51
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Song X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Fu Z, Ye J, Liu L, Song X, Wu Y. Expression of semaphorin 3A and neuropilin 1 with clinicopathological features and survival in human tongue cancer. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012; 17:e962-8. [PMID: 22926477 PMCID: PMC3505717 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association between semaphorin 3A (SEMA 3A) and its receptor neuropilin 1 (NRP1) and the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with tongue cancer.
Study Design: Forty-three tongue squamous cell carcinoma specimens were included. Immunohistochemical staining of SEMA3A and NRP1 was performed on 15 normal tongue epithelium specimens and the 43 tumour specimens. Immunoreactivity was evaluated based on the staining intensity and distribution score. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-squared and Spearman tests and Kaplan-Meier analysis.
Results: SEMA3A was significantly down-regulated in tongue cancer compared with normal tongue (P=0.025), while NRP1 was over-expressed in tumours (P<0.001). SEMA3A expression inversely correlated with nodal metastasis (P=0.017). NRP1 expression did not correlate with any clinicopathological characteristics. Higher SEMA3A expression strongly predicted longer survival (P=0.005). Scores for the NRP1/SEMA3A ratio of ≥1 predicted shorter survival (P=0.045).
Conclusions: Aberrant expression of SEMA3A and its receptor NRP1 might be involved in the development of tongue cancer and might be useful prognostic markers in this tumour type.
Key words:Semaphorin 3A, neuropilin 1, tongue, squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Song
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, China.
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52
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Zheng QD, Wu WY, Chen Y. Role of tumor-associated macrophages in the growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2907-2912. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i30.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumors has become a hot research topic in recent years. New evidence suggests that macrophages play a dual role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Besides anti-tumor effects, macrophages in the tumor microenvironment can facilitate angiogenesis and extracellular matrix breakdown and remodeling and promote tumor cell mobility. In this article we summarize the role of TAMs in the growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in terms of TAM recruitment, inflammation, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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53
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Abstract
Solid tumors not only comprise malignant cells but also other nonmalignant cell types, forming a unique microenvironment that can strongly influence the behavior of tumor cells. Recent advances in the understanding of cancer biology have highlighted the functional role of semaphorins. In fact, semaphorins form a family of molecular signals known to guide and control cell migration during embryo development and in adults. Tumor cells express semaphorins as well as their receptors, plexins and neuropilins. It has been shown that semaphorin signaling can regulate tumor cell behavior. Moreover, semaphorins are important regulators of tumor angiogenesis. Conversely, very little is known about the functional relevance of semaphorin signals for tumor-infiltrating stromal cells, such as leukocytes. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge on the functional role of semaphorins in cancer progression, and we focus on the emerging role of semaphorins in mediating the cross talk between tumor cells and different tumor stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Muratori
- University of Torino Medical School, Institute for Cancer Research (IRCC), Candiolo, Turin, Italy
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54
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Meda C, Molla F, De Pizzol M, Regano D, Maione F, Capano S, Locati M, Mantovani A, Latini R, Bussolino F, Giraudo E. Semaphorin 4A exerts a proangiogenic effect by enhancing vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4081-92. [PMID: 22442441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The axon guidance cues semaphorins (Semas) and their receptors plexins have been shown to regulate both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Sema4A plays an important role in the immune system by inducing T cell activation, but to date, the role of Sema4A in regulating the function of macrophages during the angiogenic and inflammatory processes remains unclear. In this study, we show that macrophage activation by TLR ligands LPS and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid induced a time-dependent increase of Sema4A and its receptors PlexinB2 and PlexinD1. Moreover, in a thioglycollate-induced peritonitis mouse model, Sema4A was detected in circulating Ly6C(high) inflammatory monocytes and peritoneal macrophages. Acting via PlexinD1, exogenous Sema4A strongly increased macrophage migration. Of note, Sema4A-activated PlexinD1 enhanced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, but not of inflammatory chemokines. Sema4A-stimulated macrophages were able to activate vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and the PI3K/serine/threonine kinase Akt pathway in endothelial cells and to sustain their migration and in vivo angiogenesis. Remarkably, in an in vivo cardiac ischemia/reperfusion mouse model, Sema4A was highly expressed in macrophages recruited at the injured area. We conclude that Sema4A activates a specialized and restricted genetic program in macrophages able to sustain angiogenesis and participates in their recruitment and activation in inflammatory injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Meda
