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Treatment of rat spinal cord injury with a Rho-kinase inhibitor and bone marrow stromal cell transplantation. Brain Res 2009; 1295:192-202. [PMID: 19651108 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In light of reports that the administration of fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, improved rats locomotor abilities following spinal cord injury, we hypothesized that combining fasudil with another type of therapy, such as stem cell transplantation, might further improve the level of locomotor recovery. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are readily available for stem cell therapy. In the present study, we examined whether fasudil combined with BMSC transplantation would produce synergistic effects on recovery. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to spinal cord contusion injury at the T10 vertebral level using an IH impactor (200 Kdyn). Immediately after contusion, they were administrated fasudil intrathecally for 4 weeks. GFP rat-derived BMSCs (2.5x10(6)) were injected into the lesion site 14 days after contusion. Locomotor recovery was assessed for 9 weeks with BBB scoring. Sensory tests were conducted at 8 weeks. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the sensory-motor cortex at 9 weeks. In addition to an untreated control group, the study also included a fasudil-only group and a BMSC-only group in order to compare the effects of combined therapy vs. single-agent therapy. Animals were perfused transcardially 11 weeks after contusion, and histological examinations were performed. The combined therapy group showed statistically better locomotor recovery than the untreated control group at 8 and 9 weeks after contusion. Neither of the two single-agent treatments improved open field locomotor function. Sensory tests showed no statistically significant difference by treatment. Histological and immunohistochemical studies provided some supporting evidence for better locomotor recovery following combined therapy. The average area of the cystic cavity was significantly smaller in the fasudil+BMSC group than in the control group. The number of 5-HT nerve fibers was significantly higher in the fasudil+BMSC group than in the control group on the rostral side of the lesion site. BDA-labeled fibers on the caudal side of the lesion epicenter were observed only in the fasudil+BMSC group. On the other hand, only small numbers of GFP-labeled grafted cells remained 9 weeks after transplantation, and these were mainly localized at the site of injection. Double immunofluorescence studies showed no evidence of differentiation of grafted BMSCs into glial cells or neurons. The Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil combined with BMSC transplantation resulted in better locomotor recovery than occurred in the untreated control group. However, the data failed to demonstrate significant synergism from combined therapy compared with the levels of recovery following single-agent treatment.
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Systemic polyethylene glycol promotes neurological recovery and tissue sparing in rats after cervical spinal cord injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:661-76. [PMID: 19458542 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a72605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been reported to possess fusogenic properties that may confer neuroprotection after spinal cord injury (SCI), but there is uncertainty regarding the mechanisms of PEG in vivo and the robustness of its protective effects. We hypothesized that PEG promotes preservation of cytoskeletal proteins associated with white matter protection and neurobehavioral recovery after SCI. In proof-of-principle experiments using a pin-drop organotypic culture model of SCI, PEG attenuated neural cell death. Adult rats underwent 35-g clip compression SCI at C8 and were randomized postinjury to receive intravenous 30% PEG or sterile Ringer's lactate solution. Confocal microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography of fluorescein-conjugated PEG permitted in vivo quantification of PEG concentrations in the injured and uninjured spinal cord. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining demonstrated that PEG reduced 200-kd neurofilament degradation and apoptotic cell death. Polyethylene glycol also promoted spinal cord tissue sparing based on retrograde axonal Fluoro-Gold tracing and morphometric histological assessment. Polyethylene glycol also promoted significant, although modest, neurobehavioral recovery after SCI. Collectively, these results indicate that PEG protects key axonal cytoskeletal proteins after SCI, and that the protection is associated with axonal preservation. The modest extent of locomotor recovery after treatment with PEG suggests, however, that this compound may notconfer sufficient neuroprotection to be used clinically as a single treatment.
