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Mijanović O, Branković A, Borovjagin AV, Butnaru DV, Bezrukov EA, Sukhanov RB, Shpichka A, Timashev P, Ulasov I. Battling Neurodegenerative Diseases with Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Approaches. Viruses 2020; 12:E460. [PMID: 32325732 PMCID: PMC7232215 DOI: 10.3390/v12040460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are most commonly found in adults and remain essentially incurable. Gene therapy using AAV vectors is a rapidly-growing field of experimental medicine that holds promise for the treatment of NDDs. To date, the delivery of a therapeutic gene into target cells via AAV represents a major obstacle in the field. Ideally, transgenes should be delivered into the target cells specifically and efficiently, while promiscuous or off-target gene delivery should be minimized to avoid toxicity. In the pursuit of an ideal vehicle for NDD gene therapy, a broad variety of vector systems have been explored. Here we specifically outline the advantages of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vector systems for NDD therapy application. In contrast to many reviews on NDDs that can be found in the literature, this review is rather focused on AAV vector selection and their preclinical testing in experimental and preclinical NDD models. Preclinical and in vitro data reveal the strong potential of AAV for NDD-related diagnostics and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olja Mijanović
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Ana Branković
- Department of Forensics, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, Belgrade 11000, Serbia;
| | - Anton V. Borovjagin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Denis V. Butnaru
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.V.B.); (A.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Evgeny A. Bezrukov
- Institute for Uronephrology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (E.A.B.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Roman B. Sukhanov
- Institute for Uronephrology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (E.A.B.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.V.B.); (A.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.V.B.); (A.S.); (P.T.)
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research Center “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow 142190, Russia
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia;
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La Bella T, Imbeaud S, Peneau C, Mami I, Datta S, Bayard Q, Caruso S, Hirsch TZ, Calderaro J, Morcrette G, Guettier C, Paradis V, Amaddeo G, Laurent A, Possenti L, Chiche L, Bioulac-Sage P, Blanc JF, Letouze E, Nault JC, Zucman-Rossi J. Adeno-associated virus in the liver: natural history and consequences in tumour development. Gut 2020; 69:737-747. [PMID: 31375600 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a defective mono-stranded DNA virus, endemic in human population (35%-80%). Recurrent clonal AAV2 insertions are associated with the pathogenesis of rare human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed on normal liver. This study aimed to characterise the natural history of AAV infection in the liver and its consequence in tumour development. DESIGN Viral DNA was quantified in tumour and non-tumour liver tissues of 1461 patients. Presence of episomal form and viral mRNA expression were analysed using a DNAse/TaqMan-based assay and quantitative RT-PCR. In silico analyses using viral capture data explored viral variants and new clonal insertions. RESULTS AAV DNA was detected in 21% of the patients, including 8% of the tumour tissues, equally distributed in two major viral subtypes: one similar to AAV2, the other hybrid between AAV2 and AAV13 sequences. Episomal viral forms were found in 4% of the non-tumour tissues, frequently associated with viral RNA expression and human herpesvirus type 6, the candidate natural AAV helper virus. In 30 HCC, clonal AAV insertions were recurrently identified in CCNA2, CCNE1, TERT, TNFSF10, KMT2B and GLI1/INHBE. AAV insertion triggered oncogenic overexpression through multiple mechanisms that differ according to the localisation of the integration site. CONCLUSION We provided an integrated analysis of the wild-type AAV infection in the liver with the identification of viral genotypes, molecular forms, helper virus relationship and viral integrations. Clonal AAV insertions were positive selected during HCC development on non-cirrhotic liver challenging the notion of AAV as a non-pathogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana La Bella
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Sandrine Imbeaud
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Camille Peneau
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Iadh Mami
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Shalini Datta
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Indian Statistical Institute, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Quentin Bayard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Stefano Caruso
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Theo Z Hirsch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Pathology Department, APHP, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, Île-de-France, France
| | - Guillaume Morcrette
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Pathology Department, APHP, Bicetre-Paul Brousse Hospitals, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Île-de-France, France.,Physiopathogenesis and treatment of liver diseases, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Catherine Guettier
- Pathology Department, APHP, Bicetre-Paul Brousse Hospitals, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Île-de-France, France.,Physiopathogenesis and treatment of liver diseases, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Valerie Paradis
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Pathology Department, APHP, Beaujon Hospital, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,The Research Center on Inflammation labeled, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France
| | - Giuliana Amaddeo
- Hepatology Department, APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, Île-de-France, France.,Molecular virology and immunology, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, Île-de-France, France
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Department of Digestive Surgery, APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, Île-de-France, France
| | - Laurent Possenti
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, CHU de Bordeaux, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Laurence Chiche
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Centre Médico Chirurgical Magellan, CHU de Bordeaux, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Paulette Bioulac-Sage