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
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55
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Semaphorin 3A suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in mice melanoma model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33633. [PMID: 22448259 PMCID: PMC3308985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent understanding on cancer therapy indicated that targeting metastatic signature or angiogenic switch could be a promising and rational approach to combat cancer. Advancement in cancer research has demonstrated the potential role of various tumor suppressor proteins in inhibition of cancer progression. Current studies have shown that axonal sprouting inhibitor, semaphorin 3A (Sema 3A) acts as a potent suppressor of tumor angiogenesis in various cancer models. However, the function of Sema 3A in regulation of melanoma progression is not well studied, and yet to be the subject of intense investigation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, using multiple in vitro and in vivo approaches we have demonstrated that Sema 3A acts as a potent tumor suppressor in vitro and in vivo mice (C57BL/6) models. Mouse melanoma (B16F10) cells overexpressed with Sema 3A resulted in significant inhibition of cell motility, invasiveness and proliferation as well as suppression of in vivo tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis in mice models. Moreover, we have observed that Sema 3A overexpressed melanoma clone showed increased sensitivity towards curcumin and Dacarbazine, anti-cancer agents. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate, at least in part, the functional approach underlying Sema 3A mediated inhibition of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis and a clear understanding of such a process may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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56
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Neufeld G, Sabag AD, Rabinovicz N, Kessler O. Semaphorins in angiogenesis and tumor progression. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:a006718. [PMID: 22315716 PMCID: PMC3253028 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The semaphorins were initially described as axon guidance factors, but have recently been implicated in a variety of physiological and developmental functions, including regulation of immune response, angiogenesis, and migration of neural crest cells. The semaphorin family contains more than 30 genes divided into seven subfamilies, all of which are characterized by the presence of a sema domain. The semaphorins transduce their signals by binding to one of the nine receptors belonging to the plexin family, or, in the case of the class 3 semaphorins, by binding to one of the two neuropilin receptors. Additional receptors, which form complexes with these primary semaphorin receptors, are also frequently involved in semaphorin signaling. Recent evidence suggests that some semaphorins can act as antiangiogenic and/or antitumorigenic agents whereas other semaphorins promote tumor progression and/or angiogenesis. Furthermore, loss of endogenous inhibitory semaphorin expression or function on one hand, and overexpression of protumorigenic semaphorins on the other hand, is associated with the progression of some tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gera Neufeld
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Research Institute in the Medical Sciences, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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57
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Shirabe K, Mano Y, Muto J, Matono R, Motomura T, Toshima T, Takeishi K, Uchiyama H, Yoshizumi T, Taketomi A, Morita M, Tsujitani S, Sakaguchi Y, Maehara Y. Role of tumor-associated macrophages in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Surg Today 2011; 42:1-7. [PMID: 22116397 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-011-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Shirabe
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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58
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Nguyen H, Ivanova VS, Kavandi L, Rodriguez GC, Maxwell GL, Syed V. Progesterone and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Inhibit Endometrial Cancer Cell Growth by Upregulating Semaphorin 3B and Semaphorin 3F. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1479-92. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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59
