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Xu X, Chen Z, Sun B, Zhao Y, Tao L, Xu JB. Efficient passivation of monolayer MoS 2 by epitaxially grown 2D organic crystals. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1700-1706. [PMID: 36659784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is considered to be a promising candidate for field-effect transistors and photodetectors due to its direct bandgap and atomically thin properties. However, the MoS2 devices are impeded by the intrinsic surface defects and environmental adsorption such as H2O and O2. Here, we demonstrated a highly ordered, ultrathin (<5 nm) and scalable N,N'-ditridecylperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-C13) passivation layer that can be epitaxially grown on MoS2. The van der Waals interface between PTCDI-C13 and MoS2 can efficiently reduce the surface traps and isolate MoS2 from ambient. As a result, the passivated devices exhibit huge improvement in both carrier mobility (from 0.5 to 8.3 cm2/(V s)) and sub-threshold swing (from 16.7 to 1.6 V/dec). Also, the photodetector made on MoS2 after passivation has a much faster response speed (from 3 s to 10 ms) without significant sacrifice of the responsivity. Our method provides a facile approach to realize high-performance two-dimensional electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zefeng Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beilei Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jian-Bin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Dagan R, Vaknin Y, Weisman D, Amit I, Rosenwaks Y. Accurate Method To Determine the Mobility of Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides with Incomplete Gate Screening. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:44406-44412. [PMID: 31724843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals layered transition-metal dichalcogenides usually exhibit high contact resistance because of the induced Schottky barriers, which occur at nonideal metal-semiconductor contacts. These barriers usually contribute to an underestimation in the determination of mobility, when extracted by standard, two-terminal methods. Furthermore, in devices based on atomically thin materials, channels with thicknesses of up to a few layers cannot completely screen the applied gate bias, resulting in an incomplete potential drop over the channel; the resulting decreased field effect causes further underestimation of the mobility. We demonstrate a method based on Kelvin probe force microscopy, which allows us to extract the accurate semiconductor mobility and eliminates the effects of contact quality and/or screening ability. Our results reveal up to a sevenfold increase in mobility in a monolayer device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Dagan
- School of Electrical Engineering , Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Yonatan Vaknin
- School of Electrical Engineering , Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Dror Weisman
- School of Electrical Engineering , Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Iddo Amit
- Department of Engineering , Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE , U.K
| | - Yossi Rosenwaks
- School of Electrical Engineering , Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
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53
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Potential modulations in flatland: near-infrared sensitization of MoS 2 phototransistors by a solvatochromic dye directly tethered to sulfur vacancies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16682. [PMID: 31723200 PMCID: PMC6853947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared sensitization of monolayer MoS2 is here achieved via the covalent attachment of a novel heteroleptic nickel bis-dithiolene complex into sulfur vacancies in the MoS2 structure. Photocurrent action spectroscopy of the sensitized films reveals a discreet contribution from the sensitizer dye centred around 1300 nm (0.95 eV), well below the bandgap of MoS2 (2.1 eV), corresponding to the excitation of the monoanionic dithiolene complex. A mechanism of conductivity enhancement is proposed based on a photo-induced flattening of the corrugated energy landscape present at sulfur vacancy defect sites within the MoS2 due to a dipole change within the dye molecule upon photoexcitation. This method of sensitization might be readily extended to other functional molecules that can impart a change to the dielectric environment at the MoS2 surface under stimulation, thereby extending the breadth of detector applications for MoS2 and other transition metal dichalcogenides.
