51
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Gaspar P, Almudi I, Nunes MDS, McGregor AP. Human eye conditions: insights from the fly eye. Hum Genet 2018; 138:973-991. [PMID: 30386938 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has served as an excellent model to study and understand the genetics of many human diseases from cancer to neurodegeneration. Studying the regulation of growth, determination and differentiation of the compound eyes of this fly, in particular, have provided key insights into a wide range of diseases. Here we review the regulation of the development of fly eyes in light of shared aspects with human eye development. We also show how understanding conserved regulatory pathways in eye development together with the application of tools for genetic screening and functional analyses makes Drosophila a powerful model to diagnose and characterize the genetics underlying many human eye conditions, such as aniridia and retinitis pigmentosa. This further emphasizes the importance and vast potential of basic research to underpin applied research including identifying and treating the genetic basis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gaspar
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Isabel Almudi
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/ Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria D S Nunes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Alistair P McGregor
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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52
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Pichiecchio A, Vitale G, Caporali C, Parazzini C, Milani D, Recalcati MP, D'Amico L, Signorini S, Balottin U, Bastianello S. New insights into the phenotypic spectrum of 14q22q23 deletions: a case report and literature review. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:87. [PMID: 30268123 PMCID: PMC6162925 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations occurring in the orthodenticle homeobox 2 gene (OTX2) are responsible for a rare genetic syndrome, characterized mainly by microphthalmia/anophthalmia associated with extra-ocular defects such as brain malformations, pituitary abnormalities, short stature and intellectual disability. To date, the spectrum of radiological features observed in patients with OTX2 mutations has never been summarized. CASE PRESENTATION In this report, we describe a case of large microdeletion encompassing OTX2 but not BMP4 presenting with a syndromic anophthalmia with corpus callosum hypoplasia, pituitary gland hypoplasia and vermian hypoplasia. CONCLUSION Our case report provides an illustration of the neuroradiological spectrum in a case of OTX2-related syndrome and the first radiological evidence of 14q22.2q23.1 deletion associated posterior cranial fossa anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pichiecchio
- Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Cecilia Parazzini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital "V. Buzzi", via Lodovico Castelvetro 32, 20154, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura D'Amico
- University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Balottin
- University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bastianello
- Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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53
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Matías-Pérez D, García-Montaño LA, Cruz-Aguilar M, García-Montalvo IA, Nava-Valdéz J, Barragán-Arevalo T, Villanueva-Mendoza C, Villarroel CE, Guadarrama-Vallejo C, la Cruz RVD, Chacón-Camacho O, Zenteno JC. Identification of novel pathogenic variants and novel gene-phenotype correlations in Mexican subjects with microphthalmia and/or anophthalmia by next-generation sequencing. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:1169-1180. [PMID: 30181649 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Severe congenital eye malformations, particularly microphthalmia and anophthalmia, are one of the main causes of visual handicap worldwide. They can arise from multifactorial, chromosomal, or monogenic factors and can be associated with extensive clinical variability. Genetic analysis of individuals with these defects has allowed the recognition of dozens of genes whose mutations lead to disruption of normal ocular embryonic development. Recent application of next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques for genetic screening of patients with congenital eye defects has greatly improved the recognition of monogenic cases. In this study, we applied clinical exome NGS to a group of 14 Mexican patients (including 7 familial and 7 sporadic cases) with microphthalmia and/or anophthalmia. Causal or likely causal pathogenic variants were demonstrated in ~60% (8 out of 14 patients) individuals. Seven out of 8 different identified mutations occurred in well-known microphthalmia/anophthalmia genes (OTX2, VSX2, MFRP, VSX1) or in genes associated with syndromes that include ocular defects (CHD7, COL4A1) (including two instances of CHD7 pathogenic variants). A single pathogenic variant was identified in PIEZO2, a gene that was not previously associated with isolated ocular defects. NGS efficiently identified the genetic etiology of microphthalmia/anophthalmia in ~60% of cases included in this cohort, the first from Mexican origin analyzed to date. The molecular defects identified through clinical exome sequencing in this study expands the phenotypic spectra of CHD7-associated disorders and implicate PIEZO2 as a candidate gene for major eye developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leopoldo A García-Montaño
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisa Cruz-Aguilar
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jessica Nava-Valdéz
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tania Barragán-Arevalo
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Pediatrics of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina Villanueva-Mendoza
- Department of Genetics, Hospital "Dr. Luis Sanchez Bulnes", Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camilo E Villarroel
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Pediatrics of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Clavel Guadarrama-Vallejo
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Villafuerte-de la Cruz
- Ciencias Basicas, Escuela de Medicina, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Oscar Chacón-Camacho
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan C Zenteno
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
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54
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Cavodeassi F, Creuzet S, Etchevers HC. The hedgehog pathway and ocular developmental anomalies. Hum Genet 2018; 138:917-936. [PMID: 30073412 PMCID: PMC6710239 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in effectors of the hedgehog signaling pathway are responsible for a wide variety of ocular developmental anomalies. These range from massive malformations of the brain and ocular primordia, not always compatible with postnatal life, to subtle but damaging functional effects on specific eye components. This review will concentrate on the effects and effectors of the major vertebrate hedgehog ligand for eye and brain formation, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), in tissues that constitute the eye directly and also in those tissues that exert indirect influence on eye formation. After a brief overview of human eye development, the many roles of the SHH signaling pathway during both early and later morphogenetic processes in the brain and then eye and periocular primordia will be evoked. Some of the unique molecular biology of this pathway in vertebrates, particularly ciliary signal transduction, will also be broached within this developmental cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cavodeassi
- Institute for Medical and Biomedical Education, St. George´s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sophie Creuzet
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Heather C Etchevers
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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55
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Flach H, Krieg J, Hoffmeister M, Dietmann P, Reusch A, Wischmann L, Kernl B, Riegger R, Oess S, Kühl SJ. Nosip functions during vertebrate eye and cranial cartilage development. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1070-1082. [PMID: 30055071 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nitric oxide synthase interacting protein (Nosip) has been associated with diverse human diseases including psychological disorders. In line, early neurogenesis of mouse and Xenopus is impaired upon Nosip deficiency. Nosip knockout mice show craniofacial defects and the down-regulation of Nosip in the mouse and Xenopus leads to microcephaly. Until now, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms of these malformations were still unknown. RESULTS Here, we show that nosip is expressed in the developing ocular system as well as the anterior neural crest cells of Xenopus laevis. Furthermore, Nosip inhibition causes severe defects in eye formation in the mouse and Xenopus. Retinal lamination as well as dorso-ventral patterning of the retina were affected in Nosip-depleted Xenopus embryos. Marker gene analysis using rax, pax6 and otx2 reveals an interference with the eye field induction and differentiation. A closer look on Nosip-deficient Xenopus embryos furthermore reveals disrupted cranial cartilage structures and an inhibition of anterior neural crest cell induction and migration shown by twist, snai2, and egr2. Moreover, foxc1 as downstream factor of retinoic acid signalling is affected upon Nosip deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Nosip is a crucial factor for the development of anterior neural tissue such the eyes and neural crest cells. Developmental Dynamics 247:1070-1082, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Flach
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Krieg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Meike Hoffmeister
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Petra Dietmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adrian Reusch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Wischmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bianka Kernl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ricarda Riegger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Oess
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Susanne J Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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56
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Mutation of IPO13 causes recessive ocular coloboma, microphthalmia, and cataract. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-11. [PMID: 29700284 PMCID: PMC5938035 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular coloboma is a developmental structural defect of the eye that often occurs as complex ocular anomalies. However, its genetic etiology remains largely unexplored. Here we report the identification of mutation (c.331C>T, p.R111C) in the IPO13 gene in a consanguineous family with ocular coloboma, microphthalmia, and cataract by a combination of whole-exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping. IPO13 encodes an importin-B family protein and has been proven to be associated with the pathogenesis of coloboma and microphthalmia. We found that Ipo13 was expressed in the cornea, sclera, lens, and retina in mice. Additionally, the mRNA expression level of Ipo13 decreased significantly in the patient compared with its expression in a healthy individual. Morpholino-oligonucleotide-induced knockdown of ipo13 in zebrafish caused dose-dependent microphthalmia and coloboma, which is highly similar to the ocular phenotypes in the patient. Moreover, both visual motor response and optokinetic response were impaired severely. Notably, these ocular phenotypes in ipo13-deficient zebrafish could be rescued remarkably by full-length ipo13 mRNA, suggesting that the phenotypes observed in zebrafish were due to insufficient ipo13 function. Altogether, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, a new role of IPO13 in eye morphogenesis and that loss of function of IPO13 could lead to ocular coloboma, microphthalmia, and cataract in humans and zebrafish. In-depth genomic analysis of the family of a young man with severe visual impairment reveals a new gene involved in eye development. Ocular coloboma encompasses various hereditary disorders in which the eyes form improperly. Many of the underlying genetic factors remain unidentified. Researchers led by Zi-Bing Jin at Wenzhou Medical University in China sequenced the genes of 28-year-old man with a recessive form of ocular coloboma. By comparing these genetic data against equivalent genome sequences from his healthy parents, Jin’s team identified a gene called IPO13 as the culprit. IPO13 has not been linked to human disease before, but the researchers demonstrated that switching off IPO13 expression in zebrafish embryos gave rise to underdeveloped eyes with defects in the iris and cornea. These findings give clinicians another potential indicator for early diagnosis of ocular coloboma.
