51
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Cummings ME. The mate choice mind: studying mate preference, aversion and social cognition in the female poeciliid brain. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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52
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Cole GL, Endler JA. Variable environmental effects on a multicomponent sexually selected trait. Am Nat 2015; 185:452-68. [PMID: 25811082 DOI: 10.1086/680022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent signals are made up of interacting elements that generate a functional signaling unit. The interactions between signal components and their effects on individual fitness are not well understood, and the effect of environment is even less so. It is usually assumed that color patterns appear the same in all light environments and that the effects of each color are additive. Using guppies, Poecilia reticulata, we investigated the effect of water color on the interactions between components of sexually selected male coloration. Through behavioral mate choice trials in four different water colors, we estimated the attractiveness of male color patterns, using multivariate fitness estimates and overall signal contrast. Our results show that females exhibit preferences that favor groups of colors rather than individual colors independently and that each environment favors different color combinations. We found that these effects are consistent with female guppies selecting entire color patterns on the basis of overall visual contrast. This suggests that both individuals and populations inhabiting different light environments will be subject to divergent, multivariate selection. Although the appearance of color patterns changes with light environment, achromatic components change little, suggesting that these could function in species recognition or other aspects of communication that must work across environments. Consequently, we predict different phylogenetic patterns between chromatic and achromatic signals within the same clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Cole
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds 3216, Victoria, Australia
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53
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Yewers MS, McLean C, Moussalli A, Stuart-Fox D, Bennett AT, Knott B. Spectral sensitivity of cone photoreceptors and opsin expression in two colour-divergent lineages of the lizard Ctenophorus decresii. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1556-63. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific differences in sensory perception are rarely reported but may occur when a species range extends across varying sensory environments, or there is coevolution between the sensory system and a varying signal. Examples in colour vision and colour signals are rare in terrestrial systems. The tawny dragon lizard Ctenophorus decresii is a promising candidate for such intraspecific variation, because the species comprises two geographically and genetically distinct lineages in which throat colour (a social signal used in intra- and inter-specific interactions) is locally adapted to the habitat and differs between lineages. Male lizards from the southern lineage have UV-blue throats, whereas males from the northern lineage are polymorphic with four discrete throat colours that all show minimal UV reflectance. Here we determine the cone photoreceptor spectral sensitivities and opsin expression of the two lineages, to test whether they differ, particularly in the UV wavelengths. Using microspectrophotometry on retinal cone photoreceptors, we identified a long wavelength sensitive visual pigment, a ‘short’ and ‘long’ medium wavelength sensitive pigment and a short wavelength sensitive pigment, all of which did not differ in λmax between lineages. Through transcriptome analysis of opsin genes we found that both lineages express four cone opsin genes, including that SWS1 opsin with peak sensitivity in the UV range, and that amino acid sequences did not differ between lineages with the exception of a single leucine/valine substitution in the RH2 opsin. Counts of yellow and transparent oil droplets associated with LWS+MWS and SWS+UVS cones respectively showed no difference in relative cone proportions between lineages. Therefore, contrary to predictions, we find no evidence of differences between lineages in single cone photoreceptor spectral sensitivity or opsin expression; however, we confirm the presence of four single cones classes and thus likely tetrachromacy in C. decresii, and provide the first evidence of UV sensitivity in agamid lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire McLean
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
- Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, Carlton Gardens 3053, Australia
| | - Adnan Moussalli
- Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, Carlton Gardens 3053, Australia
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Andrew T.D. Bennett
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Ben Knott
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
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54
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Lackey ACR, Boughman JW. Female discrimination against heterospecific mates does not depend on mating habitat. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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55
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Debelle A, Ritchie MG, Snook RR. Evolution of divergent female mating preference in response to experimental sexual selection. Evolution 2014; 68:2524-33. [PMID: 24931497 PMCID: PMC4262321 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexual selection is predicted to drive the coevolution of mating signals and preferences (mating traits) within populations, and could play a role in speciation if sexual isolation arises due to mating trait divergence between populations. However, few studies have demonstrated that differences in mating traits between populations result from sexual selection alone. Experimental evolution is a promising approach to directly examine the action of sexual selection on mating trait divergence among populations. We manipulated the opportunity for sexual selection (low vs. high) in populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Previous studies on these experimental populations have shown that sexual selection manipulation resulted in the divergence between sexual selection treatments of several courtship song parameters, including interpulse interval (IPI) which markedly influences male mating success. Here, we measure female preference for IPI using a playback design to test for preference divergence between the sexual selection treatments after 130 generations of experimental sexual selection. The results suggest that female preference has coevolved with male signal, in opposite directions between the sexual selection treatments, providing direct evidence of the ability of sexual selection to drive the divergent coevolution of mating traits between populations. We discuss the implications in the context sexual selection and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Debelle
- Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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56
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Hurtado-Gonzales JL, Loew ER, Uy JAC. Variation in the visual habitat may mediate the maintenance of color polymorphism in a poeciliid fish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101497. [PMID: 24987856 PMCID: PMC4079317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The conspicuousness of animal signals is influenced by their contrast against the background. As such, signal conspicuousness will tend to vary in nature because habitats are composed of a mosaic of backgrounds. Variation in attractiveness could result in variation in conspecific mate choice and risk of predation, which, in turn, may create opportunities for balancing selection to maintain distinct polymorphisms. We quantified male coloration, the absorbance spectrum of visual pigments and the photic environment of Poecilia parae, a fish species with five distinct male color morphs: a drab (i.e., grey), a striped, and three colorful (i.e., blue, red and yellow) morphs. Then, using physiological models, we assessed how male color patterns can be perceived in their natural visual habitats by conspecific females and a common cichlid predator, Aequidens tetramerus. Our estimates of chromatic and luminance contrasts suggest that the three most colorful morphs were consistently the most conspicuous across all habitats. However, variation in the visual background resulted in variation in which morph was the most conspicuous to females at each locality. Likewise, the most colorful morphs were the most conspicuous morphs to cichlid predators. If females are able to discriminate between conspicuous prospective mates and those preferred males are also more vulnerable to predation, variable visual habitats could influence the direction and strength of natural and sexual selection, thereby allowing for the persistence of color polymorphisms in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellis R. Loew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Albert C. Uy
