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Zhang Y, Ma LJ. Deciphering Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum From a Phylogenomics Perspective. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2017; 100:179-209. [PMID: 29153400 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a large species complex of both plant and human pathogens that attack a diverse array of species in a host-specific manner. Comparative genomic studies have revealed that the host-specific pathogenicity of the F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC) was determined by distinct sets of supernumerary (SP) chromosomes. In contrast to common vertical transfer, where genetic materials are transmitted via cell division, SP chromosomes can be transmitted horizontally between phylogenetic lineages, explaining the polyphyletic nature of the host-specific pathogenicity of the FOSC. The existence of a diverse array of SP chromosomes determines the broad host range of this species complex, while the conserved core genome maintains essential house-keeping functions. Recognition of these SP chromosomes enables the functional and structural compartmentalization of F. oxysporum genomes. In this review, we examine the impact of this group of cross-kingdom pathogens on agricultural productivity and human health. Focusing on the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum in the phylogenomic framework of the genus Fusarium, we elucidate the evolution of pathogenicity within the FOSC. We conclude that a population genomics approach within a clearly defined phylogenomic framework is essential not only for understanding the evolution of the pathogenicity mechanism but also for identifying informative candidates associated with pathogenicity that can be developed as targets in disease management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
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Muraosa Y, Oguchi M, Yahiro M, Watanabe A, Yaguchi T, Kamei K. Epidemiological Study of Fusarium Species Causing Invasive and Superficial Fusariosis in Japan. Med Mycol J 2017; 58:E5-E13. [PMID: 28250364 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.16-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, Fusarium species are known etiological agents of human fungal infection; however, there has been no report of a large-scale epidemiological study on the etiological agents of fusariosis. A total of 73 Fusarium isolates from patients with invasive fusariosis (IF, n= 36) or superficial fusariosis (SF, n= 37), which were obtained at hospitals located in 28 prefectures in Japan between 1998 and 2015, were used for this study. Fusarium isolates were identified using Fusarium- and Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) -specific real-time PCR and partial DNA sequences of the elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) gene and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. FSSC was predominately isolated from both patients with IF and SF (IF, 77.8% and SF, 67.6%). Distribution of the phylogenetic species of FSSC isolates from patients with IF and SF exhibited different spectra; specifically, F. keratoplasticum (FSSC 2) (25.0%) was the most frequent isolate from patients with IF, whereas F. falciforme (FSSC 3+4) (32.4%) was the most frequent isolate from patients with SF. Fusarium sp. (FSSC 5) was the second most frequent isolate from both patients with IF and SF (IF, 22.2% and SF, 24.3%). Notably, F. petroliphilum (FSSC 1) was isolated only from patients with IF. Each species was isolated from a broad geographic area, and an epidemic was not observed. This is the first epidemiological study of Fusarium species causing IF and SF in Japan.
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Mosayebi M, Eslamirad Z, Hajihossein R, Ghorbanzadeh B, Shahverdi M, Didehdar M. Evaluating of fungal contamination in hospital wet cooling systems in Markazi province, Central Iran. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:334-338. [PMID: 28754461 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fungal infections are common complication among hospitalized patients especially between who is immunocompromised. Wet cooling systems in the hospital environment play a critical role as a source of these infections. The aim of this study was survey of wet cooling system of hospitals for fungal contamination in Arak city. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted during May to September of 2016. Sampling was done as random. Samples were obtained from water and straw of 84 wet cooling systems of four hospitals in Arak city. Samples were cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar medium contain of chloramphenicol. Identification of fungi was performed by Slide culture method. RESULTS From 84 wet cooling systems, 32 (38.1%) were contaminated with fungi. The highest fungal contamination was found in wards of oncology and CCU. The most prevalent of fungi isolated in this study were Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp., respectively. CONCLUSION The findings of this descriptive cross-sectional study clearly indicate, in wards of the hospital that used wet cooling systems, there was considerable fungal contamination, particularly Aspergillus contamination. These results highlight a clear need for greater attention to the use of non-aqueous or closed circulation cooling systems, especially where susceptible patients receive medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mosayebi
- Department of medical parasitology and mycology, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Z Eslamirad
- Department of medical parasitology and mycology, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - R Hajihossein
- Department of medical parasitology and mycology, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - B Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of medical parasitology, Tarbiat Modares university, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Shahverdi
- Department of biotechnology, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - M Didehdar
- Department of medical parasitology and mycology, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran; Molecular and medicine research center, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran.
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Ma X, Vikram A, Casson L, Bibby K. Centralized Drinking Water Treatment Operations Shape Bacterial and Fungal Community Structure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7648-7657. [PMID: 28562026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water microbial communities impact opportunistic pathogen colonization and corrosion of water distribution systems, and centralized drinking water treatment represents a potential control for microbial community structure in finished drinking water. In this article, we examine bacterial and fungal abundance and diversity, as well as the microbial community taxonomic structure following each unit operation in a conventional surface water treatment plant. Treatment operations drove the microbial composition more strongly than sampling time. Both bacterial and fungal abundance and diversity decreased following sedimentation and filtration; however, only bacterial abundance and diversity was significantly impacted by free chlorine disinfection. Similarly, each treatment step was found to shift bacterial and fungal community beta-diversity, with the exception of disinfection on the fungal community structure. We observed the enrichment of bacterial and fungal taxa commonly found in drinking water distribution systems through the treatment process, for example, Sphingomonas following filtration and Leptospirillium and Penicillium following disinfection. Study results suggest that centralized drinking water treatment processes shape the final drinking water microbial community via selection of community members and that the bacterial community is primarily driven by disinfection while the eukaryotic community is primarily controlled by physical treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Amit Vikram
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Leonard Casson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Khetan S, Khetan P, Katkar V, Kusulkar M. Urinary tract infection due to Fusarium oxysporum in an immunocompetent patient with chronic kidney disease. J Biomed Res 2017; 32:157-160. [PMID: 29569576 PMCID: PMC5895570 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.32.20160128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections due to Fusarium species are collectively referred to as fusariosis. Fusarium oxysporum has been reported to cause keratitis, onychomycosis, skin infections, catheter associated fungemia and has not been described as a cause of urinary tract infection. Here, we present the first case of fusariosis with urinary tract involvement in a 67 year old male, with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This case illustrates the ever increasing spectrum of rare but offending pathogenic fungi. Early diagnosis of infection with a specific pathogen may lead to changes in antifungal therapy and may be critical for an improved outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Khetan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Hanuman Nagar, Nagpur 440009, India
| | - Prakash Khetan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Hanuman Nagar, Nagpur 440009, India
| | - Venkatesh Katkar
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Hanuman Nagar, Nagpur 440009, India
| | - Minal Kusulkar
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Hanuman Nagar, Nagpur 440009, India
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Abstract
Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for invasive fungal infections (IFIs); although Aspergillus remains the most common IFI caused by molds, other fungi, such as Mucorales, dematiaceous molds, and Fusarium spp, are being seen with increasing frequency. Presentations can vary, but sinopulmonary and disseminated infections are common. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of these infections is rudimentary. Fungal cultures and histopathology remain the backbone of diagnostics, as no good serologic markers are available. Polymerase chain reaction tests are being developed but currently remain investigational. Management of these infections is usually multidisciplinary, requiring surgical debridement along with antifungal therapy.