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INHIBITION OF CERAMIDE BIOSYNTHESIS AMELIORATES PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SPINAL CORD INJURY. Shock 2009; 31:634-44. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181891396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Haase G, Pettmann B, Raoul C, Henderson CE. Signaling by death receptors in the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2009; 18:284-91. [PMID: 18725296 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell death plays an important role both in shaping the developing nervous system and in neurological disease and traumatic injury. In spite of their name, death receptors can trigger either cell death or survival and growth. Recent studies implicate five death receptors--Fas/CD95, TNFR1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-1), p75NTR (p75 neurotrophin receptor), DR4, and DR5 (death receptors-4 and -5)--in different aspects of neural development or degeneration. Their roles may be neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease, or pro-apoptotic in ALS and stroke. Such different outcomes probably reflect the diversity of transcriptional and posttranslational signaling pathways downstream of death receptors in neurons and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Haase
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy, IBDML, CNRS UMR 6216, Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Rowland JW, Hawryluk GWJ, Kwon B, Fehlings MG. Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon. Neurosurg Focus 2009; 25:E2. [PMID: 18980476 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2008.25.11.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding of spinal cord injury pathophysiology and discusses important emerging regenerative approaches that have been translated into clinical trials or have a strong potential to do so. The pathophysiology of spinal cord injury involves a primary mechanical injury that directly disrupts axons, blood vessels, and cell membranes. This primary mechanical injury is followed by a secondary injury phase involving vascular dysfunction, edema, ischemia, excitotoxicity, electrolyte shifts, free radical production, inflammation, and delayed apoptotic cell death. Following injury, the mammalian central nervous system fails to adequately regenerate due to intrinsic inhibitory factors expressed on central myelin and the extracellular matrix of the posttraumatic gliotic scar. Regenerative approaches to block inhibitory signals including Nogo and the Rho-Rho-associated kinase pathways have shown promise and are in early stages of clinical evaluation. Cell-based strategies including using neural stem cells to remyelinate spared axons are an attractive emerging approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Rowland
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
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Hawryluk G, Fehlings M. Cellular Transplantation Approaches for Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2009. [DOI: 10.1310/sci1404-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Deficiency in complement C1q improves histological and functional locomotor outcome after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2009; 28:13876-88. [PMID: 19091977 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2823-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although studies have suggested a role for the complement system in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI), that role remains poorly defined. Additionally, the relative contribution of individual complement pathways in SCI is unknown. Our initial studies revealed that systemic complement activation was strongly influenced by genetic background and gender. Thus, to investigate the role of the classical complement pathway in contusion-induced SCI, male C1q knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice on a complement sufficient background (BUB) received a mild-moderate T9 contusion injury with the Infinite Horizon impactor. BUB C1q KO mice exhibited greater locomotor recovery compared with BUB WT mice (p<0.05). Improved recovery observed in BUB C1q KO mice was also associated with decreased threshold for withdrawal from a mild stimulus using von Frey filament testing. Surprisingly, quantification of microglia/macrophages (F4/80) by FACS analysis showed that BUB C1q KO mice exhibited a significantly greater percentage of macrophages in the spinal cord compared with BUB WT mice 3 d post-injury (p<0.05). However, this increased macrophage response appeared to be transient as stereological assessment of spinal cord tissue obtained 28 d post-injury revealed no difference in F4/80-positive cells between groups. Stereological assessment of spinal cord tissue showed that BUB C1q KO mice had reduced lesion volume and an increase in tissue sparing compared with BUB WT mice (p<0.05). Together, these data suggest that initiation of the classical complement pathway via C1q is detrimental to recovery after SCI.