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57
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Sanchez-Navarro I, R J da Silva L, Blanco-Kelly F, Zurita O, Sanchez-Bolivar N, Villaverde C, Lopez-Molina MI, Garcia-Sandoval B, Tahsin-Swafiri S, Minguez P, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Lorda I, Sanchez-Alcudia R, Perez-Carro R, Valverde D, Liu Y, Tian L, Hakonarson H, Avila-Fernandez A, Corton M, Ayuso C. Combining targeted panel-based resequencing and copy-number variation analysis for the diagnosis of inherited syndromic retinopathies and associated ciliopathies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5285. [PMID: 29588463 PMCID: PMC5869593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited syndromic retinopathies are a highly heterogeneous group of diseases that involve retinal anomalies and systemic manifestations. They include retinal ciliopathies, other well-defined clinical syndromes presenting with retinal alterations and cases of non-specific multisystemic diseases. The heterogeneity of these conditions makes molecular and clinical characterization of patients challenging in daily clinical practice. We explored the capacity of targeted resequencing and copy-number variation analysis to improve diagnosis of a heterogeneous cohort of 47 patients mainly comprising atypical cases that did not clearly fit a specific clinical diagnosis. Thirty-three likely pathogenic variants were identified in 18 genes (ABCC6, ALMS1, BBS1, BBS2, BBS12, CEP41, CEP290, IFT172, IFT27, MKKS, MYO7A, OTX2, PDZD7, PEX1, RPGRIP1, USH2A, VPS13B, and WDPCP). Molecular findings and additional clinical reassessments made it possible to accurately characterize 14 probands (30% of the total). Notably, clinical refinement of complex phenotypes was achieved in 4 cases, including 2 de novo OTX2-related syndromes, a novel phenotypic association for the ciliary CEP41 gene, and the co-existence of biallelic USH2A variants and a Koolen-de-Vries syndrome-related 17q21.31 microdeletion. We demonstrate that combining next-generation sequencing and CNV analysis is a comprehensive and useful approach to unravel the extensive phenotypic and genotypic complexity of inherited syndromic retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Sanchez-Navarro
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciana R J da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Zurita
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Sanchez-Bolivar
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Villaverde
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Saoud Tahsin-Swafiri
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Minguez
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Riveiro-Alvarez
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lorda
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Sanchez-Alcudia
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Perez-Carro
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Valverde
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Yichuan Liu
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Pediatric Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lifeng Tian
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Pediatric Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Pediatric Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Almudena Avila-Fernandez
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias - Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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58
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Genomic Identification and Functional Characterization of Essential Genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:981-997. [PMID: 29339407 PMCID: PMC5844317 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Using combined genetic mapping, Illumina sequencing, bioinformatics analyses, and experimental validation, we identified 60 essential genes from 104 lethal mutations in two genomic regions of Caenorhabditis elegans totaling ∼14 Mb on chromosome III(mid) and chromosome V(left). Five of the 60 genes had not previously been shown to have lethal phenotypes by RNA interference depletion. By analyzing the regions around the lethal missense mutations, we identified four putative new protein functional domains. Furthermore, functional characterization of the identified essential genes shows that most are enzymes, including helicases, tRNA synthetases, and kinases in addition to ribosomal proteins. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that essential genes often encode for enzymes that conduct nucleic acid binding activities during fundamental processes, such as intracellular DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Analysis of essential gene shows that they have fewer paralogs, encode proteins that are in protein interaction hubs, and are highly expressed relative to nonessential genes. All these essential gene traits in C. elegans are consistent with those of human disease genes. Most human orthologs (90%) of the essential genes in this study are related to human diseases. Therefore, functional characterization of essential genes underlines their importance as proxies for understanding the biological functions of human disease genes.
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59
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Genes and pathways in optic fissure closure. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 91:55-65. [PMID: 29198497 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development of the vertebrate eye begins with the formation of an optic vesicle which folds inwards to form a double-layered optic cup with a fissure on the ventral surface, known as the optic fissure. Closure of the optic fissure is essential for subsequent growth and development of the eye. A defect in this process can leave a gap in the iris, retina or optic nerve, known as a coloboma, which can lead to severe visual impairment. This review brings together current information about genes and pathways regulating fissure closure from human coloboma patients and animal models. It focuses especially on current understanding of the morphological changes and processes of epithelial remodelling occurring at the fissure margins.
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60
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Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Patterning in Vertebrates and Invertebrates. Trends Genet 2017; 32:638-659. [PMID: 27615122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, visual systems have evolved to be uniquely suited to the environments and behavioral patterns of different species. Visual acuity and color perception depend on the distribution of photoreceptor (PR) subtypes within the retina. Retinal mosaics can be organized into three broad categories: stochastic/regionalized, regionalized, and ordered. We describe here the retinal mosaics of flies, zebrafish, chickens, mice, and humans, and the gene regulatory networks controlling proper PR specification in each. By drawing parallels in eye development between these divergent species, we identify a set of conserved organizing principles and transcriptional networks that govern PR subtype differentiation.
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61
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Abdalla-Elsayed MEA, Schatz P, Neuhaus C, Khan AO. Heterozygous mutation in OTX2 associated with early-onset retinal dystrophy with atypical maculopathy. Mol Vis 2017; 23:778-784. [PMID: 29204067 PMCID: PMC5693023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Heterozygous mutations in OTX2 have been associated with a range of ocular and pituitary abnormalities. We report a novel heterozygous deletion in OTX2 underlying early-onset retinal dystrophy with atypical maculopathy. Methods Clinical examination included electroretinography and multimodal retinal imaging. Molecular genetic testing was composed of next-generation sequencing of a panel of retinal dystrophy genes. Results A now 17-year-old boy presented 12 years earlier with a history of progressively poor vision since birth, nyctalopia, and early-onset retinal dystrophy with atypical maculopathy. He also had bilateral microphthalmos and a slim prepubertal appearance; growth hormone levels were within normal ranges. Next-generation sequencing of a retinal dystrophy gene panel revealed a heterozygous deletion c.485delC (p.Pro162G.Infs*24) in exon 5 of OTX2. Conclusions This second report of maculopathy associated with a heterozygous mutation in OTX2 confirms that mutations in OTX2 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of atypical hereditary maculopathy, with or without rod-cone dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrik Schatz
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Sciences, Skane County University Hospital, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Arif O. Khan
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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62
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Sivagurunathan S, Arunachalam JP, Chidambaram S. PIWI-like protein, HIWI2 is aberrantly expressed in retinoblastoma cells and affects cell-cycle potentially through OTX2. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2017; 22:17. [PMID: 28861107 PMCID: PMC5576095 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB), a childhood cancer, is caused by biallelic mutation of the RB1 gene, but its development is not clearly understood. Furthermore, the presence of a cancer stem cell subpopulation in RB might impact its treatment. PIWI protein, known for its role in stem cell self-renewal, is aberrantly expressed in cancers. We examined the role of the PIWI-like protein HIWI2 in RB and its effect on the stem cell markers in cells of the RB line, Y79. The expression of HIWI2 is significantly increased in Y79 compared with its level in HeLa and ARPE19 cells. The stem cell markers Oct-3/4, Nanog and Sox-2 were not altered upon HIWI2 knockdown in Y79 cells. Interestingly, OTX2 was significantly downregulated in the absence of HIWI2. Otx2 transcripts also decreased in HIWI2-silenced Y79 and ARPE19 cells. Moreover, silencing HIWI2 in Y79 accumulated the cells at G2–M phase and reduced the levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the tumor suppressor, p16. Our results demonstrate that HIWI2 is aberrantly expressed in Y79 cells and silencing of HIWI2 downregulates OTX2, suggesting that HIWI2 might play a role in the progression of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Sivagurunathan
- RS Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Jayamuruga Pandian Arunachalam
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India.,Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Campus, Pondicherry, India
| | - Subbulakshmi Chidambaram
- RS Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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63
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Riera M, Wert A, Nieto I, Pomares E. Panel-based whole exome sequencing identifies novel mutations in microphthalmia and anophthalmia patients showing complex Mendelian inheritance patterns. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2017; 5:709-719. [PMID: 29178648 PMCID: PMC5702572 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microphthalmia and anophthalmia (MA) are congenital eye abnormalities that show an extremely high clinical and genetic complexity. In this study, we evaluated the implementation of whole exome sequencing (WES) for the genetic analysis of MA patients. This approach was used to investigate three unrelated families in which previous single‐gene analyses failed to identify the molecular cause. Methods A total of 47 genes previously associated with nonsyndromic MA were included in our panel. WES was performed in one affected patient from each family using the AmpliSeqTM Exome technology and the Ion ProtonTM platform. Results A novel heterozygous OTX2 missense mutation was identified in a patient showing bilateral anophthalmia who inherited the variant from a parent who was a carrier, but showed no sign of the condition. We also describe a new PAX6 missense variant in an autosomal‐dominant pedigree affected by mild bilateral microphthalmia showing high intrafamiliar variability, with germline mosaicism determined to be the most plausible molecular cause of the disease. Finally, a heterozygous missense mutation in RBP4 was found to be responsible in an isolated case of bilateral complex microphthalmia. Conclusion This study highlights that panel‐based WES is a reliable and effective strategy for the genetic diagnosis of MA. Furthermore, using this technique, the mutational spectrum of these diseases was broadened, with novel variants identified in each of the OTX2,PAX6, and RBP4 genes. Moreover, we report new cases of reduced penetrance, mosaicism, and variable phenotypic expressivity associated with MA, further demonstrating the heterogeneity of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Riera
- Departament de Genètica, Institut de Microcirurgia Ocular (IMO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Wert
- Departament d'Oftalmologia Pediàtrica, Estrabisme i Neuroftalmologia, Institut de Microcirurgia Ocular (IMO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Nieto
- Departament de Còrnia, Cataracta i Cirurgia Refractiva, Institut de Microcirurgia Ocular (IMO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Pomares