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Bordeaux, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France.,Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Jean-Frederic Blanc
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, CHU de Bordeaux, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France.,Department of Pathology, CHU de Bordeaux, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France.,Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Eric Letouze
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Department of Hepatology, Université Paris Nord, APHP, Hospital Jean Verdier, Bondy, Île-de-France, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumor, Labex Immuno- Oncology, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Department of Oncology, APHP, Hospital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, Île-de-France, France
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53
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Verdera HC, Kuranda K, Mingozzi F. AAV Vector Immunogenicity in Humans: A Long Journey to Successful Gene Transfer. Mol Ther 2020; 28:723-746. [PMID: 31972133 PMCID: PMC7054726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors has demonstrated safety and long-term efficacy in a number of trials across target organs, including eye, liver, skeletal muscle, and the central nervous system. Since the initial evidence that AAV vectors can elicit capsid T cell responses in humans, which can affect the duration of transgene expression, much progress has been made in understanding and modulating AAV vector immunogenicity. It is now well established that exposure to wild-type AAV results in priming of the immune system against the virus, with development of both humoral and T cell immunity. Aside from the neutralizing effect of antibodies, the impact of pre-existing immunity to AAV on gene transfer is still poorly understood. Herein, we review data emerging from clinical trials across a broad range of gene therapy applications. Common features of immune responses to AAV can be found, suggesting, for example, that vector immunogenicity is dose-dependent, and that innate immunity plays an important role in the outcome of gene transfer. A range of host-specific factors are also likely to be important, and a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms driving AAV vector immunogenicity in humans will be key to unlocking the full potential of in vivo gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Costa Verdera
- Genethon and INSERM U951, 91000 Evry, France; Sorbonne Université and INSERM U974, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Federico Mingozzi
- Genethon and INSERM U951, 91000 Evry, France; Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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54
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Asher DR, Thapa K, Dharia SD, Khan N, Potter RA, Rodino-Klapac LR, Mendell JR. Clinical development on the frontier: gene therapy for duchenne muscular dystrophy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:263-274. [PMID: 32031420 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1725469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The development of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors as safe vehicles for in vivo delivery of therapeutic genes has been a major milestone in the advancement of gene therapy, enabling a promising strategy for ameliorating a wide range of diseases, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).Areas covered: Based on experience with the development of a gene transfer therapy agent for DMD, we discuss ways in which gene therapy for rare disease challenges traditional clinical development paradigms, and recommend a step-wise approach for design and evaluation to support broader applicability of gene therapy.Expert opinion: The gene therapy development approach should intentionally design the therapeutic construct and the clinical study to systematically evaluate agent delivery, safety, and efficacy. Rigorous preclinical work is essential for establishing an effective gene delivery platform and determining the efficacious dose. Clinical studies should thoroughly evaluate transduction, on-target transgene expression at the tissue and cellular level, and functional efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon R Asher
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sachi D Dharia
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Navid Khan
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Jerry R Mendell
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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55
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Cooper JD, Mole SE. Future perspectives: What lies ahead for Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis research? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165681. [PMID: 31926264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Progress is being made in all aspects of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL) research, resulting in many recent advances. These advances encompass several areas that were previously thought intractable, ranging from basic science, through to a better understanding of the clinical presentation of different forms of NCL, therapeutic development, and new clinical trials that are underway. Increasing numbers of original NCL research papers continue to be published, and this new sense of momentum is greatly encouraging for the field. Here, we make some predictions as to what we can anticipate in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Sara E Mole
- UCL MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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56
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Haggerty DL, Grecco GG, Reeves KC, Atwood B. Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors in Neuroscience Research. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 17:69-82. [PMID: 31890742 PMCID: PMC6931098 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) are increasingly useful preclinical tools in neuroscience research studies for interrogating cellular and neurocircuit functions and mapping brain connectivity. Clinically, AAVs are showing increasing promise as viable candidates for treating multiple neurological diseases. Here, we briefly review the utility of AAVs in mapping neurocircuits, manipulating neuronal function and gene expression, and activity labeling in preclinical research studies as well as AAV-based gene therapies for diseases of the nervous system. This review highlights the vast potential that AAVs have for transformative research and therapeutics in the neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Haggerty
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gregory G. Grecco
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kaitlin C. Reeves
