 3 days did not induce increased resorption of extracellular collagen in the cultured explants. These data demonstrate that decreased collagen production in cartilage exposed to IL1 is due primarily to decreased amounts of type II procollagen mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tyler
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, U.K
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90
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Chin J, Rupp E, Cameron PM, MacNaul KL, Lotke PA, Tocci MJ, Schmidt JA, Bayne EK. Identification of a high-affinity receptor for interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 1 beta on cultured human rheumatoid synovial cells. J Clin Invest 1988; 82:420-6. [PMID: 2969918 PMCID: PMC303530 DOI: 10.1172/jci113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report the binding of recombinant human interleukins 1 alpha and 1 beta (rIL-1 alpha and rIL-1 beta) to primary cultures of human rheumatoid synovial cells is measured and compared to the concentrations of these mediators required for stimulation of PGE2 production by these same cells. The average concentration of IL-1 alpha required for half-maximal stimulation of PGE2 was 4.6 +/- 1.5 pM (+/- SEM) (n = 6), whereas for IL-1 beta half-maximal stimulation was observed at a concentration of 1.3 +/- 0.24 pM (n = 6). Both direct and competitive binding experiments were performed. In direct binding experiments, IL-1 alpha bound with a Kd of 66 pM (n = 1), while IL-1 beta bound with a Kd of 4 pM (n = 2). In competitive binding experiments, IL-1 alpha inhibited binding of 125I-IL-1 alpha with a Ki of 33-36 pM (n = 2) and binding of 125I-IL-1 beta with a Ki of 51-63 pM (n = 2). IL-1 beta inhibited binding of 125I-IL-1 alpha with a Ki of 2-3 pM (n = 2) and binding of 125I-IL-1 beta with a Ki of 7 pM (n = 2). The binding data were best fit by a model specifying a single class of receptors with homogeneous affinity for either IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta and with an abundance of 3,000-14,000 sites per cell. Autoradiography showed that the vast majority of the synoviocytes within the cultures possessed IL-1 receptors. Comparison of biological response curves with the binding curves indicates that the observed receptors exhibit sufficiently high affinity to mediate the response of human synoviocytes to low picomolar concentrations of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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91
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Murine interleukin 1 receptor. Direct identification by ligand blotting and purification to homogeneity of an interleukin 1-binding glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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92
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Sims JE, March CJ, Cosman D, Widmer MB, MacDonald HR, McMahan CJ, Grubin CE, Wignall JM, Jackson JL, Call SM, et A. cDNA expression cloning of the IL-1 receptor, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science 1988; 241:585-9. [PMID: 2969618 DOI: 10.1126/science.2969618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 alpha and -1 beta (IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta) are cytokines that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis. A direct expression strategy was used to clone the receptor for IL-1 from mouse T cells. The product of the cloned complementary DNA binds both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in a manner indistinguishable from that of the native T cell IL-1 receptor. The extracellular, IL-1 binding portion of the receptor is 319 amino acids in length and is composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains. The cytoplasmic portion of the receptor is 217 amino acids long.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sims
- Immunex Corporation, Seattle, WA 98101
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93
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Tvede N, Christensen LD, Odum N, Wiik A, Bendtzen K. Interleukin 1-induced down-regulation of antibody binding to CD4 molecules on human lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 1988; 27:679-84. [PMID: 3260682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb02401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is involved in the early activation of T lymphocytes. The CD4 antigen, described as a phenotypic marker of helper T cells, is also important in early T-cell activation by its ability to bind to MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells, and to transmit positive (and negative) signals to the cells. We observed that purified human monocyte IL-1 as well as recombinant IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta selectively decreased the binding of monoclonal antibodies to CD4 on the surface of otherwise unstimulated blood T cells, in contrast to prestimulated and continuously grown CD4+ cells. Under optimal growth conditions, the initial reduction in antibody binding to CD4 was followed by an apparent re-expression of the CD4 antigen even in the presence of high concentrations of IL-1. This re-expression did not occur if the cells were cultured at 4 degrees C, or after treatment with actinomycin D or cytochalasin B, indicating that protein synthesis and intact microfilament function were essential for re-expression of CD4 binding. The mechanism by which CD4 molecules are physically and/or functionally modulated by IL-1 is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tvede