- Departament de Genètica, Institut de Microcirurgia Ocular (IMO), Barcelona, Spain
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Sano Y, Matsukane Y, Watanabe A, Sonoda KH, Kondo H. Lack of FOXE3 coding mutation in a case of congenital aphakia. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 39:95-98. [PMID: 28805541 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2017.1350722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the findings in a patient with congenital primary aphakia, a rare disease known to be caused by mutations in the FOXE3 gene. METHODS The clinical appearances and visual functions of the patient were determined from the medical records. Genetic analyses were performed to search for mutations in the FOXE3 gene by Sanger sequencing and whole exome sequencing. RESULTS The 2-month-old male patient first presented with bilateral congenital aphakia associated with microphthalmia, corneal opacity, and dysplasia of the anterior segment. At the age of 2-years, his visual acuity in the left eye was 20/1000 at 30 cm, he was able to discriminate red, blue, and yellow light stimuli, and a b-wave was recorded by scotopic combined rod-cone electroretinograms. The right eye became blind during the follow-up period. No mutation in the FOXE3 gene was detected. CONCLUSION Although congenital aphakia is known to be caused by mutations in the FOXE3 gene, the results of lack of coding mutation in this patient suggests a possible genetic heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sano
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Japan.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsukane
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Japan
| | - Akihisa Watanabe
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Japan
| | - Ko-Hei Sonoda
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kondo
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Japan
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Bardakjian T, Krall M, Wu D, Lao R, Tang PLF, Wan E, Kopinsky S, Schneider A, Kwok PY, Slavotinek A. A recurrent, non-penetrant sequence variant, p.Arg266Cys in Growth/Differentiation Factor 3 ( GDF3) in a female with unilateral anophthalmia and skeletal anomalies. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2017; 7:102-106. [PMID: 29260090 PMCID: PMC5722175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The genetic causes of anophthalmia, microphthalmia and coloboma remain poorly understood. Missense mutations in Growth/Differentiation Factor 3 (GDF3) gene have previously been reported in patients with microphthalmia, iridial and retinal colobomas, Klippel-Feil anomaly with vertebral fusion, scoliosis, rudimentary 12th ribs and an anomalous right temporal bone. We used whole exome sequencing with a trio approach to study a female with unilateral anophthalmia, kyphoscoliosis and additional skeletal anomalies. Observations Exome sequencing revealed that the proposita was heterozygous for c.796C > T, predicting p.Arg266Cys, in GDF3. Sanger sequencing confirmed the mutation and showed that the unaffected mother was heterozygous for the same missense substitution. Conclusions and importance Although transfection studies with the p.Arg266Cys mutation have shown that this amino acid substitution is likely to impair function, non-penetrance for the ocular defects was apparent in this family and has been observed in other families with sequence variants in GDF3. We conclude p.Arg266Cys and other GDF3 mutations can be non-penetrant, making pathogenicity more difficult to establish when sequence variants in this gene are present in patients with structural eye defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Bardakjian
- Division of Medical Genetics, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Max Krall
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Lao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Ling-Fung Tang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eunice Wan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarina Kopinsky
- Division of Medical Genetics, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adele Schneider
- Division of Medical Genetics, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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66
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Liu Y, Lu Y, Liu S, Liao S. Novel compound heterozygous mutations of ALDH1A3 contribute to anophthalmia in a non-consanguineous Chinese family. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:430-435. [PMID: 28590501 PMCID: PMC5488456 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anophthalmia is a rare eye development anomaly resulting in absent ocular globes or
tissue in the orbit since birth. Here, we investigated a newborn with bilateral
anophthalmia in a Chinese family. Exome sequencing revealed that compound
heterozygous mutations c.287G > A (p.(Arg96His)) and c.709G > A (p.(Gly237Arg))
of the ALDH1A3 gene were present in the affected newborn. Both
mutations were absent in all of the searched databases, including 10,000 in-house
Chinese exome sequences, and these mutations were confirmed as having been
transmitted from the parents. Comparative amino acid sequence analysis across
distantly related species revealed that the residues at positions 96 and 234 were
evolutionarily highly conserved. In silico analysis predicted these
changes to be damaging, and in vitro expression analysis revealed
that the mutated alleles were associated with decreased protein production and
impaired tetrameric protein formation. This study firstly reported that compound
heterozygous mutations of the ALDH1A3 gene can result in
anophthalmia in humans, thus highlighting those heterozygous mutations in
ALDH1A3 should be considered for molecular screening in
anophthalmia, particularly in cases from families without consanguineous
relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiang Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjie Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Diabetes Center & Institute of Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shunyao Liao
- Diabetes Center & Institute of Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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67
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Chen CA, Yin J, Lewis RA, Schaaf CP. Genetic causes of optic nerve hypoplasia. J Med Genet 2017; 54:441-449. [PMID: 28501829 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is the most common congenital optic nerve anomaly and a leading cause of blindness in the USA. Although most cases of ONH occur as isolated cases within their respective families, the advancement in molecular diagnostic technology has made us realise that a substantial fraction of cases has identifiable genetic causes, typically de novo mutations. An increasing number of genes has been reported, mutations of which can cause ONH. Many of the genes involved serve as transcription factors, participating in an intricate multistep process critical to eye development and neurogenesis in the neural retina. This review will discuss the respective genes and mutations, human phenotypes, and animal models that have been created to gain a deeper understanding of the disorders. The identification of the underlying gene and mutation provides an important step in diagnosis, medical care and counselling for the affected individuals and their families. We envision that future research will lead to further disease gene identification, but will also teach us about gene-gene and gene-environment interactions relevant to optic nerve development. How much of the functional impairment of the various forms of ONH is a reflection of altered morphogenesis versus neuronal homeostasis will determine the prospect of therapeutic intervention, with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of life of the individuals affected with ONH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-An Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiani Yin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Alan Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christian P Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Lateral thinking - Interocular symmetry and asymmetry in neurovascular patterning, in health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 59:131-157. [PMID: 28457789 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
No biological system or structure is likely to be perfectly symmetrical, or have identical right and left forms. This review explores the evidence for eye and visual pathway asymmetry, in health and in disease, and attempts to provide guidance for those studying the structure and function of the visual system, where recognition of symmetry or asymmetry may be essential. The principal question with regards to asymmetry is not 'are the eyes the same?', for some degree of asymmetry is pervasive, but 'when are they importantly different?'. Knowing if right and left eyes are 'importantly different' could have significant consequences for deciding whether right or left eyes are included in an analysis or for examining the association between a phenotype and ocular parameter. The presence of significant asymmetry would also have important implications for the design of normative databases of retinal and optic nerve metrics. In this review, we highlight not only the universal presence of asymmetry, but provide evidence that some elements of the visual system are inherently more asymmetric than others, pointing to the need for improved normative data to explain sources of asymmetry and their impact on determining associations with genetic, environmental or health-related factors and ultimately in clinical practice.
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69
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Seigfried FA, Cizelsky W, Pfister AS, Dietmann P, Walther P, Kühl M, Kühl SJ. Frizzled 3 acts upstream of Alcam during embryonic eye development. Dev Biol 2017; 426:69-83. [PMID: 28427856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Formation of a functional eye during vertebrate embryogenesis requires different processes such as cell differentiation, cell migration, cell-cell interactions as well as intracellular signalling processes. It was previously shown that the non-canonical Wnt receptor Frizzled 3 (Fzd3) is required for proper eye formation, however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that loss of Fzd3 induces severe malformations of the developing eye and that this defect is phenocopied by loss of the activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (Alcam). Promoter analysis revealed the presence of a Fzd3 responsive element within the alcam promoter, which is responsible for alcam expression during anterior neural development. In-depth analysis identified the jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1) and the transcription factor paired box 2 (Pax2) to be important for the activation of alcam expression. Altogether our study reveals that alcam is activated through non-canonical Wnt signalling during embryonic eye development in Xenopus laevis and shows that this pathway plays a similar role in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Seigfried
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Tissue Homeostasis Joint-PhD-Programme in Cooperation with the University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Wiebke Cizelsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid S Pfister
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Dietmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne J Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Shimada A, Takagi M, Nagashima Y, Miyai K, Hasegawa Y. A Novel Mutation in OTX2 Causes Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Bilateral Microphthalmia, and Agenesis of the Left Internal Carotid Artery. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 86:62-9. [PMID: 27299576 DOI: 10.1159/000446280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in OTX2 cause hypopituitarism, ranging from isolated growth hormone deficiency to combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), which are commonly detected in association with severe eye abnormalities, including anophthalmia or microphthalmia. Pituitary phenotypes of OTX2 mutation carriers are highly variable; however, ACTH deficiency during the neonatal period is not common in previous reports. OBJECTIVE We report a novel missense OTX2 (R89P) mutation in a CPHD patient with severe hypoglycemia in the neonatal period due to ACTH deficiency, bilateral microphthalmia, and agenesis of the left internal carotid artery (ICA). RESULTS We identified a novel heterozygous mutation in OTX2 (c.266G>C, p.R89P). R89P OTX2 showed markedly reduced transcriptional activity of HESX1 and POU1F1 reporters compared with wild-type OTX2. A dominant negative effect was noted only in the transcription analysis with POU1F1 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments showed that R89P OTX2 abrogated DNA-binding ability. CONCLUSION OTX2 mutations can cause ACTH deficiency in the neonatal period. Our study also shows that OTX2 mutations are associated with agenesis of the ICA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a transcription factor gene mutation, which was identified due to agenesis of the ICA of a patient with CPHD. This study extends our understanding of the phenotypic features, molecular mechanism, and developmental course associated with mutations in OTX2.