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Reduced Multidrug Susceptibility Profile Is a Common Feature of Opportunistic Fusarium Species: Fusarium Multi-Drug Resistant Pattern. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3020018. [PMID: 29371536 PMCID: PMC5715927 DOI: 10.3390/jof3020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The resistance among various opportunistic Fusarium species to different antifungal agents has emerged as a cause of public health problems worldwide. Considering the significance of multi-drug resistant (MDR), this paper emphasizes the problems associated with MDR and the need to understand its clinical significance to combat microbial infections. The search platform PubMed/MEDLINE and a review of 32 cases revealed a common multidrug-resistant profile exists, and clinically relevant members of Fusarium are intrinsically resistant to most currently used antifungals. Dissemination occurs in patients with prolonged neutropenia, immune deficiency, and especially hematological malignancies. Amphotericin B displayed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrarions (MICs) followed by voriconazole, and posaconazole. Itraconazole and fluconazole showed high MIC values, displaying in vitro resistance. Echinocandins showed the highest MIC values. Seven out of ten (70%) patients with neutropenia died, including those with fungemia that progressed to skin lesions. Clinical Fusarium isolates displayed a common MDR profile and high MIC values for the most available antifungal agents with species- and strain-specific differences in antifungal susceptibility. Species identification of Fusarium infections is important. While the use of natamycin resulted in a favorable outcome in keratitis, AmB and VRC are the most used agents for the treatment of fusariosis in clinical settings.
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Kadaifciler DG, Demirel R. Fungal biodiversity and mycotoxigenic fungi in cooling-tower water systems in Istanbul, Turkey. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:308-320. [PMID: 28362312 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to assess fungal diversity and mycotoxigenic fungi in open recirculating cooling-tower (CT) water systems (biofilm and water phase). The production capability of mycotoxin from fungal isolates was also examined. The mean fungal count in 21 different water and biofilm samples was determined as 234 CFU/100 mL and 4 CFU/cm2. A total of 32 species were identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. The most common isolated fungi belonged to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, of which the most prevalent fungi were Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium dipodomyicola. From 42% of the surveyed CTs, aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates were identified. The detection of opportunistic pathogens and/or allergen species suggests that open recirculating CTs are a possible source of fungal infection for both the public and for occupational workers via the inhalation of aerosols and/or skin contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Göksay Kadaifciler
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Istanbul University, 34314 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Rasime Demirel
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470 Tepebaşı, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Schroers HJ, O’Donnell K, Lamprecht SC, Kammeyer PL, Johnson S, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG, Geiser DM, Summerbell RC. Taxonomy and phylogeny of theFusarium dimerumspecies group. Mycologia 2017; 101:44-70. [DOI: 10.3852/08-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerry O’Donnell
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | | | | | - Stuart Johnson
- Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | | | - Michael G. Rinaldi
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - David M. Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Richard C. Summerbell
- Sporometrics Inc., 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ontario, M6K 1Y9, Canada; CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kosmidis C, Denning DW. Opportunistic and Systemic Fungi. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Edel-Hermann V, Sautour M, Gautheron N, Laurent J, Aho S, Bonnin A, Sixt N, Hartemann P, Dalle F, Steinberg C. A Clonal Lineage of Fusarium oxysporum Circulates in the Tap Water of Different French Hospitals. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6483-6489. [PMID: 27663024 PMCID: PMC5066365 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01939-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is typically a soilborne fungus but can also be found in aquatic environments. In hospitals, water distribution systems may be reservoirs for the fungi responsible for nosocomial infections. F. oxysporum was previously detected in the water distribution systems of five French hospitals. Sixty-eight isolates from water representative of all hospital units that were previously sampled and characterized by translation elongation factor 1α sequence typing were subjected to microsatellite analysis and full-length ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) sequence typing. All but three isolates shared common microsatellite loci and a common two-locus sequence type (ST). This ST has an international geographical distribution in both the water networks of hospitals and among clinical isolates. The ST dominant in water was not detected among 300 isolates of F. oxysporum that originated from surrounding soils. Further characterization of 15 isolates by vegetative compatibility testing allowed us to conclude that a clonal lineage of F. oxysporum circulates in the tap water of the different hospitals. IMPORTANCE We demonstrated that a clonal lineage of Fusarium oxysporum inhabits the water distribution systems of several French hospitals. This clonal lineage, which appears to be particularly adapted to water networks, represents a potential risk for human infection and raises questions about its worldwide distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Sautour
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU, Dijon, France UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Serge Aho
- Hospital Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit, Hôpital du Bocage, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Bonnin
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU, Dijon, France UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Nathalie Sixt
- Environmental Microbiology, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Hartemann
- Department Environment and Public Health, Nancy University, Hospital Hygiene Unit, Vandoeuvre-Nancy, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU, Dijon, France UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
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Moat J, Rizoulis A, Fox G, Upton M. Domestic shower hose biofilms contain fungal species capable of causing opportunistic infection. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:727-737. [PMID: 27740540 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The domestic environment can be a source of pathogenic bacteria. We show here that domestic shower hoses may harbour potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Well-developed biofilms were physically removed from the internal surface of shower hoses collected in four locations in England and Scotland. Amplicon pyrosequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA targets revealed the presence of common aquatic and environmental bacteria, including members of the Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and non-tuberculous Mycobacteria. These bacteria are associated with infections in immunocompromised hosts and are widely reported in shower systems and as causes of water-acquired infection. More importantly, this study represents the first detailed analysis of fungal populations in shower systems and revealed the presence of sequences related to Exophiala mesophila, Fusarium fujikuroi and Malassezia restricta. These organisms can be associated with the environment and healthy skin, but also with infection in compromised and immuno-competent hosts and occurrence of dandruff. Domestic showering may result in exposure to aerosols of bacteria and fungi that are potentially pathogenic and toxigenic. It may be prudent to limit development of these biofilms by the use of disinfectants, or regular replacement of hoses, where immuno-compromised persons are present.