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
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57
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Sefc KM, Brown AC, Clotfelter ED. Carotenoid-based coloration in cichlid fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 173C:42-51. [PMID: 24667558 PMCID: PMC4003536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal colors play important roles in communication, ecological interactions and speciation. Carotenoid pigments are responsible for many yellow, orange and red hues in animals. Whereas extensive knowledge on the proximate mechanisms underlying carotenoid coloration in birds has led to testable hypotheses on avian color evolution and signaling, much less is known about the expression of carotenoid coloration in fishes. Here, we promote cichlid fishes (Perciformes: Cichlidae) as a system in which to study the physiological and evolutionary significance of carotenoids. Cichlids include some of the best examples of adaptive radiation and color pattern diversification in vertebrates. In this paper, we examine fitness correlates of carotenoid pigmentation in cichlids and review hypotheses regarding the signal content of carotenoid-based ornaments. Carotenoid-based coloration is influenced by diet and body condition and is positively related to mating success and social dominance. Gaps in our knowledge are discussed in the last part of this review, particularly in the understanding of carotenoid metabolism pathways and the genetics of carotenoid coloration. We suggest that carotenoid metabolism and transport are important proximate mechanisms responsible for individual and population-differences in cichlid coloration that may ultimately contribute to diversification and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Sefc
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandria C Brown
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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58
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Zhou M, Johnson AM, Fuller RC. Patterns of Male Breeding Color Variation Differ across Species, Populations, and Body Size in Rainbow and Orangethroat Darters. COPEIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-12-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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59
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Tezuka A, Kasagi S, van Oosterhout C, McMullan M, Iwasaki WM, Kasai D, Yamamichi M, Innan H, Kawamura S, Kawata M. Divergent selection for opsin gene variation in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) populations of Trinidad and Tobago. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 113:381-9. [PMID: 24690753 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The guppy is known to exhibit remarkable interindividual variations in spectral sensitivity of middle to long wavelength-sensitive (M/LWS) cone photoreceptor cells. The guppy has four M/LWS-type opsin genes (LWS-1, LWS-2, LWS-3 and LWS-4) that are considered to be responsible for this sensory variation. However, the allelic variation of the opsin genes, particularly in terms of their absorption spectrum, has not been explored in wild populations. Thus, we examined nucleotide variations in the four M/LWS opsin genes as well as blue-sensitive SWS2-B and ultraviolet-sensitive SWS1 opsin genes for comparison and seven non-opsin nuclear loci as reference genes in 10 guppy populations from various light environments in Trinidad and Tobago. For the first time, we discovered a potential spectral variation (180 Ser/Ala) in LWS-1 that differed at an amino acid site known to affect the absorption spectra of opsins. Based on a coalescent simulation of the nucleotide variation of the reference genes, we showed that the interpopulation genetic differentiation of two opsin genes was significantly larger than the neutral expectation. Furthermore, this genetic differentiation was significantly related to differences in dissolved oxygen (DO) level, and it was not explained by the spatial distance between populations. The DO levels are correlated with eutrophication that possibly affects the color of aquatic environments. These results suggest that the population diversity of opsin genes is significantly driven by natural selection and that the guppy could adapt to various light environments through color vision changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tezuka
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - S Kasagi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - C van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - M McMullan
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - W M Iwasaki
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - D Kasai
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - M Yamamichi
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Hayama, Japan
| | - H Innan
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Hayama, Japan
| | - S Kawamura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - M Kawata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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60
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Selz OM, Pierotti MER, Maan ME, Schmid C, Seehausen O. Female preference for male color is necessary and sufficient for assortative mating in 2 cichlid sister species. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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61
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Miyagi R, Terai Y. The diversity of male nuptial coloration leads to species diversity in Lake Victoria cichlids. Genes Genet Syst 2014; 88:145-53. [PMID: 24025243 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.88.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The amazing coloration shown by diverse cichlid fish not only fascinates aquarium keepers, but also receives great attention from biologists interested in speciation because of its recently-revealed role in their adaptive radiation in an African lake. We review the important role of coloration in the speciation and adaptive evolution of Lake Victoria cichlids, which have experienced adaptive radiation during a very short evolutionary period. Mature male cichlids display their colors during mate choice. The color of their skin reflects light, and the reflected light forms a color signal that is received by the visual system of females. The adaptive divergence of visual perceptions shapes and diverges colorations, to match the adapted visual perceptions. The divergence of visual perception and coloration indicates that the divergence of color signals causes reproductive isolation between species, and this process leads to speciation. Differences in color signals among coexisting species act to maintain reproductive isolation by preventing hybridization. Thus, the diversity of coloration has caused speciation and has maintained species diversity in Lake Victoria cichlids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Miyagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University
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62