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71
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Somashekar PH, Shukla A, Girisha KM. Intrafamilial variability in syndromic microphthalmia type 5 caused by a novel variation in OTX2. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 38:533-536. [PMID: 28388256 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2017.1301967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anophthalmia/microphthalmia/coloboma (MAC) spectrum encompasses the most severe malformations of the eye. Together, they have an incidence of 2 in 10,000 births and can be unilateral or bilateral. These disorders are genetically heterogeneous. MATERIALS AND METHODS We ascertained a large three-generation family with multiple members showing variable phenotypes of syndromic microphthalmia. Exome sequencing was performed for the proband and his affected maternal aunt. Targeted sequencing of OTX2 gene was performed for other family members. RESULT Variable clinical presentation in the form of unilateral microphthalmia and bilateral microphthalmia as well as nonpenetrance were noted. Exome sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous variant c.278G>T (p.W93L) in OTX2 in the proband. All affected members as well as the unaffected mother of the proband carried the same variant. CONCLUSION Syndromic microphthalmia due to mutations in OTX2 can present with significant intrafamilial phenotypic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneeth H Somashekar
- a Department of Medical Genetics , Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal , India
| | - Anju Shukla
- a Department of Medical Genetics , Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal , India
| | - Katta M Girisha
- a Department of Medical Genetics , Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal , India
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Ittisoponpisan S, Alhuzimi E, Sternberg MJE, David A. Landscape of Pleiotropic Proteins Causing Human Disease: Structural and System Biology Insights. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:289-296. [PMID: 27957775 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotropy is the phenomenon by which the same gene can result in multiple phenotypes. Pleiotropic proteins are emerging as important contributors to rare and common disorders. Nevertheless, little is known on the mechanisms underlying pleiotropy and the characteristic of pleiotropic proteins. We analyzed disease-causing proteins reported in UniProt and observed that 12% are pleiotropic (variants in the same protein cause more than one disease). Pleiotropic proteins were enriched in deleterious and rare variants, but not in common variants. Pleiotropic proteins were more likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of neoplasms, neurological, and circulatory diseases and congenital malformations, whereas non-pleiotropic proteins in endocrine and metabolic disorders. Pleiotropic proteins were more essential and had a higher number of interacting partners compared with non-pleiotropic proteins. Significantly more pleiotropic than non-pleiotropic proteins contained at least one intrinsically long disordered region (P < 0.001). Deleterious variants occurring in structurally disordered regions were more commonly found in pleiotropic, rather than non-pleiotropic proteins. In conclusion, pleiotropic proteins are an important contributor to human disease. They represent a biologically different class of proteins compared with non-pleiotropic proteins and a better understanding of their characteristics and genetic variants can greatly aid in the interpretation of genetic studies and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirawit Ittisoponpisan
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eman Alhuzimi
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J E Sternberg
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessia David
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Fang Q, George AS, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Gergics P, Cheung LYM, Daly AZ, Ajmal A, Pérez Millán MI, Ozel AB, Kitzman JO, Mills RE, Li JZ, Camper SA. Genetics of Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: Roadmap into the Genome Era. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:636-675. [PMID: 27828722 PMCID: PMC5155665 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis for combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is complex, involving 30 genes in a variety of syndromic and nonsyndromic presentations. Molecular diagnosis of this disorder is valuable for predicting disease progression, avoiding unnecessary surgery, and family planning. We expect that the application of high throughput sequencing will uncover additional contributing genes and eventually become a valuable tool for molecular diagnosis. For example, in the last 3 years, six new genes have been implicated in CPHD using whole-exome sequencing. In this review, we present a historical perspective on gene discovery for CPHD and predict approaches that may facilitate future gene identification projects conducted by clinicians and basic scientists. Guidelines for systematic reporting of genetic variants and assigning causality are emerging. We apply these guidelines retrospectively to reports of the genetic basis of CPHD and summarize modes of inheritance and penetrance for each of the known genes. In recent years, there have been great improvements in databases of genetic information for diverse populations. Some issues remain that make molecular diagnosis challenging in some cases. These include the inherent genetic complexity of this disorder, technical challenges like uneven coverage, differing results from variant calling and interpretation pipelines, the number of tolerated genetic alterations, and imperfect methods for predicting pathogenicity. We discuss approaches for future research in the genetics of CPHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Akima S George
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Amanda H Mortensen
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Alexandre Z Daly
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Adnan Ajmal
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - María Ines Pérez Millán
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - A Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Holt R, Ugur Iseri SA, Wyatt AW, Bax DA, Gold Diaz D, Santos C, Broadgate S, Dunn R, Bruty J, Wallis Y, McMullan D, Ogilvie C, Gerrelli D, Zhang Y, Ragge N. Identification and functional characterisation of genetic variants in OLFM2 in children with developmental eye disorders. Hum Genet 2016; 136:119-127. [PMID: 27844144 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anophthalmia, microphthalmia, and coloboma are a genetically heterogeneous spectrum of developmental eye disorders and affect around 30 per 100,000 live births. OLFM2 encodes a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the noelin family of olfactomedin domain-containing proteins that modulate the timing of neuronal differentiation during development. OLFM2 SNPs have been associated with open angle glaucoma in a case-control study, and knockdown of Olfm2 in zebrafish results in reduced eye size. From a cohort of 258 individuals with developmental eye anomalies, we identified two with heterozygous variants in OLFM2: an individual with bilateral microphthalmia carrying a de novo 19p13.2 microdeletion involving OLFM2 and a second individual with unilateral microphthalmia and contralateral coloboma who had a novel single base change in the 5' untranslated region. Dual luciferase assays demonstrated that the latter variant causes a significant decrease in expression of OLFM2. Furthermore, RNA in situ hybridisation experiments using human developmental tissue revealed expression in relevant structures, including the lens vesicle and optic cup. Our study indicates that OLFM2 is likely to be important in mammalian eye development and disease and should be considered as a gene for human ocular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Holt
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - S A Ugur Iseri
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A W Wyatt
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D A Bax
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - D Gold Diaz
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - C Santos
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - S Broadgate
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Dunn
- Department of Genetics, Viapath, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - J Bruty
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Y Wallis
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - D McMullan
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Ogilvie
- Department of Cytogenetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D Gerrelli
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Y Zhang
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Ragge
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK. .,Clinical Genetics Unit, West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK.
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75
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Oatts JT, Hull S, Michaelides M, Arno G, Webster AR, Moore AT. Novel heterozygous mutation in YAP1 in a family with isolated ocular colobomas. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 38:281-283. [PMID: 27267789 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1188122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius T Oatts
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - Sarah Hull
- b Moorfields Eye Hospital & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
| | - Michel Michaelides
- b Moorfields Eye Hospital & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
| | - Gavin Arno
- b Moorfields Eye Hospital & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
| | - Andrew R Webster
- b Moorfields Eye Hospital & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
| | - Anthony T Moore
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA.,b Moorfields Eye Hospital & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
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76
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Lonero A, Delvecchio M, Primignani P, Caputo R, Bargiacchi S, Penco S, Mauri L, Andreucci E, Faienza MF, Cavallo L. A novel OTX2 gene frameshift mutation in a child with microphthalmia, ectopic pituitary and growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:603-5. [PMID: 26974134 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OTX2 mutations are reported in patients with eye maldevelopment and in some cases with brain or pituitary abnormalities. We describe a child carrying a novel OTX2 heterozygous mutation. She presented microphthalmia, absence of retinal vascularization, vitreal spots and optic nerve hypoplasia in the right eye and mild macular dystrophy in the left eye. Midline brain structures and cerebral parenchyma were normal, except for the ectopic posterior pituitary gland. OTX2 sequencing showed a heterozygous c.402del mutation. Most of OTX2 mutations are nonsense or frameshift introducing a premature termination codon and resulting in a truncated protein. More rarely missense mutations occur. Our novel OTX2 mutation (c.402del) is a frameshift mutation (p.S135Lfs*43), never reported before, causing a premature codon stop 43 amino-acids downstream, which is predicted to generate a premature truncation. The mutation was associated with microphthalmia and ectopic posterior pituitary.