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Harburg GC, Hinck L. Navigating breast cancer: axon guidance molecules as breast cancer tumor suppressors and oncogenes. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:257-70. [PMID: 21818544 PMCID: PMC4083826 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Slit, Netrin, Ephrin, and Semaphorin's roles in development have expanded greatly in the past decade from their original characterization as axon guidance molecules (AGMs) to include roles as regulators of tissue morphogenesis and development in diverse organs. In the mammary gland, AGMs are important for maintaining normal cell proliferation and adhesion during development. The frequent dysregulation of AGM expression during tumorigenesis and tumor progression suggests that AGMs also play a crucial role as tumor suppressors and oncogenes in breast cancer. Moreover, these findings suggest that AGMs may be excellent targets for new breast cancer prognostic tests and more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndolen C. Harburg
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
- Corresponding Author:
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60
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Grandclement C, Borg C. Neuropilins: a new target for cancer therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1899-928. [PMID: 24212788 PMCID: PMC3757396 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3021899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations highlighted strong similarities between neural crest migration during embryogenesis and metastatic processes. Indeed, some families of axon guidance molecules were also reported to participate in cancer invasion: plexins/semaphorins/neuropilins, ephrins/Eph receptors, netrin/DCC/UNC5. Neuropilins (NRPs) are transmembrane non tyrosine-kinase glycoproteins first identified as receptors for class-3 semaphorins. They are particularly involved in neural crest migration and axonal growth during development of the nervous system. Since many types of tumor and endothelial cells express NRP receptors, various soluble molecules were also found to interact with these receptors to modulate cancer progression. Among them, angiogenic factors belonging to the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) family seem to be responsible for NRP-related angiogenesis. Because NRPs expression is often upregulated in cancer tissues and correlated with poor prognosis, NRPs expression might be considered as a prognostic factor. While NRP1 was intensively studied for many years and identified as an attractive angiogenesis target for cancer therapy, the NRP2 signaling pathway has just recently been studied. Although NRP genes share 44% homology, differences in their expression patterns, ligands specificities and signaling pathways were observed. Indeed, NRP2 may regulate tumor progression by several concurrent mechanisms, not only angiogenesis but lymphangiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. In view of their multiples functions in cancer promotion, NRPs fulfill all the criteria of a therapeutic target for innovative anti-tumor therapies. This review focuses on NRP-specific roles in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Grandclement
- INSERM UMR 645, F-25020 Besançon, France; E-Mail:
- University of Franche-Comté, IFR133, F-25020 Besançon, France
- EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25020 Besançon, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-3-81-61-56-15 or +33-3-81-66-93-21; Fax: +33-3-81-61-56-17
| | - Christophe Borg
- INSERM UMR 645, F-25020 Besançon, France; E-Mail:
- University of Franche-Comté, IFR133, F-25020 Besançon, France
- EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25020 Besançon, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
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61
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Squadrito ML, De Palma M. Macrophage regulation of tumor angiogenesis: Implications for cancer therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:123-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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62
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Carcinoma-derived interleukin-8 disorients dendritic cell migration without impairing T-cell stimulation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17922. [PMID: 21423807 PMCID: PMC3056721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8) is readily produced by human malignant cells.
Dendritic cells (DC) both produce IL-8 and express the IL-8 functional
receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Most human colon carcinomas produce IL-8. IL-8
importance in malignancies has been ascribed to angiogeneis promotion. Principal Findings IL-8 effects on human monocyte-derived DC biology were explored upon DC
exposure to recombinant IL-8 and with the help of an IL-8 neutralizing mAb.
In vivo experiments were performed in immunodeficient
mice xenografted with IL-8-producing human colon carcinomas and
comparatively with cell lines that do not produce IL-8. Allogenic T
lymphocyte stimulation by DC was explored under the influence of IL-8. DC
and neutrophil chemotaxis were measured by transwell-migration assays. Sera
from tumor-xenografted mice contained increasing concentrations of IL-8 as
the tumors progress. IL-8 production by carcinoma cells can be modulated by
low doses of cyclophosphamide at the transcription level. If human DC are
injected into HT29 or CaCo2 xenografted tumors, DC are retained
intratumorally in an IL-8-dependent fashion. However, IL-8 did not modify
the ability of DC to stimulate T cells. Interestingly, pre-exposure of DC to
IL-8 desensitizes such cells for IL-8-mediated in vitro or
in vivo chemoattraction. Thereby DC become disoriented
to subsequently follow IL-8 chemotactic gradients towards malignant or
inflamed tissue. Conclusions IL-8 as produced by carcinoma cells changes DC migration cues, without
directly interfering with DC-mediated T-cell stimulation.