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54
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Pak J, Lee I, Cho K, Kim JK, Jeong H, Hwang WT, Ahn GH, Kang K, Yu WJ, Javey A, Chung S, Lee T. Intrinsic Optoelectronic Characteristics of MoS 2 Phototransistors via a Fully Transparent van der Waals Heterostructure. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9638-9646. [PMID: 31345021 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, intensive studies on monolayer MoS2-based phototransistors have been carried out to achieve further enhanced optoelectronic characteristics. However, the intrinsic optoelectronic characteristics of monolayer MoS2 have still not been explored until now because of unintended interferences, such as multiple reflections of incident light originating from commonly used opaque substrates. This leads to overestimated photoresponsive characteristics inevitably due to the enhanced photogating and photoconductive effects. Here, we reveal the intrinsic photoresponsive characteristics of monolayer MoS2, including its internal responsivity and quantum efficiency, in fully transparent monolayer MoS2 phototransistors employing a van der Waals heterostructure. Interestingly, as opposed to the previous reports, the internal photoresponsive characteristics do not significantly depend on the wavelength of the incident light as long as the electron-hole pairs are generated in the same k-space. This study provides a deeper understanding of the photoresponsive characteristics of MoS2 and lays the foundation for two-dimensional materials-based transparent phototransistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Pak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Ilmin Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Korea
| | - Kyungjune Cho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Hyunhak Jeong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Wang-Taek Hwang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Geun Ho Ahn
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Keehoon Kang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Woo Jong Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Seungjun Chung
- Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Korea
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
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Probing the Field-Effect Transistor with Monolayer MoS 2 Prepared by APCVD. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9091209. [PMID: 31462000 PMCID: PMC6780524 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The two-dimensional materials can be used as the channel material of transistor, which can further decrease the size of transistor. In this paper, the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is grown on the SiO2/Si substrate by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD), and the MoS2 is systematically characterized by the high-resolution optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and the field emission scanning electron microscopy, which can confirm that the MoS2 is a monolayer. Then, the monolayer MoS2 is selected as the channel material to complete the fabrication process of the back-gate field effect transistor (FET). Finally, the electrical characteristics of the monolayer MoS2-based FET are tested to obtain the electrical performance. The switching ratio is 103, the field effect mobility is about 0.86 cm2/Vs, the saturation current is 2.75 × 10-7 A/μm, and the lowest gate leakage current is 10-12 A. Besides, the monolayer MoS2 can form the ohmic contact with the Ti/Au metal electrode. Therefore, the electrical performances of monolayer MoS2-based FET are relatively poor, which requires the further optimization of the monolayer MoS2 growth process. Meanwhile, it can provide the guidance for the application of monolayer MoS2-based FETs in the future low-power optoelectronic integrated circuits.
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Han P, Adler ER, Liu Y, St Marie L, El Fatimy A, Melis S, Van Keuren E, Barbara P. Ambient effects on photogating in MoS 2 photodetectors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:284004. [PMID: 30925490 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab149e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are ideal candidates for ultrathin optoelectronics that are flexible and semitransparent. Photodetectors based on TMDs show remarkable performance, with responsivity and detectivity higher than 103 AW-1 and 1012 Jones, respectively, but they are plagued by response times as slow as several tens of seconds. Although it is well established that gas adsorbates such as water and oxygen create charge traps and significantly increase both the responsivity and the response time, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Here we study the influence of adsorbates on MoS2 photodetectors under ambient conditions, vacuum and illumination at different wavelengths. We show that, for wavelengths sufficiently short to excite electron-hole pairs in the MoS2, light illumination causes desorption of water and oxygen molecules. The change in the molecular gating provided by the physisorbed molecules is the dominant contribution to the device photoresponse in ambient conditions.