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Malone JH, Ribado J, Lemmon EM. Sensory drive does not explain reproductive character displacement of male acoustic signals in the upland chorus frog (Pseudacris feriarum). Evolution 2014; 68:1306-19. [PMID: 24475782 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic factors have been proposed to explain patterns of reproductive character displacement, but which factor is most important to character displacement of acoustic signals is not clear. Male vocalizations of the frog Pseudacris feriarum are known to undergo reproductive character displacement in areas of sympatry with P. brimleyi and P. nigrita. Despite evidence for reinforcement as an important mechanism, local adaptation via sensory drive might explain this pattern because Pseudacris breed in different habitat types and mating signals are exposed to a variety of environments. We tested the sensory drive hypothesis by playing synthesized vocalizations representing the spectrum of variation in P. feriarum at 12 different study sites. If sensory drive has occurred, then vocalizations should transmit better in the site of origin or at ecologically similar sites. We found that variation in acoustic signals did not produce better transmission in particular sites, the effect of site was uniform, and acoustic signals often transmitted better in habitats external to their origin. Ecological variation among habitats did not explain signal degradation. Our playback experiments, ecological analyses, and comparisons of different habitat types provide no support for sensory drive as a process promoting reproductive character displacement in this system. Reinforcement is the more likely primary mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Malone
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 354 Mansfield Rd, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
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63
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Selz OM, Thommen R, Maan ME, Seehausen O. Behavioural isolation may facilitate homoploid hybrid speciation in cichlid fish. J Evol Biol 2013; 27:275-89. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O. M. Selz
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - R. Thommen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - M. E. Maan
- Behavioural Biology Research Group; Center for Behaviour and Neurosciences; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - O. Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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64
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Abstract
Our view of the evolution of sexually selected traits and preferences was influenced radically in the 1990s by studies that emphasized how signals interact with sensory properties of receivers. Here, twenty-five years later, we review evidence that has accumulated in support of this idea. We replace the term sensory biases with perceptual biases to emphasize the growing knowledge of how cognitive processes generate selection on sexual traits. We show that mating preferences among conspecifics (e.g., sexual selection by mate choice) often are influenced by perceptual adaptations and constraints that have evolved in other contexts. We suggest that these perceptual biases need not be costly to females when they influence mate choice because in many cases they generate direct benefits. Although we do not reject a role for indirect benefits in mate choice, such as good genes, exclusive focus on eugenic mate choice limits our understanding of the evolution of the remarkable diversity of sexually selected traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Ryan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712;,
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Molly E. Cummings
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712;,
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65
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Bernardi G. Speciation in fishes. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5487-502. [PMID: 24118417 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The field of speciation has seen much renewed interest in the past few years, with theoretical and empirical advances that have moved it from a descriptive field to a predictive and testable one. The goal of this review is to provide a general background on research on speciation as it pertains to fishes. Three major components to the question are first discussed: the spatial, ecological and sexual factors that influence speciation mechanisms. We then move to the latest developments in the field of speciation genomics. Affordable and rapidly available, massively parallel sequencing data allow speciation studies to converge into a single comprehensive line of investigation, where the focus has shifted to the search for speciation genes and genomic islands of speciation. We argue that fish present a very diverse array of scenarios, making them an ideal model to study speciation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bernardi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, 95076, USA
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66
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67
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Lackey ACR, Boughman JW. Divergent sexual selection via male competition: ecology is key. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1611-24. [PMID: 23859471 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection and ecological differences are important drivers of speciation. Much research has focused on female choice, yet the role of male competition in ecological speciation has been understudied. Here, we test how mating habitats impact sexual selection and speciation through male competition. Using limnetic and benthic species of threespine stickleback fish, we find that different mating habitats select differently on male traits through male competition. In mixed habitat with both vegetated and open areas, selection favours two trait combinations of male body size and nuptial colour: large with little colour and small with lots of colour. This matches what we see in reproductively isolated stickleback species, suggesting male competition could promote trait divergence and reproductive isolation. In contrast, when only open habitat exists, selection favours one trait combination, large with lots of colour, which would hinder trait divergence and reproductive isolation. Other behavioural mechanisms in male competition that might promote divergence, such as avoiding aggression with heterospecifics, are insufficient to maintain separate species. This work highlights the importance of mating habitats in male competition for both sexual selection and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C R Lackey
- Department of Zoology, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, BEACON, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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68
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Willink B, Brenes-Mora E, Bolaños F, Pröhl H. Not everything is black and white: color and behavioral variation reveal a continuum between cryptic and aposematic strategies in a polymorphic poison frog. Evolution 2013; 67:2783-94. [PMID: 24094333 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aposematism and crypsis are often viewed as two extremes of a continuum of visual conspicuousness to predators. Theory predicts that behavioral and coloration conspicuousness should vary in tandem along the conspicuousness spectrum for antipredator strategies to be effective. Here we used visual modeling of contrast and behavioral observations to examine the conspicuousness of four populations of the granular poison frog, Oophaga granulifera, which exhibits almost continuous variation in dorsal color. The patterns of geographic variation in color, visual contrast, and behavior support a gradient of overall conspicuousness along the distribution of O. granulifera. Red and green populations, at the extremes of the color distribution, differ in all elements of color, contrast, and behavior, strongly reflecting aposematic and cryptic strategies. However, there is no smooth cline in any elements of behavior or coloration between the two extremes. Instead populations of intermediate colors attain intermediate conspicuousness by displaying different combinations of aposematic and cryptic traits. We argue that coloration divergence among populations may be linked to the evolution of a gradient of strategies to balance the costs of detection by predators and the benefits of learned aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Willink
- Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, San José, 2060, Costa Rica.