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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94
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Heino J, Kähäri VM, Mauviel A, Krusius T. Human recombinant interleukin-1 regulates cellular mRNA levels of dermatan sulphate proteoglycan core protein. Biochem J 1988; 252:309-12. [PMID: 3262337 PMCID: PMC1149141 DOI: 10.1042/bj2520309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human skin fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations (from 0.01 to 5.0 units/ml) of human recombinant interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta). Both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were found to increase dermatan-sulphate-proteoglycan (DSPG) core-protein mRNA levels. Maximal increase (3.0-fold) was seen at 48 h after addition of 1 unit of IL-1 beta/ml. In spite of the elevated DSPG-core-protein mRNA only a slight increase (from 10 to 18%) could be seen in the production of DSPG to cell-culture medium. No changes in the molecular mass of DSPG could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heino
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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95
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Geiger T, Andus T, Klapproth J, Northoff H, Heinrich PC. Induction of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein by recombinant human interleukin-1 in rat hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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96
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Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that interleukin-1 (IL-1) stimulates fibroblast growth (Schmidt, J. A., S. B. Mizel, D. Cohn, and I. Green. 1982. J. Immunol. 128:2177-2182) and binds to specific, high affinity receptors of BALB/c3T3 cells (Bird, T. A., and J. Saklatval. 1986. Nature (Lond.). 324:263-265, 266-268). We have investigated the mechanism of fibroblast growth stimulation by IL-1. Addition of fibroblast growth factor derived from platelets (PDGF) to a quiescent culture of BALB/c3T3 cells produced 8-10-fold increase in DNA synthesis during 24-h incubation. The cellular action of PDGF was mediated through competence induction and required synergistic action of plasma-derived factors for full mitogenic activity. When tested at a wide range of concentrations (0.1-100 pM), natural IL-1 or recombinant IL-1 produced only a maximum of 5-10% of DNA synthesis elicited in response to PDGF or serum. Induction of DNA synthesis required continuous presence of IL-1 and did not exhibit synergism with plasma. Competence induction and mitogenic stimulation by PDGF was associated with early induction of proteins P32, P38, P46-48, P75, and changes in cytoskeletal organization. Examination of these early cellular changes showed that IL-1 did not produce similar induction of cellular proteins and the morphological changes associated with growth stimulation. These results suggest that the mode of IL-1 action on BALB/c3T3 was not through competence induction. When IL-1 was added to cells rendered competent by brief exposure to PDGF, 10-15% additional DNA synthesis occurred during the first 24 h. Extended incubation of PDGF-treated cells in the presence of IL-1 revealed that the stimulation by IL-1 occurred predominantly during the subsequent cycle of DNA replication, wherein DNA synthesis reached three- to fivefold higher than the untreated cultures. We conclude (a) IL-1 alone is not a potent mitogen for BALB/c3T3 cells, and does not bring cells out of the growth arrest Go phase, (b) treatment with PDGF renders the cells more responsive to IL-1, (c) part of the IL-1 action on competent cells may be characterized as progression inducing activity, further, (d) our results indicate that action of IL-1 on PDGF-treated cells produces sustained DNA synthesis for an extended period, perhaps by preventing the entry of cells into growth arrest Go phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Singh
- Atheroslerosis and Thrombosis Research, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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97
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Urdal DL, Call SM, Jackson JL, Dower SK. Affinity purification and chemical analysis of the interleukin-1 receptor. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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98
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Postlethwaite AE, Raghow R, Stricklin GP, Poppleton H, Seyer JM, Kang AH. Modulation of fibroblast functions by interleukin 1: increased steady-state accumulation of type I procollagen messenger RNAs and stimulation of other functions but not chemotaxis by human recombinant interleukin 1 alpha and beta. J Cell Biol 1988; 106:311-8. [PMID: 2828381 PMCID: PMC2114989 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.106.2.