51
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Aki D, Li H, Zhang W, Zheng M, Elly C, Lee JH, Zou W, Liu YC. The E3 ligases Itch and WWP2 cooperate to limit T H2 differentiation by enhancing signaling through the TCR. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:766-775. [PMID: 29925997 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the sensitivity of naive CD4+ T cells to stimulation by the cognate antigen via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) determines their differentiation into distinct helper T cell subsets remain elusive. Here we demonstrate functional collaboration of the ubiquitin E3 ligases Itch and WWP2 in regulating the strength of the TCR signal. Mice lacking both Itch and WWP2 in T cells showed spontaneous autoimmunity and lung inflammation. CD4+ T cells deficient in Itch and WWP2 exhibited hypo-responsiveness to TCR stimulation and a bias toward differentiation into the TH2 subset of helper T cells. Itch and WWP2 formed a complex and cooperated to enhance TCR-proximal signaling by catalyzing the conjugation of atypical ubiquitin chains to the phosphatase SHP-1 and reducing the association of SHP-1 with the tyrosine kinase Lck. These findings indicate that targeted ubiquitination regulates the strength of the TCR signal and differentiation toward the TH2 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aki
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingke Zheng
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chris Elly
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jee H Lee
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weiguo Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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52
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Morel PA. Differential T-cell receptor signals for T helper cell programming. Immunology 2018; 155:63-71. [PMID: 29722021 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon encounter with their cognate antigen, naive CD4 T cells become activated and are induced to differentiate into several possible T helper (Th) cell subsets. This differentiation depends on a number of factors including antigen-presenting cells, cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules. The strength of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signal, related to the affinity of TCR for antigen and antigen dose, has emerged as a dominant factor in determining Th cell fate. Recent studies have revealed that TCR signals of high or low strength do not simply induce quantitatively different signals in the T cells, but rather qualitatively distinct pathways can be induced based on TCR signal strength. This review examines the recent literature in this area and highlights important new developments in our understanding of Th cell differentiation and TCR signal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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53
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The Initiation of Th2 Immunity Towards Food Allergens. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051447. [PMID: 29757238 PMCID: PMC5983584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast with Th1 immune responses against pathogenic viruses and bacteria, the incipient events that generate Th2 responses remain less understood. One difficulty in the identification of universal operating principles stems from the diversity of entities against which cellular and molecular Th2 responses are produced. Such responses are launched against harmful macroscopic parasites and noxious substances, such as venoms, but also against largely innocuous allergens. This suggests that the established understanding about sense and recognition applied to Th1 responses may not be translatable to Th2 responses. This review will discuss processes and signals known to occur in Th2 responses, particularly in the context of food allergy. We propose that perturbations of homeostasis at barrier sites induced by external or internal subverters, which can activate or lower the threshold activation of the immune system, are the major requirement for allergic sensitization. Innate signals produced in the tissue under these conditions equip dendritic cells with a program that forms an adaptive Th2 response.
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54
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Shen H, Yin C, Gao YN, Pei XY, Sun XY, Ge Q, Wang W, Zhang Y. Recirculating Th2 cells induce severe thymic dysfunction via IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:320-327. [PMID: 29738764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thymic involution happened early in life, but a certain ratio of activated CD4+ T cells will persistently recirculate into the thymus from the periphery and it have been suggested to be able to inhibit the development of embryonic thymocytes. Our present study was aimed to elucidate the specific mechanism how activated CD4+ T cells could influence upon developing thymocytes by using fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC) and kidney capsule transplantation. Our results demonstrated that Th2 cells were found to play a fundamental role in the inhibition of embryonic thymocyte development since a very low concentration of Th2 cells could obviously reduce the total number of thymocytes. And this effect was not tenable in other Th cell type. Notably, IL-4, the major cytokine secreted by Th2 cells, was suggested the key factor playing the inhibition role. In addition to reduced cell population, the proportion of double positive (DP) T cells was also heavily decreased. Furthermore, we demonstrated that it was the downstream effector signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) of IL-4 partially manipulate this inhibition. Together, these findings reveal a novel influence of Th2 cells re-entering the thymus on thymic involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Pei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Yuan Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China; Institute of Biological Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
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Abstract
It had been a great honor for me to work with the late Dr. William E. Paul for 17 years in the Laboratory of Immunology (LI) from 1998 until his passing in 2015. He was such a master in the immunology field. Under his outstanding guidance, my research has been focusing on transcriptional regulation of T helper (Th) cell differentiation, especially, on the role of a master transcription factor GATA3 during Th2 cell differentiation. Just as enormous scientific contributions of Dr. Paul (we all call him Bill) to the immunology community are far beyond his serving as the Chief of the LI, GATA3 also plays important roles in different lymphocytes at various developmental stages besides its critical functions in Th2 cells. In this special review dedicated to the memory of Bill, I will summarize the research that I have carried out in Bill's lab working on GATA3 in the context of related studies by other groups in the field of T cell differentiation and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development. These include the essential role of GATA3 in regulating Th2/ILC2 differentiation/development and their functions, the critical role of GATA3 during the development of T cells and innate lymphoid cells, and dynamic and quantitative expression of GATA3 in controlling lymphocyte homeostasis and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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56
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Bal SH, Heper Y, Kumaş LT, Guvenc F, Budak F, Göral G, Oral HB. Effect of storage period of red blood cell suspensions on helper T-cell subpopulations. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2018; 16:262-272. [PMID: 28488961 PMCID: PMC5919838 DOI: 10.2450/2017.0238-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the immunological alterations that occur during the storage of erythrocyte suspensions which may lead to transfusion-related immunomodulation following allogeneic blood transfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS One part of the erythrocyte suspensions obtained from donors was leucoreduced while the other part was not. The leucoreduced (LR) and non-leucoreduced (NL) erythrocyte suspensions were then further divided into three equal amounts which were stored for 0, 21 or 42 days prior to measurements, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, of cytokine levels in their supernatants. T-helper (Th) lymphocyte subgroups and gene expression were analysed in the NL erythrocyte suspensions by flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results were compared to those of storage day 0. RESULTS By day 21, the number of Th2 cells had increased significantly and the numbers of Th1, Th22 and Treg cells had decreased significantly in the NL erythrocyte suspensions. On day 42 the numbers of Th2 and Treg cells in the NL suspensions were significantly increased while the number of Th1 cells was significantly decreased. The levels of transcription factors (TBX21, GATA3, and SPI.1) were significantly decreased on days 21 and 42, and AHR, FOXP3 and RORC2 levels were significantly increased on day 42 in NL erythrocyte suspensions. The decrease in interleukin-22 and increase in transforming growth factor-β levels found in NL erythrocyte suspensions on day 21 were statistically significant. Elevated levels of interleukin-17A were found in both LR and NL erythrocyte suspensions on day 42. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that allogeneic leucocytes and cytokines may play significant roles in the development of transfusion-related immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih H Bal
- "Dr. Rasit Durusoy" Blood Bank, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Heper
- "Dr. Rasit Durusoy" Blood Bank, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Levent T Kumaş
- "Dr. Rasit Durusoy" Blood Bank, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Furkan Guvenc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ferah Budak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Güher Göral
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Haluk B Oral
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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57
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Milner JD. TCR Signaling Abnormalities in Human Th2-Associated Atopic Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:719. [PMID: 29713322 PMCID: PMC5911486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of naïve CD4 T cells with weak T cell receptor agonists even in the absence of T helper-skewing cytokines can result in IL-4 production which can drive a Th2 response. Evidence for the in vivo consequences of such a phenomenon can be found in a number of mouse models and, importantly, a series of monogenic human diseases associated with significant atopy which are caused by mutations in the T cell receptor signaling cascade. Such diseases can help understand how Th2 responses evolve in humans, and potentially provide insight into therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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58