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77
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Chassaing N, Davis EE, McKnight KL, Niederriter AR, Causse A, David V, Desmaison A, Lamarre S, Vincent-Delorme C, Pasquier L, Coubes C, Lacombe D, Rossi M, Dufier JL, Dollfus H, Kaplan J, Katsanis N, Etchevers HC, Faguer S, Calvas P. Targeted resequencing identifies PTCH1 as a major contributor to ocular developmental anomalies and extends the SOX2 regulatory network. Genome Res 2016; 26:474-85. [PMID: 26893459 PMCID: PMC4817771 DOI: 10.1101/gr.196048.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ocular developmental anomalies (ODA) such as anophthalmia/microphthalmia (AM) or anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) have an estimated combined prevalence of 3.7 in 10,000 births. Mutations in SOX2 are the most frequent contributors to severe ODA, yet account for a minority of the genetic drivers. To identify novel ODA loci, we conducted targeted high-throughput sequencing of 407 candidate genes in an initial cohort of 22 sporadic ODA patients. Patched 1 (PTCH1), an inhibitor of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, harbored an enrichment of rare heterozygous variants in comparison to either controls, or to the other candidate genes (four missense and one frameshift); targeted resequencing of PTCH1 in a second cohort of 48 ODA patients identified two additional rare nonsynonymous changes. Using multiple transient models and a CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutant, we show physiologically relevant phenotypes altering SHH signaling and eye development upon abrogation of ptch1 in zebrafish for which in vivo complementation assays using these models showed that all six patient missense mutations affect SHH signaling. Finally, through transcriptomic and ChIP analyses, we show that SOX2 binds to an intronic domain of the PTCH1 locus to regulate PTCH1 expression, findings that were validated both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that PTCH1 mutations contribute to as much as 10% of ODA, identify the SHH signaling pathway as a novel effector of SOX2 activity during human ocular development, and indicate that ODA is likely the result of overactive SHH signaling in humans harboring mutations in either PTCH1 or SOX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chassaing
- CHU Toulouse, Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, France; Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, EA-4555, 31000 Toulouse, France; Inserm U1056, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Kelly L McKnight
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Adrienne R Niederriter
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Alexandre Causse
- Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, EA-4555, 31000 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique David
- Institut de Génétique et Développement, CNRS UMR6290, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140 GFAS, Faculté de Médecine, 35043 Rennes, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Pontchaillou, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Annaïck Desmaison
- Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, EA-4555, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Lamarre
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, F-31077 Toulouse, France; INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France; Plateforme Biopuces de la Génopole de Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, INSA/DGBA 135, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Sud, 35200 Rennes, France
| | - Christine Coubes
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Université Bordeaux Segalen, Laboratoire MRGM, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, 69677 Bron, France; INSERM U1028 UMR CNRS 5292, UCBL, CRNL TIGER Team, 69677 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Dufier
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Helene Dollfus
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Josseline Kaplan
- INSERM U781 & Department of Genetics, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Heather C Etchevers
- Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, EA-4555, 31000 Toulouse, France; INSERM, UMR_S910, Aix-Marseille University, Faculté de Médecine, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Patrick Calvas
- CHU Toulouse, Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, France; Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, EA-4555, 31000 Toulouse, France; Inserm U1056, 31000 Toulouse, France
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78
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Jones GE, Robertson L, Warman P, Craft EV, Cresswell L, Vasudevan PC. 14q22.3 Microdeletion encompassing OTX2 in a five-generation family with microphthalmia, pituitary abnormalities, and intellectual disability. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 37:352-3. [PMID: 26860946 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1059463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E Jones
- a Clinical Genetics Department , University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
| | - Lisa Robertson
- b Clinical Genetics Department , North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Paul Warman
- c Cytogenetics Laboratory , University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
| | - Emily V Craft
- a Clinical Genetics Department , University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
| | - Lara Cresswell
- c Cytogenetics Laboratory , University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
| | - Pradeep C Vasudevan
- a Clinical Genetics Department , University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
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79
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Kim HT, Kim SJ, Sohn YI, Paik SS, Caplette R, Simonutti M, Moon KH, Lee EJ, Min KW, Kim MJ, Lee DG, Simeone A, Lamonerie T, Furukawa T, Choi JS, Kweon HS, Picaud S, Kim IB, Shong M, Kim JW. Mitochondrial Protection by Exogenous Otx2 in Mouse Retinal Neurons. Cell Rep 2015; 13:990-1002. [PMID: 26565912 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OTX2 (orthodenticle homeobox 2) haplodeficiency causes diverse defects in mammalian visual systems ranging from retinal dysfunction to anophthalmia. We find that the retinal dystrophy of Otx2(+/GFP) heterozygous knockin mice is mainly due to the loss of bipolar cells and consequent deficits in retinal activity. Among bipolar cell types, OFF-cone bipolar subsets, which lack autonomous Otx2 gene expression but receive Otx2 proteins from photoreceptors, degenerate most rapidly in Otx2(+/GFP) mouse retinas, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of the imported Otx2 protein. In support of this hypothesis, retinal dystrophy in Otx2(+/GFP) mice is prevented by intraocular injection of Otx2 protein, which localizes to the mitochondria of bipolar cells and facilitates ATP synthesis as a part of mitochondrial ATP synthase complex. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a mitochondrial function for Otx2 and suggest a potential therapeutic application of OTX2 protein delivery in human retinal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Tai Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Soung Jung Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
| | - Young-In Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Sun-Sook Paik
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Romain Caplette
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Manuel Simonutti
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Kyeong Hwan Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Kwang Wook Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kim
- Nano-Bio Electron Microscopy Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Dong-Gi Lee
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Antonio Simeone
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS 86077, Italy
| | - Thomas Lamonerie
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR UNS/CNRS 7277/INSERM 1091, Nice 06108, France
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Kweon
- Nano-Bio Electron Microscopy Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Serge Picaud
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea.
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80
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Vendrell V, López-Hernández I, Durán Alonso MB, Feijoo-Redondo A, Abello G, Gálvez H, Giráldez F, Lamonerie T, Schimmang T. Otx2 is a target of N-myc and acts as a suppressor of sensory development in the mammalian cochlea. Development 2015; 142:2792-800. [PMID: 26160903 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulatory networks are essential during the formation and differentiation of organs. The transcription factor N-myc is required for proper morphogenesis of the cochlea and to control correct patterning of the organ of Corti. We show here that the Otx2 gene, a mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila orthodenticle homeobox gene, is a crucial target of N-myc during inner ear development. Otx2 expression is lost in N-myc mouse mutants, and N-myc misexpression in the chick inner ear leads to ectopic expression of Otx2. Furthermore, Otx2 enhancer activity is increased by N-myc misexpression, indicating that N-myc may directly regulate Otx2. Inactivation of Otx2 in the mouse inner ear leads to ectopic expression of prosensory markers in non-sensory regions of the cochlear duct. Upon further differentiation, these domains give rise to an ectopic organ of Corti, together with the re-specification of non-sensory areas into sensory epithelia, and the loss of Reissner's membrane. Therefore, the Otx2-positive domain of the cochlear duct shows a striking competence to develop into a mirror-image copy of the organ of Corti. Taken together, these data show that Otx2 acts downstream of N-myc and is essential for patterning and spatial restriction of the sensory domain of the mammalian cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vendrell
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid E-47003, Spain
| | - Iris López-Hernández
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid E-47003, Spain
| | - María Beatriz Durán Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid E-47003, Spain
| | - Ana Feijoo-Redondo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid E-47003, Spain
| | - Gina Abello
- CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomédica de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08003, Spain
| | - Héctor Gálvez
- CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomédica de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08003, Spain
| | - Fernando Giráldez
- CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomédica de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08003, Spain
| | - Thomas Lamonerie
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR UNS/CNRS 7277/INSERM 1091, Nice F-06108, France
| | - Thomas Schimmang
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid E-47003, Spain
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81
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Deml B, Reis LM, Lemyre E, Clark RD, Kariminejad A, Semina EV. Novel mutations in PAX6, OTX2 and NDP in anophthalmia, microphthalmia and coloboma. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:535-41. [PMID: 26130484 PMCID: PMC4929874 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M) are developmental ocular malformations defined as the complete absence or reduction in size of the eye. A/M is a highly heterogeneous disorder with SOX2 and FOXE3 playing major roles in dominant and recessive pedigrees, respectively; however, the majority of cases lack a genetic etiology. We analyzed 28 probands affected with A/M spectrum (without mutations in SOX2/FOXE3) by whole-exome sequencing. Analysis of 83 known A/M factors identified pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in PAX6, OTX2 and NDP in three patients. A novel heterozygous likely pathogenic variant in PAX6, c.767T>C, p.(Val256Ala), was identified in two brothers with bilateral microphthalmia, coloboma, primary aphakia, iris hypoplasia, sclerocornea and congenital glaucoma; the unaffected mother appears to be a mosaic carrier. While A/M has been reported as a rare feature, this is the first report of congenital primary aphakia in association with PAX6 and the identified allele represents the first variant in the PAX6 homeodomain to be associated with A/M. A novel pathogenic variant in OTX2, c.651delC, p.(Thr218Hisfs*76), in a patient with syndromic bilateral anophthalmia and a hemizygous pathogenic variant in NDP, c.293 C>T, p.(Pro98Leu), in two brothers with isolated bilateral microphthalmia and sclerocornea were also identified. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were not discovered in the 25 remaining A/M cases. This study underscores the utility of whole-exome sequencing for identification of causative mutations in highly variable ocular phenotypes as well as the extreme genetic heterogeneity of A/M conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Lemyre
- Service de Génétique médicale, CHU Ste-Justine, Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Robin D Clark
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | | | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, USA
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82
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Reis LM, Semina EV. Conserved genetic pathways associated with microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:96-113. [PMID: 26046913 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex organ whose development requires extraordinary coordination of developmental processes. The conservation of ocular developmental steps in vertebrates suggests possible common genetic mechanisms. Genetic diseases involving the eye represent a leading cause of blindness in children and adults. During the last decades, there has been an exponential increase in genetic studies of ocular disorders. In this review, we summarize current success in identification of genes responsible for microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) phenotypes, which are associated with early defects in embryonic eye development. Studies in animal models for the orthologous genes identified overlapping phenotypes for most factors, confirming the conservation of their function in vertebrate development. These animal models allow for further investigation of the mechanisms of MAC, integration of various identified genes into common developmental pathways and finally, provide an avenue for the development and testing of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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83
