51
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Ugolini S, Vivier E. Regulation of T cell function by NK cell receptors for classical MHC class I molecules. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12:295-300. [PMID: 10781402 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors for MHC class I molecules were initially characterised on NK cells. Human and mouse NK cell receptors (NKRs) are also expressed on T cells, predominantly on a subset of memory-phenotype CD8(+) T cells. This review focuses on the precise determination of interactions between NKRs and MHC class I, as well as on the unexpected in vivo function of NKRs on T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ugolini
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Universitaire de Luminy, Marseille, 13288, France
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52
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Fahlén L, Oberg L, Brännström T, Khoo NK, Lendahl U, Sentman CL. Ly49A expression on T cells alters T cell selection. Int Immunol 2000; 12:215-22. [PMID: 10653857 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly49 receptors are inhibitory receptors expressed on subsets of both NK cells and NK1.1(+) T cells. The function of these receptors on NK cells is believed to be important in maintaining self-tolerance, yet their role on T cells is unclear. In this report we investigated how an Ly49A transgene alters T and NK cell development in an in vivo environment, where a ligand for Ly49A is expressed. Ly49A transgenic mice that co-expressed an MHC ligand for Ly49A, H-2D(d), developed a severe inflammatory disorder that resulted in death within the first weeks of age. T cells expressing forbidden TCR V(beta) chains were found both in the thymus and periphery of transgenic mice, while non-transgenic littermates had successfully deleted these T cell subsets. These data indicate that the expression of Ly49A on T cells could alter T cell selection and allow survival of potentially self-reactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocardium/pathology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fahlén
- Umeå Center for Molecular Pathogenesis and Department of Pathology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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53
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Pauza M, Smith KM, Neal H, Reilly C, Lanier LL, Lo D. Transgenic expression of Ly-49A in thymocytes alters repertoire selection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:884-92. [PMID: 10623836 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A T cell-specific Ly-49A transgene inhibits TCR-mediated activation in the presence of H-2Dd. Expression of this transgene by developing thymocytes impairs negative selection evidenced by a failure to delete potentially autoreactive T cells and development of a graft-vs-host-disease-like syndrome. In mice carrying both the Ly-49A and a class II-restricted TCR transgene, positive selection was lost, but only when H-2Dd was present on thymic epithelium. These results are consistent with models suggesting that thymic selection is dependent on the perceived intensity of TCR signaling. More interestingly, these results show that Ly-49A does not simply provide a strict on/off switch for T cell responses. Since Ly-49A may shift the signaling threshold of TCR-induced triggering, inducible expression of Ly-49A may regulate peripheral memory/activated T cells by raising the threshold for T cell reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pauza
- Department of Immunology IMM-25, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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54
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Zajac AJ, Vance RE, Held W, Sourdive DJD, Altman JD, Raulet DH, Ahmed R. Impaired Anti-Viral T Cell Responses Due to Expression of the LY49A Inhibitory Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.10.5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors specific for alleles of MHC class I proteins play an important role in determining the reactivity and specificity of NK cells. To determine whether these receptors are also able to regulate T cell functions, we have studied anti-viral immune responses in mice transgenic for a class I-specific inhibitory receptor, Ly49A. Although nontransgenic mice express Ly49A primarily on NK cells and some T cells, the Ly49A transgenic mice express Ly49A on all lymphocytes, including T cells. We have assessed the activation, expansion, cytokine production, and cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells in both transgenic and nontransgenic mice following infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. As expected, nontransgenic mice made a potent virus-specific CD8 T cell response following virus infection. However, as measured in cytolysis assays and by cytokine production, virus-specific CD8 T cell activity was reduced in Ly49A transgenic mice. This inhibition was largely, but not always exclusively, dependent upon the presence, either in vivo or in vitro, of the Ly49A ligand, H-2Dd. Strikingly Ly49A transgenic mice have reduced capacity to control infection with the virulent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus variant clone 13. Overall, these studies demonstrate that expression of killer inhibitory receptors can modulate anti-viral T cell responses in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan J. Zajac