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63
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Abstract
Macrophage infiltration often occurs in cancer and has stimulated new efforts to define macrophage function within solid tumors. The macrophage, a myelophagocytic cell of the immune system, is at the front line of pathogen defense, wound healing, and maintaining homeostasis within the body. However, increased macrophage numbers during cancer generally correlates with poor prognosis. This chapter will focus on the function of myelophagocytic cells within solid tumors, their potential roles in tumor progression, and the possibilities of their manipulation as a component of cancer therapy.
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64
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Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small heparin-binding proteins, mostly known for their role in inflammation and immune surveillance, which have emerged as important regulators of angiogenesis. Chemokines influence angiogenesis either through recruitment of pro-angiogenic immune cells and endothelial progenitors to the neo-vascular niche or via direct regulation of endothelial function downstream of activation of G-protein coupled chemokine receptors. The dual function of chemokines in regulating immune response and angiogenesis confers a central role in modulating the tissue microenvironment. Therefore, chemokines may constitute attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in several pathological disorders. This review will summarize the current understanding of the role of chemokines in angiogenesis, and give an overview of angiostatic and angiogenic chemokines and their crosstalk with other angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dimberg
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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65
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Catalano A. The neuroimmune semaphorin-3A reduces inflammation and progression of experimental autoimmune arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6373-83. [PMID: 20937848 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin-3A (Sema3A), a member of a large family of conserved proteins originally implicated in axon guidance, is expressed by activated T cells and downmodulates T cell activation in vitro. This study examined the effect and mechanism of action of Sema3A overexpression in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Prophylactic i.p. administration of plasmid DNA encoding Sema3A markedly reduced the incidence, disease severity, and articular inflammation compared with control plasmid without insert. Treatment of Sema3A reduced anticollagen IgG levels and suppressed collagen-specific proinflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-17) release, but increased IL-10 concentration in the serum. In line with results in arthritic mice, Sema3A expression is defective in CD4(+) T cells derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In contrast, increased expression of the Sema3A receptor neuropilin-1 (NP-1) is detected in the same cells. The CD4(+)NP-1(+) T cells are a T cell subset involved in the control of the immune responses. They express greater amounts of IL-10 and show suppressive activities on autologous CD4(+) T cells. Sema3A acted directly on CD4(+)NP-1(+) T cells, because it could increase IL-10 production and influence the regulatory function on CD4(+) T cell growth. Therefore, I propose that Sema3A increases the CD4(+)NP-1(+) T cell ability to suppress alloresponses, that its transient expression is altered in rheumatoid inflammation, and that reintroduction of Sema3A is sufficient to attenuate collagen-induced arthritis, supporting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Catalano
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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66
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Król M, Pawłowski KM, Skierski J, Turowski P, Majewska A, Polańska J, Ugorski M, Morty RE, Motyl T. Transcriptomic "portraits" of canine mammary cancer cell lines with various phenotypes. J Appl Genet 2010; 51:169-83. [PMID: 20453304 DOI: 10.1007/bf03195725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In light of the high incidence of mammary cancer in dogs and completion of the canine genome sequencing, the new possibilities of gene profiling by using DNA microarrays give hope to veterinary oncology. The cell lines isolated from mammary tumors are a valuable tool in developing and testing new pathway-specific cancer therapeutics. Differential cytometric analysis of 6 canine mammary cancer cell lines was performed. We divided cell lines into 3 groups based on their phenotype: 2 lines with high proliferative potential, 2 lines with high antiapoptotic potential, and 2 lines with high metastatic potential. DNA microarray analysis revealed common genes for cell lines of each group. We found that genes encoding the receptors for growth hormone and ghrelin are related to high proliferation rate, while ABR (active BCR-related) and TMD1 (TM2 domain containing 1) genes are related to a high antiapoptotic potential of the cancer cells. Metastatic properties of mammary cancer cells seem to be associated with elevated expression of PGP (P glycoprotein), SEMA3B (semaphorin 3B), and STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Król
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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67
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Abstract
Dysregulated transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling is observed in a variety of human cancers. TGFbeta is produced in large quantities by many tumor types and is known to be pro-oncogenic. Therapeutic strategies directed against TGFbeta signaling using neutralizing antibodies and small molecular inhibitors have been developed. However, TGFbeta is also found to function as a tumor suppressor. This switch from a tumor suppressor in premalignant stages of tumorigenesis to a tumor promoter in later stages of the disease poses great challenges in TGFbeta-targeted cancer therapy. It remains unclear what mechanisms underlie the dual role of TGFbeta and what factors mediate the switch. In the past, most work on dissecting underlying mechanisms was focused on differential regulation of signaling pathways by tumor cell autonomous TGFbeta signaling. Recent progress in elucidating TGFbeta effects on host immune/inflammatory reactions in the tumor microenvironment and distant organs brings exciting new perspectives to the field.