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brady Atwood
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Corresponding author: Brady Atwood, PhD, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, NB-400C, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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57
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A Duarte M, F Silva JM, R Brito C, S Teixeira D, L Melo F, M Ribeiro B, Nagata T, S Campos F. Faecal Virome Analysis of Wild Animals from Brazil. Viruses 2019; 11:E803. [PMID: 31480274 PMCID: PMC6784175 DOI: 10.3390/v11090803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brazilian Cerrado fauna shows very wide diversity and can be a potential viral reservoir. Therefore, the animal's susceptibility to some virus can serve as early warning signs of potential human virus diseases. Moreover, the wild animal virome of this biome is unknown. Based on this scenario, high-throughput sequencing contributes a robust tool for the identification of known and unknown virus species in this environment. In the present study, faeces samples from cerrado birds (Psittacara leucophthalmus, Amazona aestiva, and Sicalis flaveola) and mammals (Didelphis albiventris, Sapajus libidinosus, and Galictis cuja) were collected at the Veterinary Hospital, University of Brasília. Viral nucleic acid was extracted, submitted to random amplification, and sequenced by Illumina HiSeq platform. The reads were de novo assembled, and the identities of the contigs were evaluated by Blastn and tblastx searches. Most viral contigs analyzed were closely related to bacteriophages. Novel archaeal viruses of the Smacoviridae family were detected. Moreover, sequences of members of Adenoviridae, Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, Caliciviridae, and Parvoviridae families were identified. Complete and nearly complete genomes of known anelloviruses, circoviruses, and parvoviruses were obtained, as well as putative novel species. We demonstrate that the metagenomics approach applied in this work was effective for identification of known and putative new viruses in faeces samples from Brazilian Cerrado fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus A Duarte
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF 70.910-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - João M F Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Clara R Brito
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Danilo S Teixeira
- Núcleo de Atendimento e Pesquisa de Animais Silvestres, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA 45.662-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Melo
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Bergmann M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Fabrício S Campos
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biotecnologia, Campus de Gurupi, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Tocantins-TO 77.410-570, Brazil.
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58
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Madigan VJ, Yuziuk JA, Chiarella AM, Tyson TO, Meganck RM, Elmore ZC, Tse LV, Hathaway NA, Asokan A. Ring finger protein 121 is a potent regulator of adeno-associated viral genome transcription. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007988. [PMID: 31386698 PMCID: PMC6697353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are Dependoparvoviruses that have shown promise as recombinant vectors for gene therapy. While infectious pathways of AAV are well studied, gaps remain in our understanding of host factors affecting vector genome expression. Here, we map the role of ring finger protein 121 (RNF121), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a key regulator of AAV genome transcription. CRISPR-mediated knockout of RNF121 (RNF121 KO) in different cells markedly decreased AAV transduction regardless of capsid serotype or vector dose. Recombinant AAV transduction is partially rescued by overexpressing RNF121, but not by co-infection with helper Adenovirus. Major steps in the AAV infectious pathway including cell surface binding, cellular uptake, nuclear entry, capsid uncoating and second strand synthesis are unaffected. While gene expression from transfected plasmids or AAV genomes is unaffected, mRNA synthesis from AAV capsid-associated genomes is markedly decreased in RNF121 KO cells. These observations were attributed to transcriptional arrest as corroborated by RNAPol-ChIP and mRNA half-life measurements. Although AAV capsid proteins do not appear to be direct substrates of RNF121, the catalytic domain of the E3 ligase appears essential. Inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome pathways revealed that blocking Valosin Containing Protein (VCP/p97), which targets substrates to the proteasome, can selectively and completely restore AAV-mediated transgene expression in RNF121 KO cells. Expanding on this finding, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed that the catalytic subunit of DNA PK (DNAPK-Cs), a known activator of VCP, is upregulated in RNF121 KO cells and that the DNA damage machinery is enriched at sites of stalled AAV genome transcription. We postulate that a network of RNF121, VCP and DNA damage response elements function together to regulate transcriptional silencing and/or activation of AAV vector genomes. Recombinant AAV vectors are at the forefront of clinical gene therapy. There is a need to better understand the mechanisms dictating AAV transduction in the host. Here, we identify a network of host proteins involving RNF121, p97 and the DNA damage machinery as potent factors regulating AAV genome transcription. Our study sheds light on an understudied aspect of AAV biology with implications for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Madigan
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Gene Therapy Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Julianne A. Yuziuk
- Gene Therapy Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Anna M. Chiarella
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Tyne O. Tyson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Rita M. Meganck
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Gene Therapy Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Zachary C. Elmore
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Longping V. Tse
- Gene Therapy Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel A. Hathaway
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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59
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A High
- From Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia (K.A.H.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.G.R.)
| | - Maria G Roncarolo
- From Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia (K.A.H.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.G.R.)