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Tsuruta M, Ueda S, Yew PY, Fukuda I, Yoshimura S, Kishi H, Hamana H, Hirayama M, Yatsuda J, Irie A, Senju S, Yuba E, Kamba T, Eto M, Nakayama H, Nishimura Y. Bladder cancer-associated cancer-testis antigen-derived long peptides encompassing both CTL and promiscuous HLA class II-restricted Th cell epitopes induced CD4 + T cells expressing converged T-cell receptor genes in vitro. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1415687. [PMID: 29632734 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1415687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DEP domain containing 1 (DEPDC1) and M-phase phosphoprotein 1 (MPHOSPH1) are human cancer testis antigens that are frequently overexpressed in urinary bladder cancer. In a phase I/II clinical trial, a DEPDC1- and MPHOSPH1-derived short peptide vaccine demonstrated promising efficacy in preventing bladder cancer recurrence. Here, we aimed to identify long peptides (LPs) derived from DEPDC1 and MPHOSPH1 that induced both T-helper (Th) cells and tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors with the synthetic DEPDC1- and MPHOSPH1-LPs predicted to bind to promiscuous human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules by a computer algorithm induced specific CD4+ T cells as revealed by interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Three of six LPs encompassed HLA-A2- or -A24-restricted CTL epitopes or both, and all six LPs stimulated DEPDC1- or MPHOSPH1-specific Th cells restricted by promiscuous and frequently observed HLA class II molecules in the Japanese population. Some LPs are naturally processed from the proteins in DCs, and the capacity of these LPs to cross-prime CTLs was confirmed in vivo using HLA-A2 or -A24 transgenic mice. The LP-specific and HLA class II-restricted T-cell responses were also observed in PBMCs from patients with bladder cancer. Repeated stimulation of PBMCs with DEPDC1-LPs and MPHOSPH1-LPs yielded clonal Th cells expressing specific T-cell receptor (TCR)-α and β genes. These DEPDC1- or MPHOSPH1-derived LPs may have applications in immunotherapy in patients with bladder cancer, and the TCR genes identified may be useful for monitoring of Th cells specific to LPs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Tsuruta
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shohei Ueda
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Poh Yin Yew
- Tumor Immunoanalysis Department, OncoTherapy Science, Inc., Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Isao Fukuda
- Tumor Immunoanalysis Department, OncoTherapy Science, Inc., Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yoshimura
- Tumor Immunoanalysis Department, OncoTherapy Science, Inc., Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Medicine), University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Innovative Cancer Immunotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junji Yatsuda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Irie
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Yuba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kamba
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.,Nishimura Project Laboratory, Center for Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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59
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Case Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1069:135-209. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89354-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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60
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Zhu J. GATA3 Regulates the Development and Functions of Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets at Multiple Stages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1571. [PMID: 29184556 PMCID: PMC5694433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are regarded as the innate counterpart of effector CD4 T helper (Th) cells. Just as Th cells, ILCs are classified into distinct subsets based on their functions that are delivered mainly through effector cytokine production. Both ILCs and Th cells play critical roles in various protective immune responses and inflammatory diseases. Similar to Th cell differentiation, the development of ILC subsets depends on several master transcription factors, among which GATA3 is critical for the development and maintenance of type 2 ILCs (ILC2s). However, GATA3 is expressed by all ILC subsets and ILC progenitors, albeit at different levels. In a striking parallel with GATA3 function in T cell development and differentiation, GATA3 also has multiple functions in different ILCs at various stages. In this review, I will discuss how quantitative and dynamic expression of GATA3 regulates the development and functions of ILC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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61
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The IRF4 Gene Regulatory Module Functions as a Read-Write Integrator to Dynamically Coordinate T Helper Cell Fate. Immunity 2017; 47:481-497.e7. [PMID: 28930660 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation during CD4+ T cell fate decisions enables their differentiation into distinct states, guiding immune responses toward antibody production via Tfh cells or inflammation by Teff cells. Tfh-Teff cell fate commitment is regulated by mutual antagonism between the transcription factors Bcl6 and Blimp-1. Here we examined how T cell receptor (TCR) signals establish and arbitrate Bcl6-Blimp-1 counter-antagonism. We found that the TCR-signal-induced transcription factor Irf4 is essential for the differentiation of Bcl6-expressing Tfh and Blimp-1-expressing Teff cells. Increased TCR signaling raised Irf4 amounts and promoted Teff cell fates at the expense of Tfh ones. Importantly, orthogonal induction of Irf4 expression redirected Tfh cell fate trajectories toward those of Teff. Mechanistically, we linked greater Irf4 abundance with its recruitment toward low-affinity binding sites within Teff cell cis-regulatory elements, including those of Prdm1. We propose that the Irf4 locus functions as the "reader" of TCR signal strength, and in turn, concentration-dependent activity of Irf4 "writes" T helper fate choice.
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62
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Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic lung disease that affects 300 million people worldwide. It causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow due to inflammation (swelling and excess mucus build-up in the airways) and airway constriction (tightening of the muscles surrounding the airways). Atopic asthma is the most common form of asthma, and is triggered by inhaled allergens that ultimately promote the activation of the Th2-like T cells and the development of Th2-mediated chronic inflammation. Different subsets of T cells, including T follicular helper cells, tissue-resident T, cells and Th2 effector cells, play different functions during allergic immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to play a central role in initiating allergic Th2-type immune responses and in the development of the T cell phenotype. However, this function depends on the complex interaction with other cells of the immune system and determines whether the response to environmental allergens will be one of tolerance or allergic inflammation. This review discusses cell interactions leading to the initiation and maintenance of allergic Th2-type immune responses, particularly those associated with allergic asthma.
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63
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Techasintana P, Ellis JS, Glascock J, Gubin MM, Ridenhour SE, Magee JD, Hart ML, Yao P, Zhou H, Whitney MS, Franklin CL, Martindale JL, Gorospe M, Davis WJ, Fox PL, Li X, Atasoy U. The RNA-Binding Protein HuR Posttranscriptionally Regulates IL-2 Homeostasis and CD4 + Th2 Differentiation. Immunohorizons 2017; 1:109-123. [PMID: 30035254 PMCID: PMC6052877 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranscriptional gene regulation by RNA-binding proteins, such as HuR (elavl1), fine-tune gene expression in T cells, leading to powerful effects on immune responses. HuR can stabilize target mRNAs and/or promote translation by interacting with their 3' untranslated region adenylate and uridylate-rich elements. It was previously demonstrated that HuR facilitates Th2 cytokine expression by mRNA stabilization. However, its effects upon IL-2 homeostasis and CD4+ Th2 differentiation are not as well understood. We found that optimal translation of Il2ra (CD25) required interaction of its mRNA with HuR. Conditional HuR knockout in CD4+ T cells resulted in loss of IL-2 homeostasis and defects in JAK-STAT signaling, Th2 differentiation, and cytokine production. HuR-knockout CD4+ T cells from OVA-immunized mice also failed to proliferate in response to Ag. These results demonstrate that HuR plays a pivotal role in maintaining normal IL-2 homeostasis and initiating CD4+ Th2 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsharaporn Techasintana
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Jason S. Ellis
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Jacqueline Glascock
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Matthew M. Gubin
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Suzanne E. Ridenhour
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Joseph D. Magee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Marcia L. Hart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201
| | - Peng Yao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Maryln S. Whitney
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201
| | - Craig L. Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201
| | | | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Wade J. Davis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Paul L. Fox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Ulus Atasoy
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
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64
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Blom LH, Martel BC, Larsen LF, Hansen CV, Christensen MP, Juel-Berg N, Litman T, Poulsen LK. The immunoglobulin superfamily member CD200R identifies cells involved in type 2 immune responses. Allergy 2017; 72:1081-1090. [PMID: 28106273 DOI: 10.1111/all.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathology of allergic diseases involves type 2 immune cells, such as Th2, ILC2, and basophils exerting their effect by production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. However, surface receptors that are specifically expressed on type 2 immune cells are less well documented. The aim of this investigation was to identify surface markers associated with type 2 inflammation. METHODS Naïve human CD4+ T cells were short-term activated in the presence or absence of IL-4 and analyzed for expression of >300 cell-surface proteins. Ex vivo-isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from peanut-allergic (PA) and nonallergic subjects were stimulated (14-16 h) with peanut extract to detect peanut-specific CD4+ CD154+ T cells. Biopsies were obtained for transcriptomic analysis from healthy controls and patients with extrinsic or intrinsic atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. RESULTS Expression analysis of >300 surface proteins enabled identification of IL-4-upregulated surface proteins, such as CD90, CD108, CD109, and CD200R (CD200R1). Additional analysis of in vitro-differentiated Th0, Th1, and Th2 cultures identified CD200R as upregulated on Th2 cells. From ex vivo-isolated PBMCs, we found high expression of CD200R on Th2 and ILC2 cells and basophils. In PA subjects, the peanut-specific Th2 (CD154+ CRTh2+ ) cells expressed more CD200R than the non-allergen-specific Th2 (CD154- CRTh2+ ) cells. Moreover, costaining of CD161 and CD200R identified peanut-specific highly differentiated IL-4+ IL-5+ Th2 cells. Finally, transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of CD200R in lesional skin from subjects with an extrinsic AD phenotype compared to healthy skin. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CD200R expression strongly correlates with Th2 pathology; though, the mechanism is as yet elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. H. Blom
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Allergy Clinic; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - B. C. Martel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Allergy Clinic; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
- LEO Pharma A/S; Ballerup Denmark
| | - L. F. Larsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Allergy Clinic; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - C. V. Hansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Allergy Clinic; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - M. P. Christensen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Allergy Clinic; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - N. Juel-Berg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Allergy Clinic; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | | | - L. K. Poulsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Allergy Clinic; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