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Yu WR, Liu T, Fehlings TK, Fehlings MG. Involvement of mitochondrial signaling pathways in the mechanism of Fas-mediated apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:114-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Death receptor Fas (CD95) signaling in the central nervous system: tuning neuroplasticity? Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:478-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Delgado P, Cuadrado E, Rosell A, Álvarez-Sabín J, Ortega-Aznar A, Hernández-Guillamón M, Penalba A, Molina CA, Montaner J. Fas System Activation in Perihematomal Areas After Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2008; 39:1730-4. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.500876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Delgado
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Stroke Unit, Departments of Neurology (P.D., E.C., A.R., J.A.-S., M.H.-G., A.P., C.A.M., J.M.) and Pathology (A.O.-A.), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloy Cuadrado
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Stroke Unit, Departments of Neurology (P.D., E.C., A.R., J.A.-S., M.H.-G., A.P., C.A.M., J.M.) and Pathology (A.O.-A.), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Rosell
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Stroke Unit, Departments of Neurology (P.D., E.C., A.R., J.A.-S., M.H.-G., A.P., C.A.M., J.M.) and Pathology (A.O.-A.), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Álvarez-Sabín
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Stroke Unit, Departments of Neurology (P.D., E.C., A.R., J.A.-S., M.H.-G., A.P., C.A.M., J.M.) and Pathology (A.O.-A.), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arantxa Ortega-Aznar
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Stroke Unit, Departments of Neurology (P.D., E.C., A.R., J.A.-S., M.H.-G., A.P., C.A.M., J.M.) and Pathology (A.O.-A.), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamón
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Stroke Unit, Departments of Neurology (P.D., E.C., A.R., J.A.-S., M.H.-G., A.P., C.A.M., J.M.) and Pathology (A.O.-A.), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Penalba
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Stroke Unit, Departments of Neurology (P.D., E.C., A.R., J.A.-S., M.H.-G., A.P., C.A.M., J.M.) and Pathology (A.O.-A.), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos A. Molina
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Stroke Unit, Departments of Neurology (P.D., E.C., A.R., J.A.-S., M.H.-G., A.P., C.A.M., J.M.) and Pathology (A.O.-A.), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Stroke Unit, Departments of Neurology (P.D., E.C., A.R., J.A.-S., M.H.-G., A.P., C.A.M., J.M.) and Pathology (A.O.-A.), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This review summarizes several promising pharmacological approaches for the therapeutic management of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), which are either in early-phase clinical trials or nearing clinical translation. OBJECTIVE This review provides the reader with an understanding of the key pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to neurological deficits after SCI. Through discussion of the mechanism(s) of action of the selected therapeutic approaches potentially important targets to aid further drug discovery will be highlighted. METHODS Systematic literature review of the pre-clinical literature and clinical SCI trials related to neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and regenerative therapeutic approaches. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The next decade will witness an unprecedented number of clinical trials which will seek to translate key biomedical research discoveries. The promising drug-based therapeutic approaches include regenerative strategies to neutralize myelin-mediated neurite outgrowth inhibition, neuroprotective strategies to reduce apoptotic triggers, the targeting of cationic/glutamatergic toxicity, anti-inflammatory strategies and the use of approaches to stabilize disrupted cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl C Baptiste
- Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Toronto Western Research Institute and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, 12th Floor Room 407 McLaughlin Pavilion, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
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Genovese T, Esposito E, Mazzon E, Paola RD, Meli R, Bramanti P, Piomelli D, Calignano A, Cuzzocrea S. Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide on Signaling Pathways Implicated in the Development of Spinal Cord Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:12-23. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.136903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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64
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Genovese T, Esposito E, Mazzon E, Muià C, Di Paola R, Meli R, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Evidence for the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in the development of spinal cord injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:100-14. [PMID: 18180375 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways involve two closely related MAPKs, known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1 and ERK2. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of MAPK3/MAPK1 in the secondary damage in experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. To this purpose, we used 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (PD98059), which is an inhibitor of MAPK3/MAPK1. Spinal cord trauma was induced by the application of vascular clips (force of 24 g) to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. SCI in mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and production of inflammatory mediators, tissue damage, and apoptosis. PD98059 treatment (10 mg/kg i.p.) at 1 and 6 h after the SCI significantly reduced 1) the degree of spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury (histological score), 2) neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity), 3) nitrotyrosine formation, 4) proinflammatory cytokines expression, 5) nuclear factor-kappaB activation, 6) phospho-ERK1/2 expression, and 6) apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining, Fas ligand, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression). Moreover, PD98059 significantly ameliorated the recovery of limb function (evaluated by motor recovery score) in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that PD98059 treatment reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury associated with spinal cord trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica-Policlinico Universitario Via C. Valeria-Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
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The long form of Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule is expressed specifically in neurons and protects them against death receptor-triggered apoptosis. J Neurosci 2007; 27:11228-41. [PMID: 17942717 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3462-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Death receptors (DRs) and their ligands are expressed in developing nervous system. However, neurons are generally resistant to death induction through DRs and rather their activation promotes neuronal outgrowth and branching. These results suppose the existence of DRs antagonists expressed in the nervous system. Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM(S)) was first identified as a Fas antagonist in B-cells. Soon after, a longer alternative spliced isoform with unknown function was identified and named FAIM(L). FAIM(S) is widely expressed, including the nervous system, and we have shown previously that it promotes neuronal differentiation but it is not an anti-apoptotic molecule in this system. Here, we demonstrate that FAIM(L) is expressed specifically in neurons, and its expression is regulated during the development. Expression could be induced by NGF through the extracellular regulated kinase pathway in PC12 (pheochromocytoma cell line) cells. Contrary to FAIM(S), FAIM(L) does not increase the neurite outgrowth induced by neurotrophins and does not interfere with nuclear factor kappaB pathway activation as FAIM(S) does. Cells overexpressing FAIM(L) are resistant to apoptotic cell death induced by DRs such as Fas or tumor necrosis factor R1. Reduction of endogenous expression by small interfering RNA shows that endogenous FAIM(L) protects primary neurons from DR-induced cell death. The detailed analysis of this antagonism shows that FAIM(L) can bind to Fas receptor and prevent the activation of the initiator caspase-8 induced by Fas. In conclusion, our results indicate that FAIM(L) could be responsible for maintaining initiator caspases inactive after receptor engagement protecting neurons from the cytotoxic action of death ligands.