- *Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Russell E. Vance
- †Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Werner Held
- †Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - John D. Altman
- *Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - David H. Raulet
- †Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- *Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
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55
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Xia G, Ji P, Rutgeerts O, Waer M. Maintenance and reversibility of natural killer cell- and T cell-independent B lymphocyte xenotolerance in athymic nude rats. Transplantation 1999; 68:1181-8. [PMID: 10551648 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199910270-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously described that a tolerogeneic regimen (TR) including (1) the infusion of a minced hamster heart suspension (MHH), (2) a single injection of an anti-natural killer (NK) cell serum (rabbit anti-asialo GM1 serum), and (3) a 4-week course of the B cell immunosuppressant leflunomide (20 mg/kg/ day) induced T cell-independent (T-I) B lymphocyte and NK cell tolerance for hamster xenoantigens in T-deficient athymic nude rats. In addition, the TR allowed for long-term hamster cardiac xenograft (Xg) survival when Xgs were transplanted 2 weeks (Day 0) after the initiation of the TR (started on Day - 14). The present study was undertaken to investigate some of the characteristics of this T-I xenotolerance in more detail. METHODS To investigate the duration of the effect of the TR on the T-I xenotolerance, hamster Xgs were transplanted at various times after initiation of the TR. To investigate whether the maintenance of the T-I xenotolerance depended on the presence of the graft, tolerated Xgs were removed on Day +28, and the subsequent evolution of the T-I xenotolerance as well as of second hamster Xg was followed. In addition, the reversibility of NK cell nonresponsiveness by recombinant interleukin-2 was investigated in vitro. RESULTS Xgs transplanted on day 0 or Day +7 showed long-term survival. However, all Xgs transplanted on Day +15, +30, and +60 were rapidly rejected. The latter rejection occurred in the absence of formation of anti-hamster immunoglobulin (Ig)M xenoreactive antibodies (xAbs) but correlated with the recovery of anti-hamster NK cell reactivity from day +14 on. Rejected Xgs showed infiltration of NK cells but absence of IgM xAbs or complement factor deposition. When tolerated first Xgs (transplanted on Day 0) were removed on Day +28, second hamster Xgs survived without treatment when transplanted 1 or 2 weeks later. However, second hamster Xgs transplanted 3 weeks after removal of the first Xgs were all rapidly rejected. Again, the latter rejection was characterized by the infiltration of the Xgs with NK cells and by the absence of anti-hamster IgM xAbs formation. Xenoreactive NK cell nonresponsiveness was not only shorter than xenoreactive B cell nonresponsiveness, but was also more fragile. This was evident from the fact that after addition of recombinant interleukin-2 in vitro, specific anti-hamster NK nonresponsiveness was easily broken. CONCLUSIONS NK cell and T-I B cell xenotolerance can be induced in T-deficient rats. Compared with B cell xenotolerance, the maintenance of NK cell xenotolerance is much shorter, more dependent on the presence of the graft, and easily reversible in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xia
- Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation, University of Leuven, Belgium
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56
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Abstract
Each cell is equipped with two copies (alleles) of each autosomal gene. While the vast majority use both alleles, occasional genes are expressed from a single allele. The reason for mono-allelic expression is not always evident and can serve distinct purposes. First, it may facilitate the tight control over the dosage of certain gene products such as some growth factors and their receptors or X-linked genes. Second, the differential usage of the two parental alleles may reflect the mechanisms that ensure mono-specificity, e.g. olfactory receptors, T and B cell receptors. The context of allele-specific expression of the murine Ly49 natural killer (NK) cell receptor genes suggests that their allele-specific expression reflects a process that generates clonal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Held
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 155, Ch. des Boveresses, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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57
