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Mediators of inflammation and their effect on resident renal cells: implications in lupus nephritis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:317682. [PMID: 24171032 PMCID: PMC3793320 DOI: 10.1155/2013/317682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis affects up to 70% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by a breakdown of immune tolerance, production of autoantibodies, and deposition of immune complexes within the kidney parenchyma, resulting in local inflammation and subsequent organ damage. To date, numerous mediators of inflammation have been implicated in the development and progression of lupus nephritis, and these include cytokines, chemokines, and glycosaminoglycans. Of these, type I interferons (IFNs) can increase both gene and protein expression of cytokines and chemokines associated with lupus susceptibility, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and hyaluronan have been shown to elicit both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects on infiltrating and resident renal cells depending on the status of their microenvironment. Expression of IL-6, TNF-α, type I IFNs, and hyaluronan are increased in the kidneys of patients and mice with active lupus nephritis and have been shown to contribute to disease pathogenesis. There is also evidence that despite clinical remission, ongoing inflammatory processes may occur within the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments of the kidney, which further promote kidney injury. In this review, we provide an overview of the synthesis and putative roles of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-α, and hyaluronan in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis focusing on their effects on human mesangial cells and proximal renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by the formation of autoantibodies that target a variety of self antigens. B cells are fundamental to the development of these antibodies and are a target for intervention in the disease. This review discusses four therapies that target B cells by inducing B-cell depletion, reduction in B-cell proliferation and differentiation, or modulation of B-cell function. Rituximab is an anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody that depletes B cells but not plasma cells. Systematic reviews of open label studies, particularly in lupus patients refractory to conventional therapy, have suggested that rituximab can be an effective treatment for non-renal lupus and lupus nephritis. However, randomized, double-blind, controlled trials comparing rituximab with placebo in addition to standard of care therapy for non-renal lupus and lupus nephritis over 12 months failed to demonstrate efficacy using the planned primary endpoints, although there were some post-hoc analyses suggesting that rituximab may have beneficial effects that would be worthy of further study as no significant toxicity has been demonstrated. Treatment with belimumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeted against B lymphocyte stimulator (BLys), was more efficacious than placebo and had no significant increase in adverse events in two non-renal, phase III lupus trials when given in addition to standard of care therapy for 52 weeks. Belimumab is licensed for the management of lupus in the US and in Europe. Atacicept is a humanized fusion protein that binds BLys and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) that might be more effective than belimumab in the management of lupus. Unfortunately a phase II/III trial of atacicept in lupus nephritis had to be stopped due to the development of low immunoglobulin levels and pneumonias in some patients. However, in retrospect these complications may have been due to concomitant treatment with mycophenolate mofetil and results of a 52-week, non-renal, phase III trial with atacicept are awaited. Epratuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CD22 on B cells and results in modulation of B-cell function and migration, as CD22 regulates adhesion and inhibits B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling. Epratuzumab at a cumulative dose of 2,400 mg over 4 weeks has been shown to improve lupus disease activity compared with placebo 12 weeks after initiation of therapy in a phase II study, and a 12-month phase III study is on-going. B-cell targeted therapies are an attractive prospect for treating lupus disease and the results of current phase III trials are eagerly awaited. Finding the most appropriate trial design to demonstrate efficacy in lupus trials has been a challenge. The SRI (SLE response index) used in the belimumab studies and the BICLA (British Isles Lupus Assessment Group-based Composite Lupus Assessment) used in the epratuzumab studies are currently the promising trial designs for non-renal studies. For lupus nephritis it is important that trials are of adequate duration to be able to demonstrate benefit of new therapies over conventional therapy.
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, and dermatomyositis are systemic autoimmune diseases that develop after environmental triggering of genetically susceptible individuals. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to autoimmune disease, and what factors determine which organs are involved, remain poorly understood. Recent insights into genetic susceptibility now make obvious that environmental triggers often act via cellular pathways containing disease-associated polymorphisms. In the breaking of tolerance, the initiating tissue--including dendritic cells--provides a decisive microenvironment that affects immune-cell differentiation, leading to activation of adaptive immunity. Type 1 interferon produced by innate immune cells has a central role in systemic autoimmunity and activates B cells and T cells. In turn, B-cell-derived autoantibodies stimulate dendritic cells to produce type 1 interferon; thus, a positive feedforward loop is formed that includes both the innate and adaptive systems. New treatments could simultaneously and specifically target several such vital pathways in autoimmunity.
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Vossenkämper A, Blair PA, Safinia N, Fraser LD, Das L, Sanders TJ, Stagg AJ, Sanderson JD, Taylor K, Chang F, Choong LM, D'Cruz DP, Macdonald TT, Lombardi G, Spencer J. A role for gut-associated lymphoid tissue in shaping the human B cell repertoire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1665-74. [PMID: 23940259 PMCID: PMC3754866 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transitional 2 B cells home to gut-associated lymphoid tissue and present an activated phenotype in healthy subjects, but gut immune compartments are depleted in SLE. We have tracked the fate of immature human B cells at a critical stage in their development when the mature B cell repertoire is shaped. We show that a major subset of bone marrow emigrant immature human B cells, the transitional 2 (T2) B cells, homes to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and that most T2 B cells isolated from human GALT are activated. Activation in GALT is a previously unknown potential fate for immature human B cells. The process of maturation from immature transitional B cell through to mature naive B cell includes the removal of autoreactive cells from the developing repertoire, a process which is known to fail in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We observe that immature B cells in SLE are poorly equipped to access the gut and that gut immune compartments are depleted in SLE. Thus, activation of immature B cells in GALT may function as a checkpoint that protects against autoimmunity. In healthy individuals, this pathway may be involved in generating the vast population of IgA plasma cells and also the enigmatic marginal zone B cell subset that is poorly understood in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vossenkämper
- Blizard Institute and 2 Digestive Diseases Clinical Academic Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, England, UK.