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MESH Headings
- Bacteria/classification
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
- Biofilms/growth & development
- England
- Fungi/classification
- Fungi/isolation & purification
- Fungi/physiology
- Opportunistic Infections/microbiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Fungal/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/metabolism
- Scotland
- Water Microbiology
- Water Supply
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Affiliation(s)
- John Moat
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK E-mail: ; Current address: AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Rumford Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Athanasios Rizoulis
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Graeme Fox
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK E-mail:
| | - Mathew Upton
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK E-mail: ; Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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McCarthy MW, Walsh TJ. PCR methodology and applications for the detection of human fungal pathogens. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:1025-36. [PMID: 27484841 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1219253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has emerged as a promising technology for the rapid and reliable detection and identification of medical mycoses. Recent technological advancements - including microarray, multiplex PCR with magnetic resonance, and beacon probes - have mitigated the technical difficulties of performing nucleic amplification in fungi, thereby improving the sensitivity and specificity of PCR-based assays. In this paper, we examine current applications of PCR in the diagnosis of human fungal infections and look ahead to emerging techniques that may play a larger role in molecular diagnostics in the future. AREAS COVERED This review includes a brief overview of the advantages and disadvantages of PCR using various clinical specimens, manual versus automated DNA extraction procedures, panfungal versus specific targets, and spectrum of pathogens detected. This is followed by a brief synopsis of species-specific PCR approaches and a more in-depth look at the obstacles to widespread implementation. Expert commentary: The review concludes with a short perspective for the next five years, including the hurdles to standardization and validation, as well as the role of PCR coupled with electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance for the diagnosis of medical mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew William McCarthy
- a Hospital Medicine , Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College of Cornell University Ringgold Standard Institution , New York , NY , USA
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- b Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program , Weill Cornell Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
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Tanase A, Colita A, Ianosi G, Neagoe D, Branisteanu DE, Calina D, Docea AO, Tsatsakis A, Ianosi SL. Rare case of disseminated fusariosis in a young patient with graft vs. host disease following an allogeneic transplant. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2078-2082. [PMID: 27698695 PMCID: PMC5038475 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium infection is a severe fungal infection caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It most commonly occurs in immunocompromised patients with malignant hematological comorbidities or secondary to hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The classical route of contamination is through inhalation but infection may also occur through contiguity with a skin lesion. This report describes the case of a 24-year-old woman who developed graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) at 220 days after receiving an allogeneic stem cell transplant from a sibling donor for Hodgkin disease. On day 330 after transplant the patient presented with fever and several painful subcutaneous, tender, red nodules with ulcerative and necrotic features on the pelvic region and right leg, extensive glass infiltrative lesions in the lungs and pansinusitis; however, the patient did not have onychomycosis. Following skin biopsy, culture of cutaneous lesions, computed tomography (CT) scanning of the lungs and CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging of facial sinuses the patient was diagnosed with disseminated Fusarium species infection. Despite intensive treatment with voriconazole, the patient succumbed with respiratory insufficiency on day 400 after transplant. This case is noteworthy because the patient did not have any additional risk associated with the allogeneic transplant; there was no transplant mismatch, no severe neutropenia and no prior clinical signs of onychomycosis. The association of skin lesions with GVHD lesions increased the initial immunosuppression and delayed diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Tanase
- Bone Marrow Transplant Center, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Colita
- Bone Marrow Transplant Center, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ianosi
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Neagoe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71409 Crete, Greece
| | - Simona Laura Ianosi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Braide W, Nwachukwu J, Adeleye SA, Egbadon E. Effects of Gas Flaring on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Water Sources in Egbema, Imo State, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.56431/p-w98zd5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of gas flaring on the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water sources at Egbema, Imo State, Nigeria. Surface and ground water samples from the area were compared with samples from Ihiagwa Autonomous Community in Owerri West, a non-gas flared community. Both water sources were then compared with WHO standards for drinking water. The results revealed that water sources from the gas flared area have high levels of temperature, total chlorine, nitrate, nitrites, sulphates, calcium, and zinc, chromium with a very acidic pH when compared with water from non-gas flared sources. Also, microbial load increased the farther the distance from the flare site. The human health imparts of the presence of heavy metals and microorganisms in drinking water had been reported. In conclusion, gas flaring can pollute water sources within oil and gas facilities, thereby making them unsuitable for human consumption. Oil and gas industries should therefore treat water within their areas of operations before discharged into water bodies in addition to other remediation measures as part of their social responsibility.
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66
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Braide W, Nwachukwu J, Adeleye SA, Egbadon E. Effects of Gas Flaring on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Water Sources in Egbema, Imo State, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.56.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of gas flaring on the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water sources at Egbema, Imo State, Nigeria. Surface and ground water samples from the area were compared with samples from Ihiagwa Autonomous Community in Owerri West, a non-gas flared community. Both water sources were then compared with WHO standards for drinking water. The results revealed that water sources from the gas flared area have high levels of temperature, total chlorine, nitrate, nitrites, sulphates, calcium, and zinc, chromium with a very acidic pH when compared with water from non-gas flared sources. Also, microbial load increased the farther the distance from the flare site. The human health imparts of the presence of heavy metals and microorganisms in drinking water had been reported. In conclusion, gas flaring can pollute water sources within oil and gas facilities, thereby making them unsuitable for human consumption. Oil and gas industries should therefore treat water within their areas of operations before discharged into water bodies in addition to other remediation measures as part of their social responsibility.
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Patterson TF, Thompson GR, Denning DW, Fishman JA, Hadley S, Herbrecht R, Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Morrison VA, Nguyen MH, Segal BH, Steinbach WJ, Stevens DA, Walsh TJ, Wingard JR, Young JAH, Bennett JE. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:e1-e60. [PMID: 27365388 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1635] [Impact Index Per Article: 204.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. IDSA considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Patterson
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and South Texas Veterans Health Care System
| | | | - David W Denning
- National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | | | - Kieren A Marr
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vicki A Morrison
- Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | | | - Brahm H Segal
- University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York
| | | | | | - Thomas J Walsh
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York
| | | | | | - John E Bennett
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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68
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Opportunistic fungi in lake water and fungal infections in associated human population in Dal Lake, Kashmir. Microb Pathog 2016; 93:105-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Al-Maqtoofi M, Thornton CR. Detection of human pathogenic Fusarium species in hospital and communal sink biofilms by using a highly specific monoclonal antibody. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3620-3634. [PMID: 26914362 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium is well known as a plant pathogen, but has recently emerged as an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Habitats providing direct human exposure to infectious propagules are largely unknown, but there is growing evidence that plumbing systems are sources of human pathogenic strains in the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) and Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), the most common groups infecting humans. Here, a newly developed Fusarium-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb ED7) was used to track FSSC and FOSC strains in sink drain biofilms by detecting its target antigen, an extracellular 200 kDa carbohydrate, in saline swabs. The antigen was detectable in 52% of swab samples collected from sinks across a University campus and a tertiary care hospital. The mAb was 100% accurate in detecting FSSC, FOSC, and F. dimerum species complex (FDSC) strains that were present, as mixed fungal communities, in 83% of sink drain biofilms. Specificity of the ELISA was confirmed by sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA-encoding regions of culturable yeasts and molds that were recovered using mycological culture, while translation elongation factor (TEF)-1α analysis of Fusarium isolates included FSSC 1-a, FOSC 33, and FDSC ET-gr, the most common clinical pathotypes in each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Al-Maqtoofi
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.,University of Basrah, College of Science, Biology Department, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Christopher R Thornton
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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70
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Fungi from a Groundwater-Fed Drinking Water Supply System in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030304. [PMID: 27005653 PMCID: PMC4808967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi in drinking water distribution systems are known to (a) block water pipes; (b) cause organoleptic biodeterioration; (c) act as pathogens or allergens and (d) cause mycotoxin contamination. Yeasts might also cause problems. This study describes the occurrence of several fungal species in a water distribution system supplied by groundwater in Recife—Pernambuco, Brazil. Water samples were collected from four sampling sites from which fungi were recovered by membrane filtration. The numbers in all sampling sites ranged from 5 to 207 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL with a mean value of 53 CFU/100 mL. In total, 859 isolates were identified morphologically, with Aspergillus and Penicillium the most representative genera (37% and 25% respectively), followed by Trichoderma and Fusarium (9% each), Curvularia (5%) and finally the species Pestalotiopsis karstenii (2%). Ramichloridium and Leptodontium were isolated and are black yeasts, a group that include emergent pathogens. The drinking water system in Recife may play a role in fungal dissemination, including opportunistic pathogens.