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Held W, Kunz B, Lowin-Kropf B, van de Wetering M, Clevers H. Clonal acquisition of the Ly49A NK cell receptor is dependent on the trans-acting factor TCF-1. Immunity 1999; 11:433-42. [PMID: 10549625 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Families of clonally expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-specific receptors provide specificity to and regulate the function of natural killer (NK) cells. One of these receptors, mouse Ly49A, is expressed by 20% of NK cells and inhibits the killing of H-2D(d) but not D(b)-expressing target cells. Here, we show that the trans-acting factor TCF-1 binds to two sites in the Ly49A promoter and regulates its activity. Moreover, we find that TCF-1 determines the size of the Ly49A NK cell subset in vivo in a dosage-dependent manner. We propose that clonal Ly49A acquisition during NK cell development is regulated by TCF-1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly
- Binding Sites
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Lineage
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Subsets
- Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Self Tolerance
- T Cell Transcription Factor 1
- Thymoma/pathology
- Thymus Neoplasms/pathology
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- W Held
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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58
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Manilay JO, Waneck GL, Sykes M. Levels of Ly-49 Receptor Expression Are Determined by the Frequency of Interactions with MHC Ligands: Evidence Against Receptor Calibration to a “Useful” Level. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ly-49 receptor expression was studied in NK cells that developed in fully MHC-mismatched mixed bone marrow chimeras, in which host and donor MHC ligands were expressed solely on various proportions of hemopoietic cells or on both hemopoietic and nonhemopoietic cells. When hemopoietic cells were the only source of MHC ligand, a strong correlation between the level of down-regulation of Ly-49A, Ly-49C, and Ly-49G2 and the number of hemopoietic cells expressing their MHC ligands was observed on both donor and host NK cells. In some animals with low levels of donor hemopoietic chimerism, NK cells of donor origin expressed Ly-49 receptors at higher levels than was observed in normal mice of the same strain. This unexpected observation is inconsistent with the receptor calibration theory, which states that expression of Ly-49 inhibitory receptors is calibrated to an optimal level to maintain an NK cell repertoire that is sensitive to perturbations in normal class I ligand expression. Our data suggest a model in which Ly-49 receptors down-modulate in accordance with the frequency of their interactions with ligand-bearing cells, rather than a model in which these receptors calibrate to a specific “useful” level in response to ligands present in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer O. Manilay
- *Bone Marrow Transplantation Section,
- ‡Transplantation Biology Research Center, Surgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Gerald L. Waneck
- ‡Transplantation Biology Research Center, Surgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
- †Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, and
| | - Megan Sykes
- *Bone Marrow Transplantation Section,
- ‡Transplantation Biology Research Center, Surgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
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59
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Salcedo M. Inhibitory role of murine Ly49 lectin-like receptors on natural killer cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999; 244:97-105. [PMID: 10453652 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-58537-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Salcedo
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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60
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Hanke T, Takizawa H, McMahon CW, Busch DH, Pamer EG, Miller JD, Altman JD, Liu Y, Cado D, Lemonnier FA, Bjorkman PJ, Raulet DH. Direct assessment of MHC class I binding by seven Ly49 inhibitory NK cell receptors. Immunity 1999; 11:67-77. [PMID: 10435580 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mouse NK cells express at least seven inhibitory Ly49 receptors. Here we employ a semiquantitative cell-cell adhesion assay as well as class I/peptide tetramers to provide a comprehensive analysis of specificities of Ly49 receptors for class I MHC molecules in eight MHC haplotypes. Different Ly49 receptors exhibited diverse binding properties. The degree of class I binding was related to the extent of functional inhibition. The tetramer studies demonstrated that neither glycosylation nor coreceptors were necessary for class I binding to Ly49 receptors and uncovered peptide-specific recognition by a Ly49 receptor. The results provide a foundation for interpreting and integrating many existing functional studies as well as for designing tests of NK cell development and self-tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hanke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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61