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69
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Meuthen D, Rick IP, Thünken T, Baldauf SA. Visual prey detection by near-infrared cues in a fish. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 99:1063-6. [PMID: 23086394 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0980-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many animal species are able to perceive light wavelengths beyond those visible to humans. While numerous species are additionally sensitive to short wavelengths (UV), long wavelengths such as the near-infrared spectrum (NIR) are supposed to be unsuitable for visual perception. Here, we experimentally show that under exclusive NIR illumination, the cichlid fish Pelvicachromis taeniatus displays a clear foraging response towards NIR reflecting prey. Additional control experiments without prey indicate that the observed behavior is not a mere response to the NIR environment. These results give first evidence for NIR visual sensitivity in a functional context and thus challenge the current view about NIR perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Meuthen
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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70
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Species-Specific Relationships between Water Transparency and Male Coloration within and between Two Closely Related Lake Victoria Cichlid Species. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:161306. [PMID: 22888462 PMCID: PMC3408676 DOI: 10.1155/2012/161306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variation in signalling conditions affects animal communication traits, with possible consequences for sexual selection and reproductive isolation. Using spectrophotometry, we studied how male coloration within and between populations of two closely related Lake Victoria cichlid species (Pundamilia pundamilia and P. nyererei) covaries with water transparency. Focusing on coloration patches implicated in sexual selection, we predicted that in clear waters, with broad-spectrum light, (1) colours should become more saturated and (2) shift in hue away from the dominant ambient wavelengths, compared to more turbid waters. We found support for these predictions for the red and yellow coloration of P. nyererei but not the blue coloration of P. pundamilia. This may be explained by the species difference in depth distribution, which generates a steeper gradient in visual conditions for P. nyererei compared to P. pundamilia. Alternatively, the importance of male coloration in intraspecific sexual selection may differ between the species. We also found that anal fin spots, that is, the orange spots on male haplochromine anal fins that presumably mimic eggs, covaried with water transparency in a similar way for both species. This is in contrast to the other body regions studied and suggests that, while indeed functioning as signals, these spots may not play a role in species differentiation.
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71
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An evaluation of the role of sensory drive in the evolution of lake Malawi cichlid fishes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:647420. [PMID: 22779029 PMCID: PMC3388434 DOI: 10.1155/2012/647420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the cichlids of Lake Malawi are an important model system for the study of sensory evolution and sexual selection, the evolutionary processes linking these two phenomena remain unclear. Prior works have proposed that evolutionary divergence is driven by sensory drive, particularly as it applies to the visual system. While evidence suggests that sensory drive has played a role in the speciation of Lake Victoria cichlids, the findings from several lines of research on cichlids of Lake Malawi are not consistent with the primary tenets of this hypothesis. More specifically, three observations make the sensory drive model implausible in Malawi: (i) a lack of environmental constraint due to a broad and intense ambient light spectrum in species rich littoral habitats, (ii) pronounced variation in receiver sensory characteristics, and (iii) pronounced variability in male courtship signal characteristics. In the following work, we synthesize the results from recent studies to draw attention to the importance of sensory variation in cichlid evolution and speciation, and we suggest possible avenues of future research.