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71
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Kanamori H, Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Healthcare Outbreaks Associated With a Water Reservoir and Infection Prevention Strategies. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:1423-35. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Chitrampalam P, Nelson B. Multilocus phylogeny reveals an association of agriculturally important Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) 11, and clinically important FSSC 5 and FSSC 3 + 4 with soybean roots in the north central United States. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 109:335-47. [PMID: 26671414 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) includes important root pathogens of soybean in the United States, but the evolutionary lineages associated with soybean root rot are unknown. A multilocus phylogeny based on 93 isolates from soybean and pea roots from North Dakota and Minnesota revealed that root rot was associated with three known phylogenetic species, FSSC 3 + 4 (=Fusarium falciforme) (3 % of isolates), FSSC 5 (60 %), FSSC 11 (34 %), and one unknown species, FSSC X (2 %). Of these species FSSC 5 and FSSC 3 + 4 are clinically important while FSSC 11 is a plant pathogen. Isolates from FSSC 11 were pathogenic on soybean, dry bean, pea and lentil, and did not grow at 37 °C. However, isolates from FSSC 5 were weakly to non-pathogenic, but grew at 37 °C. Isolates from both FSSC 5 and FSSC 11 were highly resistant to fludioxonil in vitro. This is the first study revealing the pathogenic robustness of FSSC 11 in causing root rot among Fabaceae crops and also the association of clinically important members of the FSSC with roots of a widely grown field crop in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chitrampalam
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - B Nelson
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
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73
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Graça MG, van der Heijden IM, Perdigão L, Taira C, Costa SF, Levin AS. Evaluation of two methods for direct detection of Fusarium spp. in water. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 123:39-43. [PMID: 26844885 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium is a waterborne fungus that causes severe infections especially in patients with prolonged neutropenia. Traditionally, the detection of Fusarium in water is done by culturing which is difficult and time consuming. A faster method is necessary to prevent exposure of susceptible patients to contaminated water. The objective of this study was to develop a molecular technique for direct detection of Fusarium in water. A direct DNA extraction method from water was developed and coupled to a genus-specific PCR, to detect 3 species of Fusarium (verticillioides, oxysporum and solani). The detection limits were 10 cells/L and 1 cell/L for the molecular and culture methods, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first method developed to detect Fusarium directly from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Graça
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; LIM 54, Institute of Tropical Medicine of the University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Lauro Perdigão
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; LIM 54, Institute of Tropical Medicine of the University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cleison Taira
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi - Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation 53, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Silvia F Costa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; LIM 54, Institute of Tropical Medicine of the University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Anna S Levin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; LIM 54, Institute of Tropical Medicine of the University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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74
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Levy L, Block C, Schwartz C, Gross I, Cohen M, Fridlender Z, Moses A, Berkman N, Benenson S. Cluster of Fusarium solani isolations in a Bronchoscopy Unit. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:e5-e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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75
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Prussin AJ, Marr LC. Sources of airborne microorganisms in the built environment. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:78. [PMID: 26694197 PMCID: PMC4688924 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Each day people are exposed to millions of bioaerosols, including whole microorganisms, which can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. The next chapter in understanding the airborne microbiome of the built environment is characterizing the various sources of airborne microorganisms and the relative contribution of each. We have identified the following eight major categories of sources of airborne bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the built environment: humans; pets; plants; plumbing systems; heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems; mold; dust resuspension; and the outdoor environment. Certain species are associated with certain sources, but the full potential of source characterization and source apportionment has not yet been realized. Ideally, future studies will quantify detailed emission rates of microorganisms from each source and will identify the relative contribution of each source to the indoor air microbiome. This information could then be used to probe fundamental relationships between specific sources and human health, to design interventions to improve building health and human health, or even to provide evidence for forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Prussin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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76
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Salah H, Al-Hatmi AMS, Theelen B, Abukamar M, Hashim S, van Diepeningen AD, Lass-Florl C, Boekhout T, Almaslamani M, Taj-Aldeen SJ. Phylogenetic diversity of human pathogenic Fusarium and emergence of uncommon virulent species. J Infect 2015; 71:658-66. [PMID: 26348828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fusarium species cause a broad spectrum of infections. However, little is known about the etiological agents to the species level. We identified Fusarium species isolated from clinical specimens including those of high risk patients to better understand the species involved in the pathogenesis. METHODS A set of 44 Fusarium isolates were identified by two-locus sequence typing using partial sequences of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF-1α). RESULTS The identified species belonged to four species complexes (SC); the most common SC was Fusarium solani (FSSC) (75%), followed by Fusarium oxysporum (FOSC) (4.5%), Fusarium fujikuroi (FFSC) (13.6%), and Fusarium dimerum (FDSC) (6.8%). Sites of infections were nails (n = 19, 43.2%), skin (n = 7, 15.9%), cornea (n = 6, 13.6%), blood (n = 3, 9%), wound (n = 4, 6.8%), burn (n = 2, 4.5%), tissue (n = 2, 4.5%), and urine (n = 1, 2.27%). Fusarium acutatum was rare and seem restricted to the Middle East. Comorbidities associated with invasive infections were hematological malignancy and autoimmune disorders. CONCLUSIONS Members of the FSSC predominantly caused cornea, nail and bloodstream infections. Less frequently encountered were the FOSC, FFSC and FDSC. More accurate molecular identification of Fusarium species is important to predict therapeutic outcome and the emergence of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Salah
- Mycology Unit, Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, P. O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Abdullah M S Al-Hatmi
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Ibri Hospital, Ibri, Oman
| | - Bart Theelen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Abukamar
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad Medical Corporation, P. O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Samar Hashim
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad Medical Corporation, P. O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Cornelia Lass-Florl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teun Boekhout
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology and Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Muna Almaslamani
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad Medical Corporation, P. O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saad J Taj-Aldeen
- Mycology Unit, Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, P. O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
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77
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Hu CH, Curry EJ, Matzkin EG, Todd DJ, Cai AN, Milner DA, Sparks JA. Monoarthritis in a 28‐Year‐Old Man With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2015; 67:1328-1334. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.22597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H. Hu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and University of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolis
| | | | | | - Derrick J. Todd
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston Massachusetts
| | - Andrew N. Cai
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and Albany Medical CollegeAlbany, New York
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Sparks
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston Massachusetts
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78
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McCoy WF, Rosenblatt AA. HACCP-Based Programs for Preventing Disease and Injury from Premise Plumbing: A Building Consensus. Pathogens 2015; 4:513-28. [PMID: 26184325 PMCID: PMC4584270 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of preventable injuries and deaths are annually caused by microbial, chemical and physical hazards from building water systems. Water is processed in buildings before use; this can degrade the quality of the water. Processing steps undertaken on-site in buildings often include conditioning, filtering, storing, heating, cooling, pressure regulation and distribution through fixtures that restrict flow and temperature. Therefore, prevention of disease and injury requires process management. A process management framework for buildings is the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) adaptation of failure mode effects analysis (FMEA). It has been proven effective for building water system management. Validation is proof that hazards have been controlled under operating conditions and may include many kinds of evidence including cultures of building water samples to detect and enumerate potentially pathogenic microorganisms. However, results from culture tests are often inappropriately used because the accuracy and precision are not sufficient to support specifications for control limit or action triggers. A reliable negative screen is based on genus-level Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Legionella in building water systems; however, building water samples with positive results from this test require further analysis by culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F McCoy
- Phigenics, LLC, 1701 Quincy Ave., Suite 32, Naperville, IL 60540, USA.