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Yune TY, Lee JY, Jung GY, Kim SJ, Jiang MH, Kim YC, Oh YJ, Markelonis GJ, Oh TH. Minocycline alleviates death of oligodendrocytes by inhibiting pro-nerve growth factor production in microglia after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2007; 27:7751-61. [PMID: 17634369 PMCID: PMC6672884 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1661-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes a permanent neurological disability, and no satisfactory treatment is currently available. After SCI, pro-nerve growth factor (proNGF) is known to play a pivotal role in apoptosis of oligodendrocytes, but the cell types producing proNGF and the signaling pathways involved in proNGF production are primarily unknown. Here, we show that minocycline improves functional recovery after SCI in part by reducing apoptosis of oligodendrocytes via inhibition of proNGF production in microglia. After SCI, the stress-responsive p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) was activated only in microglia, and proNGF was produced by microglia via the p38MAPK-mediated pathway. Minocycline treatment significantly reduced proNGF production in microglia in vitro and in vivo by inhibition of the phosphorylation of p38MAPK. Furthermore, minocycline treatment inhibited p75 neurotrophin receptor expression and RhoA activation after injury. Finally, minocycline treatment inhibited oligodendrocyte death and improved functional recovery after SCI. These results suggest that minocycline may represent a potential therapeutic agent for acute SCI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Y. Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jee Y. Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, and
| | - Gil Y. Jung
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, and
| | - Sun J. Kim
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Mei H. Jiang
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Young C. Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Young J. Oh
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, and
| | - George J. Markelonis
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Tae H. Oh
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Davis AR, Lotocki G, Marcillo AE, Dietrich WD, Keane RW. FasL, Fas, and death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) proteins are recruited to membrane rafts after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:823-34. [PMID: 17518537 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fas/CD95 receptor-ligand system plays an essential role in apoptosis that contributes to secondary damage after spinal cord injury (SCI), but the mechanism regulating the efficiency of FasL/Fas signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. Here, FasL/Fas signaling complexes in membrane rafts were investigated in the spinal cord of adult female Fischer rats subjected to moderate cervical SCI and sham operation controls. In sham-operated animals, a portion of FasL, but not Fas was present in membrane rafts. SCI resulted in FasL and Fas translocation into membrane raft microdomains where Fas associates with the adaptor proteins Fas-associated death domain (FADD), caspase-8, cellular FLIP long form (cFLIPL ), and caspase-3, forming a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Moreover, SCI induced expression of Fas in clusters around the nucleus in both neurons and astrocytes. The formation of the DISC signaling platform leads to rapid activation of initiator caspase-8 and effector caspase-3, and the modification of signaling intermediates such as FADD and cFLIP(L) . Thus, FasL/Fas-mediated signaling after SCI is similar to Fas expressing Type I cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Davis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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LETELLIER ELIZABETH, MARTIN-VILLALBA ANA. Spinal Cord Injuries Entering the Fas(t) Lane. Neurosurgery 2007. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000309975.97035.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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