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65
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Tibbitt C, Falconer J, Stoop J, van Eden W, Robinson JH, Hilkens CMU. Reduced TCR-dependent activation through citrullination of a T-cell epitope enhances Th17 development by disruption of the STAT3/5 balance. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:1633-43. [PMID: 27173727 PMCID: PMC4949576 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Citrullination is a post‐translational modification of arginine that commonly occurs in inflammatory tissues. Because T‐cell receptor (TCR) signal quantity and quality can regulate T‐cell differentiation, citrullination within a T‐cell epitope has potential implications for T‐cell effector function. Here, we investigated how citrullination of an immunedominant T‐cell epitope affected Th17 development. Murine naïve CD4+ T cells with a transgenic TCR recognising p89‐103 of the G1 domain of aggrecan (agg) were co‐cultured with syngeneic bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDC) presenting the native or citrullinated peptides. In the presence of pro‐Th17 cytokines, the peptide citrullinated on residue 93 (R93Cit) significantly enhanced Th17 development whilst impairing the Th2 response, compared to the native peptide. T cells responding to R93Cit produced less IL‐2, expressed lower levels of the IL‐2 receptor subunit CD25, and showed reduced STAT5 phosphorylation, whilst STAT3 activation was unaltered. IL‐2 blockade in native p89‐103‐primed T cells enhanced the phosphorylated STAT3/STAT5 ratio, and concomitantly enhanced Th17 development. Our data illustrate how a post‐translational modification of a TCR contact point may promote Th17 development by altering the balance between STAT5 and STAT3 activation in responding T cells, and provide new insight into how protein citrullination may influence effector Th‐cell development in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tibbitt
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, U.K
| | - Jane Falconer
- Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, U.K.,Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), U.K
| | - Jeroen Stoop
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Eden
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - John H Robinson
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, U.K
| | - Catharien M U Hilkens
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, U.K.,Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), U.K
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66
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Domínguez-Hüttinger E, Christodoulides P, Miyauchi K, Irvine AD, Okada-Hatakeyama M, Kubo M, Tanaka RJ. Mathematical modeling of atopic dermatitis reveals “double-switch” mechanisms underlying 4 common disease phenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1861-1872.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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67
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Lai X, Cao M, Song X, Jia R, Zou Y, Li L, Liang X, He C, Yin L, Yue G, Ye G, Yin Z. Resveratrol promotes recovery of immune function of immunosuppressive mice by activating JNK/NF-κB pathway in splenic lymphocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:763-767. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural compound found in over 70 plants, is known to possess immunoregulatory effects and anti-inflammatory activity. It has been shown that resveratrol has regulatory effects on different signaling pathways in different diseases. However, few reports have evaluated the effects of resveratrol on reinforcing immunity recovery via activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) pathway. The present study aimed to assess immune-enhancing activity and underlying mechanism of resveratrol in immunosuppressive mice. Previously, we reported that resveratrol could promote mouse spleen lymphocyte functions to recover the immune system effectively. In the present study, we show that resveratrol could upregulate the expressions of NF-κB, IκB kinase, JNK, and c-jun in splenic lymphocytes of immunosuppressive mice. Taken together, our results indicate that resveratrol could promote recovery of immunologic function in immunosuppressive mice by activating JNK/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lai
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mei Cao
- Core Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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68
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Kummola L, Ortutay Z, Vähätupa M, Prince S, Uusitalo-Järvinen H, Järvinen TAH, Junttila IS. R-Ras deficiency does not affect papain-induced IgE production in mice. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:280-288. [PMID: 28497586 PMCID: PMC5569372 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction R‐Ras GTPase has recently been implicated in the regulation of immune functions, particularly in dendritic cell (DC) maturation, immune synapse formation, and subsequent T cell responses. Methods Here, we investigated the role of R‐Ras in allergen‐induced immune response (type 2 immune response) in Rras deficient (R‐Ras KO) and wild type (WT) mice. Results Initially, we found that the number of conventional DC's in the lymph nodes (LNs) was reduced in R‐Ras KO mice. The expression of co‐stimulatory CD80 and CD86 molecules on these cells was also reduced on DC's from the R‐Ras KO mice. However, there was no difference in papain‐induced immune response between the R‐Ras WT and KO as measured by serum IgE levels after the immunization. Interestingly, neither the DC number nor co‐stimulatory molecule expression was different between WT and R‐Ras KO animals after the immunization. Conclusions Taken together, despite having reduced number of conventional DC's in the R‐Ras KO mice and low expression of CD80 on DC's, the R‐Ras KO mice are capable of mounting papain‐induced IgE responses comparable to that of the WT mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report addressing potential differences in in vivo allergen responses regulated by the R‐Ras GTPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kummola
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Zsuzsanna Ortutay
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maria Vähätupa
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stuart Prince
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannele Uusitalo-Järvinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tero A H Järvinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka S Junttila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
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69
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Furuhashi K, Chua YL, Wong KHS, Zhou Q, Lee DCP, Liong KH, Teo GH, Hutchinson PE, Kemeny DM. Priming with high and low respiratory allergen dose induces differential CD4 + T helper type 2 cells and IgE/IgG1 antibody responses in mice. Immunology 2017; 151:227-238. [PMID: 28190273 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitization of allergic patients normally takes place over several years and is the result of repeated exposure to low levels of allergen. Most mouse asthma models use a high dose of allergen administered over a short period. We have investigated the role of dose in the immune response to an inhaled respiratory allergen (Blomia tropicalis). We observed the effect of priming dose on the allergic response in mice intranasally immunized with low (0·5 μg) and high (50 μg) doses of B. tropicalis extract and killed 1 day after the last challenge. For both doses of allergen, T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and Th2 cytokines were evident as well as eosinophilic inflammation accompanied by mucus hyper-secretion. By contrast, IgE and IgG1 antibody responses were normally only detected at high-dose priming. To investigate the mechanism for these effects, we found group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were increased 48 hr after challenge in the low-dose-treated but not the high-dose-treated mice. Furthermore, we determined whether repeated low-dose exposure with different priming protocols could induce an antibody response. Repeated low-dose exposure to 0·5 μg three times weekly for 4 weeks (cumulative 6 μg) had the same effect as a shorter high-dose exposure (cumulative 80 μg) and increasing cumulative dose induced antibody responses. These data indicate that low doses of allergen are sufficient to prime Th2 cells and ILC2s, but insufficient to induce antibody responses. Cumulative exposure to small amounts of allergen induces both Th2 and antibody responses and may better reflect natural sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Furuhashi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, Singapore
| | - Yen L Chua
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, Singapore
| | - Kenneth H S Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, Singapore
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, Singapore
| | - Debbie C P Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, Singapore
| | - Ka H Liong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, Singapore
| | - Guo H Teo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, Singapore
| | - Paul E Hutchinson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, Singapore
| | - David M Kemeny
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, Singapore
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70
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Bhaumik S, Basu R. Cellular and Molecular Dynamics of Th17 Differentiation and its Developmental Plasticity in the Intestinal Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:254. [PMID: 28408906 PMCID: PMC5374155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
After emerging from the thymus, naive CD4 T cells circulate through secondary lymphoid tissues, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the intestine. The activation of naïve CD4 T cells by antigen-presenting cells offering cognate antigen initiate differentiation programs that lead to the development of highly specialized T helper (Th) cell lineages. Although initially believed that developmental programing of effector T cells such as T helper 1 (Th1) or T helper 2 (Th2) resulted in irreversible commitment to a fixed fate, subsequent studies have demonstrated greater flexibility, or plasticity, in effector T cell stability than originally conceived. This is particularly so for the Th17 subset, differentiation of which is a highly dynamic process with overlapping developmental axes with inducible regulatory T (iTreg), T helper 22 (Th22), and Th1 cells. Accordingly, intermediary stages of Th17 cells are found in various tissues, which co-express lineage-specific transcription factor(s) or cytokine(s) of developmentally related CD4 T cell subsets. A highly specialized tissue like that of the intestine, which harbors the largest immune compartment of the body, adds several layers of complexity to the intricate process of Th differentiation. Due to constant exposure to millions of commensal microbes and periodic exposure to pathogens, the intestinal mucosa maintains a delicate balance between regulatory and effector T cells. It is becoming increasingly clear that equilibrium between tolerogenic and inflammatory axes is maintained in the intestine by shuttling the flexible genetic programming of a developing CD4 T cell along the developmental axis of iTreg, Th17, Th22, and Th1 subsets. Currently, Th17 plasticity remains an unresolved concern in the field of clinical research as targeting Th17 cells to cure immune-mediated disease might also target its related subsets. In this review, we discuss the expanding sphere of Th17 plasticity through its shared developmental axes with related cellular subsets such as Th22, Th1, and iTreg in the context of intestinal inflammation and also examine the molecular and epigenetic features of Th17 cells that mediate these overlapping developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Bhaumik