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Karali M, Banfi S. Inherited Retinal Dystrophies: the role of gene expression regulators. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 61:115-9. [PMID: 25697419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inherited Retinal Dystrophies (IRDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by a significant impairment in retinal function and vision. More than 150 genes have been associated with retinal dystrophies and the genetic overlap among different IRDs renders diagnosis and prognosis challenging. In this In Focus article, we give a summary on the pathogenic role of gene expression regulators in IRDs. Emphasis is given on key transcription factors that participate to regulatory gene networks controlling photoreceptor specification and maintenance, and their possible relevance as therapeutic targets. The increasing knowledge on the composition and function of these transcriptional regulatory networks indicates that intervening on transcription factors may be instrumental for a more effective treatment of some forms of IRDs, although the development of appropriate molecular tools to target them remains a formidable challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianthi Karali
- Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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84
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Jayakody SA, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Ali RR, Pearson RA. Cellular strategies for retinal repair by photoreceptor replacement. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 46:31-66. [PMID: 25660226 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Loss of photoreceptors due to retinal degeneration is a major cause of blindness in the developed world. While no effective treatment is currently available, cell replacement therapy, using pluripotent stem cell-derived photoreceptor precursor cells, may be a feasible future treatment. Recent reports have demonstrated rescue of visual function following the transplantation of immature photoreceptors and we have seen major advances in our ability to generate transplantation-competent donor cells from stem cell sources. Moreover, we are beginning to realise the possibilities of using endogenous populations of cells from within the retina itself to mediate retinal repair. Here, we present a review of our current understanding of endogenous repair mechanisms together with recent progress in the use of both ocular and pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of photoreceptor loss. We consider how our understanding of retinal development has underpinned many of the recent major advances in translation and moved us closer to the goal of restoring vision by cellular means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha A Jayakody
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Robin R Ali
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Rachael A Pearson
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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85
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Marcos S, González-Lázaro M, Beccari L, Carramolino L, Martin-Bermejo MJ, Amarie O, Martín DMS, Torroja C, Bogdanović O, Doohan R, Puk O, de Angelis MH, Graw J, Gomez-Skarmeta JL, Casares F, Torres M, Bovolenta P. Meis1 coordinates a network of genes implicated in eye development and microphthalmia. Development 2015; 142:3009-20. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.122176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmos is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by reduced eye size and visual deficits of variable degrees. Sporadic and hereditary microphthalmos has been associated to heterozygous mutations in genes fundamental for eye development. Yet, many cases are idiopathic or await the identification of molecular causes. Here we show that haploinsufficiency of Meis1, a transcription factor with an evolutionary conserved expression in the embryonic trunk, brain and sensory organs, including the eye, causes microphthalmic traits and visual impairment, in adult mice. By combining the analysis of Meis1 loss-of-function and conditional Meis1 functional rescue with ChIP-seq and RNA-seq approaches we show that, in contrast to Meis1 preferential association with Hox-Pbx binding sites in the trunk, Meis1 binds to Hox/Pbx-independent sites during optic cup development. In the eye primordium, Meis1 coordinates, in a dose-dependent manner, retinal proliferation and differentiation by regulating genes responsible for human microphthalmia and components the Notch signalling pathway. In addition, Meis1 is required for eye patterning by controlling a set of eye territory-specific transcription factors, so that in Meis1−/− embryos boundaries among the different eye territories are shifted or blurred. We thus propose that Meis1 is at the core of a genetic network implicated in eye patterning/microphthalmia, itself representing an additional candidate for syndromic cases of these ocular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Marcos
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica González-Lázaro
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo Beccari
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carramolino
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Martin-Bermejo
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oana Amarie
- Institute of Developmental Genetics Helmholtz Center Munich; D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Mateos-San Martín
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torroja
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ozren Bogdanović
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-UPO, Carretera de Utrera Km1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
- ARC Center of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Roisin Doohan
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Puk
- Institute of Developmental Genetics Helmholtz Center Munich; D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics Helmholtz Center Munich; D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-UPO, Carretera de Utrera Km1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Casares
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-UPO, Carretera de Utrera Km1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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86
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Mauri L, Franzoni A, Scarcello M, Sala S, Garavelli L, Modugno A, Grammatico P, Patrosso MC, Piozzi E, Del Longo A, Gesu GP, Manfredini E, Primignani P, Damante G, Penco S. SOX2, OTX2 and PAX6 analysis in subjects with anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 58:66-70. [PMID: 25542770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Anophthalmia (A) and microphthalmia (M) are rare developmental anomalies that have significant effects on visual activity. In fraction of A/M subjects, single genetic defects have been identified as causative. In this study we analysed 65 Italian A/M patients, 21 of whom are syndromic, for mutations in SOX2, OTX2 and PAX6 genes. In syndromic patients the presence of genome imbalances through array CGH was also investigated. No mutations were found for OTX2 and PAX6 genes. Three causative SOX2 mutations were found in subjects with syndromic A. In a subject with syndromic signs and monolateral M, two de novo 6.26 Mb and 1.37 Mb deletions in 4q13.2q13.3 have been identified. A SOX2 missense (p.Ala161Ser) mutation was found in 1 out of 39 a subject with non-syndromic monolateral M. Alanine at position 161 is conserved along phylogeny and the p.Ala161Ser mutation is estimated pathogenic by in silico analysis. However, this mutation was also present in the unaffected patient's daughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mauri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Genetics, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Franzoni
- Institute of Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Manuela Scarcello
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Genetics, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Sala
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Genetics, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Paola Grammatico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Patrosso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Genetics, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Piozzi
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni P Gesu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Genetics, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Manfredini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Genetics, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Primignani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Genetics, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Institute of Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Udine, Udine, Italy; Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Udine University, Udine, Italy.
| | - Silvana Penco
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Genetics, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
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87
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Mortensen AH, Schade V, Lamonerie T, Camper SA. Deletion of OTX2 in neural ectoderm delays anterior pituitary development. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:939-53. [PMID: 25315894 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OTX2 is a homeodomain transcription factor that is necessary for normal head development in mouse and man. Heterozygosity for loss-of-function alleles causes an incompletely penetrant, haploinsufficiency disorder. Affected individuals exhibit a spectrum of features that range from developmental defects in eye and/or pituitary development to acephaly. To investigate the mechanism underlying the pituitary defects, we used different cre lines to inactivate Otx2 in early head development and in the prospective anterior and posterior lobes. Mice homozygous for Otx2 deficiency in early head development and pituitary oral ectoderm exhibit craniofacial defects and pituitary gland dysmorphology, but normal pituitary cell specification. The morphological defects mimic those observed in humans and mice with OTX2 heterozygous mutations. Mice homozygous for Otx2 deficiency in the pituitary neural ectoderm exhibited altered patterning of gene expression and ablation of FGF signaling. The posterior pituitary lobe and stalk, which normally arise from neural ectoderm, were extremely hypoplastic. Otx2 expression was intact in Rathke's pouch, the precursor to the anterior lobe, but the anterior lobe was hypoplastic. The lack of FGF signaling from the neural ectoderm was sufficient to impair anterior lobe growth, but not the differentiation of hormone-producing cells. This study demonstrates that Otx2 expression in the neural ectoderm is important intrinsically for the development of the posterior lobe and pituitary stalk, and it has significant extrinsic effects on anterior pituitary growth. Otx2 expression early in head development is important for establishing normal craniofacial features including development of the brain, eyes and pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Mortensen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA and
| | - Vanessa Schade
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA and
| | - Thomas Lamonerie
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR7277, Inserm U1091, Nice 06108, France
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA and
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88
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Vincent A, Forster N, Maynes JT, Paton TA, Billingsley G, Roslin NM, Ali A, Sutherland J, Wright T, Westall CA, Paterson AD, Marshall CR, Héon E. OTX2 mutations cause autosomal dominant pattern dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. J Med Genet 2014; 51:797-805. [PMID: 25293953 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the genetic cause of autosomal-dominant pattern dystrophy (PD) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in two families. METHODS AND RESULTS Two families with autosomal-dominant PD were identified. Eight members of family 1 (five affected) were subjected to whole-genome SNP genotyping; multipoint genome-wide linkage analysis identified 7 regions of potential linkage, and genotyping four additional individuals from family 1 resulted in a maximum logarithm of odds score of 2.09 observed across four chromosomal regions. Exome sequencing of two affected family 1 members identified 15 shared non-synonymous rare coding sequence variants within the linked regions; candidate genes were prioritised and further analysed. Sanger sequencing confirmed a novel heterozygous missense variant (E79K) in orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) that segregated with the disease phenotype. Family 2 with PD (two affected) harboured the same missense variant in OTX2. A shared haplotype of 19.68 cM encompassing OTX2 was identified between affected individuals in the two families. Within the two families, all except one affected demonstrated distinct 'patterns' at the macula. In vivo structural retinal imaging showed discrete areas of RPE-photoreceptor separation at the macula in all cases. Electroretinogram testing showed generalised photoreceptor degeneration in three cases. Mild developmental anomalies were observed, including optic nerve head dysplasia (four cases), microcornea (one case) and Rathke's cleft cyst (one case); pituitary hormone levels were normal. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report implicating OTX2 to underlie PD. The retinal disease resembles conditional mice models that show slow photoreceptor degeneration secondary to loss of Otx2 function in the adult RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Forster
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason T Maynes
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara A Paton
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gail Billingsley
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole M Roslin
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arfan Ali
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Sutherland
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Wright
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol A Westall
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elise Héon
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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89