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68
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Casazza A, Finisguerra V, Capparuccia L, Camperi A, Swiercz JM, Rizzolio S, Rolny C, Christensen C, Bertotti A, Sarotto I, Risio M, Trusolino L, Weitz J, Schneider M, Mazzone M, Mazzone M, Comoglio PM, Tamagnone L. Sema3E-Plexin D1 signaling drives human cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic spreading in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2684-98. [PMID: 20664171 DOI: 10.1172/jci42118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) is a secreted molecule implicated in axonal path finding and inhibition of developmental and postischemic angiogenesis. Sema3E is also highly expressed in metastatic cancer cells, but its mechanistic role in tumor progression was not understood. Here we show that expression of Sema3E and its receptor Plexin D1 correlates with the metastatic progression of human tumors. Consistent with the clinical data, knocking down endogenous expression of either Sema3E or Plexin D1 in human metastatic carcinoma cells hampered their metastatic potential when injected into mice, while tumor growth was not markedly affected. Conversely, overexpression of exogenous Sema3E in cancer cells increased their invasiveness, transendothelial migration, and metastatic spreading, although it inhibited tumor vessel formation, resulting in reduced tumor growth in mice. The proinvasive and metastatic activity of Sema3E in tumor cells was dependent on transactivation of the Plexin D1-associated ErbB2/Neu oncogenic kinase. In sum, Sema3E-Plexin D1 signaling in cancer cells is crucially implicated in their metastatic behavior and may therefore be a promising target for strategies aimed at blocking tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Casazza
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Italy
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69
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Abstract
Selected inflammatory conditions increase the risk of cancer. An inflammatory component is present also in the micro-environment of tumours epidemiologically unrelated to inflammation. An intrinsic (driven by genetic events that cause neoplasia) and an extrinsic (driven by inflammatory conditions which predispose to cancer) pathway link inflammation and cancer. Smouldering inflammation in the tumour microenvironment contributes to proliferation and survival of malignant cells, angiogenesis, metastasis, subversion of adaptive immunity, response to hormones, and chemotherapeutic agents. Emerging evidence also suggests that cancer-related inflammation promotes genetic instability. Thus, cancer-related inflammation represents a target for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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70
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Abstract
Guidance molecules were first described in the nervous system to control axon outgrowth direction. They are also widely expressed outside the nervous system where they control cell migration, tissue development and establishment of the vascular network. In addition, they are involved in cancer development, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. This review is primarily focused on their functions in lung cancer and their involvement in lung development is also presented. Five guidance molecule families and their corresponding receptors are described, including the semaphorins/neuropilins/plexins, ephrins and Eph receptors, netrin/DCC/UNC5, Slit/Robo and Notch/Delta. In addition, the possibility to target these molecules as a therapeutic approach in cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nasarre
- Medical University of South Carolina, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Charleston, SC, USA
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71