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72
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Miyagi R, Terai Y, Aibara M, Sugawara T, Imai H, Tachida H, Mzighani SI, Okitsu T, Wada A, Okada N. Correlation between nuptial colors and visual sensitivities tuned by opsins leads to species richness in sympatric Lake Victoria cichlid fishes. Mol Biol Evol 2012; 29:3281-96. [PMID: 22617953 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive isolation that prevents interspecific hybridization between closely related coexisting species maintains sympatric species diversity. One of the reproductive isolations is mate choice based on color signals (breeding color perceived by color vision). This is well known in several animal taxa, yet little is known about its genetic and molecular mechanism. Lake Victoria cichlid fishes are thought to be an example of sympatric species diversity. In the species inhabiting different light environments in rocky shore, speciation by sensory drive through color signals has been proposed by analyses of the long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) opsin gene and the male nuptial coloration. However, the genetic and molecular mechanism of how diversity of sympatric species occurring in the same habitat is maintained remains unknown. To address this issue, we determined nucleotide sequences of eight opsins of six sympatric species collected from a sandy-muddy shore--an ideal model system for studying sympatric species. Among eight opsins, the LWS and RH1 alleles were diversified and one particular allele is dominant or fixed in each species, and we propose that this is due to natural selection. The functions of their LWS alleles were also diversified as shown by absorption measurements of reconstituted visual pigments. To analyze the relationship between nuptial coloration and the absorption of LWS pigments, we systematically evaluated and defined nuptial coloration. We showed that the coloration was species specific with respect to hue and significantly differentiated by the index values of hue (dominant wavelength: λ(d)). The λ(d) value of the male nuptial coloration correlated with the absorption of LWS pigments from all the species, suggesting that reproductive isolation through mate choice using color signals may prevent sympatric interspecific hybridization, thereby maintaining the species diversity in sympatric species in Lake Victoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Miyagi
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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73
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The African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni uses acoustic communication for reproduction: sound production, hearing, and behavioral significance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37612. [PMID: 22624055 PMCID: PMC3356291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in all animals depends on effective communication between signalers and receivers. Many fish species, especially the African cichlids, are well known for their bright coloration and the importance of visual signaling during courtship and mate choice, but little is known about what role acoustic communication plays during mating and how it contributes to sexual selection in this phenotypically diverse group of vertebrates. Here we examined acoustic communication during reproduction in the social cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. We characterized the sounds and associated behaviors produced by dominant males during courtship, tested for differences in hearing ability associated with female reproductive state and male social status, and then tested the hypothesis that female mate preference is influenced by male sound production. We show that dominant males produce intentional courtship sounds in close proximity to females, and that sounds are spectrally similar to their hearing abilities. Females were 2–5-fold more sensitive to low frequency sounds in the spectral range of male courtship sounds when they were sexually-receptive compared to during the mouthbrooding parental phase. Hearing thresholds were also negatively correlated with circulating sex-steroid levels in females but positively correlated in males, suggesting a potential role for steroids in reproductive-state auditory plasticity. Behavioral experiments showed that receptive females preferred to affiliate with males that were associated with playback of courtship sounds compared to noise controls, indicating that acoustic information is likely important for female mate choice. These data show for the first time in a Tanganyikan cichlid that acoustic communication is important during reproduction as part of a multimodal signaling repertoire, and that perception of auditory information changes depending on the animal's internal physiological state. Our results highlight the importance of examining non-visual sensory modalities as potential substrates for sexual selection contributing to the incredible phenotypic diversity of African cichlid fishes.
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74
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PEREZ DANIELAM, ROSENBERG MICHAELS, PIE MARCIOR. The evolution of waving displays in fiddler crabs (Uca spp., Crustacea: Ocypodidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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75
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BARBUTI ROBERTO, MAGGIOLO-SCHETTINI ANDREA, MILAZZO PAOLO, TROINA ANGELO. A METHODOLOGY FOR THE STOCHASTIC MODELING AND SIMULATION OF SYMPATRIC SPECIATION BY SEXUAL SELECTION. J BIOL SYST 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339009002922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the evolution literature, sympatric speciation is the origin of two, or more, species from a single local population. Many models have been developed to study the role of ecological competition and sexual selection in sympatric speciation.In this paper we propose a methodology for systematically deriving efficient computational models to study speciation in populations evolving with overlapping generations. As a particular case, we consider sympatric speciation by sexual selection and we follow an individual based approach: a population is represented as a set of individuals that can mate and survive according to given probabilities.We use our methodology to construct four different models for sympatric speciation, based on male traits and female preferences. These models differ in the genotypical representation of the individuals. Results of simulations in the different models are shown and discussed.The study of the models show that sympatric speciation by sexual selection is unlikely, also with a favorable distribution of genotypes in the initial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- ROBERTO BARBUTI
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Università di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - PAOLO MILAZZO
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Università di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - ANGELO TROINA
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Università di Torino, Corso Svizzera 185, 10149 Torino, Italy
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Smith AR, Ma K, Soares D, Carleton KL. Relative LWS cone opsin expression determines optomotor thresholds in Malawi cichlid fish. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 11:185-92. [PMID: 21992615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Associating quantitative genetic traits with quantitative behaviors is a relatively unexplored region of sensory neurobiology. The visual system is an ideal place to test models associating these levels of sensory perception. In this study, we reared cichlid fish from Lake Malawi in different ambient light environments. We then tested the visual sensitivities of these fish using the optomotor response (OMR) behavioral paradigm and measured the relative expression of cone opsin genes. We found that the light environment experienced by fish during development can alter gene expression, particularly as it applies to the long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) opsin gene. Also, fish from different rearing conditions exhibited different behavioral sensitivities. We combined these data with predictions of opsin pigment absorption by the different OMR stimuli to determine which cone types are most likely to influence the OMR behavior. While we hypothesized that this behavior would be controlled by a random-wiring model reflecting the expression of both medium wavelength-sensitive (MWS) and LWS opsins, our models suggest that only the LWS pigment is required to predict behavior. Furthermore, analyses show that LWS expression variation accounts for ~20% of the observed behavioral variance. This work confirms that sensory gene expression influences behavior in a predictable fashion. It also suggests that the neural wiring of basal visual pathways in cichlid fish may differ from that observed in mammals and zebrafish, but is similar to that described in goldfish. This finding has important implications for the evolution of the magnocellular neural pathway in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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77