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Kil LP, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B cell selection and activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:445-70. [PMID: 23768157 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.786712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental role of B lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is evident from the high levels of pathogenic antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) found in SLE patients. Affirming this causative role, additional antibody-independent roles of B cells in SLE were appreciated. In recent years, many defects in B cell selection and activation have been identified in murine lupus models and SLE patients that explain the increased emergence and persistence of autoreactive B cells and their lowered activation threshold. Therefore, clinical trials with B cell depletion regimens in SLE patients were initiated but disappointingly the efficacy of B cell depleting agents proved to be limited. Remarkably however, a major breakthrough in SLE therapy was accomplished by blocking B cell survival factors rather then eliminating B cells. This surprising finding indicates that although SLE is a B cell-driven disease, the amplifying crosstalk between B cells and other cells of the immune system likely evokes the observed tolerance breakdown in B cells. Moreover, this implies that intelligent interception of pro-inflammatory loops rather then selectively silencing B cells will be key to the development of new SLE therapies. In this review, we will not only highlight the intrinsic B cell defects that facilitate the persistence of autoreactive B cells and their activation, but in addition we will focus on B cell extrinsic signals derived from T cells and innate immune cells that lower the activation threshold for B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens P Kil
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, NL 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Tiller T, Schuster I, Deppe D, Siegers K, Strohner R, Herrmann T, Berenguer M, Poujol D, Stehle J, Stark Y, Heßling M, Daubert D, Felderer K, Kaden S, Kölln J, Enzelberger M, Urlinger S. A fully synthetic human Fab antibody library based on fixed VH/VL framework pairings with favorable biophysical properties. MAbs 2013; 5:445-70. [PMID: 23571156 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the design, generation and testing of Ylanthia, a fully synthetic human Fab antibody library with 1.3E+11 clones. Ylanthia comprises 36 fixed immunoglobulin (Ig) variable heavy (VH)/variable light (VL) chain pairs, which cover a broad range of canonical complementarity-determining region (CDR) structures. The variable Ig heavy and Ig light (VH/VL) chain pairs were selected for biophysical characteristics favorable to manufacturing and development. The selection process included multiple parameters, e.g., assessment of protein expression yield, thermal stability and aggregation propensity in fragment antigen binding (Fab) and IgG1 formats, and relative Fab display rate on phage. The framework regions are fixed and the diversified CDRs were designed based on a systematic analysis of a large set of rearranged human antibody sequences. Care was taken to minimize the occurrence of potential posttranslational modification sites within the CDRs. Phage selection was performed against various antigens and unique antibodies with excellent biophysical properties were isolated. Our results confirm that quality can be built into an antibody library by prudent selection of unmodified, fully human VH/VL pairs as scaffolds.
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Abstract
A large antibody repertoire is generated in developing B cells in the bone marrow. Before these B cells achieve immunocompetence, those expressing autospecificities must be purged. To that end, B cells within the bone marrow and just following egress from the bone marrow are subject to tolerance induction. Once B cells achieve immunocompetence, the antibody repertoire can be further diversified by somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in B cells that have been activated by antigen and cognate T cell help and have undergone a germinal center (GC) response. This process also leads to the generation of autoreactive B cells which must be again purged to protect the host. Thus, B cells within the GC and just following egress from the GC are also subject to tolerance induction. Available data suggest that B cell intrinsic processes triggered by signaling through the B cell receptor activate tolerance mechanisms at both time points. Recent data suggest that GC and post-GC B cells are also subject to B cell extrinsic tolerance mechanisms mediated through soluble and membrane-bound factors derived from various T cell subsets.
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Abstract
Autoreactive B and T cells are present in healthy, autoimmunity-free individuals, but they are kept in check by various regulatory mechanisms. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, however, autoreactive cells are expanded, activated, and produce large quantities of autoantibodies, directed especially against nuclear antigens. These antibodies form immune complexes with self-nucleic acids present in SLE serum. Since self-DNA and self-RNA in the form of protein complexes can act as TLR9 and TLR7 ligands, respectively, TLR stimulation is suggested as an additional signal contributing to activation and/or modulation of the aberrant adaptive immune response. Data from mouse models suggest a pathogenic role for TLR7 and a protective role for TLR9 in the pathogenesis of SLE. Future investigations are needed to elucidate the underlying modulatory mechanisms and the role of TLR7 and TLR9 in the complex pathogenesis of human SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Celhar
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03 Immunos, Singapore
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59
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Evaluation of ENA-6 Profile by ELISA Immunoassay in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematodes. Autoimmune Dis 2012; 2012:321614. [PMID: 23097694 PMCID: PMC3477525 DOI: 10.1155/2012/321614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases occur in 3−5% of the population. Study included 30 patients with clinically diagnosed SLE and 30 healthy controls (American college of Rheumatology, 1997). SLE was diagnosed according to criteria issued in 1997 by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). The aim of this study was to evaluate concentration values of each antigen of ENA-6 profile in SLE, to investigate possible correlation between the concentration of Sm antibodies and CIC, and to test their use as possible immunobiological markers in SLE. Furthermore, the aim of our study was to determine whether there is a correlation between Sm antibodies and CIC and SLE activity. The results revealed that all of these ENA-6 and Sm antibodies as biomarkers complement diagnoses of active SLE but their use as solo markers does not allow classifying patients with SLE. Our study has shown that based on calculations from ROC curves, Sm/RNP was clearly a very important marker for diagnosis of SLE (cut off ≥ 9.56 EU, AUC 0,942). The high incidence of Scl-70 (10%) reactivity suggests that ELISA monitoring of this antibody produces more false positive results than other multiplex assay. An important conclusion that can be drawn from the results of our study is that laboratory tests are no more effective than clinical examination for detecting disease relapse, but are helpful in the confirmation of SLE activity.