| | - Aaron A Rosenblatt
- Gordon & Rosenblatt, LLC, 45 Rockefeller Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10111, USA.
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79
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Fraternale D, Ricci D, Verardo G, Gorassini A, Stocchi V, Sestili P. Activity of Vitis vinifera Tendrils Extract Against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antifungal activity was determined of an ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera L. tendrils (TVV) against ten plant pathogenic fungi, using the agar dilution method; activity was shown against all tested fungi. Fusarium species were the most sensitive with MIC values ranging from 250 to 300 ppm, while the basidiomycete fungus Rhizoctonia solani was the most resistant, with a MIC value of 500 ppm. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn) was used to obtain qualitative information on the main components of TVV. The high amount of polyphenolic compounds contained in TVV is likely to contribute significantly to its antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy
| | - Donata Ricci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Verardo
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Gorassini
- Department of History and Preservation of Cultural Heritage, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy
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80
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Steinberg C, Laurent J, Edel-Hermann V, Barbezant M, Sixt N, Dalle F, Aho S, Bonnin A, Hartemann P, Sautour M. Adaptation of Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium dimerum to the specific aquatic environment provided by the water systems of hospitals. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 76:53-65. [PMID: 25792434 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Fusarium group were recently detected in water distribution systems of several hospitals in the world. An epidemiological investigation was conducted over 2 years in hospital buildings in Dijon and Nancy (France) and in non-hospital buildings in Dijon. The fungi were detected only within the water distribution systems of the hospital buildings and also, but at very low concentrations, in the urban water network of Nancy. All fungi were identified as Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) and Fusarium dimerum species complex (FDSC) by sequencing part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) gene. Very low diversity was found in each complex, suggesting the existence of a clonal population for each. Density and heterogeneous distributions according to buildings and variability over time were explained by episodic detachments of parts of the colony from biofilms in the pipes. Isolates of these waterborne populations as well as soilborne isolates were tested for their ability to grow in liquid medium in the presence of increasing concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, copper sulfate, anti-corrosion pipe coating, at various temperatures (4°-42 °C) and on agar medium with amphotericin B and voriconazole. The waterborne isolates tolerated higher sodium hypochlorite and copper sulfate concentrations and temperatures than did soilborne isolates but did not show any specific resistance to fungicides. In addition, unlike waterborne isolates, soilborne isolates did not survive in water even supplemented with glucose, while the former developed in the soil as well as soilborne isolates. We concluded the existence of homogeneous populations of FOSC and FDSC common to all contaminated hospital sites. These populations are present at very low densities in natural waters, making them difficult to detect, but they are adapted to the specific conditions offered by the complex water systems of public hospitals in Dijon and Nancy and probably other localities in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Laurent
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Marie Barbezant
- Department Environment and Public, Health Nancy University, Hospital Hygiene Unit, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP154, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Sixt
- Environmental Microbiology, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP 37013, F-21070 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Parasitology and Mycology laboratory, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP 37013, F-21070 Dijon Cedex, France; Université de Bourgogne, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Serge Aho
- Hospital Hygiene and Epidemiology unit, Hôpital du Bocage, BP 77908, F-21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Alain Bonnin
- Parasitology and Mycology laboratory, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP 37013, F-21070 Dijon Cedex, France; Université de Bourgogne, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Hartemann
- Department Environment and Public, Health Nancy University, Hospital Hygiene Unit, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP154, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Marc Sautour
- Parasitology and Mycology laboratory, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP 37013, F-21070 Dijon Cedex, France; Université de Bourgogne, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France
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81
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Could Histoplasma capsulatum Be Related to Healthcare-Associated Infections? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:982429. [PMID: 26106622 PMCID: PMC4461736 DOI: 10.1155/2015/982429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are described in diverse settings. The main etiologic agents of HAI are bacteria (85%) and fungi (13%). Some factors increase the risk for HAI, particularly the use of medical devices; patients with severe cuts, wounds, and burns; stays in the intensive care unit, surgery, and hospital reconstruction works. Several fungal HAI are caused by Candida spp., usually from an endogenous source; however, cross-transmission via the hands of healthcare workers or contaminated devices can occur. Although other medically important fungi, such as Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Histoplasma capsulatum, have never been considered nosocomial pathogens, there are some factors that point out the pros and cons for this possibility. Among these fungi, H. capsulatum infection has been linked to different medical devices and surgery implants. The filamentous form of H. capsulatum may be present in hospital settings, as this fungus adapts to different types of climates and has great dispersion ability. Although conventional pathogen identification techniques have never identified H. capsulatum in the hospital environment, molecular biology procedures could be useful in this setting. More research on H. capsulatum as a HAI etiologic agent is needed, since it causes a severe and often fatal disease in immunocompromised patients.