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Taylor EB, Gerlinsky C, Farrell N, Gow JL. A TEST OF HYBRID GROWTH DISADVANTAGE IN WILD, FREE-RANGING SPECIES PAIRS OF THREESPINE STICKLEBACK (GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS) AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL SPECIATION. Evolution 2011; 66:240-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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78
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Odhiambo EA, Kerschbaumer M, Postl L, Sturmbauer C. Morphometric differentiation among haplochromine cichlid fish species of a satellite lake of Lake Victoria. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2011.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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79
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Terai Y, Okada N. Speciation of Cichlid Fishes by Sensory Drive. FROM GENES TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-53892-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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80
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Nagai H, Terai Y, Sugawara T, Imai H, Nishihara H, Hori M, Okada N. Reverse Evolution in RH1 for Adaptation of Cichlids to Water Depth in Lake Tanganyika. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 28:1769-76. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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81
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Hancox D, Hoskin CJ, Wilson RS. Evening up the score: sexual selection favours both alternatives in the colour-polymorphic ornate rainbowfish. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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82
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Morrongiello JR, Bond NR, Crook DA, Wong BBM. Nuptial coloration varies with ambient light environment in a freshwater fish. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2718-25. [PMID: 20964785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visual signals play a vital role in many animal communication systems. Signal design, however, often varies within species, raising evolutionarily important questions concerning the maintenance of phenotypic diversity. We analysed nuptial colour variation within and among nine populations of southern pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis Günther) along an environmental light gradient. Within populations, larger males were redder and blacker, and better-condition males were blacker. Among populations, red colour was positively correlated with the amount of orange-red light present, suggesting that males are likely optimizing signal conspicuousness by producing proportionally larger and redder patches in broad spectrum environments with more orange-red light. Signal contrast, in this regard, is maximized when red colour, appearing bright because of the prevalence of red wavelengths, is viewed against the water-column background. Together, our results are concordant with the sensory drive hypothesis; selection favours signal adaptations or signal plasticity to ensure communication efficacy is maximized in different light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Morrongiello
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
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83
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TAKAHASHI MIZUKIK, TAKAHASHI YUKIKOY, PARRIS MATTHEWJ. On the role of sexual selection in ecological divergence: a test of body-size assortative mating in the eastern newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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84
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ROBERTSON JM, ROSENBLUM EB. Male territoriality and ‘sex confusion’ in recently adapted lizards at White Sands. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1928-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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85
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Lisney TJ, Studd E, Hawryshyn CW. Electrophysiological assessment of spectral sensitivity in adult Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: evidence for violet sensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:1453-63. [PMID: 20400629 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.036897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cichlid fish radiations of the African Great Lakes are an important model for evolutionary biology. Cichlids have diverse colour vision systems and predominately express three cone visual pigments. However, rare populations of spectrally distinct cones have been found in a number of species, but it is not known whether they contribute to spectral sensitivity. Adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, an ancestral outgroup to the cichlid radiations in the Great Lakes, have three cone types: short-wavelength sensitive (SWS), medium-wavelength sensitive (MWS) and long-wavelength sensitive (LWS) cones, but evidence from microspectrophotometry and cone opsin gene expression suggests they may also have violet-sensitive (VS) cones. We used electrophysiology to assess spectral sensitivity in this species and found evidence of four sensitivity peaks in the ranges 380-420, 440-480, 500-600 and 600-680 nm, with maximal sensitivity at longer wavelengths. The continued presence of a 380-420 nm peak under long-wavelength chromatic adapting backgrounds indicates that this is due to a VS cone mechanism not the beta-band of the LWS cone mechanism. Differences in spectral sensitivity curves recorded at different times of year revealed evidence of A1/A2 shifts. The presence of notches in the sensitivity curves and a multiple-mechanisms model used to assess cone contributions indicated that the curves are the result of four cone mechanisms (VS, SWS, MWS and LWS cones) and that chromatically opponent processes occur between mechanisms. The spectral transmittance of the lens steeply declines between 410-380 nm, limiting the short-wavelength limb of the VS cone. As adults, Nile tilapia appear to possess the necessary retinal mechanisms for colour vision. While maximal sensitivity to longer wavelengths is an adaptation to the wavelengths of light predominantly available in their natural habitats, their broad sensitivity range suggests that Nile tilapia possess a flexible, generalised visual system able to adapt to changes in visual environment in their highly variable natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lisney
- Department of Biology, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
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86
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Allelic variation in Malawi cichlid opsins: a tale of two genera. J Mol Evol 2010; 70:593-604. [PMID: 20523974 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-010-9355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of sequence variation in the spectral tuning of color vision is well established in many systems. This includes the cichlids of Lake Victoria where sequence variation has been linked to environmental light gradients and speciation. The cichlids of Lake Malawi are a similar model for visual evolution, but the role of gene sequence variation in visual tuning between closely related species is unknown. This work describes such variation in multiple species of two rock-dwelling genera: Metriaclima and Labidochromis. Genomic DNA for seven cone opsin genes was sequenced and the structure of the opsin proteins was inferred. Retinal binding pocket polymorphisms were identified and compared to available data regarding spectral absorbance shifts. Sequence variation with known or potential effects on absorbance spectra were found in four genes: SWS1 (UV sensitive), SWS2B (violet sensitive), RH2Abeta (green sensitive), and LWS (red sensitive). Functional variation was distributed such that each genus had both a variable short-wavelength and long-wavelength sensitive opsin. This suggests spectral tuning is important at the margins of the cichlid visual spectrum. Further, there are two SWS1 opsin alleles that differ in sensitivity by 10 nm and are >2 MY divergent. One of these occurs in a haplotype block >1 kb. Potential haplotype blocks were found around the RH2 opsin loci. These data suggest that molecular diversification has resulted in functionally unique alleles and changes to the visual system. These data also suggest that opsin sequence variation tunes spectral sensitivities between closely related species and that the specific regions of spectral tuning are genus-specific.