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajatava Basu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
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71
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Chen J, Yang J, Qiao Y, Li X. Understanding the Regulatory Roles of Natural Killer T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis: T Helper Cell Differentiation Dependent or Independent? Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:197-203. [PMID: 27384545 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic systemic autoimmune disease. This disease is thought to be caused by pathogenic T cells. Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA. These Th cells differentiate from CD4+ T cells primarily due to the effects of cytokines. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct subset of lymphocytes that can rapidly secrete massive amount of cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-γ. Numerous studies showed that NKT cells can influence the differentiation of CD4+ T cells via cytokines in vitro. These findings suggest that NKT cells play an important role in RA by polarizing Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells. In view of the complexity of RA, we discussed whether NKT cells really influence the development of RA through regulating the differentiation of Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - J Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Y Qiao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - X Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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72
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Abstract
STAT5 plays a critical role in the development and function of many cell types. Here, we review the role of STAT5 in the development of T lymphocytes in the thymus and its subsequent role in the differentiation of distinct CD4 + helper and regulatory T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Owen
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael A. Farrar
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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73
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Nakayama T, Hirahara K, Onodera A, Endo Y, Hosokawa H, Shinoda K, Tumes DJ, Okamoto Y. Th2 Cells in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 35:53-84. [PMID: 27912316 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Helper T (Th) cell subsets direct immune responses by producing signature cytokines. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are important in humoral immunity and protection from helminth infection and are central to the pathogenesis of many allergic inflammatory diseases. Molecular analysis of Th2 cell differentiation and maintenance of function has led to recent discoveries that have refined our understanding of Th2 cell biology. Epigenetic regulation of Gata3 expression by chromatin remodeling complexes such as Polycomb and Trithorax is crucial for maintaining Th2 cell identity. In the context of allergic diseases, memory-type pathogenic Th2 cells have been identified in both mice and humans. To better understand these disease-driving cell populations, we have developed a model called the pathogenic Th population disease induction model. The concept of defined subsets of pathogenic Th cells may spur new, effective strategies for treating intractable chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Atsushi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Kenta Shinoda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Damon J Tumes
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Choi J, Choi BK, Kim JS, Lee JW, Park HA, Ryu HW, Lee SU, Hwang KW, Yun WK, Kim HC, Ahn KS, Oh SR, Lee HJ. Picroside II Attenuates Airway Inflammation by Downregulating the Transcription Factor GATA3 and Th2-Related Cytokines in a Mouse Model of HDM-Induced Allergic Asthma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167098. [PMID: 27870920 PMCID: PMC5117775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Picroside II isolated from Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum has been used as traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. In this study, we assessed whether picroside II has inhibitory effects on airway inflammation in a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma. In the HDM-induced asthmatic model, picroside II significantly reduced inflammatory cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the levels of total immunoglobulin (Ig) E and HDM-specific IgE and IgG1 in serum, airway inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion in the lung tissues. ELISA analysis showed that picroside II down-regulated the levels of Th2-related cytokines (including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and asthma-related mediators, but it up-regulated Th1-related cytokine, IFNγ in BALF. Picroside II also inhibited the expression of Th2 type cytokine genes and the transcription factor GATA3 in the lung tissues of HDM-induced mice. Finally, we demonstrated that picroside II significantly decreased the expression of GATA3 and Th2 cytokines in developing Th2 cells, consistent with in vivo results. Taken together, these results indicate that picroside II has protective effects on allergic asthma by reducing GATA3 expression and Th2 cytokine bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Choi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyong Choi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin seok Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Woo Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kee Yun
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chin Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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75
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Pelly VS, Kannan Y, Coomes SM, Entwistle LJ, Rückerl D, Seddon B, MacDonald AS, McKenzie A, Wilson MS. IL-4-producing ILC2s are required for the differentiation of T H2 cells following Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1407-1417. [PMID: 26883724 PMCID: PMC5257265 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to many human and murine gastrointestinal helminth parasites requires interleukin-4 (IL-4)-directed type 2 helper (TH2) differentiation of CD4+ T cells to elicit type-2 immunity. Despite a good understanding of the inflammatory cascade elicited following helminth infection, the initial source of IL-4 is unclear. Previous studies using the rat helminth parasite Nippostronglyus brasiliensis, identified an important role for basophil-derived IL-4 for TH2 differentiation. However, basophils are redundant for TH2 differentiation following infection with the natural helminth parasite of mice Heligmosomoides polygyrus, indicating that other sources of IL-4 are required. In this study using H. polygyrus, which is controlled by IL-4-dependent immunity, we identified that group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) produced significant amounts of IL-4 and IL-2 following H. polygyrus infection. Leukotriene D4 was sufficient to stimulate IL-4 secretion by ILC2s, and the supernatant from activated ILC2s could potently drive TH2 differentiation in vitro in an IL-4-dependent manner. Furthermore, specific deletion of IL-4 from ILC2s compromised TH2 differentiation in vivo. Overall, this study highlights a previously unrecognized and important role for ILC2-derived IL-4 for TH2 differentiation in a natural TH2-dependent model of human helminthiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- VS Pelly
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Y Kannan
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - SM Coomes
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - LJ Entwistle
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - D Rückerl
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research (3IR), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - AS MacDonald
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A McKenzie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - MS Wilson
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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76
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Singh BK, Kambayashi T. The Immunomodulatory Functions of Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:96. [PMID: 27656643 PMCID: PMC5013040 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) is critical for promoting immune cell activation, regulation, and function. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ) serves as an important negative regulator of DAG by enzymatically converting DAG into phosphatidic acid (PA) to shut down DAG-mediated signaling. Consequently, the loss of DGKζ increases DAG levels and the duration of DAG-mediated signaling. However, while the enhancement of DAG signaling is thought to augment immune cell function, the loss of DGKζ can result in both immunoactivation and immunomodulation depending on the cell type and function. In this review, we discuss how different immune cell functions can be selectively modulated by DGKζ. Furthermore, we consider how targeting DGKζ can be potentially beneficial for the resolution of human diseases by either promoting immune responses important for protection against infection or cancer or dampening immune responses in immunopathologic conditions such as allergy and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenal K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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77
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A Natural Variant of the T Cell Receptor-Signaling Molecule Vav1 Reduces Both Effector T Cell Functions and Susceptibility to Neuroinflammation. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006185. [PMID: 27438086 PMCID: PMC4954684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 is essential for transducing T cell antigen receptor signals and therefore plays an important role in T cell development and activation. Our previous genetic studies identified a locus on rat chromosome 9 that controls the susceptibility to neuroinflammation and contains a non-synonymous polymorphism in the major candidate gene Vav1. To formally demonstrate the causal implication of this polymorphism, we generated a knock-in mouse bearing this polymorphism (Vav1R63W). Using this model, we show that Vav1R63W mice display reduced susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by MOG35-55 peptide immunization. This is associated with a lower production of effector cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17 and GM-CSF) by autoreactive CD4 T cells. Despite increased proportion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in Vav1R63W mice, we show that this lowered cytokine production is intrinsic to effector CD4 T cells and that Treg depletion has no impact on EAE development. Finally, we provide a mechanism for the above phenotype by showing that the Vav1R63W variant has normal enzymatic activity but reduced adaptor functions. Together, these data highlight the importance of Vav1 adaptor functions in the production of inflammatory cytokines by effector T cells and in the susceptibility to neuroinflammation. The understanding of the physiological role of Vav1, a key regulator of T cell receptor signaling, was primarily inferred from studies using Vav1-deficient mice. Such models, however, provide little insight on how polymorphisms leading to quantitative changes in Vav1 activity could affect immune system functions. In the present study, we focused on a recently identified Vav1R63W natural variant that has been supposed to play a central role in the susceptibility to neuroinflammation. Using a Vav1R63W knock-in mouse model, we show that Vav1R63W leads to defects in adaptor functions and reduces the susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, together with an intrinsic defect in the production of Th1/Th17 cytokines by autoreactive effector CD4 T cells. Thus, our study highlights the importance of Vav1 adaptor functions in CD4 T cells differentiation and suggests that genetic or acquired alterations of this Vav1 function could play a major role in susceptibility to Th1/Th17 mediated diseases.