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Naper C, Ryan JC, Kirsch R, Butcher GW, Rolstad B, Vaage JT. Genes in two major histocompatibility complex class I regions control selection, phenotype, and function of a rat Ly-49 natural killer cell subset. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:2046-53. [PMID: 10382768 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199906)29:06<2046::aid-immu2046>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have generated a monoclonal antibody (STOK2) which reacts with an inhibitory MHC receptor on a subset of alloreactive NK cells in the rat. This receptor, termed the STOK2 antigen (Ag), belongs to the Ly-49 family of lectin-like molecules and displays specificity for the classical MHC class I molecule RT1-A1c of PVG rats. Here, we have investigated the influence of the MHC on the selection, phenotype and function of the STOK2+ NK subset in a panel of MHC congenic and intra-MHC recombinant strains. STOK2 receptor density was influenced by the presence of its classical MHC I ligand RT1-A1c, as evidenced by a reduction of STOK2 Ag on the surface of NK cells from RT1-A1c+, as compared with RT1-A1c-, strains. In addition, a role for nonclassical MHC I RT1-C/E/M alleles in the selection of the STOK2 Ag was demonstrated. The relative number of STOK2+ NK cells was fivefold higher in rats expressing the RT1-C/E/M(av1) as compared with those expressing the RT1-C/E/M(u) class Ib haplotype. The STOK2 ligand RT1-A1c inhibited cytotoxicity of STOK2+ NK cells regardless of effector cell MHC haplotype. Allospecificity of STOK2+ NK cells varied markedly with effector cell MHC, however, and suggested that inhibitory MHC I receptors apart from STOK2 were variably co-expressed by these cells. These data provide evidence for the MHC-dependent regulation of the allospecific repertoire within a subset of potentially autoreactive Ly-49+ rat NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Naper
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, Norway.
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62
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Abstract
A natural killer (NK)/T-cell-restricted progenitor cell in the fetal blood, with a phenotype of NK1.1(+) CD117 (c-kit)+, can give rise to NK cells. IL-15 is probably required for NK cell differentiation and, in addition, stimulates expression of at least one of the MHC-specific inhibitory receptor families expressed by NK cells. Evidence supports the role of multiple mechanisms in rendering NK cells self tolerant - including selection for expression of self-specific inhibitory receptors, anergy and modulation of the cell surface levels of MHC-specific inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, 485 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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63
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Sivakumar PV, Williams NS, Puzanov IJ, Schatzle JD, Bennett M, Kumar V. Development of self-recognition systems in natural killer cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 452:1-12. [PMID: 9889953 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5355-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of NK cells is bone marrow dependent. Although all the factors necessary for NK differentiation are yet to be fully characterized, IL-15 has emerged as the most likely candidate that drives terminal differentiation of NK cells. Other cytokines are needed for the expansion and maintenance of the progenitor population. Although the in vivo role for IL-15 cannot be established without the generation of either IL-15 or IL-15R alpha deficient mice, in vitro data suggests that it is responsible for the generation of lytic, NK1.1+ cells from immature progenitors. So far, it has not been possible to obtain Ly-49+ cells from marrow or fetal-derived progenitor cells in vitro. Stromal cells along with cytokines may be necessary to induce expression of Ly-49 on NK1.1+ cells. Expression of the NK receptors seems to be a sequential process with expression of IL-2/15R beta on progenitor cells occurring first followed by the expression of NK1.1 and then probably Ly-49. The same sequence seems to hold true in vivo as well, Ly-49 surface expression on splenic NK1.1+ cells is first detected 4-6 days after birth, and the frequency of cells expressing Ly-49 receptors reaches adult levels by days 20-24. Despite the lack of expression of Ly-49 receptors by fetal NK1.1+ as well as bone marrow derived NK1.1+ cells, they are able to distinguish between MHC class Ihi and class Ilo targets. This suggests that these NK1.1+Ly-49- cells express non-Ly-49 class I receptors. Efforts in the future need to be focused on elements responsible for the expression of Ly49 on these NK1.1+ cells in order to establish an in vitro system in which establishment of the Ly-49 repertoire can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Sivakumar
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9072, USA