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Maione F, Molla F, Meda C, Latini R, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Seano G, Serini G, Bussolino F, Giraudo E. Semaphorin 3A is an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor that blocks tumor growth and normalizes tumor vasculature in transgenic mouse models. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:3356-72. [PMID: 19809158 DOI: 10.1172/jci36308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth and progression rely upon angiogenesis, which is regulated by pro- and antiangiogenic factors, including members of the semaphorin family. By analyzing 3 different mouse models of multistep carcinogenesis, we show here that during angiogenesis, semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is expressed in ECs, where it serves as an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis that is present in premalignant lesions and lost during tumor progression. Pharmacologic inhibition of endogenous Sema3A during the angiogenic switch, the point when pretumoral lesions initiate an angiogenic phase that persists throughout tumor growth, enhanced angiogenesis and accelerated tumor progression. By contrast, when, during the later stages of carcinogenesis following endogenous Sema3A downmodulation, Sema3A was ectopically reintroduced into islet cell tumors by somatic gene transfer, successive waves of apoptosis ensued, first in ECs and then in tumor cells, resulting in reduced vascular density and branching and inhibition of tumor growth and substantially extended survival. Further, long-term reexpression of Sema3A markedly improved pericyte coverage of tumor blood vessels, something that is thought to be a key property of tumor vessel normalization, and restored tissue normoxia. We conclude, therefore, that Sema3A is an endogenous and effective antiangiogenic agent that stably normalizes the tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Maione
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
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72
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Capparuccia L, Tamagnone L. Semaphorin signaling in cancer cells and in cells of the tumor microenvironment--two sides of a coin. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:1723-36. [PMID: 19461072 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.030197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large family of secreted and membrane-bound molecules that were initially implicated in the development of the nervous system and in axon guidance. More recently, they have been found to regulate cell adhesion and motility, angiogenesis, immune responses, and tumor progression. Semaphorin receptors, the neuropilins and the plexins, are expressed by a wide variety of cell types, including endothelial cells, bone-marrow-derived cells and cancer cells. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that semaphorins also have an important role in cancer. It is now known that cancer progression, invasion and metastasis involve not only genetic changes in the tumor cells but also crosstalk between tumor cells and their surrounding non-tumor cells. Through the recruitment of endothelial cells, leukocytes, pericytes and fibroblasts, and the local release of growth factors and cytokines, the tumor microenvironment can mediate tumor-cell survival, tumor proliferation and regulation of the immune response. Moreover, by conferring cancer cells with an enhanced ability to migrate and invade adjacent tissues, extracellular regulatory signals can play a major role in the metastatic process. In this Commentary, we focus on the emerging role of semaphorins in mediating the crosstalk between tumor cells and multiple stromal cell types in the surrounding microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Capparuccia
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Turin, S.P. 142, 10060, Candiolo (TO), Italy
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Tumor-associated macrophages: effectors of angiogenesis and tumor progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:11-8. [PMID: 19269310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a prominent inflammatory cell population in many tumor types residing in both perivascular and avascular, hypoxic regions of these tissues. Analysis of TAMs in human tumor biopsies has shown that they express a variety of tumor-promoting factors and evidence from transgenic murine tumor models has provided unequivocal evidence for the importance of these cells in driving angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, immunosuppression, and metastasis. This review will summarize the mechanisms by which monocytes are recruited into tumors, their myriad, tumor-promoting functions within tumors, and the influence of the tumor microenvironment in driving these activities. We also discuss recent attempts to both target/destroy TAMs and exploit them as delivery vehicles for anti-cancer gene therapy.