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78
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Aberrantly methylated DNA regions lead to low activation of CD4+ T-cells in IgA nephropathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:733-46. [PMID: 26846681 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IgAN (IgA nephropathy) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and has a strong genetic component. In this setting, DNA methylation could also be an important factor influencing this disease. We performed a genome-wide screening for DNA methylation in CD4(+) T-cells from IgAN patients and found three regions aberrantly methylated influencing genes involved in the response and proliferation of CD4(+) T-cells. Two hypomethylated regions codified genes involved in TCR (T-cell receptor) signalling, TRIM27 (tripartite motif-containing 27) and DUSP3 (dual-specificity phosphatase 3), and an hypermethylated region included the VTRNA2-1 (vault RNA 2-1) non-coding RNA, also known as miR-886 precursor. We showed that the aberrant methylation influences the expression of these genes in IgAN patients. Moreover, we demonstrated that the hypermethylation of the miR-886 precursor led to a decreased CD4(+) T-cell proliferation following TCR stimulation and to the overexpression of TGFβ (transforming growth factor β). Finally, we found a Th1/Th2 imbalance in IgAN patients. The IL (interleukin)-2/IL-5 ratio was notably higher in IgAN patients and clearly indicated a Th1 shift. In conclusion, we identified for the first time some specific DNA regions abnormally methylated in IgAN patients that led to the reduced TCR signal strength of the CD4(+) T-cells and to their anomalous response and activation that could explain the T-helper cell imbalance. The present study reveals new molecular mechanisms underlying the abnormal CD4(+) T-cell response in IgAN patients.
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79
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van Panhuys N. TCR Signal Strength Alters T-DC Activation and Interaction Times and Directs the Outcome of Differentiation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26834747 PMCID: PMC4725058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into effector subsets underpins their ability to shape the immune response and mediate host protection. During T cell receptor-induced activation of CD4+ T cells, both the quality and quantity of specific activatory peptide/MHC ligands have been shown to control the polarization of naive CD4+ T cells in addition to co-stimulatory and cytokine-based signals. Recently, advances in two--photon microscopy and tetramer-based cell tracking methods have allowed investigators to greatly extend the study of the role of TCR signaling in effector differentiation under in vivo conditions. In this review, we consider data from recent in vivo studies analyzing the role of TCR signal strength in controlling the outcome of CD4+ T cell differentiation and discuss the role of TCR in controlling the critical nature of CD4+ T cell interactions with dendritic cells during activation. We further propose a model whereby TCR signal strength controls the temporal aspects of T-DC interactions and the implications for this in mediating the downstream signaling events, which influence the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Panhuys
- Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
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80
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Hirayama M, Tomita Y, Yuno A, Tsukamoto H, Senju S, Imamura Y, Sayem MA, Irie A, Yoshitake Y, Fukuma D, Shinohara M, Hamada A, Jono H, Yuba E, Kono K, Yoshida K, Tsunoda T, Nakayama H, Nishimura Y. An oncofetal antigen, IMP-3-derived long peptides induce immune responses of both helper T cells and CTLs. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1123368. [PMID: 27471607 PMCID: PMC4938377 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP-3), an oncofetal antigen identified using genome-wide cDNA microarray analyses, is overexpressed in several malignancies. IMP-3-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes have been used for peptide-based immunotherapies against various cancers. In addition to CTLs, induction of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific helper T (Th) cells is crucial for establishment of effective antitumor immunity. In this study, we aimed to identify IMP-3-derived long peptides (IMP-3-LPs) carrying CTL and promiscuous Th-cell epitopes for use in cancer immunotherapy. IMP-3-derived Th-cell epitopes that bind to multiple HLA-class II molecules were predicted by in silico analysis, and their immunogenicity was determined by utilizing human T cells. We identified two highly immunogenic IMP-3-LPs presented by multiple HLA-class II molecules. One of the IMP-3-LPs encompassed two CTL epitopes that have been used for peptide-vaccine immunotherapy in ongoing clinical trials. IMP-3-LPs-specific Th cells responded to autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with the recombinant IMP-3 proteins, suggesting that these s (LPs) can be naturally processed and presented. The IMP-3-LPs and specific Th cells augmented the expansion of IMP-3-specific CTLs, which was further enhanced by programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade. In addition, IMP-3-LP encapsulated in liposomes was efficiently cross-presented in vitro, and this LP successfully cross-primed CTLs in HLA-A2 transgenic mice (Tgm) in vivo. Furthermore, one of the IMP-3-LPs induced IMP-3-specific Th cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of head-and-neck malignant tumor (HNMT) patients. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of IMP-3-LPs in propagating both Th cells and CTLs and may have implications for IMP-3-LPs-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yuno
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Imamura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mohammad Abu Sayem
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Atsushi Irie
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshitake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daiki Fukuma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akinobu Hamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Yuba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai, Japan
| | - Kenji Kono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshida
- OncoTherapy Science Incorporation, Research and Development Division, Kawasaki, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; AstraZeneca K.K., Oncology, Medical, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsunoda
- OncoTherapy Science Incorporation, Research and Development Division, Kawasaki, Japan; Merck-Living Innovation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
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81
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Germain RN. William E. Paul, M.D. (1936-2015), President, The American Association of Immunologists, 1986-1987. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5519-21. [PMID: 26637660 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1590025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Germain
- Chief, Laboratory of Systems Biology Chief, Lymphocyte Biology Section Acting Chief, Laboratory of Immunology Associate Director, Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology NIAID, NIH
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82
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A critical role for alpha-synuclein in development and function of T lymphocytes. Immunobiology 2015; 221:333-40. [PMID: 26517968 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is highly expressed in the central nervous system and plays an important role in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. Previous studies have demonstrated the expression of α-synuclein in hematopoietic elements and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although its roles in hematopoiesis and adaptive immunity are not studied. Using an α-synuclein knock out (KO) mouse model, we have recently shown that α-synuclein deficiency is associated with a mild defect in late stages of hematopoiesis. More importantly, we demonstrated a marked defect in B lymphocyte development and IgG, but not IgM production in these mice. Here we show a marked defect in development of T lymphocytes in α-synuclein KO mice demonstrated by a significant increase in the number of CD4 and CD8 double negative thymocytes and significant decreases in the number of CD4 single positive and CD8 single positive T cells. This resulted in markedly reduced peripheral T lymphocytes. Interestingly, splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that developed in α-synuclein KO mice had a hyperactivated state with higher expression of early activation markers and increased IL-2 production. Moreover, splenic CD4(+) T cells from α-synuclein KO mice produced lower levels of IL-4 upon antigenic stimulation suggesting a defective Th2 differentiation. Our data demonstrate an important role for α-synuclein in development of T lymphocytes and regulation of their phenotype and function.