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82
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García-Ruiz JC, Olazábal I, Adán Pedroso RM, López-Soria L, Velasco-Benito V, Sánchez-Aparicio JA, Navajas A, Montejo M, Moragues MD. Disseminated fusariosis and hematologic malignancies, a still devastating association. Report of three new cases. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015; 32:190-6. [PMID: 25936697 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi of the genus Fusarium are primarily plant pathogens and saprobes that produce disseminated infections in immunologically deficient humans. After aspergillosis, disseminated fusariosis is the second most common cause of invasive infection by filamentous fungi in patients with hematologic malignancies or those undergoing transplants of hematopoietic progenitors. AIMS Disseminated fusariosis (DF) is considered an extremely rare infection and has reached a stable incidence rate, but its high mortality rate and the lack of an optimal management protocol have raised increasing interest in this mycosis. METHODS We present three cases of DF produced by Fusarium oxysporum species complex, Fusarium solani species complex and the highly unusual Fusarium dimerum in patients with advanced hematological malignancies diagnosed in our hospital between 2007 and 2011. The species level identification of the Fusarium isolates was established by sequencing their TEF1 gene. RESULTS The isolates showed low susceptibility to most of the antifungal agents analyzed, except that observed for F. dimerum to amphotericin B (AmB) and terbinafine, and F. oxysporum species complex to AmB. Interestingly, the strain of F. solani species complex exhibited high MIC values for AmB and voriconazole, notwithstanding these drugs were used for treatment with good results. Other relevant aspects to be considered in the treatment of DF are surgically cleaning foci of infection, withdrawing presumably contaminated catheters and recovery from neutropenia. CONCLUSIONS The prevention of infection in colonized patients, the maintenance of a high level of diagnostic suspicion for early diagnosis, and the combined, vigorous and prolonged use of L-AmB and voriconazole are essential to decrease the mortality rate of this devastating infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos García-Ruiz
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Plaza de Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iñigo Olazábal
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Plaza de Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rosa María Adán Pedroso
- Servicio de Pediatría, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Leyre López-Soria
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Verónica Velasco-Benito
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Aurora Navajas
- Servicio de Pediatría, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miguel Montejo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Cruces, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Moragues
- Departamento de Enfermería, Escuela de Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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83
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Dishwashers provide a selective extreme environment for human-opportunistic yeast-like fungi. FUNGAL DIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-015-0327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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84
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Ma X, Baron JL, Vikram A, Stout JE, Bibby K. Fungal diversity and presence of potentially pathogenic fungi in a hospital hot water system treated with on-site monochloramine. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 71:197-206. [PMID: 25618520 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, our knowledge of fungal ecology in engineered drinking water systems is limited, despite the potential for these systems to serve as a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens. In this study, hot water samples were collected both prior to and following the addition of monochloramine as an on-site disinfectant in a hospital hot water system. Fungal ecology was then analyzed by high throughput sequencing of the fungal ITS1 region. The results demonstrate that the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Peniophora, Cladosporium and Rhodosporidium comprised the core fungal biome of the hospital hot water system. Penicillium dominated the fungal community with an average relative abundance of 88.89% (±6.37%). ITS1 sequences of fungal genera containing potential pathogens such as Aspergillus, Candida, and Fusarium were also detected in this study. No significant change in fungal community structure was observed before and after the initiation of on-site monochloramine water treatment. This work represents the first report of the effects of on-site secondary water disinfection on fungal ecology in premise plumbing system, and demonstrates the necessity of considering opportunistic fungal pathogens during the evaluation of secondary premise plumbing disinfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Julianne L Baron
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Special Pathogens Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Amit Vikram
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Janet E Stout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Special Pathogens Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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85
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Candida and Fusarium species known as opportunistic human pathogens from customer-accessible parts of residential washing machines. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:95-113. [PMID: 25749362 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Energy constraints have altered consumer practice regarding the use of household washing machines. Washing machines were developed that use lower washing temperatures, smaller amounts of water and biodegradable detergents. These conditions may favour the enrichment of opportunistic human pathogenic fungi. We focused on the isolation of fungi from two user-accessible parts of washing machines that often contain microbial biofilms: drawers for detergents and rubber door seals. Out of 70 residential washing machines sampled in Slovenia, 79% were positive for fungi. In total, 72 strains belonging to 12 genera and 26 species were isolated. Among these, members of the Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani species complexes, Candida parapsilosis and Exophiala phaeomuriformis represented 44% of fungi detected. These species are known as opportunistic human pathogens and can cause skin, nail or eye infections also in healthy humans. A machine learning analysis revealed that presence of detergents and softeners followed by washing temperature, represent most critical factors for fungal colonization. Three washing machines with persisting malodour that resulted in bad smelling laundry were analysed for the presence of fungi and bacteria. In these cases, fungi were isolated in low numbers (7.5 %), while bacteria Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Sphingomonas species prevailed.
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86
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How we treat invasive fungal diseases in patients with acute leukemia: the importance of an individualized approach. Blood 2014; 124:3858-69. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-516211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractInvasive fungal diseases (IFDs) represent an important cause of treatment failure in adults with acute leukemia. Because of leukemia’s heterogeneity, the risk for IFDs is highly variable. We therefore apply a risk-adapted antifungal strategy with strong emphasis on pretreatment and day-15 posttreatment to allow earlier and more individualized interventions. We determine pretreatment risks for IFDs based on 4 factors: (1) host fitness for standard therapy (ie, fit, unfit, or frail); (2) leukemia resistance (high vs low probability of achieving complete remission [CR]); (3) anticipated treatment-related toxicity such as neutropenia, mucositis, and steroid-induced immunosuppression; and (4) patient exposure to opportunistic fungi. Accordingly, we stratify patients as high, intermediate, or low risk for IFDs and apply risk-adapted antifungal strategies, including primary or secondary prophylaxis and diagnostic-based preemptive or empiric therapy. Prevention of IFDs also relies on optimizing organ function, decreasing exposure to opportunistic fungi, and improving net state of immunosuppression with use of better-tolerated and investigational agents for unfit patients and those with adverse leukemia biology. Novel targeted and safe therapies that can achieve higher rates of sustained CR among patients with adverse genetics offer the best promise for reducing the burden of IFDs in these patients.
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87
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Tortorano AM, Richardson M, Roilides E, van Diepeningen A, Caira M, Munoz P, Johnson E, Meletiadis J, Pana ZD, Lackner M, Verweij P, Freiberger T, Cornely OA, Arikan-Akdagli S, Dannaoui E, Groll AH, Lagrou K, Chakrabarti A, Lanternier F, Pagano L, Skiada A, Akova M, Arendrup MC, Boekhout T, Chowdhary A, Cuenca-Estrella M, Guinea J, Guarro J, de Hoog S, Hope W, Kathuria S, Lortholary O, Meis JF, Ullmann AJ, Petrikkos G, Lass-Flörl C. ESCMID and ECMM joint guidelines on diagnosis and management of hyalohyphomycosis: Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp. and others. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20 Suppl 3:27-46. [PMID: 24548001 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycoses summarized in the hyalohyphomycosis group are heterogeneous, defined by the presence of hyaline (non-dematiaceous) hyphae. The number of organisms implicated in hyalohyphomycosis is increasing and the most clinically important species belong to the genera Fusarium, Scedosporium, Acremonium, Scopulariopsis, Purpureocillium and Paecilomyces. Severely immunocompromised patients are particularly vulnerable to infection, and clinical manifestations range from colonization to chronic localized lesions to acute invasive and/or disseminated diseases. Diagnosis usually requires isolation and identification of the infecting pathogen. A poor prognosis is associated with fusariosis and early therapy of localized disease is important to prevent progression to a more aggressive or disseminated infection. Therapy should include voriconazole and surgical debridement where possible or posaconazole as salvage treatment. Voriconazole represents the first-line treatment of infections due to members of the genus Scedosporium. For Acremonium spp., Scopulariopsis spp., Purpureocillium spp. and Paecilomyces spp. the optimal antifungal treatment has not been established. Management usually consists of surgery and antifungal treatment, depending on the clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tortorano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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88
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Fungi associated with drug recalls and rare disease outbreaks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1591-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fungi rarely cause disease outbreaks associated with use of microbe-contaminated drugs. These rare episodes typically involve a restricted spectrum of common environmental species with relatively low virulence, rather than classical pathogens. Review of data involving over-the-counter contact lens solutions and prescription drug-related recalls revealed six episodes during the past decade with significant adverse health and financial impact (including loss of vision and death). Contaminations involved fungi mostly identified with the genera Aspergillus, Exserohilum, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, and Rhizopus. These organisms are noted for their capacity to produce resistant morphotypes (chlamydoconidia, ascospores) under various adverse conditions, generally with temperature survival/tolerances markedly in excess of maximal growth temperatures. High constituent levels of melanin, trehalose and heat-shock proteins facilitate differential survival of morphotypes following exposures to toxic chemicals and temperatures above 80 °C. Adverse environmental factors that induce resistant morphotypes are suggested to occur more readily in situ than during in vitro testing. Rare unexplained, sporadic drug contamination episodes with select thermotolerant fungi may relate, in part, to resistant dormant stages.