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87
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MAAN MARTINEE, SEEHAUSEN OLE, VAN ALPHEN JACQUESJM. Female mating preferences and male coloration covary with water transparency in a Lake Victoria cichlid fish. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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88
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Abstract
Absolute barriers to dispersal are not common in marine systems, and the prevalence of planktonic larvae in marine taxa provides potential for gene flow across large geographic distances. These observations raise the fundamental question in marine evolutionary biology as to whether geographic and oceanographic barriers alone can account for the high levels of species diversity observed in marine environments such as coral reefs, or whether marine speciation also operates in the presence of gene flow between diverging populations. In this respect, the ecological hypothesis of speciation, in which reproductive isolation results from divergent or disruptive natural selection, is of particular interest because it may operate in the presence of gene flow. Although important insights into the process of ecological speciation in aquatic environments have been provided by the study of freshwater fishes, comparatively little is known about the possibility of ecological speciation in marine teleosts. In this study, the evidence consistent with different aspects of the ecological hypothesis of speciation is evaluated in marine fishes. Molecular approaches have played a critical role in the development of speciation hypotheses in marine fishes, with a role of ecology suggested by the occurrence of sister clades separated by ecological factors, rapid cladogenesis or the persistence of genetically and ecologically differentiated species in the presence of gene flow. Yet, ecological speciation research in marine fishes is still largely at an exploratory stage. Cases where the major ingredients of ecological speciation, namely a source of natural divergent or disruptive selection, a mechanism of reproductive isolation and a link between the two have been explicitly documented are few. Even in these cases, specific predictions of the ecological hypothesis of speciation remain largely untested. Recent developments in the study of freshwater fishes illustrate the potential for molecular approaches to address specific questions related to the ecological hypothesis of speciation such as the nature of the genes underlying key ecological traits, the magnitude of their effect on phenotype and the mechanisms underlying their differential expression in different ecological contexts. The potential provided by molecular studies is fully realized when they are complemented with alternative (e.g. ecological, theoretical) approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Puebla
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.
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89
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Habitat light and dewlap color diversity in four species of Puerto Rican anoline lizards. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2009; 195:1043-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-009-0478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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90
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ROBERTSON JEANNEMARIE, ROSENBLUM ERICABREE. Rapid divergence of social signal coloration across the White Sands ecotone for three lizard species under strong natural selection. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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91
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Hulsey CD. Cichlid genomics and phenotypic diversity in a comparative context. Integr Comp Biol 2009; 49:618-29. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icp071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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92
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Robertson JM, Zamudio KR. Genetic diversification, vicariance, and selection in a polytypic frog. J Hered 2009; 100:715-31. [PMID: 19589848 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial patterns of heritable phenotypic diversity reflect the relative roles of gene flow and selection in determining geographic variation within a species. We quantified color differentiation and genetic divergence among 20 populations of the red-eyed tree frog (Agalychnis callidryas) in lower Central America. Phylogenetic analyses revealed 5 well-supported mitochondrial DNA clades, and we infer from our phylogeny that geographic barriers have played a large role in structuring populations. Two phenotypic characters varied independently among isolated population groups: Flank coloration distinguished Caribbean from Pacific individuals, whereas leg coloration exhibited a more complex geographic pattern. We detected 3 generalized spatial patterns of genetic and phenotypic diversity: 1) phenotypic differentiation in the presence of historical connectivity, 2) phenotypic uniformity across genetically differentiated regions, and 3) codistribution of genetic and phenotypic characters. These patterns indicate that phenotypic diversification is highly regionalized and can result from spatial variation in localized adaptations, geographic isolation, genetic drift, and/or evolutionary stasis. Although the mode of selection underlying color variation was not the focal objective of this study, we discuss the possible roles of natural and sexual selection in mediating population differentiation. Our study underscores the fact that selection gradients vary across relatively small spatial scales, even in species that occupy relatively homogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Robertson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, USA.