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Li J, Zhao T, M Shirolkar M, Li M, Wang H, Li H. CuO/ZnO Heterojunction Nanorod Arrays Prepared by Photochemical Method with Improved UV Detecting Performance. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9050790. [PMID: 31126059 PMCID: PMC6566173 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CuO/ZnO heterojunction nanorod arrays were synthesized using a facile photochemical deposition strategy. The morphology of CuO was related to the concentration of Cu2+ in the Cu(NO3)2 solution, UV illumination time, and the air annealing temperature. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed. In the photochemical deposition process, the OH− was generated in the vicinity of the ZnO nanorod arrays and reacted with Cu2+ and NO3− in the solution to form Cu2(NO3)(OH)3/ZnO heterojunction nanorod arrays firstly, which were converted into CuO/ZnO heterojunction nanorod arrays completely after air annealing at a low temperature. The fabricated CuO/ZnO heterojunction nanorod arrays exhibits a well-defined rectifying characteristic and an improved photo-response performance compared with pure ZnO nanorod arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Li
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Mandar M Shirolkar
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
- Symbiosis Center for Nanoscience Center and Nanotechnology, Symbiosis International, Deemed University, Lavale, Pune 412115, India.
| | - Ming Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Haiqian Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Henan Li
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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58
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Field Emission Characterization of MoS 2 Nanoflowers. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9050717. [PMID: 31075873 PMCID: PMC6566819 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials have wide potential applicability as field emitters due to their high aspect ratio. We hydrothermally synthesized MoS2 nanoflowers on copper foil and characterized their field emission properties, by applying a tip-anode configuration in which a tungsten tip with curvature radius down to 30-100 nm has been used as the anode to measure local properties from small areas down to 1-100 µm2. We demonstrate that MoS2 nanoflowers can be competitive with other well-established field emitters. Indeed, we show that a stable field emission current can be measured with a turn-on field as low as 12 V/μm and a field enhancement factor up to 880 at 0.6 μm cathode-anode separation distance.
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59
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High Optical Response of Niobium-Doped WSe₂-Layered Crystals. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071161. [PMID: 30974754 PMCID: PMC6479778 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The optical properties of WSe2-layered crystals doped with 0.5% niobium (Nb) grown by the chemical vapor transport method were characterized by piezoreflectance (PzR), photoconductivity (PC) spectroscopy, frequency-dependent photocurrent, and time-resolved photoresponse. With the incorporation of 0.5% Nb, the WSe2 crystal showed slight blue shifts in the near band edge excitonic transitions and exhibited strongly enhanced photoresponsivity. Frequency-dependent photocurrent and time-resolved photoresponse were measured to explore the kinetic decay processes of carriers. Our results show the potential application of layered crystals for photodetection devices based on Nb-doped WSe2-layered crystals.
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60
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Xiao X, Chen M, Zhang J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Jin Y, Wang J, Jiang K, Fan S, Li Q. Sub-10 nm Monolayer MoS 2 Transistors Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as an Evaporating Mask. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11612-11617. [PMID: 30838844 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal dichalcogenides are promising challengers to conventional semiconductors owing to their remarkable electrical performance and suppression of short-channel effects (SCEs). In particular, monolayer molybdenum disulfide has exhibited superior suppression of SCEs owing to its atomic thickness, high effective carrier mass, and low dielectric constant. However, difficulties still remain in large-scale stable fabrication of nanometer-scale channels. Herein, a method to fabricate electrodes with sub-10 nm gaps was demonstrated using horizontally aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes as an evaporation mask. The widths of the nanogaps exhibit robust stability to various process parameters according to the statistical results. Based on these nanogaps, ultrashort-channel length monolayer MoS2 field-effect transistors were produced. Monolayer MoS2 devices with a 7.5 nm channel length and a 10 nm thick HfO2 dielectric layer exhibited excellent performances with an ON/OFF ratio up to 107, a mobility of 17.4 cm2/V·s, a subthreshold swing of about 120 mV/dec, and a drain-induced barrier lowering of about 140 mV/V, all of which suggest a superior suppression of SCEs. This work provides a universal and stable method for large-scale fabrication of ultrashort-channel 2D-material transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Xiao