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60
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Berns KI, Srivastava A. Next Generation of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Gene Therapy for Human Liver Diseases. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2019; 48:319-330. [PMID: 31046978 PMCID: PMC6501830 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant vectors based on a nonpathogenic parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus (AAV), have taken center stage in the past decade. The safety of AAV vectors in clinical trials and clinical efficacy in several human diseases are now well documented. Despite these achievements, it is increasingly clear that the full potential of AAV vectors composed of the naturally occurring capsids is unlikely to be realized. This article describes advances that have been made and challenges that remain in the optimal use of AAV vectors in human gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth I. Berns
- Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida College of Medicine, 2033 Mowry Road, Room 492-A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida College of Medicine, 2033 Mowry Road, Room 492-A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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61
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Büning H, Srivastava A. Capsid Modifications for Targeting and Improving the Efficacy of AAV Vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 12:248-265. [PMID: 30815511 PMCID: PMC6378346 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, recombinant vectors based on a non-pathogenic parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus (AAV), have taken center stage as a gene delivery vehicle for the potential gene therapy for a number of human diseases. To date, the safety of AAV vectors in 176 phase I, II, and III clinical trials and their efficacy in at least eight human diseases are now firmly documented. Despite these remarkable achievements, it has also become abundantly clear that the full potential of first generation AAV vectors composed of naturally occurring capsids is not likely to be realized, since the wild-type AAV did not evolve for the purpose of therapeutic gene delivery. In this article, we provide a brief historical account of the progress that has been made in the development of capsid-modified, next-generation AAV vectors to ensure both the safety and efficacy of these vectors in targeting a wide variety of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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62
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Ellsworth JL, O'Callaghan M, Rubin H, Seymour A. Low Seroprevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting Two Clade F AAV in Humans. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2019; 29:60-67. [PMID: 29624457 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2017.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the therapeutic utility of AAVHSC15 and AAVHSC17, two recently described Clade F adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to these AAVs was assessed in a representative human population and compared to that of AAV9. NAb levels were measured in 100 unique human sera of different races (34, Black, 33 Caucasian, and 33 Hispanic) and sex (49% female, 51% male) collected within the United States. Fifty-six sera were tested in Huh7 cells and 44 sera were tested in 2V6.11 cells with vectors packaged with either a CMV-promoter upstream of LacZ or a CBA-promoter upstream of Firefly Luciferase, respectively. For AAVHSC15, AAVHSC17, and AAV9, 24/100 (24%), 21/100 (21%), and 17/100 (17%), respectively, of all sera tested were seropositive for NAbs using 50% inhibition of cellular transduction at a 1/16 dilution of serum as cutoff for seropositivity. Only 6% of positive sera had titers of 1/150 to 1/340, indicating that the majority of positive sera were of low titer. Significant cross-reactivity of NAbs across all three AAV serotypes was observed. These data show that approximately 80% of humans evaluated were seronegative for pre-existing NAbs to the AAV serotypes tested, suggesting that the vast majority of human subjects would be amenable to therapeutic intervention with Clade F AAVs.