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Fournier EM, Velez MG, Leahy K, Swanson CL, Rubtsov AV, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Dual-reactive B cells are autoreactive and highly enriched in the plasmablast and memory B cell subsets of autoimmune mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1797-812. [PMID: 22927551 PMCID: PMC3457739 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dual–light chain–expressing B cells in autoimmune prone mice increase with age, contribute to the memory and plasma cell compartments, and are autoreactive. Rare dual-reactive B cells expressing two types of Ig light or heavy chains have been shown to participate in immune responses and differentiate into IgG+ cells in healthy mice. These cells are generated more often in autoreactive mice, leading us to hypothesize they might be relevant in autoimmunity. Using mice bearing Igk allotypic markers and a wild-type Ig repertoire, we demonstrate that the generation of dual-κ B cells increases with age and disease progression in autoimmune-prone MRL and MRL/lpr mice. These dual-reactive cells express markers of activation and are more frequently autoreactive than single-reactive B cells. Moreover, dual-κ B cells represent up to half of plasmablasts and memory B cells in autoimmune mice, whereas they remain infrequent in healthy mice. Differentiation of dual-κ B cells into plasmablasts is driven by MRL genes, whereas the maintenance of IgG+ cells is partly dependent on Fas inactivation. Furthermore, dual-κ B cells that differentiate into plasmablasts retain the capacity to secrete autoantibodies. Overall, our study indicates that dual-reactive B cells significantly contribute to the plasmablast and memory B cell populations of autoimmune-prone mice suggesting a role in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie M Fournier
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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61
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Joo H, Coquery C, Xue Y, Gayet I, Dillon SR, Punaro M, Zurawski G, Banchereau J, Pascual V, Oh S. Serum from patients with SLE instructs monocytes to promote IgG and IgA plasmablast differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1335-48. [PMID: 22689824 PMCID: PMC3405503 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes exposed to serum from SLE patients promote B cell differentiation to IgG and IgA plasmablasts dependent on BAFF and IL-10 or APRIL, respectively. The development of autoantibodies is a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE serum can induce monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells (DCs) in a type I IFN–dependent manner. Such SLE-DCs activate T cells, but whether they promote B cell responses is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that SLE-DCs can efficiently stimulate naive and memory B cells to differentiate into IgG- and IgA-plasmablasts (PBs) resembling those found in the blood of SLE patients. SLE-DC–mediated IgG-PB differentiation is dependent on B cell–activating factor (BAFF) and IL-10, whereas IgA-PB differentiation is dependent on a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). Importantly, SLE-DCs express CD138 and trans-present CD138-bound APRIL to B cells, leading to the induction of IgA switching and PB differentiation in an IFN-α–independent manner. We further found that this mechanism of providing B cell help is relevant in vivo, as CD138-bound APRIL is expressed on blood monocytes from active SLE patients. Collectively, our study suggests that a direct myeloid DC–B cell interplay might contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemee Joo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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62
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Abstract
Rheumatologists see patients with a range of autoimmune diseases. Phenotyping these diseases for diagnosis, prognosis and selection of therapies is an ever increasing problem. Advances in multiplexed assay technology at the gene, protein, and cellular level have enabled the identification of 'actionable biomarkers'; that is, biological metrics that can inform clinical practice. Not only will such biomarkers yield insight into the development, remission, and exacerbation of a disease, they will undoubtedly improve diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy of classification, and ultimately guide treatment. This Review provides an introduction to these powerful technologies that could promote the identification of actionable biomarkers, including mass cytometry, protein arrays, and immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor high-throughput sequencing. In our opinion, these technologies should become part of routine clinical practice for the management of autoimmune diseases. The use of analytical tools to deconvolve the data obtained from use of these technologies is also presented here. These analyses are revealing a more comprehensive and interconnected view of the immune system than ever before and should have an important role in directing future treatment approaches for autoimmune diseases.
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63
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Mina R, Klein-Gitelman MS, Ravelli A, Beresford MW, Avcin T, Espada G, Eberhard BA, Schanberg LE, O'Neil KM, Silva CA, Higgins GC, Onel K, Singer NG, von Scheven E, Imundo LF, Nelson S, Giannini EH, Brunner HI. Inactive disease and remission in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64:683-93. [PMID: 22238253 DOI: 10.1002/acr.21612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define inactive disease (ID) and clinical remission (CR) and to delineate variables that can be used to measure ID/CR in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE). METHODS Delphi questionnaires were sent to an international group of pediatric rheumatologists. Respondents provided information about variables to be used in future algorithms to measure ID/CR. The usefulness of these variables was assessed in 35 children with ID and 31 children with minimally active lupus (MAL). RESULTS While ID reflects cSLE status at a specific point in time, CR requires the presence of ID for >6 months and considers treatment. There was consensus that patients in ID/CR can have <2 mild nonlimiting symptoms (i.e., fatigue, arthralgia, headaches, or myalgia) but not Raynaud's phenomenon, chest pain, or objective physical signs of cSLE; antinuclear antibody positivity and erythrocyte sedimentation rate elevation can be present. Complete blood count, renal function testing, and complement C3 all must be within the normal range. Based on consensus, only damage-related laboratory or clinical findings of cSLE are permissible with ID. The above parameters were suitable to differentiate children with ID/CR from those with MAL (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.85). Disease activity scores with or without the physician global assessment of disease activity and patient symptoms were well suited to differentiate children with ID from those with MAL. CONCLUSION Consensus has been reached on common definitions of ID/CR with cSLE and relevant patient characteristics with ID/CR. Further studies must assess the usefulness of the data-driven candidate criteria for ID in cSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Mina
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, William S. Rowe Division of Rheumatology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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64
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Mouquet H, Nussenzweig MC. Polyreactive antibodies in adaptive immune responses to viruses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1435-45. [PMID: 22045557 PMCID: PMC11114792 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
B cells express immunoglobulins on their surface where they serve as antigen receptors. When secreted as antibodies, the same molecules are key elements of the humoral immune response against pathogens such as viruses. Although most antibodies are restricted to binding a specific antigen, some are polyreactive and have the ability to bind to several different ligands, usually with low affinity. Highly polyreactive antibodies are removed from the repertoire during B-cell development by physiologic tolerance mechanisms including deletion and receptor editing. However, a low level of antibody polyreactivity is tolerated and can confer additional binding properties to pathogen-specific antibodies. For example, high-affinity human antibodies to HIV are frequently polyreactive. Here we review the evidence suggesting that in the case of some pathogens like HIV, polyreactivity may confer a selective advantage to pathogen-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10021, USA.
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65
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Finnegan A, Ashaye S, Hamel KM. B effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis and experimental arthritis. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:353-63. [PMID: 22432771 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.665526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune immune disease affecting approximately 1% of the population. There has been a renewed interest in the role of B cells in rheumatoid arthritis based on the evidence that B cell depletion therapy is effective in the treatment of disease. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which B cells contribute to autoimmune arthritis including roles as autoantibody producing cells, antigen-presenting cells, cytokine producing cells, and regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Finnegan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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66
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B cell receptor light chain repertoires show signs of selection with differences between groups of healthy individuals and SLE patients. Mol Immunol 2012; 51:273-82. [PMID: 22516082 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a microarray to study the expression of L-chain V genes (V(L) genes) in healthy and SLE patient peripheral κ- and λ-sorted B cells. In all repertoires tested, one V(L) gene accounts for over 10% of all gene V(L) expression, consistent with positive selection acting on L-chains. While a few V(L) genes were highly expressed in all individuals, most V(L) genes were expressed at different levels. Some V(L) genes (5 out of a total of 78) were not detected. We attribute their absence from the repertoire to negative selection. Positive selection and negative selection were also found in SLE repertoires, but expression of V(L) genes was different; the differences point to less regulation of V(L) gene repertoires in SLE. Our data shows that V(L) gene expression is variable and supports a model where the L-chain repertoire is generated by both positive and negative selection on L-chains.