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Tianfu Zhang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Yuanhao Jin
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Kaili Jiang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Shoushan Fan
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Qunqing Li
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
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Pak S, Jang AR, Lee J, Hong J, Giraud P, Lee S, Cho Y, An GH, Lee YW, Shin HS, Morris SM, Cha S, Sohn JI, Kim JM. Surface functionalization-induced photoresponse characteristics of monolayer MoS 2 for fast flexible photodetectors. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4726-4734. [PMID: 30839971 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07655c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Monolayered, semiconducting molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is of considerable interest for its potential applications in next-generation flexible, wearable, and transparent photodetectors because it has outstanding physical properties coupled with unique atomically thin dimensions. However, there is still a lack of understanding in terms of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the photoresponse dynamics, which makes it difficult to identify the appropriate device design strategy for achieving a fast photoresponse time in MoS2 photodetectors. In this study, we investigate the importance of surface functionalization on controlling the charge carrier densities in a MoS2 monolayer and in turn the corresponding behavior of the photoresponse in relation to the position of the Fermi-level and the energy band structure. We find that the p-doping and n-doping, which is achieved through the surface functionalization of the MoS2 monolayer, leads to devices with different photoresponse behavior. Specifically, the MoS2 devices with surface functional groups contributing to p-doping exhibited a faster response time as well as higher sensitivity compared to that observed for the MoS2 devices with surface functional groups contributing to n-doping. We attribute this difference to the degree of bending in the energy bands at the metal-semiconductor junction as a result of shifting in the Fermi-level position, which influences the optoelectronic transport properties as well as the recombination dynamics leading to a low dark and thus high detectivity and fast decay time. Based upon these findings, we have also demonstrated the broad applicability of surface functionalization by fabricating a flexible MoS2 photodetector that shows an outstanding decay time of 0.7 s, which is the fastest response time observed in flexible MoS2 detectors ever reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyeon Pak
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK.
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62
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Di Bartolomeo A, Urban F, Passacantando M, McEvoy N, Peters L, Iemmo L, Luongo G, Romeo F, Giubileo F. A WSe 2 vertical field emission transistor. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:1538-1548. [PMID: 30629066 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09068h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of a gate-controlled field emission current from a tungsten diselenide (WSe2) monolayer, synthesized by chemical-vapour deposition on a SiO2/Si substrate. Ni contacted WSe2 monolayer back-gated transistors, under high vacuum, exhibit n-type conduction and drain-bias dependent transfer characteristics, which are attributed to oxygen/water desorption and drain induced Schottky barrier lowering, respectively. The gate-tuned n-type conduction enables field emission, i.e. the extraction of electrons by quantum tunnelling, even from the flat part of the WSe2 monolayers. Electron emission occurs under an electric field ∼100 V μm-1 and exhibits good time stability. Remarkably, the field emission current can be modulated by the back-gate voltage. The first field-emission vertical transistor based on the WSe2 monolayer is thus demonstrated and can pave the way to further optimize new WSe2 based devices for use in vacuum electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Bartolomeo
- Physics Department "E. R. Caianiello", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy.