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Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy has evolved from bench to bedside, and now is the therapy of choice for certain inherited diseases. However, the small packaging capacity of AAV vectors prevents this technique from treating genetic diseases with mutations of large genes. Multiple strategies, including split AAV gene delivery and oversized AAV gene delivery, have been explored to deliver large gene expression cassettes. These strategies have gained some success in animal experiments. In this chapter, we review the progress of AAV-mediated delivery of large expression cassettes. We also review using AAV to deliver multiple transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Patel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Junling Zhao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yi Lai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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64
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Perocheau DP, Cunningham SC, Lee J, Antinao Diaz J, Waddington SN, Gilmour K, Eaglestone S, Lisowski L, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE, Gissen P, Baruteau J. Age-Related Seroprevalence of Antibodies Against AAV-LK03 in a UK Population Cohort. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:79-87. [PMID: 30027761 PMCID: PMC6343184 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are a promising platform for in vivo gene therapy. The presence of neutralizing antibodies (Nab) against AAV capsids decreases cell transduction efficiency and is a common exclusion criterion for participation in clinical trials. Novel engineered capsids are being generated to improve gene delivery to the target cells and facilitate success of clinical trials; however, the prevalence of antibodies against such capsids remains largely unknown. We therefore assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against a novel synthetic liver-tropic capsid AAV-LK03. We measured seroprevalence of immunoglobulin (Ig)G (i.e., neutralizing and nonneutralizing) antibodies and Nab to AAV-LK03 in a cohort of 323 UK patients (including 260 pediatric) and 52 juvenile rhesus macaques. We also performed comparative analysis of seroprevalence of Nab against wild-type AAV8 and AAV3B capsids. Overall IgG seroprevalence for AAV-LK03 was 39% in human samples. The titer increased with age. Prevalence of Nab was 23%, 35%, and 18% for AAV-LK03, AAV3B, and AAV8, respectively, with the lowest seroprevalence between 3 and 17 years of age for all serotypes. Presence of Nab against AAV-LK03 decreased from 36% in the youngest cohort (birth to 6 months) to 7% in older primary school-age children (9-11 years) and then progressively increased to 54% in late adulthood. Cross-reactivity between serotypes was >60%. Nab seroprevalence in macaques was 62%, 85%, and 40% for AAV-LK03, AAV3B, and AAV8, respectively. When planning for AAV gene therapy clinical trials, knowing the seropositivity of the target population is critical. In the population studied, AAV seroprevalence for AAV serotypes tested was low. However, high cross-reactivity between AAV serotypes remains a barrier for re-injection. Shifts in Nab seroprevalence during the first decade need to be confirmed by longitudinal studies. This possibility suggests that pediatric patients could respond differently to AAV therapy according to age. If late childhood is an ideal age window, intervention at an early age when maternal Nab levels are high may be challenging. Nab-positive children excluded from trials could be rescreened for eligibility at regular intervals because this status may change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany P. Perocheau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon C. Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Juhee Lee
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Antinao Diaz
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon N. Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kimberly Gilmour
- Clinical Immunology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Eaglestone
- Translational Research Office, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, Australia
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Puławy, Poland
| | - Adrian J. Thrasher
- Clinical Immunology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Paul Gissen
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hemophilia is an X-linked blood coagulation genetic disorder, which can cause significant disability. Replacement therapy for coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B) may result in the development of high-affinity alloantibodies ('inhibitors') to the replacement therapy, thus making it ineffective. Therefore, there is interest in directing immunological responses towards tolerance to infused factors. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we will discuss latest advancements in the development of potentially less immunogenic replacement clotting factors, optimization of current tolerance induction protocols (ITI), preclinical and clinical data of pharmacological immune modulation, hepatic gene therapy, and the rapidly advancing field of cell therapies. We will also evaluate publications reporting data from preclinical studies on oral tolerance induction using chloroplast-transgenic (transplastomic) plants. SUMMARY Until now, no clinical prophylactic immune modulatory protocol exists to prevent inhibitor formation to infused clotting factors. Recent innovative technologies provide hope for improved eradication and perhaps even prevention of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sherman
- Department Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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66