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64
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Andersson M, Freland S, Johansson MH, Wallin R, Sandberg JK, Chambers BJ, Christensson B, Lendahl U, Lemieux S, Salcedo M, Ljunggren HG. MHC Class I Mosaic Mice Reveal Insights into Control of Ly49C Inhibitory Receptor Expression in NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.12.6475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have analyzed lymphocyte development in natural MHC class I chimeric mice, generated through a transgenic approach in β2-microglobulin (β2m)−/− mice. In these mice, MHC class I+ cells coexist with an equal proportion of MHC class I-deficient cells. These MHC class I mosaic mice had normal numbers of CD8+ T cells, which had a target cell specificity similar to that of wild-type mice. Consequently, the mice did not develop any signs of autoimmunity. They also had normal numbers of NK cells. This allowed an examination of the MHC class I influence on the expression of the Ly49C inhibitory receptor on NK cells. This receptor binds to H-2Kb. It is expressed at low levels on NK cells in wild-type mice of the H-2b haplotype, but at markedly higher levels on NK cells in β2m−/− mice and other strains of mice lacking expression of H-2Kb. Relatively little is known about how MHC class I molecules affect expression of the Ly49 receptors. Through the analysis of the present MHC class I mosaic mice, we demonstrate that the expression levels of Ly49C on NK cells is a consequence not only of MHC class I expression in the environment, but also of the expression of MHC class I molecules by the NK cells themselves. These findings are discussed in relation to the biological role of the calibration of the Ly49 inhibitory receptor expression in relation to self-MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Andersson
- *Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Freland
- *Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria H. Johansson
- *Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Wallin
- *Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- *Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Birger Christensson
- †Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology, and Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Urban Lendahl
- ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Suzanne Lemieux
- §Centre de Recherche en Immunologie, Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Margarita Salcedo
- *Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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65
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Kåse A, Johansson MH, Olsson-Alheim MY, Kärre K, Höglund P. External and Internal Calibration of the MHC Class I-Specific Receptor Ly49A on Murine Natural Killer Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Expression of the H-2Dd-specific inhibitory receptor Ly49A on murine NK cells is subject to MHC class I-dependent modulation in vivo. As a result, NK cells in H-2Dd-transgenic mice express low cell surface levels of Ly49A, whereas NK cells from nontransgenic C57BL/6 (B6) mice express high levels. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of MHC class I molecules on the NK cell itself vs those on surrounding cells in this calibration and to test whether the Ly49A levels are subject to regulation in mature NK cells also. Analysis of transgenic mice with mosaic expression of an H-2Dd/Ld transgene showed that MHC class I molecules on surrounding cells (external ligands) and on the NK cell itself (internal ligands) played distinct roles in the determination of Ly49A levels. External ligands were involved in down-regulation of Ly49A levels in vivo, whereas internal ligands kept the down-regulated levels of Ly49A low upon NK cell activation in vitro. Furthermore, in an experimental system based on adoptive transfer of spleen cells, receptor down-regulation of Ly49A occurred as a rapid adaptation process in mature NK cells after interaction with the H-2Dd ligand in vivo. This suggests that Ly49 levels are not fixed but can be changed in mature NK cells when they are exposed to a changed MHC class I environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kåse
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria H. Johansson
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Klas Kärre
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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66
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Khoo NK, Fahlén L, Sentman CL. Modulation of Ly49A receptors on mature cells to changes in major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Immunol Suppl 1998; 95:126-31. [PMID: 9767467 PMCID: PMC1364386 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression of murine Ly49 receptors on natural killer (NK) cells and NK1.1+ T cells is believed to prevent these cells from responding against normal self-tissues. In this report we investigated whether the expression level of Ly49A was fixed on mature cells or if it could be adapted as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I environment changed in vivo. By transferring peripheral T cells from Ly49A transgenic mice into BALB/c nude/nude and B6 nude/nude mice, we demonstrated that mature cells modulate their Ly49A receptor expression relative to the in vivo MHC class I environment. These results indicated that the expression of the inhibitory Ly49A receptor is not permanently fixed during a maturation and/or education process but rather is adapted to MHC class I changes on the surrounding cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly