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89
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Litvinov N, da Silva MTN, van der Heijden IM, Graça MG, Marques de Oliveira L, Fu L, Giudice M, Zilda de Aquino M, Odone-Filho V, Marques HH, Costa SF, Levin AS. An outbreak of invasive fusariosis in a children's cancer hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:268.e1-7. [PMID: 25658562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium is considered an emerging pathogen, and there are few reports of fusariosis in children. The objective of this study was to describe an outbreak of invasive fusariosis in a children's cancer hospital. A neutropenic 17-year-old male patient hospitalized for 10 days for a relapse of acute myeloid leukaemia, under chemotherapy, presented fever without any other symptoms; a thoracic computerized tomography showed bilateral pulmonary nodules. During voriconazole treatment, 1-cm reddened and painful subcutaneous nodules appeared on arms and legs and the culture of a skin biopsy revealed F. solani. Another case occurred 11 days later and started an outbreak investigation. Water samples for cultures were collected from taps, showers and water reservoirs. Air from all patient rooms was sampled. Faucets and the drains of sinks and showers were swabbed and cultured. Environmental and clinical isolates were typed. There were 10 confirmed cases of infection caused by Fusarium spp. F. oxysporum and F. solani were isolated from water, swabs and air in patient rooms. Many control measures were instituted, but the outbreak was only controlled 1 year after the first case, when water filters filtering 0.2 μm were installed at the exit of all faucets and showers in all patient rooms (points-of-use). Typing demonstrated that clinical isolates of F. oxysporum were similar to those of the environment. In conclusion, to our knowledge this is the first reported outbreak of invasive fusariosis in children with oncohaematologic disease. It was controlled using 0.2-μm filters in all tap faucets and showers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Litvinov
- Instituto de Tratamento de Cancer Infantil (ITACI), Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariama Tomaz N da Silva
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inneke M van der Heijden
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Graça
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marques de Oliveira
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liang Fu
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Giudice
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Zilda de Aquino
- Instituto de Tratamento de Cancer Infantil (ITACI), Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vicente Odone-Filho
- Instituto de Tratamento de Cancer Infantil (ITACI), Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia F Costa
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna S Levin
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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90
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Dananché C, Cassier P, Sautour M, Gautheron N, Wegrzyn J, Perraud M, Bienvenu AL, Nicolle MC, Boibieux A, Vanhems P. Fungaemia caused by Fusarium proliferatum in a patient without definite immunodeficiency. Mycopathologia 2014; 179:135-40. [PMID: 25253233 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature has shown the growing importance of opportunistic fungal infections due to Fusarium spp. However, disseminated fusariosis remains rare in patients without neutropenia. We report a case of fungaemia in a 78-year-old French woman without definite immunodeficiency. Fusarium proliferatum grew from both central and peripheral blood cultures. Fever was the only clinical sign of the infection. An appropriate antifungal therapy with voriconazole led to the recovery of the patient. An environmental investigation was undertaken but failed to find a reservoir of Fusarium spores. A contaminated central venous catheter might have been the source of fungaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Dananché
- Infection Control Department and Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Service Hygiène, Epidémiologie et Prévention, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 5 place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon Cedex 03, France,
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91
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Abstract
Nosocomial waterborne pathogens may reach patients through several modes of transmission. Colonization of healthcare facility waterworks can occur in the proximal infrastructure, in the distal water outlets, or both. Infections with waterborne organisms such as Legionella, mycobacteria, Pseudomonas, and others cause significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Hospitals should have prospective water safety plans that include preventive measures, as prevention is preferable to remediation of contaminated hospital water distribution systems. Whole-genome sequencing may provide more informative epidemiologic data to link patient infections with hospital water isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Decker
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive, 12C103A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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92
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Tuxbury KA, Shaw GC, Montali RJ, Clayton LA, Kwiatkowski NP, Dykstra MJ, Mankowski JL. Fusarium solani species complex associated with carapace lesions and branchitis in captive American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 109:223-230. [PMID: 24991848 DOI: 10.3354/dao02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Captive American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus housed at the National Aquarium presented with a variety of shell and gill lesions over a 3 yr period. Carapace lesions were located on both the dorsal and ventral prosoma and opisthosoma and included multifocal circular areas of tan discoloration, ulcerations, and/or pitting lesions, extending from superficial to full thickness. Gill lesions involved both the book gill cover (operculum) and individual book gill leaflets and included multifocal circular areas of tan discoloration, tan to off-white opaque proliferative lesions, and/or areas of black discoloration. Histopathology revealed fungal hyphae, with variable morphology throughout the thickened and irregular cuticle of the carapace and occasionally penetrating into subcuticular tissues, with associated amebocytic inflammation. Book gill leaflets were infiltrated by fungal hyphae and contained necrotic debris and amebocytes. Thirty-eight of 39 animals (97%) evaluated via histopathological examination had intralesional fungal hyphae. Fungal cultures of carapace and gill lesions were attempted in 26 tissue samples from 15 individuals and were positive in 13 samples (50%), with 10 cultures (77%) yielding identification to genus. Fusarium sp. was identified in 8 of the 10 cultures (80%) via culture morphology. The Fusarium solani species complex was confirmed in 6 of these 8 (75%) via polymerase chain reaction amplification of 2 different ribosomal-specific sequences of isolated fungal DNA. Ante-mortem systemic and topical treatments were performed on some affected individuals, but no appreciable change in lesions was observed. Mycotic dermatitis and branchitis are serious health issues for captive American horseshoe crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Tuxbury
- National Aquarium, Department of Animal Health, 501 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
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93
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Cateau E, Delafont V, Hechard Y, Rodier M. Free-living amoebae: what part do they play in healthcare-associated infections? J Hosp Infect 2014; 87:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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94