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67
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Scholz JL, Cancro MP. Resolve, revise, and relax: the 3 Rs of B cell repertoire adjustment. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:2-8. [PMID: 22330846 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Competition for limited, cell extrinsic survival factors is a general feature of peripheral selection checkpoints involved in B lymphocyte maturation and activation. Perhaps the best-characterized example involves BLyS (B lymphocyte stimulator), which modulates the size and composition of mature naïve B cell pools, but evidence for analogous competitive checkpoints is emerging for both germinal center B cells and plasma cells. Here we discuss how deliberate alteration of BLyS levels might be used to manipulate B cell repertoire selection in order to restore self-tolerance in autoimmunity, remodel the repertoire to accommodate neo-self antigens introduced through transplantation and gene therapy, or expand repertoire diversity to reveal novel, therapeutically useful specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L Scholz
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States
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68
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Kaminski DA, Wei C, Rosenberg AF, Lee FEH, Sanz I. Multiparameter flow cytometry and bioanalytics for B cell profiling in systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 900:109-34. [PMID: 22933067 PMCID: PMC3927893 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-720-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocyte involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus has been recognized for several decades, mainly in the context of autoantibody production. Both mouse and human studies reveal that different types of antibody responses, as well as antibody-independent effector functions can be ascribed to distinct subpopulations (subsets) of circulating B cells. Characterizing human B cell subsets can advance the field of autoimmunity even further by establishing B cell signatures associated with disease severity, progression, and response-to-treatment. For this purpose, we have developed specialized B cell reagent panels for multiparameter flow cytometry, and combine their use with advanced bioinformatics strategies that together will likely be advantageous for improving the characterization, prognosis, and for possibly improving treatment regimens of chronic inflammatory diseases such as lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Kaminski
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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69
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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70
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Pillai S, Mattoo H, Cariappa A. B cells and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:721-31. [PMID: 22119110 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation for the role for B cells in autoimmune disorders in which inflammation is driven by T cells, in addition to the well-established role for B cells in autoimmune disorders characterized by pathogenic auto-antibodies. Current information on tolerance checkpoints in B cells, B cell depletion, BAFF blockade, regulatory B cells and clonal ignorance mediated by the SIAE/Siglec pathway will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Pillai
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States.
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71
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Huang W, Moisini I, Bethunaickan R, Sahu R, Akerman M, Eilat D, Lesser M, Davidson A. BAFF/APRIL inhibition decreases selection of naive but not antigen-induced autoreactive B cells in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6571-80. [PMID: 22102726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BAFF inhibition is a new B cell-directed therapeutic strategy for autoimmune disease. Our purpose was to analyze the effect of BAFF/APRIL availability on the naive and Ag-activated B cell repertoires in systemic lupus erythematosus, using the autoreactive germline D42 H chain (glD42H) site-directed transgenic NZB/W mouse. In this article, we show that the naive Vκ repertoire in both young and diseased glD42H NZB/W mice is dominated by five L chains that confer no or low-affinity polyreactivity. In contrast, glD42H B cells expressing L chains that confer high-affinity autoreactivity are mostly deleted before the mature B cell stage, but are positively selected and expanded in the germinal centers (GCs) as the mice age. Of these, the most abundant is VκRF (Vκ16-104*01), which is expressed by almost all IgG anti-DNA hybridomas derived from the glD42H mouse. Competition with nonautoreactive B cells or BAFF/APRIL inhibition significantly inhibited selection of glD42H B cells at the late transitional stage, with only subtle effects on the glD42H-associated L chain repertoire. However, glD42H/VκRF-encoded B cells were still vastly overrepresented in the GC, and serum IgG anti-DNA Abs arose with only a slight delay. Thus, although BAFF/APRIL inhibition increases the stringency of negative selection of the naive autoreactive B cell repertoire in NZB/W mice, it does not correct the major breach in B cell tolerance that occurs at the GC checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Huang
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Dörner T, Giesecke C, Lipsky PE. Mechanisms of B cell autoimmunity in SLE. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:243. [PMID: 22078750 PMCID: PMC3308063 DOI: 10.1186/ar3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is known to be associated with polyclonal B-cell hyperreactivity. The underlying causes of the diffuse B-cell over-reactivity are unclear, but potential candidates include (a) intrinsic hyper-reactivity leading to polyclonal B-cell activation with disturbed activation thresholds and ineffective negative selection; (b) lack of immunoregulatory functions; (c) secondary effects of an overactive inflammatory environment, such as overactive germinal center and ectopic follicular activity; and/or (d) disturbed cytokine production by non-B immune cells. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and may operate to varying extents and at varying times in SLE. Phenotypic and molecular studies as well as the results of recent clinical trials have begun to provide new insights to address these possibilities. Of importance, new information has made it possible to distinguish between the contribution played by abnormalities in central checkpoints that could lead to a pre-immune repertoire enriched in autoreactive B cells, on the one hand, and the possibility that autoimmunity arises in the periphery from somatic hypermutation and abnormal selection during T cell-dependent B-cell responses on the other. There is an intriguing possibility that apoptotic material bound to the surface of follicular dendritic cells positively selects autoreactive B cells that arise from non-autoreactive B-cell precursors as a result of somatic hypermutation and thereby promotes the peripheral emergence of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dörner
- Charite Center 12, Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, Chariteplatz 01, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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von Büdingen HC, Bar-Or A, Zamvil SS. B cells in multiple sclerosis: connecting the dots. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:713-20. [PMID: 21983151 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades B cells have increasingly moved into the spotlight in multiple sclerosis (MS) research. This interest was fuelled by growing understanding and acceptance of pathological involvement of B cells and antibodies in MS. Data derived from animal models of MS, human histopathological studies, and analyses of B cells in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have permitted the integration of B cells in our overall picture of MS immunopathogenesis. The as yet strongest direct evidence for a central role of B cells in MS autoimmunity was the demonstration that peripheral B cell depletion leads to a rapid decline of disease-activity in MS. While lending formidable impact to peripheral blood B cells as mediators of disease activity, the effects of anti-CD20 treatment also seemingly challenged the paradigm of a role of antibodies in targeted central nervous system (CNS) myelin destruction. This review shall attempt to provide an overview of our current understanding of B cell and antibody mediated mechanisms relevant to MS. We will include findings from, both, human studies, and animal models to highlight the complexity of B cell function as it pertains to MS. B cells appear to be effective drivers of inflammatory activity in MS by way of a diverse toolset of cellular functions. These functions appear to be closely linked to B cells that can be found in the periphery. However, by serving as the source of antibodies, B cells offer a direct humoral response that may target the CNS and lead to tissue specific destruction. Therefore, B cells participate in MS pathogenesis on both sides of the blood-brain barrier.