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83
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Scanlon ST, McKenzie ANJ. The messenger between worlds: the regulation of innate and adaptive type-2 immunity by innate lymphoid cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:9-20. [PMID: 25423949 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although type-2 immune responses evolved primarily to defend against extracellular helminths, in part through the co-opting of tissue repair and remodeling mechanisms, they are often inappropriately directed towards relatively innocuous allergens resulting in conditions including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis. The recent discovery of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) has increased our understanding of the initiation of these responses and the roles played by CD4(+) T helper (Th) 2 cells in their modulation. This review focuses on the important messenger role of ILC2 in translating epithelial-derived alarmins into downstream adaptive type-2 responses via dendritic cells and T cells, with special emphasis on their roles in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Scanlon
- Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry (PNAC) Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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84
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Kerbrat S, Vingert B, Junier MP, Castellano F, Renault-Mihara F, Dos Reis Tavares S, Surenaud M, Noizat-Pirenne F, Boczkowski J, Guellaën G, Chneiweiss H, Le Gouvello S. Absence of the Adaptor Protein PEA-15 Is Associated with Altered Pattern of Th Cytokines Production by Activated CD4+ T Lymphocytes In Vitro, and Defective Red Blood Cell Alloimmune Response In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136885. [PMID: 26317969 PMCID: PMC4552951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TCR-dependent and costimulation signaling, cell division, and cytokine environment are major factors driving cytokines expression induced by CD4+ T cell activation. PEA-15 15 (Protein Enriched in Astrocyte / 15kDa) is an adaptor protein that regulates death receptor-induced apoptosis and proliferation signaling by binding to FADD and relocating ERK1/2 to the cytosol, respectively. By using PEA-15-deficient mice, we examined the role of PEA-15 in TCR-dependent cytokine production in CD4+ T cells. TCR-stimulated PEA-15-deficient CD4+ T cells exhibited defective progression through the cell cycle associated with impaired expression of cyclin E and phosphoRb, two ERK1/2-dependent proteins of the cell cycle. Accordingly, expression of the division cycle-dependent cytokines IL-2 and IFNγ, a Th1 cytokine, was reduced in stimulated PEA-15-deficient CD4+ T cells. This was associated with abnormal subcellular compartmentalization of activated ERK1/2 in PEA-15-deficient T cells. Furthermore, in vitro TCR-dependent differentiation of naive CD4+ CD62L+ PEA-15-deficient T cells was associated with a lower production of the Th2 cytokine, IL-4, whereas expression of the Th17-associated molecule IL4I1 was enhanced. Finally, a defective humoral response was shown in PEA-15-deficient mice in a model of red blood cell alloimmunization performed with Poly IC, a classical adjuvant of Th1 response in vivo. Collectively, our data suggest that PEA-15 contributes to the specification of the cytokine pattern of activated Th cells, thus highlighting a potential new target to interfere with T cell functional polarization and subsequent immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Kerbrat
- Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Inserm U955, Créteil, France
| | - Benoit Vingert
- Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Junier
- Inserm, U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UM119, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Flavia Castellano
- Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor- A. Chenevier, Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie, Créteil, France
| | - François Renault-Mihara
- Inserm, U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UM119, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Silvina Dos Reis Tavares
- Inserm, U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UM119, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
| | | | - France Noizat-Pirenne
- Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France
| | - Jorge Boczkowski
- Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Inserm U955, Créteil, France
| | - Georges Guellaën
- Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Inserm U955, Créteil, France
| | - Hervé Chneiweiss
- Inserm, U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UM119, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, IBPS, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (SLG); (HC)
| | - Sabine Le Gouvello
- Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor- A. Chenevier, Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie, Créteil, France
- * E-mail: (SLG); (HC)
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85
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Wei H, Yuan H, Zhu Z, Liu Z, Xin J, Wu X, Cao Z. Staphylococcal enterotoxin burden determines the type of T helper cell response and pathology of the maxillary sinus mucosa in rabbits. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 23:633-41. [PMID: 25466272 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) induces T lymphocyte activation along with nasal allergic inflammation during rhinosinusitis, but it is under debate on which types of T helper (Th) cells respond exclusively or whether they respond synergically. We hypothesize that their responses may vary based on dose of SE. To test this hypothesis, we initiated to determine the nature of the T cell response and pathological feature upon repeated exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) at different doses in the maxillary sinus of rabbits. SEA (0.6 or 60 ng) was instilled daily into the left maxillary sinus of rabbits for 28 days. The right maxillary sinus receiving normal saline was used as control. Mucosal histological changes were examined by hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue staining. Tissue expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA-3) were examined using immunohistochemistry. Mucosal levels of representative pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA. SEA at 60 ng/day induced acute rhinosinusitis, as confirmed by CT scan. Histopathologic examination revealed epithelial disruption, subepithelial edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. MPO and T-bet expression, as well as interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ levels, were up-regulated. However, 0.6 ng/day SEA did not cause discharge. Histological examination revealed prominent eosinophilic infiltration. ECP and GATA-3 expression, as well as IL-4 and IL-5 levels, were increased at this lower dose. In conclusion, SEA induces acute rhinosinusitis associated with a Th1-type immune response at high dose, and a predominantly Th2-biased allergic inflammation at low dose.