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Ezra-Elia R, Obolensky A, Ejzenberg A, Ross M, Mintz D, Banin E, Ofri R. Can an in vivo imaging system be used to determine localization and biodistribution of AAV5-mediated gene expression following subretinal and intravitreal delivery in mice? Exp Eye Res 2018; 176:227-234. [PMID: 30171858 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno associated viruses (AAV) are the most commonly used vectors in animal model studies of gene therapy for retinal diseases. The ability of a vector to localize and remain in the target tissue, and in this manner to avoid off-target effects beyond the site of delivery, is critical to the efficacy and safety of the treatment. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) is a non-invasive imaging tool used for detection and quantification of bioluminescence activity in rodents. Our aim was to investigate whether IVIS can detect localization and biodistribution of AAV5 vector in mice following subretinal (SR) and intravitreal (IVT) injections. AAV5 carrying firefly luciferase DNA under control of the ubiquitous cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter was injected unilaterally IVT or SR (in the central or peripheral retina) of forty-one mice. Luciferase activity was tracked for up to 60 weeks in the longest surviving animals, using repeated (up to 12 times) IVIS bioluminescence imaging. Luciferase presence was also confirmed immunohistochemically (IHC) and by PCR in representative animals. In the SR group, IVIS readings demonstrated luciferase activity in all (32/32) eyes, and luciferase presence was confirmed by IHC (4/4 eyes) and PCR (12/12 eyes). In the IVT group, IVIS readings demonstrated luciferase activity in 7/9 eyes, and luciferase presence was confirmed by PCR in 5/5 eyes and by IHC (2/2 eyes). In two SR-injected animals (one each from the central and peripheral injection sites), PCR detected luciferase presence in the ipsilateral optic nerves, a finding that was not detected by IVIS or IHC. Our results show that when evaluating SR delivery, IVIS has a sensitivity and specificity of 100% compared with the gold standard PCR. When evaluating IVT delivery, IVIS has a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 100%. These finding confirm the ability of IVIS to detect in-vivo localized expression of AAV following SR delivery in the retina up to 60 weeks post-treatment, using repeated imaging for longitudinal evaluation, without fading of the biological signal, thereby replacing the need for post mortem processing in order to confirm vector expression. However, IVIS is probably not sensitive enough, compared with genome detection, to demonstrate biodistribution to the optic nerve, as it could not detect luciferase activity in ipsilateral optic nerves following SR delivery in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raaya Ezra-Elia
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexey Obolensky
- Center for Retinal and Macular Degenerations (CRMD), Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayala Ejzenberg
- Center for Retinal and Macular Degenerations (CRMD), Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Ross
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dvir Mintz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Banin
- Center for Retinal and Macular Degenerations (CRMD), Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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67
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Cucchiarini M, Asen AK, Goebel L, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Zurakowski D, Menger MD, Laschke MW, Madry H. Effects of TGF-β Overexpression via rAAV Gene Transfer on the Early Repair Processes in an Osteochondral Defect Model in Minipigs. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:1987-1996. [PMID: 29792508 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518773709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of the chondrogenic transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is an attractive approach to enhance the intrinsic biological activities in damaged articular cartilage, especially when using direct gene transfer strategies based on the clinically relevant recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors. PURPOSE To evaluate the ability of an rAAV-TGF-β construct to modulate the early repair processes in sites of focal cartilage injury in minipigs in vivo relative to control (reporter lacZ gene) vector treatment. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Direct administration of the candidate rAAV-human TGF-β (hTGF-β) vector was performed in osteochondral defects created in the knee joint of adult minipigs for macroscopic, histological, immunohistochemical, histomorphometric, and micro-computed tomography analyses after 4 weeks relative to control (rAAV- lacZ) gene transfer. RESULTS Successful overexpression of TGF-β via rAAV at this time point and in the conditions applied here triggered the cellular and metabolic activities within the lesions relative to lacZ gene transfer but, at the same time, led to a noticeable production of type I and X collagen without further buildup on the subchondral bone. CONCLUSION Gene therapy via direct, local rAAV-hTGF-β injection stimulates the early reparative activities in focal cartilage lesions in vivo. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Local delivery of therapeutic (TGF-β) rAAV vectors in focal defects may provide new, off-the-shelf treatments for cartilage repair in patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Asen
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Lars Goebel
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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68
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Vandamme C, Adjali O, Mingozzi F. Unraveling the Complex Story of Immune Responses to AAV Vectors Trial After Trial. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 28:1061-1074. [PMID: 28835127 PMCID: PMC5649404 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, vectors derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV) have established themselves as a powerful tool for in vivo gene transfer, allowing long-lasting and safe transgene expression in a variety of human tissues. Nevertheless, clinical trials demonstrated how B and T cell immune responses directed against the AAV capsid, likely arising after natural infection with wild-type AAV, might potentially impact gene transfer safety and efficacy in patients. Seroprevalence studies have evidenced that most individuals carry anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies that can inhibit recombinant AAV transduction of target cells following in vivo administration of vector particles. Likewise, liver- and muscle-directed clinical trials have shown that capsid-reactive memory CD8+ T cells could be reactivated and expanded upon presentation of capsid-derived antigens on transduced cells, potentially leading to loss of transgene expression and immune-mediated toxicities. In celebration of the 25th anniversary of the European Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, this review article summarizes progress made during the past decade in understanding and modulating AAV vector immunogenicity. While the knowledge generated has contributed to yield impressive clinical results, several important questions remain unanswered, making the study of immune responses to AAV a priority for the field of in vivo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Vandamme