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74
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Menard L, Samuels J, Ng YS, Meffre E. Inflammation-independent defective early B cell tolerance checkpoints in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1237-45. [PMID: 21538313 DOI: 10.1002/art.30164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who have never received treatment for RA have been found to have defective early B cell tolerance checkpoints, resulting in impaired removal of developing autoreactive B cells. However, it is unclear whether these defects in B cell tolerance checkpoints are a primary aspect of the disease or are the result of ongoing inflammatory processes in these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of standard immunosuppressive treatments, methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) agents, on early B cell tolerance checkpoints in RA patients. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from RA patients before and after treatment with methotrexate and/or anti-TNFα agents. B cells were tested pre- and posttherapy for reactivity of recombinant antibodies cloned from single B cells, which allowed us to determine the evolution of the frequency of autoreactive clones in the mature naive B cell compartment in RA patients before and after treatment. B cells from healthy donors were used as controls. RESULTS Posttreatment frequencies of autoreactive mature naive B cells were elevated in the blood of RA patients. Nevertheless, the frequencies after treatment remained similar to those observed in the same patients before treatment. CONCLUSION Despite the achievement of clinical improvement in RA patients following treatment with methotrexate and/or anti-TNFα agents, these therapies did not correct the accumulation of peripheral autoreactive mature naive B cells in these patients, suggesting that inflammation is not responsible for the defective early B cell tolerance checkpoints in RA.
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75
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Jiang C, Zhao ML, Scearce RM, Diaz M. Activation-induced deaminase-deficient MRL/lpr mice secrete high levels of protective antibodies against lupus nephritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1086-96. [PMID: 21225690 DOI: 10.1002/art.30230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously generated MRL/lpr mice deficient in activation-induced deaminase (AID) that lack isotype switching and immunoglobulin hypermutation. These mice have high levels of unmutated (germline) autoreactive IgM, yet they experienced an increase in survival and an improvement in lupus nephritis that exceeded that of MRL/lpr mice lacking IgG. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that high levels of germline autoreactive IgM in these mice confer protection against lupus nephritis. METHODS Autoreactive IgM antibodies of various specificities, including antibodies against double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), from AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice were given to asymptomatic MRL/lpr mice, and the levels of cytokines, proteinuria, immune complex deposition in the kidneys, and glomerulonephritis were examined. Novel AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice that lack any antibodies were generated for comparison to AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice that secrete only IgM. RESULTS Treatment with IgM anti-dsDNA resulted in a dramatic improvement in lupus nephritis. Other autoreactive IgM antibodies, such as antiphospholipid and anti-Sm, did not alter the pathologic changes. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and the levels of inflammatory cells and apoptotic debris in the kidneys were lower in mice receiving IgM anti-dsDNA. Protective IgM derived from AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice displayed a distinct B cell repertoire, with a bias toward members of the V(H) 7183 family. CONCLUSION IgM anti-dsDNA protected MRL/lpr mice from lupus nephritis, likely by stopping the inflammatory cascade leading to kidney damage. A distinct repertoire of V(H) usage in IgM anti-dsDNA hybridomas from AID-deficient mice suggests that there is enrichment of a dedicated B cell population that secretes unmutated protective IgM in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuancang Jiang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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76
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Resistance to exogenous TGF-β effects in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:574-83. [PMID: 21503670 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying the loss of self-tolerance in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are incompletely deciphered. TGF-β plays a key role in self-tolerance demonstrated by the onset of a fatal autoimmune syndrome associated with lupus autoantibodies in mice lacking a functional TGF-β receptor. The present work aims to define whether resistance to TGF-β might contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE. METHODS Twenty-two patients with active SLE, 16 with other connective tissue diseases, and 10 healthy controls were prospectively included in this study. The effects of exogenous TGF-β1 on IL-2-dependent T-cell proliferation, IFN-γ secretion, and target gene transcription were analyzed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS Our results showed that 75% of patients with SLE or other connective tissue diseases were totally or partially resistant to the effects of TGF-β1. The responses to the anti-proliferative and transcriptional effects of TGF-β were, however, discordant in a high proportion of our patients. Hence, we distinguish three distinct profiles of resistance to TGF-β1 and suggest that patients may exhibit different defects affecting distinct points of TGF-β1 signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate the presence of an impaired response of peripheral cells to TGF-β1 in patients with active SLE that may participate to the pathogenesis of the disease. Further studies will be necessary to delineate the mechanisms underlying the lymphocyte resistance to TGF-β1 in SLE.