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Zagozewski JL, Zhang Q, Eisenstat DD. Genetic regulation of vertebrate eye development. Clin Genet 2014; 86:453-60. [PMID: 25174583 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Eye development is a complex and highly regulated process that consists of several overlapping stages: (i) specification then splitting of the eye field from the developing forebrain; (ii) genesis and patterning of the optic vesicle; (iii) regionalization of the optic cup into neural retina and retina pigment epithelium; and (iv) specification and differentiation of all seven retinal cell types that develop from a pool of retinal progenitor cells in a precise temporal and spatial manner: retinal ganglion cells, horizontal cells, cone photoreceptors, amacrine cells, bipolar cells, rod photoreceptors and Müller glia. Genetic regulation of the stages of eye development includes both extrinsic (such as morphogens, growth factors) and intrinsic factors (primarily transcription factors of the homeobox and basic helix-loop helix families). In the following review, we will provide an overview of the stages of eye development highlighting the role of several important transcription factors in both normal developmental processes and in inherited human eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Zagozewski
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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90
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Kraus P, V S, Yu HB, Xing X, Lim SL, Adler T, Pimentel JAA, Becker L, Bohla A, Garrett L, Hans W, Hölter SM, Janas E, Moreth K, Prehn C, Puk O, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, Adamski J, Bekeredjian R, Busch DH, Graw J, Klingenspor M, Klopstock T, Neff F, Ollert M, Stoeger T, Yildrim AÖ, Eickelberg O, Wolf E, Wurst W, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, de Angelis MH, Lufkin T, Stanton LW. Pleiotropic functions for transcription factor zscan10. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104568. [PMID: 25111779 PMCID: PMC4128777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Zscan10 had been attributed a role as a pluripotency factor in embryonic stem cells based on its interaction with Oct4 and Sox2 in in vitro assays. Here we suggest a potential role of Zscan10 in controlling progenitor cell populations in vivo. Mice homozygous for a Zscan10 mutation exhibit reduced weight, mild hypoplasia in the spleen, heart and long bones and phenocopy an eye malformation previously described for Sox2 hypomorphs. Phenotypic abnormalities are supported by the nature of Zscan10 expression in midgestation embryos and adults suggesting a role for Zscan10 in either maintaining progenitor cell subpopulation or impacting on fate choice decisions thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kraus
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America
| | - Sivakamasundari V
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Bing Yu
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xing Xing
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew Lan Lim
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thure Adler
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Aguilar Pimentel
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Munich, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohla
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hans
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M. Hölter
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Janas
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Moreth
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Puk
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Raffi Bekeredjian
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Ollert
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildrim
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Developmental Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Institut für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Member of German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lufkin
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America
| | - Lawrence W. Stanton
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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91
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Aguiar DP, Sghari S, Creuzet S. The facial neural crest controls fore- and midbrain patterning by regulating Foxg1 expression through Smad1 activity. Development 2014; 141:2494-505. [PMID: 24917504 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The facial neural crest (FNC), a pluripotent embryonic structure forming craniofacial structures, controls the activity of brain organisers and stimulates cerebrum growth. To understand how the FNC conveys its trophic effect, we have studied the role of Smad1, which encodes an intracellular transducer, to which multiple signalling pathways converge, in the regulation of Foxg1. Foxg1 is a transcription factor essential for telencephalic specification, the mutation of which leads to microcephaly and mental retardation. Smad1 silencing, based on RNA interference (RNAi), was performed in pre-migratory FNC cells. Soon after electroporation of RNAi molecules, Smad1 inactivation abolished the expression of Foxg1 in the chick telencephalon, resulting in dramatic microcephaly and partial holoprosencephaly. In addition, the depletion of Foxg1 activity altered the expression Otx2 and Foxa2 in di/mesencephalic neuroepithelium. However, when mutated forms of Smad1 mediating Fgf and Wnt signalling were transfected into FNC cells, these defects were overcome. We also show that, downstream of Smad1 activity, Dkk1, a Wnt antagonist produced by the FNC, initiated the specification of the telencephalon by regulating Foxg1 activity. Additionally, the activity of Cerberus in FNC-derived mesenchyme synergised with Dkk1 to control Foxg1 expression and maintain the balance between Otx2 and Foxa2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego P Aguiar
- Institut de Neurobiologie, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Soufien Sghari
- Institut de Neurobiologie, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Sophie Creuzet
- Institut de Neurobiologie, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
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92
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Severino M, Allegri AEM, Pistorio A, Roviglione B, Di Iorgi N, Maghnie M, Rossi A. Midbrain-hindbrain involvement in septo-optic dysplasia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35:1586-92. [PMID: 24763416 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Midbrain-hindbrain involvement in septo-optic dysplasia has not been well described, despite reported mutations of genes regulating brain stem patterning. We aimed to describe midbrain-hindbrain involvement in patients with septo-optic dysplasia and to identify possible clinical-neuroimaging correlations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using MR imaging, we categorized 38 patients (21 males) based on the presence (group A, 21 patients) or absence (group B, 17 patients) of visible brain stem anomalies. We measured height and anteroposterior diameter of midbrain, pons, and medulla, anteroposterior midbrain/pons diameter (M/P ratio), vermian height, and tegmento-vermian angle, and compared the results with 114 healthy age-matched controls. Furthermore, patients were subdivided based on the type of midline anomalies. The associations between clinical and neuroradiological features were investigated. Post hoc tests were corrected according to Bonferroni adjustment (pB). RESULTS Patients with brain stem abnormalities had smaller anteroposterior pons diameter than controls (pB < .0001) and group B (pB = .012), higher M/P ratio than controls (pB < .0001) and group B (pB < .0001), and smaller anteroposterior medulla diameter (pB = .001), pontine height (pB = .00072), and vermian height (pB = .0009) than controls. Six of 21 patients in group A had thickened quadrigeminal plate, aqueductal stenosis, and hydrocephalus; 3 also had agenesis of the epithalamus. One patient had a short midbrain with long pons and large superior vermis. There was a statistically significant association between brain stem abnormalities and callosal dysgenesis (P = .011) and developmental delay (P = .035), respectively. CONCLUSION Midbrain-hindbrain abnormalities are a significant, albeit underrecognized, component of the septo-optic dysplasia spectrum, and are significantly associated with developmental delay in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Severino
- From the Neuroradiology Unit (M.S., A.R.)
| | | | - A Pistorio
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit (A.P.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - N Di Iorgi
- Pediatric Department (A.E.M.A., N.D.I., M.M.)
| | - M Maghnie
- Pediatric Department (A.E.M.A., N.D.I., M.M.)
| | - A Rossi
- From the Neuroradiology Unit (M.S., A.R.)
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93
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Zagozewski JL, Zhang Q, Pinto VI, Wigle JT, Eisenstat DD. The role of homeobox genes in retinal development and disease. Dev Biol 2014; 393:195-208. [PMID: 25035933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Homeobox genes are an evolutionarily conserved class of transcription factors that are critical for development of many organ systems, including the brain and eye. During retinogenesis, homeodomain-containing transcription factors, which are encoded by homeobox genes, play essential roles in the regionalization and patterning of the optic neuroepithelium, specification of retinal progenitors and differentiation of all seven of the retinal cell classes that derive from a common progenitor. Homeodomain transcription factors control retinal cell fate by regulating the expression of target genes required for retinal progenitor cell fate decisions and for terminal differentiation of specific retinal cell types. The essential role of homeobox genes during retinal development is demonstrated by the number of human eye diseases, including colobomas and anophthalmia, which are attributed to homeobox gene mutations. In the following review, we highlight the role of homeodomain transcription factors during retinogenesis and regulation of their gene targets. Understanding the complexities of vertebrate retina development will enhance our ability to drive differentiation of specific retinal cell types towards novel cell-based replacement therapies for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Zagozewski
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0J9
| | - Vanessa I Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0J9
| | - Jeffrey T Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0J9; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 2A6
| | - David D Eisenstat
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0J9; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1C9.
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94
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Rainger J, Pehlivan D, Johansson S, Bengani H, Sanchez-Pulido L, Williamson KA, Ture M, Barker H, Rosendahl K, Spranger J, Horn D, Meynert A, Floyd JAB, Prescott T, Anderson CA, Rainger JK, Karaca E, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Jhangiani S, Muzny DM, Seawright A, Soares DC, Kharbanda M, Murday V, Finch A, Gibbs RA, van Heyningen V, Taylor MS, Yakut T, Knappskog PM, Hurles ME, Ponting CP, Lupski JR, Houge G, FitzPatrick DR. Monoallelic and biallelic mutations in MAB21L2 cause a spectrum of major eye malformations. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:915-23. [PMID: 24906020 PMCID: PMC4121478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified four different missense mutations in the single-exon gene MAB21L2 in eight individuals with bilateral eye malformations from five unrelated families via three independent exome sequencing projects. Three mutational events altered the same amino acid (Arg51), and two were identical de novo mutations (c.151C>T [p.Arg51Cys]) in unrelated children with bilateral anophthalmia, intellectual disability, and rhizomelic skeletal dysplasia. c.152G>A (p.Arg51His) segregated with autosomal-dominant bilateral colobomatous microphthalmia in a large multiplex family. The fourth heterozygous mutation (c.145G>A [p.Glu49Lys]) affected an amino acid within two residues of Arg51 in an adult male with bilateral colobomata. In a fifth family, a homozygous mutation (c.740G>A [p.Arg247Gln]) altering a different region of the protein was identified in two male siblings with bilateral retinal colobomata. In mouse embryos, Mab21l2 showed strong expression in the developing eye, pharyngeal arches, and limb bud. As predicted by structural homology, wild-type MAB21L2 bound single-stranded RNA, whereas this activity was lost in all altered forms of the protein. MAB21L2 had no detectable nucleotidyltransferase activity in vitro, and its function remains unknown. Induced expression of wild-type MAB21L2 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells increased phospho-ERK (pERK1/2) signaling. Compared to the wild-type and p.Arg247Gln proteins, the proteins with the Glu49 and Arg51 variants had increased stability. Abnormal persistence of pERK1/2 signaling in MAB21L2-expressing cells during development is a plausible pathogenic mechanism for the heterozygous mutations. The phenotype associated with the homozygous mutation might be a consequence of complete loss of MAB21L2 RNA binding, although the cellular function of this interaction remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Rainger
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hemant Bengani
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Luis Sanchez-Pulido
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Kathleen A Williamson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mehmet Ture
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Uludag, 16120 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Heather Barker
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Karen Rosendahl
- Paediatric Radiology Department, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Denise Horn
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alison Meynert
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - James A B Floyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Trine Prescott
- Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Carl A Anderson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacqueline K Rainger
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ender Karaca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Claudia Gonzaga-Jauregui
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shalini Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anne Seawright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Dinesh C Soares
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Medical Research Council Institute Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mira Kharbanda
- Clinical Genetics, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Victoria Murday