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Correspondence: Dr. Céline Vandamme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland. E-mail:; Dr. Oumeya Adjali, IRS2 Nantes Biotech, 22, bd Bénoni Goullin, 44200 Nantes, France. E-mail:; Dr. Federico Mingozzi, 1 rue de l'Internationale, 91000 Evry, France. E-mail:
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Correspondence: Dr. Céline Vandamme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland. E-mail:; Dr. Oumeya Adjali, IRS2 Nantes Biotech, 22, bd Bénoni Goullin, 44200 Nantes, France. E-mail:; Dr. Federico Mingozzi, 1 rue de l'Internationale, 91000 Evry, France. E-mail:
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- Genethon and IMSERM U951, Evry, France
- University Pierre and Marie Curie and INSERM U974, Paris, France
- Correspondence: Dr. Céline Vandamme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland. E-mail:; Dr. Oumeya Adjali, IRS2 Nantes Biotech, 22, bd Bénoni Goullin, 44200 Nantes, France. E-mail:; Dr. Federico Mingozzi, 1 rue de l'Internationale, 91000 Evry, France. E-mail:
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69
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Ellsworth JL, OCallaghan M, Rubin H, Seymour A. Low Seroprevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting Two Clade F AAV in Humans. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L Ellsworth
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 45 Wiggins Ave, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States, 01730,
| | | | - Hillard Rubin
- Homology Medicines, Inc., Bedford, Massachusetts, United States,
| | - Albert Seymour
- Homology Medicines, Inc., Bedford, Massachusetts, United States,
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70
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Zhang C, Zhou X, Yao T, Tian Z, Zhou D. Precision Fluorescent Labeling of an Adeno-Associated Virus Vector to Monitor the Viral Infection Pathway. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700374. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xueying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Tianzhuo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
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71
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A novel and highly efficient AAV6 mutant. Virus Genes 2017; 54:165-171. [PMID: 29282655 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus has been gaining prominence in its use as a highly secure virus gene vector with low immunogenicity in the field of human gene therapy. However, wild-type adeno-associated virus sometimes has low transduction efficiency for certain tissues or cells both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, achieving the desired level of expression often requires a large dose. Large doses of viral injection in clinical applications will not only trigger the body's immune response but will come at a high production cost. To improve the transduction efficiency of adeno-associated virus 6 (AAV6), we herein used fusion PCR to mutate a specific amino acid of the VP2 region of the wild-type AAV6 (AAV6-WT) and obtained AAV6-S663L, AAV6Y705 + 731F + T492A, AAV6Y705 + 731F + T492 V + S663 V and so on. We concluded that AAV6-S663L was the most efficient AAV6 mutant. When HEK293 cells were infected in vitro with a virus at a multiplicity of infection value of 1000, the transduction rate of AAV6-WT was only 43.8%, while that of AAV6-S663L was 83.9%. This highly efficient AAV6 mutant is highly significant for the future use of AAV6 in gene therapy.
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72
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Struebing FL, Wang J, Li Y, King R, Mistretta OC, English AW, Geisert EE. Differential Expression of Sox11 and Bdnf mRNA Isoforms in the Injured and Regenerating Nervous Systems. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:354. [PMID: 29209164 PMCID: PMC5701613 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), axonal injury induces changes in neuronal gene expression. In the PNS, a relatively well-characterized alteration in transcriptional activation is known to promote axonal regeneration. This transcriptional cascade includes the neurotrophin Bdnf and the transcription factor Sox11. Although both molecules act to facilitate successful axon regeneration in the PNS, this process does not occur in the CNS. The present study examines the differential expression of Sox11 and Bdnf mRNA isoforms in the PNS and CNS using three experimental paradigms at different time points: (i) the acutely injured CNS (retina after optic nerve crush) and PNS (dorsal root ganglion after sciatic nerve crush), (ii) a CNS regeneration model (retina after optic nerve crush and induced regeneration); and (iii) the retina during a chronic form of central neurodegeneration (the DBA/2J glaucoma model). We find an initial increase of Sox11 in both PNS and CNS after injury; however, the expression of Bdnf isoforms is higher in the PNS relative to the CNS. Sustained upregulation of Sox11 is seen in the injured retina following regeneration treatment, while the expression of two Bdnf mRNA isoforms is suppressed. Furthermore, two isoforms of Sox11 with different 3′UTR lengths are present in the retina, and the long isoform is specifically upregulated in later stages of glaucoma. These results provide insight into the molecular cascades active during axonal injury and regeneration in mammalian neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix L Struebing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rebecca King
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Olivia C Mistretta
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eldon E Geisert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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73