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are arguably the most significant class of biologics for use as pharmaceuticals and diagnostics. Many technological concepts exist for the generation and identification of therapeutically relevant mAbs, including the isolation and cloning of immunoglobulin (Ig) encoding genes from single B-lineage cells. This review summarizes various single B cell approaches and describes their use for the discovery of mAbs with potential therapeutic values or in basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Breden F, Lepik C, Longo NS, Montero M, Lipsky PE, Scott JK. Comparison of antibody repertoires produced by HIV-1 infection, other chronic and acute infections, and systemic autoimmune disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16857. [PMID: 21479208 PMCID: PMC3068138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies (Abs) produced during HIV-1 infection rarely neutralize a broad range of viral isolates; only eight broadly-neutralizing (bNt) monoclonal (M)Abs have been isolated. Yet, to be effective, an HIV-1 vaccine may have to elicit the essential features of these MAbs. The V genes of all of these bNt MAbs are highly somatically mutated, and the VH genes of five of them encode a long (≥20 aa) third complementarity-determining region (CDR-H3). This led us to question whether long CDR-H3s and high levels of somatic mutation (SM) are a preferred feature of anti-HIV bNt MAbs, or if other adaptive immune responses elicit them in general. Methodology and Principal Findings We assembled a VH-gene sequence database from over 700 human MAbs of known antigen specificity isolated from chronic (viral) infections (ChI), acute (bacterial and viral) infections (AcI), and systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD), and compared their CDR-H3 length, number of SMs and germline VH-gene usage. We found that anti-HIV Abs, regardless of their neutralization breadth, tended to have long CDR-H3s and high numbers of SMs. However, these features were also common among Abs associated with other chronic viral infections. In contrast, Abs from acute viral infections (but not bacterial infections) tended to have relatively short CDR-H3s and a low number of SMs, whereas SAD Abs were generally intermediate in CDR-H3 length and number of SMs. Analysis of VH gene usage showed that ChI Abs also tended to favor distal germline VH-genes (particularly VH1-69), especially in Abs bearing long CDR-H3s. Conclusions and Significance The striking difference between the Abs produced during chronic vs. acute viral infection suggests that Abs bearing long CDR-H3s, high levels of SM and VH1-69 gene usage may be preferentially selected during persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (FB); (JKS)
| | - Christa Lepik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nancy S. Longo
- Repertoire Analysis Group, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marinieve Montero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter E. Lipsky
- Repertoire Analysis Group, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jamie K. Scott
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (FB); (JKS)
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Bagavant H, Kalantarinia K, Scindia Y, Deshmukh U. Novel therapeutic approaches to lupus glomerulonephritis: translating animal models to clinical practice. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57:498-507. [PMID: 21239097 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease frequently affecting the kidney. Renal involvement is characterized by glomerular immune complex deposits and proliferative glomerulonephritis progressing to glomerulosclerosis and kidney failure. The development of systemic lupus erythematosus is regulated genetically, and lupus susceptibility genes have been linked to immune hyper-responsiveness and loss of immune regulation. In addition to the systemic immune defects, recent studies in animal models show that susceptibility to lupus nephritis is influenced by intrinsic renal factors. Thus, renal cell responses to immune-mediated glomerular injury determine disease outcome. This supports the idea that future treatments for lupus nephritis need to focus on regulating end-organ responses. The feasibility of this approach has been shown in animal models of kidney disease. For more than 50 years, the emphasis in management of lupus nephritis has been suppression of autoimmune responses and systemic control of inflammation. This review describes recently developed targeted drug delivery technologies and potential targets that can regulate glomerular cell responses, offering a novel therapeutic approach for lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Bagavant
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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80
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Dörner T, Jacobi AM, Lee J, Lipsky PE. Abnormalities of B cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol Methods 2010; 363:187-97. [PMID: 20598709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The prototypic autoimmune disease, SLE, is known to be associated with polyclonal B cell hyperreactivity. Developing an understanding of the complex nature of human B cell differentiation, largely through the application of multiparameter flow cytometry to an analysis of circulating B cells has permitted an assessment of whether specific stages of B cell maturation are affected by the tendency for polyclonal B cell activation. Moreover, the analysis of perturbations of the specific stages of B cell maturation has generated new information on whether abnormalities in B cell differentiation are primarily involved in autoimmune disease immunopathology or, rather, are secondary to the inflammatory environment characteristic of subjects with this autoimmune disease. Multivariant analysis has begun to document abnormalities in B cell maturation that are primarily associated with lupus, or, alternatively related to disease duration, disease activity and concomitant medication. Together, these analyses have provided new insights on the role of B cell over-reactivity in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dörner
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, Chariteplatz 01, 10098 Berlin, Germany.
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Rodríguez-Bayona B, Ramos-Amaya A, Pérez-Venegas JJ, Rodríguez C, Brieva JA. Decreased frequency and activated phenotype of blood CD27 IgD IgM B lymphocytes is a permanent abnormality in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R108. [PMID: 20525218 PMCID: PMC2911899 DOI: 10.1186/ar3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by B cell hyper-activation and auto-reactivity resulting in pathogenic auto-antibody generation. The phenotypic analysis of blood B cell subsets can be used to understand these alterations. Methods The combined detection of CD19, CD27 and IgD (or IgM) by flow cytometry (FC) analysis delineates five well-defined blood B cell-subsets: naive, switched (S) memory, double negative (DN) memory and CD27 IgD IgM (non-switched memory) B lymphocytes, and plasma cells (PCs). This phenotypic study was performed in 69 consecutive SLE patients and 31 healthy controls. Results SLE patients exhibited several abnormalities in the distribution of these B cell subsets, including elevated levels of DN memory B cells and PCs, and decreased CD27 IgD IgM B cells. Active SLE patients also showed decreased presence of S memory B cells and increased proportions of naive B lymphocytes. Nevertheless, when the patients in remission who did not require treatment were studied separately, the only remaining abnormality was a reduction of the CD27 IgD IgM B cell-subset detectable in most of these patients. The level of reduction of CD27 IgD IgM B cells was associated with elevated values of serum SLE auto-antibodies. Further analysis of this latter B cell-subset specifically showed increased expression of CD80, CD86, CD95, 9G4 idiotype and functional CXCR3 and CXCR4. Conclusions The presence of a reduced blood CD27 IgD IgM B cell-subset, exhibiting an activated state and enriched for auto-reactivity, is a consistent B cell abnormality in SLE. These findings suggest that CD27 IgD IgM B lymphocytes play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rodríguez-Bayona
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Avenida Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
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82
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Abstract
B-cell development is tightly regulated, including the induction of B-cell memory and antibody-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells. In the last decade, we have expanded our understanding of effector functions of B cells as well as their roles in human autoimmune diseases. The current review addresses the role of certain stages of B-cell development as well as plasmablasts/plasma cells in immune regulation under normal and autoimmune conditions with particular emphasis on systemic lupus erythematosus. Based on preclinical and clinical data, B cells have emerged increasingly as both effector cells as well as cells with immunoregulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dörner
- Charite Center 12 and 14, Charite University Hospital and DRFZ Berlin, Chariteplatz 01, 10098 Berlin, Germany.