- Flow Cytometry
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Khoo
- Umeâ Center for Molecular Pathogenesis, Umeâ University, S-901 87 Umeâ, Sweden
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67
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Held W, Kunz B. An allele-specific, stochastic gene expression process controls the expression of multiple Ly49 family genes and generates a diverse, MHC-specific NK cell receptor repertoire. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2407-16. [PMID: 9710218 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199808)28:08<2407::aid-immu2407>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mouse NK cells express MHC class I-specific inhibitory Ly49 receptors. Since these receptors display distinct ligand specificities and are clonally distributed, their expression generates a diverse NK cell receptor repertoire specific for MHC class I molecules. We have previously found that the Dd (or Dk)-specific Ly49A receptor is usually expressed from a single allele. However, a small fraction of short-term NK cell clones expressed both Ly49A alleles, suggesting that the two Ly49A alleles are independently and randomly expressed. Here we show that the genes for two additional Ly49 receptors (Ly49C and Ly49G2) are also expressed in a (predominantly) mono-allelic fashion. Since single NK cells can co-express multiple Ly49 receptors, we also investigated whether mono-allelic expression from within the tightly linked Ly49 gene cluster is coordinate or independent. Our clonal analysis suggests that the expression of alleles of distinct Ly49 genes is not coordinate. Thus Ly49 alleles are apparently independently and randomly chosen for stable expression, a process that directly restricts the number of Ly49 receptors expressed per single NK cell. We propose that the Ly49 receptor repertoire specific for MHC class I is generated by an allele-specific, stochastic gene expression process that acts on the entire Ly49 gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Held
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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68
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Abstract
In killing of cellular targets, natural killer cells employ receptors that activate them and receptors specific for MHC class I that inhibit their activation. Progress in understanding the inhibitory receptors has been rapid, and indications are that they fall into two distinct structural types that appear to utilize the same inhibitory signaling cascade; meanwhile, components of the activation cascade are being elucidated, permitting us to integrate the pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Yokoyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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69
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Abstract
NK cells are regulated by opposing signals from receptors that activate and inhibit effector function. While positive stimulation may be initiated by an array of costimulatory receptors, specificity is provided by inhibitory signals transduced by receptors for MHC class I. Three distinct receptor families, Ly49, CD94/NKG2, and KIR, are involved in NK cell recognition of polymorphic MHC class I molecules. A common pathway of inhibitory signaling is provided by ITIM sequences in the cytoplasmic domains of these otherwise structurally diverse receptors. Upon ligand binding and activation, the inhibitory NK cell receptors become tyrosine phosphorylated and recruit tyrosine phosphatases, SHP-1 and possibly SHP-2, resulting in inhibition of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine expression. Recent studies suggest these inhibitory NK cell receptors are members of a larger superfamily containing ITIM sequences, the inhibitory receptor superfamily (IRS).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/physiology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- beta 2-Microglobulin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Lanier
- DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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70
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Vance RE, Raulet DH. Toward a quantitative analysis of the repertoire of class I MHC-specific inhibitory receptors on natural killer cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998; 230:135-60. [PMID: 9586355 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46859-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Vance
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley 94720, USA.