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Catalano A, Lazzarini R, Di Nuzzo S, Orciari S, Procopio A. The plexin-A1 receptor activates vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor 2 and nuclear factor-kappaB to mediate survival and anchorage-independent growth of malignant mesothelioma cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1485-93. [PMID: 19176370 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The semaphorins and their receptors, the neuropilins and the plexins, are constituents of a complex regulatory system that controls axonal guidance. Moreover, many types of tumor cells express various members of semaphorins and receptors, but the biological activities within tumor mass and the signal transduction mechanism(s) they use are largely unknown. Here, we show that in asbestos-related malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), Semaphorin-6D (Sema6D) and its receptor plexin-A1 are frequently expressed and trigger a prosurvival program that promotes anchorage-independent growth of MPM cells. Interestingly, the same response is also controlled by the tyrosine kinase receptors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent pathway. We found that in MPM cells, plexin-A1 and VEGF-receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) are associated in a complex. Moreover, the presence of Sema6D promotes the tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGF-R2 in a plexin-A1-dependent manner. This is necessary for basal and Sema6D-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, and NF-kappaB mediates tumor cell survival. Expression of Sema6D and plexin-A1 is induced by asbestos fibers and overexpression of plexin-A1 in nonmalignant mesothelial cells inhibits cell death after asbestos exposure. This work identifies a new biological function of semaphorins in cancer cells and suggests the involvement of an undescribed survival pathway during MPM tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Catalano
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Marche University, Ancona, Italy.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new blood vessels from preexisting blood vessels, is a hallmark of glioma progression. Malignant gliomas are among the most lethal tumors with a very dismal prognosis, despite advances in standard therapy, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The median survival of patients with malignant gliomas has changed little in the last few years and is still measured in months. In an attempt to develop new therapeutic strategies and identify the molecular mechanism involved in glioma growth and progression, there has been extraordinary scientific interest in the past 2 decades in angiogenic responses associated with gliomas. This chapter focuses on the molecular mechanism of glioma angiogenesis and summarizes some of the therapeutic approaches based on antiangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Machein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg Medical School, Breisacher Str. 64, Freiburg 79106, Germany.
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Abstract
The second EMBO workshop on ;Semaphorin function and mechanisms of action', held in the gorgeous surroundings of the 12th Century Abbaye des Vaulx de Cernay near Paris, France this May, brought together a wide range of scientists working in diverse systems with a common interest: the semaphorins. Emerging new themes discussed at the meeting included the recognition of an increasingly complex way in which different cells regulate responsiveness, and the significance of considering semaphorins in the pathology of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta J Eickholt
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Karayan-Tapon L, Wager M, Guilhot J, Levillain P, Marquant C, Clarhaut J, Potiron V, Roche J. Semaphorin, neuropilin and VEGF expression in glial tumours: SEMA3G, a prognostic marker? Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1153-60. [PMID: 18781179 PMCID: PMC2567090 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are characterised by local infiltration, migration of tumour cells across long distances and sustained angiogenesis; therefore, proteins involved in these processes are most likely important. Such candidates are semaphorins involved in axon guidance and cell migration. In addition, semaphorins regulate tumour progression and angiogenesis. For cell signalling, class-4 semaphorins bind directly to plexins, whereas class-3 semaphorins require additional neuropilin (NRP) receptors that also bind VEGF165. The anti-angiogenic activity of class-3 semaphorins can be explained by competition with VEGF165 for NRP binding. In this study, we analysed the expressions of seven semaphorins of class-3, SEMA4D, VEGF and the NRP1 and NRP2 receptors in 38 adult glial tumours. In these tumours, SEMA3B, SEMA3G and NRP2 expressions were related to prolonged survival. In addition, SEMA3D expression was reduced in high-grade as compared with low-grade gliomas. In contrast, VEGF correlated with higher grade and poor survival. Thus, our data suggest a function for a subset of class-3 semaphorins as inhibitors of tumour progression, and the prognostic value of the VEGF/SEMA3 balance in adult gliomas. Moreover, in multivariate analysis, SEMA3G was found to be the only significant prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Karayan-Tapon
- Université de Poitiers, EA 3805, CHU de Poitiers, 2 rue de la Milétrie, BP 577, Poitiers F-86021, France
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Potiron VA, Roche J, Drabkin HA. Semaphorins and their receptors in lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 273:1-14. [PMID: 18625544 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large family of secreted, transmembrane and GPI-linked proteins initially characterized in the development of the nervous system and axonal guidance. Semaphorins are expressed in many tissues where they regulate normal development, organ morphogenesis, immunity and angiogenesis. They affect the cytoskeleton, actin filament organization, microtubules and cell adhesion. Semaphorin signaling is transduced by plexins, which in the case of most class-3 semaphorins requires high-affinity neuropilin receptors. The neuropilins also function as receptors for VEGF and other growth factors, and their expression is often abnormal in tumors. In cancer, semaphorins have both tumor suppressor and tumor promoting functions. We review here the current status of semaphorins and their receptors in tumor development with a focus on lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Potiron
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, P.O. Box 250623, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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