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86
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Pedros C, Gaud G, Bernard I, Kassem S, Chabod M, Lagrange D, Andréoletti O, Dejean AS, Lesourne R, Fournié GJ, Saoudi A. An Epistatic Interaction between Themis1 and Vav1 Modulates Regulatory T Cell Function and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1608-16. [PMID: 26163585 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of inflammatory diseases depends on complex interactions between several genes and various environmental factors. Discovering new genetic risk factors and understanding the mechanisms whereby they influence disease development is of paramount importance. We previously reported that deficiency in Themis1, a new actor of TCR signaling, impairs regulatory T cell (Treg) function and predisposes Brown-Norway (BN) rats to spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we reveal that the epistasis between Themis1 and Vav1 controls the occurrence of these phenotypes. Indeed, by contrast with BN rats, Themis1 deficiency in Lewis rats neither impairs Treg suppressive functions nor induces pathological manifestations. By using congenic lines on the BN genomic background, we show that the impact of Themis1 deficiency on Treg suppressive functions depends on a 117-kb interval coding for a R63W polymorphism that impacts Vav1 expression and functions. Indeed, the introduction of a 117-kb interval containing the Lewis Vav1-R63 variant restores Treg function and protects Themis1-deficient BN rats from spontaneous IBD development. We further show that Themis1 binds more efficiently to the BN Vav1-W63 variant and is required to stabilize its recruitment to the transmembrane adaptor LAT and to fully promote the activation of Erk kinases. Together, these results highlight the importance of the signaling pathway involving epistasis between Themis1 and Vav1 in the control of Treg suppressive function and susceptibility to IBD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pedros
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, U1043, 31300 Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Guillaume Gaud
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, U1043, 31300 Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Isabelle Bernard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, U1043, 31300 Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Sahar Kassem
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, U1043, 31300 Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Marianne Chabod
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, U1043, 31300 Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Dominique Lagrange
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, U1043, 31300 Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne S Dejean
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, U1043, 31300 Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Renaud Lesourne
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, U1043, 31300 Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Gilbert J Fournié
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, U1043, 31300 Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, U1043, 31300 Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; and
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87
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Bao K, Reinhardt RL. The differential expression of IL-4 and IL-13 and its impact on type-2 immunity. Cytokine 2015; 75:25-37. [PMID: 26073683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Allergic disease represents a significant global health burden, and disease incidence continues to rise in urban areas of the world. As such, a better understanding of the basic immune mechanisms underlying disease pathology are key to developing therapeutic interventions to both prevent disease onset as well as to ameliorate disease morbidity in those individuals already suffering from a disorder linked to type-2 inflammation. Two factors central to type-2 immunity are interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which have been linked to virtually all major hallmarks associated with type-2 inflammation. Therefore, IL-4 and IL-13 and their regulatory pathways represent ideal targets to suppress disease. Despite sharing many common regulatory pathways and receptors, these cytokines perform very distinct functions during a type-2 immune response. This review summarizes the literature surrounding the function and expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in CD4+ T cells and innate immune cells. It highlights recent findings in vivo regarding the differential expression and non-canonical regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 in various immune cells, which likely play important and underappreciated roles in type-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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88
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Zhu J. T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production. Cytokine 2015; 75:14-24. [PMID: 26044597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of extracellular parasites and are responsible for asthma and many other allergic inflammatory diseases. Although many immune cell types within the myeloid lineage compartment including basophils, eosinophils and mast cells are capable of producing at least one of these cytokines, the production of these "type 2 immune response-related" cytokines by lymphoid lineages, CD4 T helper 2 (Th2) cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in particular, are the central events during type 2 immune responses. In this review, I will focus on the signaling pathways and key molecules that determine the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, and how the expression of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-13, is regulated in Th2 cells. The similarities and differences in the differentiation of Th2 cells, IL-4-producing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and ILC2s as well as their relationships will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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89
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Franz D, Contreras F, González H, Prado C, Elgueta D, Figueroa C, Pacheco R. Dopamine receptors D3 and D5 regulate CD4(+)T-cell activation and differentiation by modulating ERK activation and cAMP production. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 284:18-29. [PMID: 26025054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine receptors have been described in T-cells, however their signalling pathways coupled remain unknown. Since cAMP and ERKs play key roles regulating T-cell physiology, we aim to determine whether cAMP and ERK1/2-phosphorylation are modulated by dopamine receptor 3 (D3R) and D5R, and how this modulation affects CD4(+) T-cell activation and differentiation. Our pharmacologic and genetic evidence shows that D3R-stimulation reduced cAMP levels and ERK2-phosphorylation, consequently increasing CD4(+) T-cell activation and Th1-differentiation, respectively. Moreover, D5R expression reinforced TCR-triggered ERK1/2-phosphorylation and T-cell activation. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate how D3R and D5R modulate key signalling pathways affecting CD4(+) T-cell activation and Th1-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Franz
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272 Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272 Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo González
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272 Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Prado
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272 Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Elgueta
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272 Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Figueroa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, 7510157 Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272 Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile.
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90
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Furmanski AL, Barbarulo A, Solanki A, Lau CI, Sahni H, Saldana JI, D'Acquisto F, Crompton T. The transcriptional activator Gli2 modulates T-cell receptor signalling through attenuation of AP-1 and NFκB activity. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2085-95. [PMID: 25908851 PMCID: PMC4450292 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.165803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Different tissues contain diverse and dynamic cellular niches, providing distinct signals to tissue-resident or migratory infiltrating immune cells. Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are secreted inter-cellular signalling molecules, which are essential during development and are important in cancer, post-natal tissue homeostasis and repair. Hh signalling mediated by the Hh-responsive transcription factor Gli2 also has multiple roles in T-lymphocyte development and differentiation. Here, we investigate the function of Gli2 in T-cell signalling and activation. Gene transcription driven by the Gli2 transcriptional activator isoform (Gli2A) attenuated T-cell activation and proliferation following T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Expression of Gli2A in T-cells altered gene expression profiles, impaired the TCR-induced Ca2+ flux and nuclear expression of NFAT2, suppressed upregulation of molecules essential for activation, and attenuated signalling pathways upstream of the AP-1 and NFκB complexes, leading to reduced activation of these important transcription factors. Inhibition of physiological Hh-dependent transcription increased NFκB activity upon TCR ligation. These data are important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation, particularly in tissues where Hh proteins or other Gli-activating ligands such as TGFβ are upregulated, including during inflammation, tissue damage and repair, and in tumour microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Furmanski
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alessandro Barbarulo
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Anisha Solanki
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ching-In Lau
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Hemant Sahni
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jose Ignacio Saldana
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, QMUL, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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91
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Abstract
The history of the discovery and the development of our knowledge of IL-4 exemplifies the path of progress in biomedical science. There are unanticipated twists and turns although progress is made, sometimes quickly, other times far too slowly. Illustrative is the extended time from the first report of IL-4 in 1982 to the establishment of the efficacy of blocking IL-4 and its congener IL-13 in the treatment of moderate to severe asthma and atopic dermatitis, a period of 31years. The author was "present at the creation" and has been a participant or a witness to virtually all the major advances and recounts here his recollection of this history.
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92
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Christie D, Zhu J. Transcriptional regulatory networks for CD4 T cell differentiation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 381:125-72. [PMID: 24839135 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells play a central role in controlling the adaptive immune response by secreting cytokines to activate target cells. Naïve CD4(+) T cells differentiate into at least four subsets, Th1Th1 , Th2Th2 , Th17Th17 , and inducible regulatory T cellsregulatory T cells , each with unique functions for pathogen elimination. The differentiation of these subsets is induced in response to cytokine stimulation, which is translated into Stat activation, followed by induction of master regulator transcription factorstranscription factors . In addition to these factors, multiple other transcription factors, both subset specific and shared, are also involved in promoting subset differentiation. This review will focus on the network of transcription factors that control CD4(+) T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darah Christie
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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93