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93
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Stelkens RB, Seehausen O. Phenotypic divergence but not genetic distance predicts assortative mating among species of a cichlid fish radiation. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1679-94. [PMID: 19549141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of ecological divergence giving rise to premating isolation in the face of gene flow is controversial. However, this may be an important mechanism to explain the rapid multiplication of species during adaptive radiation following the colonization of a new environment when geographical barriers to gene flow are largely absent but underutilized niche space is abundant. Using cichlid fish, we tested the prediction of ecological speciation that the strength of premating isolation among species is predicted by phenotypic rather than genetic distance. We conducted mate choice experiments between three closely related, sympatric species of a recent radiation in Lake Mweru (Zambia/DRC) that differ in habitat use and phenotype, and a distantly related population from Lake Bangweulu that resembles one of the species in Lake Mweru. We found significant assortative mating among all closely related, sympatric species that differed phenotypically, but none between the distantly related allopatric populations of more similar phenotype. Phenotypic distance between species was a good predictor of the strength of premating isolation, suggesting that assortative mating can evolve rapidly in association with ecological divergence during adaptive radiation. Our data also reveals that distantly related allopatric populations that have not diverged phenotypically, may hybridize when coming into secondary contact, e.g. upon river capture because of diversion of drainage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Stelkens
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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94
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95
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Blais J, Plenderleith M, Rico C, Taylor MI, Seehausen O, van Oosterhout C, Turner GF. Assortative mating among Lake Malawi cichlid fish populations is not simply predictable from male nuptial colour. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:53. [PMID: 19265521 PMCID: PMC2667177 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on the evolution of reproductive isolation in African cichlid fishes has largely focussed on the role of male colours and female mate choice. Here, we tested predictions from the hypothesis that allopatric divergence in male colour is associated with corresponding divergence in preference. Methods We studied four populations of the Lake Malawi Pseudotropheus zebra complex. We predicted that more distantly-related populations that independently evolved similar colours would interbreed freely while more closely-related populations with different colours mate assortatively. We used microsatellite genotypes or mesh false-floors to assign paternity. Fisher's exact tests as well as Binomial and Wilcoxon tests were used to detect if mating departed from random expectations. Results Surprisingly, laboratory mate choice experiments revealed significant assortative mating not only between population pairs with differently coloured males, but between population pairs with similarly-coloured males too. This suggested that assortative mating could be based on non-visual cues, so we further examined the sensory basis of assortative mating between two populations with different male colour. Conducting trials under monochromatic (orange) light, intended to mask the distinctive male dorsal fin hues (blue v orange) of these populations, did not significantly affect the assortative mating by female P. emmiltos observed under control conditions. By contrast, assortative mating broke down when direct contact between female and male was prevented. Conclusion We suggest that non-visual cues, such as olfactory signals, may play an important role in mate choice and behavioural isolation in these and perhaps other African cichlid fish. Future speciation models aimed at explaining African cichlid radiations may therefore consider incorporating such mating cues in mate choice scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Blais
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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96
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SALZBURGER WALTER. The interaction of sexually and naturally selected traits in the adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:169-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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97
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Magalhaes IS, Mwaiko S, Schneider MV, Seehausen O. Divergent selection and phenotypic plasticity during incipient speciation in Lake Victoria cichlid fish. J Evol Biol 2008; 22:260-74. [PMID: 19032503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Divergent selection acting on several different traits that cause multidimensional shifts are supposed to promote speciation, but the outcome of this process is highly dependent on the balance between the strength of selection vs. gene flow. Here, we studied a pair of sister species of Lake Victoria cichlids at a location where they hybridize and tested the hypothesis that divergent selection acting on several traits can maintain phenotypic differentiation despite gene flow. To explore the possible role of selection we tested for correlations between phenotypes and environment and compared phenotypic divergence (P(ST)) with that based on neutral markers (F(ST)). We found indications for disruptive selection acting on male breeding colour and divergent selection acting on several morphological traits. By performing common garden experiments we also separated the environmental and heritable components of divergence and found evidence for phenotypic plasticity in some morphological traits contributing to species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Magalhaes
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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van der Sluijs I, Van Dooren TJM, Hofker KD, van Alphen JJM, Stelkens RB, Seehausen O. Female mating preference functions predict sexual selection against hybrids between sibling species of cichlid fish. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:2871-7. [PMID: 18508752 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary outcome of interspecific hybridization, i.e. collapse of species into a hybrid swarm, persistence or even divergence with reinforcement, depends on the balance between gene flow and selection against hybrids. If female mating preferences are open-ended but sign-inversed between species, they can theoretically be a source of such selection. Cichlid fish in African lakes have sustained high rates of speciation despite evidence for widespread hybridization, and sexual selection by female choice has been proposed as important in the origin and maintenance of species boundaries. However, it had never been tested whether hybridizing species have open-ended preference rules. Here we report the first experimental test using Pundamilia pundamilia, Pundamilia nyererei and their hybrids in three-way choice experiments. Hybrid males are phenotypically intermediate. Wild-caught females of both species have strong preferences for conspecific over heterospecific males. Their responses to F1 hybrid males are intermediate, but more similar to responses to conspecifics in one species and more similar to responses to heterospecifics in the other. We suggest that their mate choice mechanism may predispose haplochromine cichlids to maintain and perhaps undergo phenotypic diversification despite hybridization, and that species differences in female preference functions may predict the potential for adaptive trait transfer between hybridizing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inke van der Sluijs
- Department of Animal Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Speciation through sensory drive in cichlid fish. Nature 2008; 455:620-6. [PMID: 18833272 DOI: 10.1038/nature07285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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