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Kadaifciler DG, Cotuk A. Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines and effect on quality of indoor air. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:3431-3444. [PMID: 24469014 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The microbiological quality in dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is considered to be important because patients and dental staff with suppressed immune systems are regularly exposed to water and aerosols generated from dental units (DUs). Opportunistic pathogens like Pseudomonas, Legionella, Candida, and Aspergillus can be present in DUWLs, while during consultations, bioaerosols can be dispersed in the air, thus resulting in effects on microbiological quality of indoor air. This present study represents microbiological air and water quality in dental offices (DOs) and also concerns the relationship between the quality of DO air and dental unit water. This study aimed to assess both the microbial quality of dental unit water and the indoor air in 20 DOs and to survey the effect on the quality of the indoor air with the existing microorganisms in dental unit water. Fourteen out of 20 (70 %) DUWLs were found to be contaminated with a high number of aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria. In terms of bacterial air contamination levels, in 90 % of DOs, a medium level (<500 colony-forming units (CFU)/m(3)) of contamination was determined, while in terms of microfungal air contamination, in all DOs, a low level (<100 CFU/m(3)) of contamination was determined. Potential infection or allergen agents, such as Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Paecilomyces were isolated from water and air samples. This study's determination of contamination sources and evaluation of microbial load in DOs could contribute to the development of quality control methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Göksay Kadaifciler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey,
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95
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Dhaouadi K, Belkhir M, Akinocho I, Raboudi F, Pamies D, Barrajón E, Estevan C, Fattouch S. Sucrose supplementation during traditional carob syrup processing affected its chemical characteristics and biological activities. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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96
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Short DPG, O'Donnell K, Geiser DM. Clonality, recombination, and hybridization in the plumbing-inhabiting human pathogen Fusarium keratoplasticum inferred from multilocus sequence typing. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:91. [PMID: 24766947 PMCID: PMC4026394 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent work has shown that Fusarium species and genotypes most commonly associated with human infections, particularly of the cornea (mycotic keratitis), are the same as those most commonly isolated from plumbing systems. The species most dominant in plumbing biofilms is Fusarium keratoplasticum, a cosmopolitan fungus known almost exclusively from animal infections and biofilms. To better understand its diversity and population dynamics, we developed and utilized a nine-locus sequence-based typing system to make inferences about clonality, recombination, population structure, species boundaries and hybridization. Results High levels of genetic diversity and evidence for recombination and clonality were detected among 75 clinical and 156 environmental isolates of Fusarium keratoplasticum. The multilocus sequence typing system (MLST) resolved 111 unique nine-locus sequence types (STs). The single locus bifactorial determinants of mating compatibility (mating types MAT1-1 and MAT1-2), were found in a ratio of 70:30. All but one of the 49 isolates of the most common ST (FSSC 2d-2) came from human infections, mostly of the cornea, and from biofilms associated with contact lenses and plumbing surfaces. Significant levels of phylogenetic incongruence were found among loci. Putative clonal relationships among genotypes were estimated, showing a mixture of large clonal complexes and unrelated singletons. Discordance between the nuclear ribosomal rRNA and other gene genealogies is consistent with introgression of ribosomal RNA alleles of phylogenetic species FSSC 9 into F. keratoplasticum. No significant population subdivision based on clinical versus non-clinical sources was found. Conclusions Incongruent phylogenetic trees and the presence of both mating types within otherwise identical STs were observed, providing evidence for sexuality in F. keratoplasticum. Cryptic speciation suggested in a published three-locus MLST system was not supported with the addition of new loci, but evidence of introgression of ribosomal RNA genes from another strongly supported phylogenetic species (FSSC 9), also known from plumbing systems and human infections, was detected in two isolates. Overall, F. keratoplasticum is a diverse and geographically unstructured species with a mixed clonal and recombinant life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan P G Short
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, 1636 E Alisal St,, Salinas, CA 93905, USA.
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97
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Nucci M, Varon AG, Garnica M, Akiti T, Barreiros G, Trope BM, Nouér SA. Increased incidence of invasive fusariosis with cutaneous portal of entry, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1567-72. [PMID: 24050318 PMCID: PMC3810727 DOI: 10.3201/eid1910.120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of infection with Fusarium spp. fungi involved primary skin lesions. Invasive fusariosis (IF) is an infection with Fusarium spp. fungi that primarily affects patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. A cutaneous portal of entry is occasionally reported. We reviewed all cases of IF in Brazil during 2000–2010, divided into 2 periods: 2000–2005 (period 1) and 2006–2010 (period 2). We calculated incidence rates of IF and of superficial infections with Fusarium spp. fungi identified in patients at a dermatology outpatient unit. IF incidence for periods 1 and 2 was 0.86 cases versus 10.23 cases per 1,000 admissions (p<0.001), respectively; superficial fusarial infection incidence was 7.23 versus 16.26 positive cultures per 1,000 superficial cultures (p<0.001), respectively. Of 21 cases of IF, 14 showed a primary cutaneous portal of entry. Further studies are needed to identify reservoirs of these fungi in the community and to implement preventive measures for patients at risk.
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Alshareef F, Robson GD. Prevalence, persistence, and phenotypic variation of Aspergillus fumigatus in the outdoor environment in Manchester, UK, over a 2-year period. Med Mycol 2014; 52:367-75. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Krageschmidt DA, Kubly AF, Browning MS, Wright AJ, Lonneman JD, Detmer MJ, McCoy WF. A comprehensive water management program for multicampus healthcare facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:556-63. [PMID: 24709725 DOI: 10.1086/675822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Develop and implement an effective program for hazard analysis and control of waterborne pathogens at a multicampus hospital with clinics. DESIGN A longitudinal study. Several-year study including analysis of results from monitoring and tests of 26 building water systems. SETTING Outpatient and inpatient healthcare facilities network. METHODS The hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) process was used to develop a water management program (WMP) for the hospital campuses. The HACCP method systematically addressed 3 questions: (1) What are the potential waterborne hazards in the building water systems of these facilities? (2) How are the hazards being controlled? (3) How do we know that the hazards have been controlled? Microbiological and chemical tests of building water samples were used to validate the performance of the WMP; disease surveillance data further validated effective hazard control. RESULTS Hazard analysis showed that waterborne pathogens were generally in good control and that the water quality was good in all facilities. The hospital network has had several legionellosis cases that were identified as presumptive hospital acquired, but none was confirmed or substantiated by water testing in follow-up investigations. Building water system studies unrelated to these cases showed that pressure tanks and electronic automatic faucets required additional hazard control. CONCLUSIONS Application of the HACCP process for long-term building water systems management was practical and effective. The need for critical control point management of temperature, flow, and oxidant (chlorine) residual concentration was emphasized. The process resulted in discovery of water system components requiring additional hazard control.
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