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71
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Dorfman JR, Raulet DH. Acquisition of Ly49 receptor expression by developing natural killer cells. J Exp Med 1998; 187:609-18. [PMID: 9463411 PMCID: PMC2212149 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.4.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1997] [Revised: 12/10/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of the repertoire of mouse natural killer (NK) cell receptors for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules was investigated by determining the developmental pattern of Ly49 receptor expression. During the first days after birth, few or no splenic NK cells express Ly49A, Ly49C, Ly49G2, or Ly49I receptors. The proportion of Ly49+ splenic NK cells gradually rises to adult levels during the first 6-8 wk of life. The appearance of appreciable numbers of splenic Ly49+ NK cells coincides with the appearance of NK activity at 3-4 wk. After in vivo transfer, NK cells not expressing specific Ly49 receptors can give rise to NK cells that do, and cells expressing one of these four Ly49 receptors can give rise to cells expressing others. Once initiated, expression of a Ly49 receptor is stable for at least 10 d after in vivo transfer. Hence, initiation of Ly49 receptor expression occurs successively. Interestingly, expression of one of the receptors tested, Ly49A, did not occur after in vivo transfer of Ly49A- cells. One possible explanation for these data is that the order of Ly49 receptor expression by NK cells is nonrandom. The results provide a framework for evaluating models of NK cell repertoire formation, and how the repertoire is molded by host class I MHC molecules.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/embryology
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dorfman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and the Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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72
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Valiante NM, Uhrberg M, Shilling HG, Lienert-Weidenbach K, Arnett KL, D'Andrea A, Phillips JH, Lanier LL, Parham P. Functionally and structurally distinct NK cell receptor repertoires in the peripheral blood of two human donors. Immunity 1997; 7:739-51. [PMID: 9430220 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The expression of KIR and CD94:NKG2 receptors was determined for more than 100 natural killer (NK) cell clones obtained from two blood donors who differ in their HLA class I and KIR genes. More than 98% of the clones were inhibited by individual autologous class I allotypes, and every clone was inhibited by the combination of autologous allotypes. The patterns of inhibition correlate with expression of inhibitory receptors of defined specificity. One donor possesses three class I ligands for KIR, and a majority of NK cells use KIR as their inhibitory receptor; the second donor possesses only a single ligand for KIR, and a majority of NK cells use the more broadly reactive CD94:NKG2a as their inhibitory receptor. Because of these differences, the first donor has subpopulations of NK cells that kill cells of the second donor, whereas the NK cells of the second donor are universally tolerant of cells from the first donor.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Blood Donors
- DNA, Complementary
- HLA-A Antigens/immunology
- HLA-B Antigens/immunology
- HLA-C Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Valiante
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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73
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Held W, Raulet DH. Expression of the Ly49A gene in murine natural killer cell clones is predominantly but not exclusively mono-allelic. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2876-84. [PMID: 9394813 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Ly49 family of natural killer (NK) cell receptors are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-specific inhibitory receptors that are distributed to overlapping NK cell subsets. Extending earlier studies of polyclonal NK cell populations, we have employed an analysis of short-term NK cell clones from Ly49A heterozygous mice, to demonstrate that the Ly49A gene is usually expressed from one or the other allele in each Ly49A+ cell. However, we also detected a small percentage of clones that expressed both Ly49A alleles. The possibility that the colonies exhibiting bi-allelic Ly49A gene expression had been inoculated with more than one cell was ruled out by parallel analysis of clones isolated from mixtures of NK cells from Ly49A homozygous mice. The frequency of bi-allelic Ly49A+ clones suggested that the two Ly49A alleles in an NK cell are chosen for expression independently. These data are consistent with the proposal that mono-allelic Ly49A gene expression may arise as a consequence of a stochastic Ly49 gene activation mechanism. Analysis of Ly49A+ clones from MHC-different mice demonstrated that class I-deficient mice harbored a greater number of bi-allelic Ly49A+ cells than did H-2d mice, which express a Ly49A ligand. Although the numbers were insufficiently large for a clear assignment, H-2b mice may harbor an intermediate number of bi-allelic Ly49A+ NK cells. The effects of MHC expression on the prevalence of bi-allelic Ly49A+ cells suggest that an MHC-dependent education process modifies the Ly49 repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Clone Cells
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, MHC Class I/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- W Held
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley 94720, USA
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74
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Gascoigne NR. Natural killer cells: influence of the home environment. Curr Biol 1997; 7:R624-6. [PMID: 9368742 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent results show that the repertoire of anti-MHC class 1-specific inhibitory receptors expressed by natural killer cells is influenced by self class 1 molecules in such a way as to minimize the number of cells with multiple self-reactive inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Gascoigne
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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