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Gerloff K, Pereira DI, Faria N, Boots AW, Kolling J, Förster I, Albrecht C, Powell JJ, Schins RP. Influence of simulated gastrointestinal conditions on particle-induced cytotoxicity and interleukin-8 regulation in differentiated and undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Nanotoxicology 2013; 7:353-66. [PMID: 22394261 PMCID: PMC3499597 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.662249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel aspects of engineered nanoparticles offer many advantages for optimising food products and packaging. However, their potential hazards in the gastrointestinal tract require further investigation. We evaluated the toxic and inflammatory potential of two types of particles that might become increasingly relevant to the food industry, namely SiO₂ and ZnO. The materials were characterised for their morphology, oxidant generation and hydrodynamic behaviour. Cytotoxicity and interleukin-8 mRNA and protein expression were evaluated in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Particle pretreatment under simulated gastric and intestinal pH conditions resulted in reduced acellular ROS formation but did not influence cytotoxicity (WST-1 assay) or IL-8 expression. However, the differentiation status of the cells markedly determined the cytotoxic potency of the particles. Further research is needed to determine the in vivo relevance of our current observations regarding the role of particle aggregation and the stage of intestinal epithelial cell differentiation in determining the hazards of ingested particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gerloff
- Particle Research, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and the University of Queensland, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dora I.A. Pereira
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nuno Faria
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agnes W. Boots
- Particle Research, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Kolling
- Particle Research, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Molecular Immunology, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- Particle Research, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonathan J. Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roel P.F. Schins
- Particle Research, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
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52
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A short-term colorectal cancer sphere culture as a relevant tool for human cancer biology investigation. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1720-31. [PMID: 23538387 PMCID: PMC3668460 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo colospheres have been previously characterised as a colorectal cancer (CRC) well-rounded multicellular model, exclusively formed by carcinoma cells, and derived from fresh CRC tissue after mechanical dissociation. The ability to form colospheres was correlated with tumour aggressiveness. Their three-dimensional conformation prompted us to further investigate their potential interest as a preclinical cancer tool. METHODS Patient-derived CRC xenografts were used to produce numerous colospheres. Mechanism of formation was elucidated by confocal microscopy. Expression analysis of a panel of 64 selected cancer-related genes by real-time qRT-PCR and hierarchical clustering allowed comparison of colospheres with parent xenografts. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed for migration and chemosensitivity studies. RESULTS Colospheres, formed by tissue remodelling and compaction, remained viable several weeks in floating conditions, escaping anoikis through their strong cell-cell interactions. Colospheres matched the gene expression profile of the parent xenograft tissue. Colosphere-forming cells migrated in collagen I matrix and metastasised when subrenally implanted in nude mice. Besides, the colosphere responses to 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan, two standard drugs in CRC, reproduced those of the in vivo original xenografts. CONCLUSION Colospheres closely mimic biological characteristics of in vivo CRC tumours. Consequently, they would be relevant ex vivo CRC models.
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Adnan H, Quach H, MacIntosh K, Antenos M, Kirby GM. Low levels of GSTA1 expression are required for Caco-2 cell proliferation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51739. [PMID: 23251616 PMCID: PMC3519693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The colonic epithelium continuously regenerates with transitions through various cellular phases including proliferation, differentiation and cell death via apoptosis. Human colonic adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells in culture undergo spontaneous differentiation into mature enterocytes in association with progressive increases in expression of glutathione S-transferase alpha-1 (GSTA1). We hypothesize that GSTA1 plays a functional role in controlling proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in Caco-2 cells. We demonstrate increased GSTA1 levels associated with decreased proliferation and increased expression of differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase, villin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and E-cadherin in postconfluent Caco-2 cells. Results of MTS assays, BrdU incorporation and flow cytometry indicate that forced expression of GSTA1 significantly reduces cellular proliferation and siRNA-mediated down-regulation of GSTA1 significantly increases cells in S-phase and associated cell proliferation. Sodium butyrate (NaB) at a concentration of 1 mM reduces Caco-2 cell proliferation, increases differentiation and increases GSTA1 activity 4-fold by 72 hours. In contrast, 10 mM NaB causes significant toxicity in preconfluent cells via apoptosis through caspase-3 activation with reduced GSTA1 activity. However, GSTA1 down-regulation by siRNA does not alter NaB-induced differentiation or apoptosis in Caco-2 cells. While 10 mM NaB causes GSTA1-JNK complex dissociation, phosphorylation of JNK is not altered. These findings suggest that GSTA1 levels may play a role in modulating enterocyte proliferation but do not influence differentiation or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Adnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly Quach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Monica Antenos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon M. Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Chougule P, Herlenius G, Hernandez NM, Patil PB, Xu B, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Isolation and characterization of human primary enterocytes from small intestine using a novel method. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:1334-43. [PMID: 22943429 PMCID: PMC3490477 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.708940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture studies of enterocytes are important in many fields. However, there are difficulties in obtaining cell lines from adult human intestine, such as microbial contamination of cultures from the tissue samples, short life span of enterocytes, overgrowth of mesenchymal cells, etc. Various model used to obtain adult intestinal cell lines are very complex requiring use of feeder layer or gel matrices. The aim of this study was to establish a novel method for the simple and reproducible isolation of human enterocytes. Enterocytes were isolated from SI samples (n = 5) obtained from cadaveric donors using a mechanical procedure, and separation with immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-EpCAM antibodies. Light and electron microscopy, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry techniques were used to characterize the isolated cells. Immunohistochemical staining of normal SB biopsies confirmed that the cell cultures maintained an in vivo phenotype as reflected in cytokeratin expression CK18, CK20 and expression of intestine-specific markers such as sucrase isomaltase and maltase glucoamylase. Furthermore, the cells strongly expressed TLR-5, 6, 7, 8 and 10 and several molecules such as CD40, CD86, CD44, ICAM-1 and HLA-DR which are important in triggering cell-mediated immune responses. This novel technique provides a unique in vitro system to study the biology of enterocytes in normal conditions as well as to study inflammatory processes in various small bowel disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Chougule
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Herlenius
- Transplant Institute at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nidia Maritza Hernandez
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pradeep B Patil
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Xu
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Pierzchalska M, Grabacka M, Michalik M, Zyla K, Pierzchalski P. Prostaglandin E2 supports growth of chicken embryo intestinal organoids in Matrigel matrix. Biotechniques 2012; 52:307-15. [PMID: 22578123 DOI: 10.2144/0000113851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating intestinal physiology in vitro remains challenging due to the lack of an effective primary enterocyte culture system. Recently developed protocols for growing organoids containing crypts and villus from adult mouse intestinal epithelium in Matrigel present an attractive alternative to the classical techniques. However, these approaches require the use of sophisticated and expensive serum-free medium supplemented with epithelial growth factor (EGF), Wnt agonist (R-spondin 1), and bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor (Noggin) in high concentrations. Here we demonstrate that is possible to use an isolated chicken embryonic intestinal epithelium to create such an organoid culture. Structures formed in Matrigel matrix in the first two days following isolation survive and enlarge during ensuing weeks. They have the appearance of empty spheres and comprise cells expressing cytokeratin (an epithelial cell marker), villin (a marker of enterocytes), and Sox-9 (a transcription factor characteristic of progenitors and stem cells of intestinal crypts). With chicken embryonic tissue as a source of organoids, prostaglandin E2 is as effective as R-spondin 1 and Noggin in promoting sustained growth and survival of epithelial spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland.
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Theodosiou NA, Parton A. Establishing primary cultures of embryonic intestinal cells from the elasmobranch, Leucoraja erinacea. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 48:413-7. [PMID: 22806972 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Theodosiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA.
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58
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Cheli F, Baldi A. Nutrition-based health: cell-based bioassays for food antioxidant activity evaluation. J Food Sci 2011; 76:R197-205. [PMID: 22416720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Food science has progressively evolved and now there are wide evidences that foods have biological activities that are beyond their classical nutritional value. In this field, the antioxidant activity of pure compounds, food, feed, and dietary supplements has been extensively studied and numerous analytical approaches and assay models have been developed, involving various systems from simple chemical assays to animal models and human studies. This article is an overview of different cell-based models that have been used for testing the antioxidant properties of food, feed, and dietary supplements. Advantages, drawbacks, and technical problems to develop and validate suitable, robust, and high-throughput cell-based bioassays for screening food antioxidant activity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cheli
- Dept. of Veterinary Science and Technology for Food Safety, Univ. degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy.
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Pusch J, Votteler M, Göhler S, Engl J, Hampel M, Walles H, Schenke-Layland K. The physiological performance of a three-dimensional model that mimics the microenvironment of the small intestine. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7469-78. [PMID: 21764120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Our focus was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) human dynamic in vitro tissue model that mimics the natural microenvironment of the small intestine. We co-cultured human Caco-2 cells with primary-isolated human microvascular endothelial cells (hMECs) on decellularized porcine jejunal segments within a custom-made dynamic bioreactor system that resembles the apical and basolateral side of the intestine for up to 14 days. The obtained data were compared to results generated using routine static Caco-2 assays. We performed histology and immunohistochemistry. Permeability was measured using directed transport studies. Histological analyses revealed that in tissue-engineered segments, which had been cultured under dynamic conditions, the Caco-2 cells showed a high-prismatic morphology, resembling normal primary enterocytes within their native environment. We further identified that the transport of low permeable substances, such as fluorescein and desmopressin increased within the dynamic bioreactor cultures. Immunohistochemical staining showed a significantly higher expression of the efflux transport p-glycoprotein (p-gp) under dynamic culture conditions when compared to the static cultures. We conclude that the integration of physiological parameters is crucial for the establishment of a reliable 3D intestinal in vitro model, which enables the simulation of drug transport over the gut-blood-barrier in a simplified way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Pusch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany
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