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83
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Jacobi AM, Zhang J, Mackay M, Aranow C, Diamond B. Phenotypic characterization of autoreactive B cells--checkpoints of B cell tolerance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5776. [PMID: 19488401 PMCID: PMC2685013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-reactive B cells play a central role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); DNA antibodies precede clinical disease and in established disease correlate with renal inflammation and contribute to dendritic cell activation and high levels of type 1 interferon. A number of central and peripheral B cell tolerance mechanisms designed to control the survival, differentiation and activation of autoreactive B cells are thought to be disturbed in patients with SLE. The characterization of DNA-reactive B cells has, however, been limited by their low frequency in peripheral blood. Using a tetrameric configuration of a peptide mimetope of DNA bound by pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies, we can identify B cells producing potentially pathogenic DNA-reactive antibodies. We, therefore, characterized the maturation and differentiation states of peptide, (ds) double stranded DNA cross-reactive B cells in the peripheral blood of lupus patients and correlated these with clinical disease activity. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a significantly higher frequency of tetramer-binding B cells in SLE patients compared to healthy controls. We demonstrated the existence of a novel tolerance checkpoint at the transition of antigen-naïve to antigen-experienced. We further demonstrate that patients with moderately active disease have more autoreactive B cells in both the antigen-naïve and antigen-experienced compartments consistent with greater impairment in B cell tolerance in both early and late checkpoints in these patients than in patients with quiescent disease. This methodology enables us to gain insight into the development and fate of DNA-reactive B cells in individual patients with SLE and paves the way ultimately to permit better and more customized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett M. Jacobi
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhang
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Meggan Mackay
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Betty Diamond
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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B-cell tolerance checkpoints in health and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:632-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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85
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Role of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:639-45. [PMID: 18775493 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
B cell tolerance to many self-proteins is actively maintained by either purging self-reactive B receptors through clonal deletion and receptor editing, or by functional silencing known as anergy. However, these processes are clearly incomplete as B cell driven autoimmune diseases still occur. The significance of B cells in two such diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, is highlighted by the ameliorative effects of B cell depletion. It remains to be determined, however, whether the key role of the B cell in autoimmune disease is autoantibody production or another antibody-independent function.
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86
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Mietzner B, Tsuiji M, Scheid J, Velinzon K, Tiller T, Abraham K, Gonzalez JB, Pascual V, Stichweh D, Wardemann H, Nussenzweig MC. Autoreactive IgG memory antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus arise from nonreactive and polyreactive precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9727-32. [PMID: 18621685 PMCID: PMC2474524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803644105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent autoantibody production in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suggests the existence of autoreactive humoral memory, but the frequency of self-reactive memory B cells in SLE has not been determined. Here, we report on the reactivity of 200 monoclonal antibodies from single IgG+ memory B cells of four SLE patients. The overall frequency of polyreactive and HEp-2 self-reactive antibodies in this compartment was similar to controls. We found 15% of IgG memory B cell antibodies highly reactive and specific for SLE-associated extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) Ro52 and La in one patient with serum autoantibody titers of the same specificity but not in the other three patients or healthy individuals. The germ-line forms of the ENA antibodies were non-self-reactive or polyreactive with low binding to Ro52, supporting the idea that somatic mutations contributed to autoantibody specificity and reactivity. Heterogeneity in the frequency of memory B cells expressing SLE-associated autoantibodies suggests that this variable may be important in the outcome of therapies that ablate this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brun Mietzner
- *Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Tiller
- *Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Central Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Hospital, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose B. Gonzalez
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Hospital, 12200 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Dorothee Stichweh
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- *Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Cantaert T, De Rycke L, Mavragani CP, Wijbrandts CA, Niewold TB, Niers T, Vandooren B, Veys EM, Richel D, Tak PP, Crow MK, Baeten D. Exposure to nuclear antigens contributes to the induction of humoral autoimmunity during tumour necrosis factor alpha blockade. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 68:1022-9. [PMID: 18625621 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.093724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type I interferons and apoptotic particles contribute to antinuclear autoimmunity in experimental models. This study assessed whether similar mechanisms contribute to break peripheral B-cell tolerance in humans by studying the induction of antinuclear antibodies by tumour necrosis factor blockade in spondyloarthritis. METHODS 40 spondyloarthritis patients treated with infliximab or etanercept and 20 renal cell carcinoma patients treated with sorafenib were studied. Serum antinucleosome IgM and nucleosomes were measured by ELISA. Type I interferon serum activity was measured using a functional reporter cell assay. Synovial apoptosis was assessed by terminal transferase nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay and anti-active caspase-3 immunostaining. Complement was measured by nephelometry. RESULTS Despite a similar clinical improvement and reduction of synovial inflammation, antinucleosome IgM were induced by infliximab but not etanercept. This induction did not correlate with type I interferon activity, which was transiently downmodulated by infliximab but persistently upregulated by etanercept. In contrast, antinucleosome IgM levels did correlate with serum nucleosome levels, which were significantly upregulated by infliximab but not by etanercept treatment. This increase in serum nucleosome levels was not directly related to massive cell death, but rather to a decrease of complement 3 and 4 serum levels during infliximab treatment. CONCLUSION Infliximab and etanercept have a differential effect on both type I interferon activity and nucleosome levels. Only elevated serum nucleosomes relate to the induction of antinucleosome antibodies after infliximab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cantaert
- Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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88
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Morbach H, Richl P, Faber C, Singh SK, Girschick HJ. The kappa immunoglobulin light chain repertoire of peripheral blood B cells in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3840-6. [PMID: 18614233 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The frequent appearance of antinuclear antibodies in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) indicates a loss of tolerance in B cell differentiation and/or activation. In this analysis, we were interested whether particular changes in the immunoglobulin light chain repertoire might exist in early-onset pauciarticular arthritis (EOPA) patients thereby potentially revealing distinct molecular patterns, which characterize defects in central tolerance mechanisms as well as an autoreactive peripheral B cell repertoire. Using single cell sorting and single cell PCR the distribution of Vkappa Jkappa rearrangements has been analyzed in individual naïve B cells of patients with EOPA-JRA and healthy individuals. The immunoglobulin kappa light chain repertoire of peripheral blood B cells in EOPA patients seems to be skewed to a decreased use of downstream Vkappa gene segments indicating increased events of secondary V(D)J-recombination. Another prominent molecular pattern in JRA B cells seem to be a restricted combination of Vkappa Jkappa rearrangements based on the predominant utilization of the Jkappa 1 and 2 gene segment. The current study indicates disturbances in the peripheral B cell pool in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The peripheral blood B cell pool of JRA patients did show molecular changes in the kappa light chain repertoire which, in part, could be a sequel of secondary V(D)J-recombination and of a molecular bias during immunoglobulin rearrangement in the bone marrow. Thus, B cell tolerance might be broken by more than one pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henner Morbach
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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89
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Zouali M. Receptor editing and receptor revision in rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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90