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Manyes L, Arribas M, Gomez C, Calzada N, Fernandez-Medarde A, Santos E. Transcriptional profiling reveals functional links between RasGrf1 and Pttg1 in pancreatic beta cells. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1019. [PMID: 25421944 PMCID: PMC4301450 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our prior characterization of RasGrf1 deficient mice uncovered significant defects in pancreatic islet count and size as well as beta cell development and signaling function, raising question about the mechanisms linking RasGrf1 to the generation of those "pancreatic" phenotypes. RESULTS Here, we compared the transcriptional profile of highly purified pancreatic islets from RasGrf1 KO mice to that of WT control animals using commercial oligonucleotide microarrays. RasGrf1 elimination resulted in differential gene expression of numerous components of MAPK- and Calcium-signaling pathways, suggesting a relevant contribution of this GEF to modulation of cellular signaling in the cell lineages integrating the pancreatic islets. Whereas the overall transcriptional profile of pancreatic islets was highly specific in comparison to other organs of the same KO mice, a significant specific repression of Pttg1 was a common transcriptional alteration shared with other tissues of neuroectodermal origin. This observation, together with the remarkable pancreatic phenotypic similarities between RasGrf1 KO and Pttg1 KO mice suggested the possibility of proximal functional regulatory links between RasGrf1 and Pttg1 in pancreatic cell lineages expressing these proteins.Analysis of the mPttg1 promoter region identified specific recognition sites for numerous transcription factors which were also found to be differentially expressed in RasGrf1 KO pancreatic islets and are known to be relevant for Ras-ERK signaling as well as beta cell function. Reporter luciferase assays in BT3 insulinoma cells demonstrated the ability of RasGrf1 to modulate mPttg1 promoter activity through ERK-mediated signals. Analysis of the phenotypic interplay between RasGrf1 and Pttg1 in double knockout RasGrf1/Pttg1 mice showed that combined elimination of the two loci resulted in dramatically reduced values of islet and beta cell count and glucose homeostasis function which neared those measured in single Pttg1 KO mice and were significantly lower than those observed in individual RasGrf1 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS The specific transcriptional profile and signaling behavior of RasgGrf1 KO pancreatic islets, together with the dominance of Pttg1 over RasGrf1 with regards to the generation of these phenotypes in mouse pancreas, suggest that RasGrf1 is an important upstream component of signal transduction pathways regulating Pttg1 expression and controlling beta cell development and physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Fernandez-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL), University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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94
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Tindemans I, Serafini N, Di Santo JP, Hendriks RW. GATA-3 function in innate and adaptive immunity. Immunity 2014; 41:191-206. [PMID: 25148023 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-finger transcription factor GATA-3 has received much attention as a master regulator of T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, during which it controls interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 expression. More recently, GATA-3 was shown to contribute to type 2 immunity through regulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and function. Furthermore, during thymopoiesis, GATA-3 represses B cell potential in early T cell precursors, activates TCR signaling in pre-T cells, and promotes the CD4(+) T cell lineage after positive selection. GATA-3 also functions outside the thymus in hematopoietic stem cells, regulatory T cells, CD8(+) T cells, thymic natural killer cells, and ILC precursors. Here we discuss the varied functions of GATA-3 in innate and adaptive immune cells, with emphasis on its activity in T cells and ILCs, and examine the mechanistic basis for the dose-dependent, developmental-stage- and cell-lineage-specific activity of this transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Tindemans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Serafini
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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95
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Oksanen A, Aittomäki S, Jankovic D, Ortutay Z, Pulkkinen K, Hämäläinen S, Rokka A, Corthals GL, Watford WT, Junttila I, O'Shea JJ, Pesu M. Proprotein convertase FURIN constrains Th2 differentiation and is critical for host resistance against Toxoplasma gondii. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5470-9. [PMID: 25355923 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin enzymes proteolytically convert immature proproteins into bioactive molecules, and thereby they serve as key regulators of cellular homeostasis. The archetype proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin, FURIN, is a direct target gene of the IL-12/STAT4 pathway and it is upregulated in Th1 cells. We have previously demonstrated that FURIN expression in T cells critically regulates the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance and the functional maturation of pro-TGF-β1 in vivo, but FURIN's role in cell-mediated immunity and Th polarization has remained elusive. In this article, we show that T cell-expressed FURIN is essential for host resistance against a prototypic Th1 pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii, and for the generation of pathogen-specific Th1 lymphocytes, including Th1-IL-10 cells. FURIN-deficient Th cells instead show elevated expression of IL-4R subunit α on cell surface, sensitized IL-4/STAT6 signaling, and a propensity to polarize toward the Th2 phenotype. By exploring FURIN-interacting proteins in Jurkat T cells with Strep-Tag purification and mass spectrometry, we further identify an association with a cytoskeleton modifying Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate/dedicator of cytokinesis 2 protein complex and unravel that FURIN promotes F-actin polymerization, which has previously been shown to downregulate IL-4R subunit α cell surface expression and promote Th1 responses. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that in addition to peripheral immune tolerance, T cell-expressed FURIN is also a central regulator of cell-mediated immunity and Th1/2 cell balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oksanen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Saara Aittomäki
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zsuzsanna Ortutay
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Pulkkinen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanna Hämäläinen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne Rokka
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Garry L Corthals
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy T Watford
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Ilkka Junttila
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33101 Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland; and
| | - John J O'Shea
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marko Pesu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33101 Tampere, Finland; Department of Dermatology, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33101 Tampere, Finland
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96
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Tubo NJ, Jenkins MK. TCR signal quantity and quality in CD4 + T cell differentiation. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:591-596. [PMID: 25457838 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system protects its host from a myriad of pathogens. This ability stems from a vast set of lymphocytes, each with a different antigen receptor, a small number of which will bind to antigens derived from a given pathogen. Although the cells within any antigen-specific population appear to be relatively homogenous before antigenic encounter, recent work on T cells indicates that individual cells within the population differentiate in very different ways after exposure to the antigen. We focus here on studies of CD4+ T cells and review evidence indicating that variable differentiation of effector cells from single naïve cells is caused by both cell-extrinsic stochastic factors and cell-intrinsic factors related to T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Tubo
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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97
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León B, Ballesteros-Tato A, Lund FE. Dendritic cells and B cells: unexpected partners in Th2 development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1531-7. [PMID: 25086176 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although we have known for decades that B cells contribute to immune responses by secreting Ab, it is now clear that they are more than simply factories for Ig production, and they also play key roles as modulators of T cell-dependent immunity. Indeed, the evidence showing that Ag-presenting and cytokine-producing B cells can alter the magnitude and quality of CD4 T cell responses continues to grow. In this article, we review the data showing that B cells, working in partnership with dendritic cells, regulate the development of Th2 cells and the subsequent allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
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98
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Antigen affinity and antigen dose exert distinct influences on CD4 T-cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14852-7. [PMID: 25267612 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403271111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative T-cell receptor signal strength and ensuing T-cell responses are affected by both antigen affinity and antigen dose. Here we examined the distinct contributions of these parameters to CD4 T-cell differentiation during infection. We found that high antigen affinity positively correlates with T helper (Th)1 differentiation at both high and low doses of antigen. In contrast, follicular helper T cell (TFH) effectors are generated after priming with high, intermediate, and low affinity ligand. Unexpectedly, memory T cells generated after priming with very low affinity antigen remain impaired in their ability to generate secondary Th1 effectors, despite being recalled with high affinity antigen. These data challenge the view that only strongly stimulated CD4 T cells are capable of differentiating into the TFH and memory T-cell compartments and reveal that differential strength of stimulation during primary T-cell activation imprints unique and long lasting T-cell differentiation programs.
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99
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Gustafsson K, Willebrand E, Welsh M. Absence of the adaptor protein Shb potentiates the T helper type 2 response in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Immunology 2014; 143:33-41. [PMID: 24645804 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of T helper (Th) cell maturation is associated with a number of autoimmune conditions, including allergic disorders and rheumatoid arthritis. The Src homology domain protein B (Shb) adaptor protein was recently implicated as a regulator of Th cell differentiation. Shb is an integral component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling complex and in the absence of Shb the TCR is less responsive to stimulation, resulting in the preferential development of Th2 responses under conditions of in vitro stimulation. In the present study, we extend those observations to an in vivo situation using a murine model of atopic dermatitis. Shb knockout mice develop more pronounced symptoms of atopic dermatitis with increased localized oedema, epidermal hyperplasia and IgE production. Dermal infiltration of mast cells, eosinophils, CD4(+) Th cells and F4/80(+) macrophages was also significantly increased in Shb-deficient mice. This correlated with elevated transcription of the hallmark Th2 cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-5. The loss of Shb therefore alters TCR signalling ability, thereby favouring the development of Th2-driven inflammation and exacerbating symptoms of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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100
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Vroman H, van den Blink B, Kool M. Mode of dendritic cell activation: the decisive hand in Th2/Th17 cell differentiation. Implications in asthma severity? Immunobiology 2014; 220:254-61. [PMID: 25245013 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, with reversible airflow limitations and airway remodeling. The classification of asthma phenotypes was initially based on different combinations of clinical symptoms, but they are now unfolding to link biology to phenotype. As such, patients can suffer from a predominant eosinophilic, neutrophilic or even mixed eosinophilic/neutrophilic inflammatory response. In adult asthma patients, eosinophilic inflammation is usually seen in mild-to-moderate disease and neutrophilic inflammation in more severe disease. The underlying T cell response is predominated by T helper (Th) 2, Th17, or a mixed Th2/Th17 cell immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are "professional" antigen presenting cells (APCs), since their principal function is to present antigens and induce a primary immune response in resting naive T cells. DCs also drive the differentiation into distinctive Th subsets. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines by DCs and surrounding cells determines the outcome of Th cell differentiation. The nature of DC activation will determine the expression of specific co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines, specifically needed for induction of the different Th cell programs. Thus DC activation is crucial for the subsequent effector Th immune responses. In this review, we will discuss underlying mechanisms that initiate DC activation in favor of Th2 differentiation versus Th1/Th17 and Th17 differentiation in the development of mild versus moderate to severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Vroman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mirjam Kool
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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