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63
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Jiang J, Hu W, Xie D, Yang J, He J, Gao Y, Wan Q. 2D electric-double-layer phototransistor for photoelectronic and spatiotemporal hybrid neuromorphic integration. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:1360-1369. [PMID: 30604810 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The hardware implementation of neuromorphic computing has attracted growing interest as a promising candidate for confronting the bottleneck of traditional von Neumann computers. However, most previous reports are focusd on emulating the synaptic behaviors by a mono-mode using an electric-driving or photo-driving approach, resulting in a big challenge to synchronously handle the natural photoelectric information. Herein, we report a multifunctional photoelectronic hybrid-integrated synaptic device based on the electric-double-layer (EDL) MoS2 phototransistor. Interestingly, the electric MoS2 synapse exhibits a potentiation filtering effect, while the photonic counterpart can implement both potentiation and depression filtering effects. Most importantly, for the first time, photoelectronic and spatio-temporal four-dimensional (4D) hybrid integration was successfully demonstrated by the synergic interplay between photonic and electric stimuli within a single MoS2 synapse. An energy band model is proposed to further understand such a photoelectronic and spatio-temporal 4D hybrid coupling mechanism. These results might provide an alternative solution for the size-scaling and intellectualization campaign of the post-Moore era, and for more sophisticated photoelectronic hybrid computing in the emerging neuromorphic nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
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64
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Urban F, Martucciello N, Peters L, McEvoy N, Di Bartolomeo A. Environmental Effects on the Electrical Characteristics of Back-Gated WSe₂ Field-Effect Transistors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E901. [PMID: 30400280 PMCID: PMC6266815 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We study the effect of polymer coating, pressure, temperature, and light on the electrical characteristics of monolayer WSe 2 back-gated transistors with Ni / Au contacts. Our investigation shows that the removal of a layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or a decrease of the pressure change the device conductivity from p- to n-type. From the temperature behavior of the transistor transfer characteristics, a gate-tunable Schottky barrier at the contacts is demonstrated and a barrier height of ~ 70 meV in the flat-band condition is measured. We also report and discuss a temperature-driven change in the mobility and the subthreshold swing that is used to estimate the trap density at the WSe 2 / SiO 2 interface. Finally, from studying the spectral photoresponse of the WSe 2 , it is proven that the device can be used as a photodetector with a responsivity of ~ 0.5 AW - 1 at 700 nm and 0.37 mW / cm 2 optical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Urban
- Physics Department "E. R. Caianiello" and Interdepartmental Centre NanoMates, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | | | - Lisanne Peters
- AMBER & School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, 2 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Niall McEvoy
- AMBER & School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, 2 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Antonio Di Bartolomeo
- Physics Department "E. R. Caianiello" and Interdepartmental Centre NanoMates, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
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65
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Bertolazzi S, Gobbi M, Zhao Y, Backes C, Samorì P. Molecular chemistry approaches for tuning the properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6845-6888. [PMID: 30043037 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00169c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, such as ultrathin layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), offer a unique combination of electronic, optical and mechanical properties, and hold potential to enable a host of new device applications spanning from flexible/wearable (opto)electronics to energy-harvesting and sensing technologies. A critical requirement for developing practical and reliable electronic devices based on semiconducting TMDs consists in achieving a full control over their charge-carrier polarity and doping. Inconveniently, such a challenging task cannot be accomplished by means of well-established doping techniques (e.g. ion implantation and diffusion), which unavoidably damage the 2D crystals resulting in degraded device performances. Nowadays, a number of alternatives are being investigated, including various (supra)molecular chemistry approaches relying on the combination of 2D semiconductors with electroactive donor/acceptor molecules. As yet, a large variety of molecular systems have been utilized for functionalizing 2D TMDs via both covalent and non-covalent interactions. Such research endeavours enabled not only the tuning of the charge-carrier doping but also the engineering of the optical, electronic, magnetic, thermal and sensing properties of semiconducting TMDs for specific device applications. Here, we will review the most enlightening recent advancements in experimental (supra)molecular chemistry methods for tailoring the properties of atomically-thin TMDs - in the form of substrate-supported or solution-dispersed nanosheets - and we will discuss the opportunities and the challenges towards the realization of novel hybrid materials and devices based on 2D semiconductors and molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bertolazzi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Han P, St Marie L, Wang QX, Quirk N, El Fatimy A, Ishigami M, Barbara P. Highly sensitive MoS 2 photodetectors with graphene contacts. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:20LT01. [PMID: 29512512 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aab4bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are ideal candidates to create ultra-thin electronics suitable for flexible substrates. Although optoelectronic devices based on TMDs have demonstrated remarkable performance, scalability is still a significant issue. Most devices are created using techniques that are not suitable for mass production, such as mechanical exfoliation of monolayer flakes and patterning by electron-beam lithography. Here we show that large-area MoS2 grown by chemical vapor deposition and patterned by photolithography yields highly sensitive photodetectors, with record shot-noise-limited detectivities of 8.7 × 1014 Jones in ambient condition and even higher when sealed with a protective layer. These detectivity values are higher than the highest values reported for photodetectors based on exfoliated MoS2. We study MoS2 devices with gold electrodes and graphene electrodes. The devices with graphene electrodes have a tunable band alignment and are especially attractive for scalable ultra-thin flexible optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peize Han
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States of America
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Huang Y, Zhuge F, Hou J, Lv L, Luo P, Zhou N, Gan L, Zhai T. Van der Waals Coupled Organic Molecules with Monolayer MoS 2 for Fast Response Photodetectors with Gate-Tunable Responsivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4062-4073. [PMID: 29648782 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As a direct-band-gap transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD), atomic thin MoS2 has attracted extensive attention in photodetection, whereas the hitherto unsolved persistent photoconductance (PPC) from the ungoverned charge trapping in devices has severely hindered their employment. Herein, we demonstrate the realization of ultrafast photoresponse dynamics in monolayer MoS2 by exploiting a charge transfer interface based on surface-assembled zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) molecules. The formed MoS2/ZnPc van der Waals interface is found to favorably suppress the PPC phenomenon in MoS2 by instantly separating photogenerated holes toward the ZnPc molecules, away from the traps in MoS2 and the dielectric interface. The derived MoS2 detector then exhibits significantly improved photoresponse speed by more than 3 orders (from over 20 s to less than 8 ms for the decay) and a high responsivity of 430 A/W after Al2O3 passivation. It is also demonstrated that the device could be further tailored to be 2-10-fold more sensitive without severely sacrificing the ultrafast response dynamics using gate modulation. The strategy presented here based on surface-assembled organic molecules may thus pave the way for realizing high-performance TMD-based photodetection with ultrafast speed and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Sciences and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fuwei Zhuge
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Sciences and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junxian Hou
- Department of Composite Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Hebei University of Engineering , Handan , 056038 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Sciences and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Sciences and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Sciences and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Sciences and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Sciences and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430074 , People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry , Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin , 300072 , People's Republic of China
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He HK, Yang R, Zhou W, Huang HM, Xiong J, Gan L, Zhai TY, Guo X. Photonic Potentiation and Electric Habituation in Ultrathin Memristive Synapses Based on Monolayer MoS 2. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800079. [PMID: 29504245 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, with a thickness of less than 1 nm, paves a feasible path to the development of ultrathin memristive synapses, to fulfill the requirements for constructing large-scale high density 3D stacking neuromorphic chips. Herein, memristive devices based on monolayer n-MoS2 on p-Si substrate with a large self-rectification ratio, exhibiting photonic potentiation and electric habituation, are successfully fabricated. Versatile synaptic neuromorphic functions, such as potentiation/habituation, short-term/long-term plasticity, and paired-pulse facilitation, are successfully mimicked based on the inherent persistent photoconductivity performance and the volatile resistive switching behavior. These findings demonstrate the potential applications of ultrathin transition metal dichalcogenides for memristive synapses. These memristive synapses with the combination of photonic and electric neuromorphic functions have prospective in the applications of synthetic retinas and optoelectronic interfaces for integrated photonic circuits based on mixed-mode electro-optical operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Kai He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - He-Ming Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jue Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tian-You Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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Tran MD, Kim JH, Kim H, Doan MH, Duong DL, Lee YH. Role of Hole Trap Sites in MoS 2 for Inconsistency in Optical and Electrical Phenomena. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:10580-10586. [PMID: 29504404 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of strong Coulomb interaction in two-dimensional van der Waals-layered materials, the trap charges at the interface strongly influence the scattering of the majority carriers and thus often degrade their electrical properties. However, the photogenerated minority carriers can be trapped at the interface, modulate the electron-hole recombination, and eventually influence the optical properties. In this study, we report the role of the hole trap sites on the inconsistency in the electrical and optical phenomena between two systems with different interfacial trap densities, which are monolayer MoS2-based field-effect transistors (FETs) on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and SiO2 substrates. Electronic transport measurements indicate that the use of h-BN as a gate insulator can induce a higher n-doping concentration of the monolayer MoS2 by suppressing the free-electron transfer from the intrinsically n-doped MoS2 to the SiO2 gate insulator. Nevertheless, optical measurements show that the electron concentration in MoS2/SiO2 is heavier than that in MoS2/h-BN, manifested by the relative red shift of the A1g Raman peak. The inconsistency in the evaluation of the electron concentration in MoS2 by electrical and optical measurements is explained by the trapping of the photogenerated holes in the spatially modulated valence band edge of the monolayer MoS2 caused by the local strain from the SiO2/Si substrate. This photoinduced electron doping in MoS2/SiO2 is further confirmed by the development of the trion component in the power-dependent photoluminescence spectra and negative shift of the threshold voltage of the FET after illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Dao Tran
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Manh Ha Doan
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Loc Duong
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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Urban F, Passacantando M, Giubileo F, Iemmo L, Di Bartolomeo A. Transport and Field Emission Properties of MoS₂ Bilayers. NANOMATERIALS 2018. [PMID: 29518057 PMCID: PMC5869642 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the electrical characterization and field emission properties of MoS2 bilayers deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate. Current–voltage characteristics are measured in the back-gate transistor configuration, with Ti contacts patterned by electron beam lithography. We confirm the n-type character of as-grown MoS2 and we report normally-on field-effect transistors. Local characterization of field emission is performed inside a scanning electron microscope chamber with piezo-controlled tungsten tips working as the anode and the cathode. We demonstrate that an electric field of ~200 V/μm is able to extract current from the flat part of MoS2 bilayers, which can therefore be conveniently exploited for field emission applications even in low field enhancement configurations. We show that a Fowler–Nordheim model, modified to account for electron confinement in two-dimensional (2D) materials, fully describes the emission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Urban
- Department of Physics "E.R. Caianiello", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Passacantando
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, and CNR-SPIN L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Iemmo
- Department of Physics "E.R. Caianiello", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Antonio Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Physics "E.R. Caianiello", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
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Giubileo F, Martucciello N, Di Bartolomeo A. Focus on graphene and related materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:410201. [PMID: 28901299 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa848d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Kurabayashi S, Nagashio K. Transport properties of the top and bottom surfaces in monolayer MoS 2 grown by chemical vapor deposition. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13264-13271. [PMID: 28857107 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05385a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The advantage of MoS2, compared with graphene, is the direct growth on various oxide substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) without utilizing catalytic metal substrates, which facilitates practical applications for electronics. The carrier mobility is, however, degraded from the intrinsic limit mainly due to short-range scattering caused by S vacancies formed during CVD growth. If the upper limit for the crystallinity of CVD-MoS2 on oxide substrates is determined by the MoS2/substrate interaction during growth, it will hinder the advantage. In this study, we investigated the interaction between monolayer MoS2 and a SiO2/Si substrate and the difference in crystallinity between the top and bottom S surfaces due to the MoS2/substrate interaction. Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy indicated that doping and strain were induced in MoS2 from the substrate, but they could be removed by transferring MoS2 to a new substrate using polymers. The newly developed polymer-transfer technique enabled selective transfer of the bottom or top surface of CVD-MoS2 onto a new SiO2/Si substrate. The metal-insulator transition was clearly observed for both the normal and inverse transfers, suggesting that the crystallinity of CVD-MoS2 is high and that the crystallinity of the bottom surface interacting with the substrate was similar to that of the top free surface. These results provide positive prospects for the further improvement of the crystallinity of MoS2 on oxide substrates by reconsidering the growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kurabayashi
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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