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Guggino WB, Cebotaru L. Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: current barriers and recent developments. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1265-1273. [PMID: 28657358 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1347630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene was discovered in 1989, researchers have worked to develop a gene therapy. One of the most promising and enduring vectors is the AAV, which has been shown to be safe. In particular, several clinical trials have been conducted with AAV serotype 2. All of them detected viral genomes, but identification of mRNA transduction was not consistent; clinical outcomes in Phase II studies were also inconsistent. The lack of a positive outcome has been attributed to a less-than-efficient viral infection by AAV2, a weak transgene promoter and the host immune response to the vector. Areas covered: Herein, the authors focus on AAV gene therapy for CF, evaluating past experience with this approach and identifying ways forward, based on the progress that has already been made in identifying and overcoming the limitations of AAV gene therapy. Expert opinion: Such progress makes it clear that this is an opportune time to push forward toward the development of a gene therapy for CF. Drugs to treat the basic defect in CF represent a remarkable advance but cannot treat a significant cohort of patients with rare mutations. Thus, there is a critical need to develop a gene therapy for those individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Guggino
- a Departments of Medicine and Physiology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Liudmila Cebotaru
- a Departments of Medicine and Physiology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Structure-guided evolution of antigenically distinct adeno-associated virus variants for immune evasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4812-E4821. [PMID: 28559317 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704766114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) pose a major, unresolved challenge that restricts patient enrollment in gene therapy clinical trials using recombinant AAV vectors. Structural studies suggest that despite a high degree of sequence variability, antibody recognition sites or antigenic hotspots on AAVs and other related parvoviruses might be evolutionarily conserved. To test this hypothesis, we developed a structure-guided evolution approach that does not require selective pressure exerted by NAbs. This strategy yielded highly divergent antigenic footprints that do not exist in natural AAV isolates. Specifically, synthetic variants obtained by evolving murine antigenic epitopes on an AAV serotype 1 capsid template can evade NAbs without compromising titer, transduction efficiency, or tissue tropism. One lead AAV variant generated by combining multiple evolved antigenic sites effectively evades polyclonal anti-AAV1 neutralizing sera from immunized mice and rhesus macaques. Furthermore, this variant displays robust immune evasion in nonhuman primate and human serum samples at dilution factors as high as 1:5, currently mandated by several clinical trials. Our results provide evidence that antibody recognition of AAV capsids is conserved across species. This approach can be applied to any AAV strain to evade NAbs in prospective patients for human gene therapy.
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Schimmer J, Breazzano S. Investor Outlook: The Unanswered Questions. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2017; 28:57-61. [PMID: 28537450 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2017.29025.ind] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2016 was an exciting one for the field, with several notable successes outweighing a few setbacks. As the number of patients treated successfully (and safely) with gene therapy grows, the totality of evidence points to a robust platform with utility in orphan/ultra-orphan diseases as well as broader indications, and with hopefully increasing predictability of results. This year promises to feature more patients treated, more clinical data, and more gene therapy products in registration-enabling studies. For the field to continue to advance and mature into the next great drug delivery platform, a few unsolved and remaining questions need to be addressed, including the business model for cures, a broader safety/efficacy profile once more patients are treated, optimization of delivery (including next-generation approaches), and greater understanding of the impact of competitive dynamics. In this report, we detail the success and setbacks of 2016 and highlight the unanswered questions-and how the answers may shape the field in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Schimmer
- Piper Jaffray & Co. , New York, New York.,Piper Jaffray is a leading full-service investment bank and asset management firm. Joshua and Steven are research analysts covering the biotechnology industry
| | - Steven Breazzano
- Piper Jaffray & Co. , New York, New York.,Piper Jaffray is a leading full-service investment bank and asset management firm. Joshua and Steven are research analysts covering the biotechnology industry
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HARA S. Prostaglandin terminal synthases as novel therapeutic targets. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:703-723. [PMID: 29129850 PMCID: PMC5743848 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects by reducing prostaglandin (PG) production via the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). However, the gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular side effects associated with the pharmacological inhibition of the COX enzymes have focused renewed attention onto other potential targets for NSAIDs. PGH2, a COX metabolite, is converted to each PG species by species-specific PG terminal synthases. Because of their potential for more selective modulation of PG production, PG terminal synthases are now being investigated as a novel target for NSAIDs. In this review, I summarize the current understanding of PG terminal synthases, with a focus on microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and PGI synthase (PGIS). mPGES-1 and PGIS cooperatively exacerbate inflammatory reactions but have opposing effects on carcinogenesis. mPGES-1 and PGIS are expected to be attractive alternatives to COX as therapeutic targets for several diseases, including inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro HARA
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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