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Chang NH, McKenzie T, Bonventi G, Landolt-Marticorena C, Fortin PR, Gladman D, Urowitz M, Wither JE. Expanded Population of Activated Antigen-Engaged Cells within the Naive B Cell Compartment of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1276-84. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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91
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Pascual V, Roberts WC. Virginia Pascual, MD: a conversation with the editor. Proc AMIA Symp 2008; 21:57-67. [PMID: 18209757 PMCID: PMC2190553 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2008.11928360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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92
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Jackson
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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93
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Tarasenko T, Dean JA, Bolland S. FcgammaRIIB as a modulator of autoimmune disease susceptibility. Autoimmunity 2007; 40:409-17. [PMID: 17729034 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701464665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are secreted to recognize and in some cases directly neutralize pathogens. Another important means by which they are essential components of the immune system is through binding to Fc receptors. Effector responses triggered by antibody binding of Fc receptors affect a host of important cellular responses such as phagocytosis, inflammatory cytokine release, antigen presentation, and regulation of humoral responses. A crucial check on this antibody-mediated signal is through the inhibitory receptor, FcgammaRIIB. In this review we discuss how dysregulation of FcgammaRIIB can result in a lowered threshold for autoimmunity in mice and humans. We close with a discussion of the potential for applying these findings to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Tarasenko
- Autoimmunity and Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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94
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Ueno H, Klechevsky E, Morita R, Aspord C, Cao T, Matsui T, Di Pucchio T, Connolly J, Fay JW, Pascual V, Palucka AK, Banchereau J. Dendritic cell subsets in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2007; 219:118-42. [PMID: 17850486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) system of antigen-presenting cells controls immunity and tolerance. DCs initiate and regulate immune responses in a manner that depends on signals they receive from microbes and their cellular environment. They allow the immune system to make qualitatively distinct responses against different microbial infections. DCs are composed of subsets that express different microbial receptors and express different surface molecules and cytokines. Our studies lead us to propose that interstitial (dermal) DCs preferentially activate humoral immunity, whereas Langerhans cells preferentially induce cellular immunity. Alterations of the DC system result in diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy, and cancer. Conversely, DCs can be exploited for vaccination, and novel vaccines that directly target DCs in vivo are being designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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95
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Ferraccioli G, Tolusso B. Infections, B cell receptor activation and autoimmunity: Different check-point impairments lead to autoimmunity, clonal B cell expansion and fibrosis in different immunological settings. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 7:109-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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96
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Significant progress has been made over recent years in uncovering the B-cell tolerance mechanisms that control development of autoreactive antibodies. This review examines current knowledge on the regulation and selection of autoreactive B cells in mouse models, and in healthy humans and patients with autoimmune disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Autoreactive B cells undergo stringent selection either in the bone marrow or peripheral circulation by deletion, induction of anergy, or receptor editing. There is growing evidence that receptor editing represents the primary physiologic B-cell tolerance mechanism. Several checkpoints against autoreactive B cells have been established in bone marrow and peripheral blood of healthy humans. Recent studies demonstrate that some autoimmune disorders are associated with several alterations in B-cell tolerance checkpoints and often lead to a greater number of autoreactive B cells in the circulation. SUMMARY Discovering the precise nature of B-cell tolerance alterations in patients with autoimmune diseases will lead to the identification of new targets for therapeutic interventions in patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yurasov
- Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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97
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Tiller T, Meffre E, Yurasov S, Tsuiji M, Nussenzweig MC, Wardemann H. Efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies from single human B cells by single cell RT-PCR and expression vector cloning. J Immunol Methods 2007; 329:112-24. [PMID: 17996249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient strategy that combines immunoglobulin (Ig) gene repertoire analysis and Ig reactivity profiling at the single cell level. Based on surface marker expression individual cells at different stages of human B cell development are isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. For each cell Ig heavy and corresponding Ig light chain gene transcripts are amplified by nested RT-PCR and cloned into eukaryotic expression vectors to produce monoclonal human antibodies of the same specificity in vitro. All reactions are performed in 96-well plates and allow cloning of large numbers of Ig genes. The recombinant antibodies are tested for reactivity with diverse self- and non-self antigens and the reactivity profile can be directly linked to the complete Ig heavy and Ig light chain gene sequence information that is obtained as part of the cloning strategy. In summary, our method to clone and express human monoclonal antibodies is unbiased, highly efficient, requires only small cell numbers and the recombinant antibodies allow direct conclusions on the frequency of specific human B cells in a diverse repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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98
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Lamoureux JL, Watson LC, Cherrier M, Skog P, Nemazee D, Feeney AJ. Reduced receptor editing in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2853-64. [PMID: 17967905 PMCID: PMC2118512 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial B cell repertoire contains a considerable proportion of autoreactive specificities. The first major B cell tolerance checkpoint is at the stage of the immature B cell, where receptor editing is the primary mode of eliminating self-reactivity. The cells that emigrate from the bone marrow have a second tolerance checkpoint in the transitional compartment in the spleen. Although it is known that the second checkpoint is defective in lupus, it is not clear whether there is any breakdown in central B cell tolerance in the bone marrow. We demonstrate that receptor editing is less efficient in the lupus-prone strain MRL/lpr. In an in vitro system, when receptor-editing signals are given to bone marrow immature B cells by antiidiotype antibody or after in vivo exposure to membrane-bound self-antigen, MRL/lpr 3-83 transgenic immature B cells undergo less endogenous rearrangement and up-regulate recombination activating gene messenger RNA to a lesser extent than B10 transgenic cells. CD19, along with immunoglobulin M, is down-regulated in the bone marrow upon receptor editing, but the extent of down-regulation is fivefold less in MRL/lpr mice. Less efficient receptor editing could allow some autoreactive cells to escape from the bone marrow in lupus-prone mice, thus predisposing to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Lamoureux
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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99
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Kumar KR, Mohan C. Understanding B-cell tolerance through the use of immunoglobulin transgenic models. Immunol Res 2007; 40:208-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-8008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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100
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Tiller T, Tsuiji M, Yurasov S, Velinzon K, Nussenzweig MC, Wardemann H. Autoreactivity in human IgG+ memory B cells. Immunity 2007; 26:205-13. [PMID: 17306569 PMCID: PMC1839941 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
More than half of the nascent B cells in humans initially express autoreactive antibodies. However, most of these autoantibodies are removed from the repertoire at two checkpoints before maturation into naive B cells. A third checkpoint excludes remaining autoantibodies from the antigen-experienced IgM(+) memory B cell pool. Nevertheless, low-affinity self-reactive antibodies are frequently found in the serum of normal humans. To determine the source of these antibodies, we cloned and expressed antibodies from circulating human IgG(+) memory B cells. Surprisingly, we found that self-reactive antibodies including anti-nuclear antibodies were frequently expressed by IgG(+) memory B cells in healthy donors. Most of these antibodies were created de novo by somatic hypermutation during the transition between mature naive and IgG(+) memory B cells. We conclude that deregulation of self-reactive IgG(+) memory B cells may be associated with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Makoto Tsuiji
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sergey Yurasov
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Klara Velinzon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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