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is synthesized by and released from macrophages in response to a variety of stimuli and appears to play an essential role in virtually all inflammatory conditions. In tissues of mesenchymal origin (e.g., cartilage, muscle, bone, and soft connective tissue) IL-1 induces changes characteristic of both destructive as well as reparative phenomena. Previous studies with natural IL-1 of varying degrees of purity have suggested that it is capable of modulating a number of biological activities of fibroblasts. We have compared the effects of purified human recombinant (hr) IL-1 alpha and beta on several fibroblast functions. The parameters studied include cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and production of collagen, collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), and prostaglandin (PG) E2. We observed that hrIL-1s stimulate the synthesis and accumulation of type I procollagen chains. Intracellular degradation of collagen is not altered by the hrIL-1s. Both IL-1s were observed to increase the steady-state levels of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2(I) mRNAs, indicating that they exert control of type I procollagen gene expression at the pretranslational level. We found that both hrIL-1 alpha and beta stimulate synthesis of TIMP, collagenase, PGE2, and growth of fibroblasts in vitro but are not chemotactic for fibroblasts. Although hrIl-1 alpha and beta both are able to stimulate production of PGE2 by fibroblasts, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin has no measurable effect on the ability of the IL-1s to stimulate cell growth or production of collagen and collagenase. Each of the IL-1s stimulated proliferation and collagen production by fibroblasts to a similar degree, however hrIL-1 beta was found to be less potent than hrIL-1 alpha in stimulating PGE2 production. These observations support the notion that IL-1 alpha and beta may both modulate the degradation of collagen at sites of tissue injury by virtue of their ability to stimulate collagenase and PGE2 production by fibroblasts. Furthermore, IL-1 alpha and beta might also direct reparative functions of fibroblasts by stimulating their proliferation and synthesis of collagen and TIMP.
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99
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Okai Y. Heterogeneous macrophage-activating factors from extracellular matrix of human embryo fibroblasts. Immunol Lett 1988; 17:145-9. [PMID: 2452134 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(88)90083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previously, the author found a low-molecular-weight stimulating activity for macrophages in the extracellular matrix of a human embryo fibroblast cell strain. It showed stimulatory effects on the attachment ability of macrophages and their production of superoxide anion (-O2) and [3H]UTP incorporation (Zool. Sci. 3, (1986) 621-626). When the author further analyzed this activity, it was found to be associated with two different factors which could be separated by ion exchange chromatography. Their molecular weights were estimated to be about 5 kDa and 10 kDa by gel filtration chromatography; they are designated fibroblast-derived macrophage activating factor I and II (FMAF I and II). They were sensitive to trypsin, but resistant to heat and did not show significant colony stimulating factor and interferon activities. In addition, FMAF II exhibited much higher activity for granulocyte RNA synthesis than FMAF I. The properties of these factors are compared with other factors reported previously and the biological significance of the factors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okai
- Tokyo Research Labs., Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co. Ltd., Japan
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100
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Singer II, Scott S, Hall GL, Limjuco G, Chin J, Schmidt JA. Interleukin 1 beta is localized in the cytoplasmic ground substance but is largely absent from the Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes of stimulated human monocytes. J Exp Med 1988; 167:389-407. [PMID: 3279153 PMCID: PMC2188850 DOI: 10.1084/jem.167.2.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The subcellular location of IL-1 beta was determined using a postsectioning immunoelectron microscopic method on ultrathin frozen sections of human monocytes stimulated with LPS. This methodology permits access of antibody probes to all sectioned intracellular compartments, and their visualization at high resolution. Staining was performed with a rabbit antibody that specifically recognized amino acids 197-215 in the 33-kD IL-1 beta precursor molecule, followed by affinity-purified goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to 10 nm colloidal gold particles. Approximately 90% of the IL-1 beta antigens were localized in the ground substance of the cytoplasm at 4 or 20 h after activation, when both intracellular and extracellular accumulation of IL-1 beta was well underway. No significant IL-1 beta staining was observed on the outer cell membrane, nor within the lumens of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus, or secretory vesicles. In contrast, lysozyme was localized in the ER and dense secretory granules using these methods. Our results suggest that IL-1 beta is not anchored on the plasma membrane, and that its secretion occurs by a novel mechanism that does not use a secretory leader sequence, nor the classical secretory pathway involving the ER and Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Singer
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Pathology, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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