- Clinical Genetics, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Andrew Finch
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Martin S Taylor
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Tahsin Yakut
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Uludag, 16120 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Per M Knappskog
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthew E Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gunnar Houge
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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95
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Abouzeid H, Favez T, Schmid A, Agosti C, Youssef M, Marzouk I, El Shakankiry N, Bayoumi N, Munier FL, Schorderet DF. Mutations inALDH1A3Represent a Frequent Cause of Microphthalmia/Anophthalmia in Consanguineous Families. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:949-53. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Abouzeid
- IRO - Institute for Research in Ophthalmology; Sion Switzerland
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital; Fondation Asile des Aveugles; University of Lausanne; Lausanne (UNIL); Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Favez
- IRO - Institute for Research in Ophthalmology; Sion Switzerland
| | | | - Céline Agosti
- IRO - Institute for Research in Ophthalmology; Sion Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Youssef
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Alexandria; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Iman Marzouk
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Alexandria; Alexandria Egypt
| | | | - Nader Bayoumi
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Alexandria; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Francis L. Munier
- IRO - Institute for Research in Ophthalmology; Sion Switzerland
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital; Fondation Asile des Aveugles; University of Lausanne; Lausanne (UNIL); Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Schorderet
- IRO - Institute for Research in Ophthalmology; Sion Switzerland
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital; Fondation Asile des Aveugles; University of Lausanne; Lausanne (UNIL); Switzerland
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne Switzerland
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96
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Williamson KA, FitzPatrick DR. The genetic architecture of microphthalmia, anophthalmia and coloboma. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:369-80. [PMID: 24859618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia, anophthalmia and coloboma (MAC) are distinct phenotypes that represent a continuum of structural developmental eye defects. In severe bilateral cases (anophthalmia or severe microphthalmia) the genetic cause is now identifiable in approximately 80 percent of cases, with de novo heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in SOX2 or OTX2 being the most common. The genetic cause of other forms of MAC, in particular isolated coloboma, remains unknown in the majority of cases. This review will focus on MAC phenotypes that are associated with mutation of the genes SOX2, OTX2, PAX6, STRA6, ALDH1A3, RARB, VSX2, RAX, FOXE3, BMP4, BMP7, GDF3, GDF6, ABCB6, ATOH7, C12orf57, TENM3 (ODZ3), and VAX1. Recently reported mutation of the SALL2 and YAP1 genes are discussed in brief. Clinical and genetic features were reviewed in a total of 283 unrelated MAC cases or families that were mutation-positive from these 20 genes. Both the relative frequency of mutations in MAC cohort screens and the level of confidence in the assignment of disease-causing status were evaluated for each gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Williamson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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97
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Cross SH, Macalinao DG, McKie L, Rose L, Kearney AL, Rainger J, Thaung C, Keighren M, Jadeja S, West K, Kneeland SC, Smith RS, Howell GR, Young F, Robertson M, van t' Hof R, John SWM, Jackson IJ. A dominant-negative mutation of mouse Lmx1b causes glaucoma and is semi-lethal via LDB1-mediated dimerization [corrected]. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004359. [PMID: 24809698 PMCID: PMC4014447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor LMX1B cause nail-patella syndrome, an autosomal dominant pleiotrophic human disorder in which nail, patella and elbow dysplasia is associated with other skeletal abnormalities and variably nephropathy and glaucoma. It is thought to be a haploinsufficient disorder. Studies in the mouse have shown that during development Lmx1b controls limb dorsal-ventral patterning and is also required for kidney and eye development, midbrain-hindbrain boundary establishment and the specification of specific neuronal subtypes. Mice completely deficient for Lmx1b die at birth. In contrast to the situation in humans, heterozygous null mice do not have a mutant phenotype. Here we report a novel mouse mutant Icst, an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced missense substitution, V265D, in the homeodomain of LMX1B that abolishes DNA binding and thereby the ability to transactivate other genes. Although the homozygous phenotypic consequences of Icst and the null allele of Lmx1b are the same, heterozygous Icst elicits a phenotype whilst the null allele does not. Heterozygous Icst causes glaucomatous eye defects and is semi-lethal, probably due to kidney failure. We show that the null phenotype is rescued more effectively by an Lmx1b transgene than is Icst. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that both wild-type and Icst LMX1B are found in complexes with LIM domain binding protein 1 (LDB1), resulting in lower levels of functional LMX1B in Icst heterozygotes than null heterozygotes. We conclude that Icst is a dominant-negative allele of Lmx1b. These findings indicate a reassessment of whether nail-patella syndrome is always haploinsufficient. Furthermore, Icst is a rare example of a model of human glaucoma caused by mutation of the same gene in humans and mice. Nail-patella syndrome is a human genetic disease caused by an inactivating mutation in one copy of a gene called LMX1B, with the amount of protein produced from the remaining copy of the gene not being enough for normal function. Patients with this disease have malformations of their nails, elbows and kneecaps. Some patients also develop kidney disease and glaucoma. LMX1B controls where and when other genes are expressed and it is important during development. Studies in mice have shown that complete absence of Lmx1b is lethal at birth. In contrast to humans, mice with only one copy of the gene are normal. Here we describe a new mutant mouse, Icst, which has a mutation in Lmx1b that abolishes the ability of the protein to bind near genes that it controls. Mice with one normal and one copy of Lmx1b with the Icst mutation have eye defects and some die shortly after birth probably due to kidney failure. Therefore having one functional and one mutant copy of Lmx1b is more detrimental than having a half dose of functional protein. The Icst mouse is a model of human glaucoma where mutation of the same gene causes glaucoma in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally H. Cross
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Danilo G. Macalinao
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Lisa McKie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Rose
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, IGMM, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison L. Kearney
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Joe Rainger
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Margaret Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shalini Jadeja
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katrine West
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. Kneeland
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Smith
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Fiona Young
- Electron Microscopy, Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Morag Robertson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rob van t' Hof
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, IGMM, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon W. M. John
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
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98
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Boeckx C, Benítez-Burraco A. The shape of the human language-ready brain. Front Psychol 2014; 5:282. [PMID: 24772099 PMCID: PMC3983487 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our core hypothesis is that the emergence of our species-specific language-ready brain ought to be understood in light of the developmental changes expressed at the levels of brain morphology and neural connectivity that occurred in our species after the split from Neanderthals–Denisovans and that gave us a more globular braincase configuration. In addition to changes at the cortical level, we hypothesize that the anatomical shift that led to globularity also entailed significant changes at the subcortical level. We claim that the functional consequences of such changes must also be taken into account to gain a fuller understanding of our linguistic capacity. Here we focus on the thalamus, which we argue is central to language and human cognition, as it modulates fronto-parietal activity. With this new neurobiological perspective in place, we examine its possible molecular basis. We construct a candidate gene set whose members are involved in the development and connectivity of the thalamus, in the evolution of the human head, and are known to give rise to language-associated cognitive disorders. We submit that the new gene candidate set opens up new windows into our understanding of the genetic basis of our linguistic capacity. Thus, our hypothesis aims at generating new testing grounds concerning core aspects of language ontogeny and phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Boeckx
- Catalan Institute for Advanced Studies and Research (ICREA) Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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99
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Samuel A, Housset M, Fant B, Lamonerie T. Otx2 ChIP-seq reveals unique and redundant functions in the mature mouse retina. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89110. [PMID: 24558479 PMCID: PMC3928427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During mouse retinal development and into adulthood, the transcription factor Otx2 is expressed in pigment epithelium, photoreceptors and bipolar cells. In the mature retina, Otx2 ablation causes photoreceptor degeneration through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism involving Otx2 function in the supporting RPE. Surprisingly, photoreceptor survival does not require Otx2 expression in the neural retina, where the related Crx homeobox gene, a major regulator of photoreceptor development, is also expressed. To get a deeper view of mouse Otx2 activities in the neural retina, we performed chromatin-immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) on Otx2. Using two independent ChIP-seq assays, we identified consistent sets of Otx2-bound cis-regulatory elements. Comparison with our previous RPE-specific Otx2 ChIP-seq data shows that Otx2 occupies different functional domains of the genome in RPE cells and in neural retina cells and regulates mostly different sets of genes. To assess the potential redundancy of Otx2 and Crx, we compared our data with Crx ChIP-seq data. While Crx genome occupancy markedly differs from Otx2 genome occupancy in the RPE, it largely overlaps that of Otx2 in the neural retina. Thus, in accordance with its essential role in the RPE and its non-essential role in the neural retina, Otx2 regulates different gene sets in the RPE and the neural retina, and shares an important part of its repertoire with Crx in the neural retina. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of gene-regulatory networks controlling photoreceptor homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Samuel
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR7277, Inserm U1091, Nice, France
| | - Michael Housset
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR7277, Inserm U1091, Nice, France
| | - Bruno Fant
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR7277, Inserm U1091, Nice, France
| | - Thomas Lamonerie
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR7277, Inserm U1091, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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100
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Kelberman D, Islam L, Lakowski J, Bacchelli C, Chanudet E, Lescai F, Patel A, Stupka E, Buck A, Wolf S, Beales PL, Jacques TS, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Liasis A, Lehmann OJ, Kohlhase J, Nischal KK, Sowden JC. Mutation of SALL2 causes recessive ocular coloboma in humans and mice. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2511-26. [PMID: 24412933 PMCID: PMC3990155 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular coloboma is a congenital defect resulting from failure of normal closure of the optic fissure during embryonic eye development. This birth defect causes childhood blindness worldwide, yet the genetic etiology is poorly understood. Here, we identified a novel homozygous mutation in the SALL2 gene in members of a consanguineous family affected with non-syndromic ocular coloboma variably affecting the iris and retina. This mutation, c.85G>T, introduces a premature termination codon (p.Glu29*) predicted to truncate the SALL2 protein so that it lacks three clusters of zinc-finger motifs that are essential for DNA-binding activity. This discovery identifies SALL2 as the third member of the Drosophila homeotic Spalt-like family of developmental transcription factor genes implicated in human disease. SALL2 is expressed in the developing human retina at the time of, and subsequent to, optic fissure closure. Analysis of Sall2-deficient mouse embryos revealed delayed apposition of the optic fissure margins and the persistence of an anterior retinal coloboma phenotype after birth. Sall2-deficient embryos displayed correct posterior closure toward the optic nerve head, and upon contact of the fissure margins, dissolution of the basal lamina occurred and PAX2, known to be critical for this process, was expressed normally. Anterior closure was disrupted with the fissure margins failing to meet, or in some cases misaligning leading to a retinal lesion. These observations demonstrate, for the first time, a role for SALL2 in eye morphogenesis and that loss of function of the gene causes ocular coloboma in humans and mice.
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