51
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Närhi MO, Nordström K. Regulation of cell-based therapeutic products intended for human applications in the EU. Regen Med 2014; 9:327-51. [PMID: 24935044 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent developments in the field of cell-based therapeutic products (CBTPs) have forced the EU to revise its legislation on therapeutic products by enacting several new legal instruments. In this study, we investigate how CBTPs are regulated and what determines their regulatory classification. Furthermore, we compare the regulatory burden between CBTPs in different product categories. MATERIALS & METHODS Product categories covering CBTPs were identified and characteristics critical for the regulatory classification of a CBTP were determined in each category. The effect of the critical characteristics on the classification was evaluated by constructing a decision tree that covers all possible combinations of the critical characteristics. Differences in the regulatory burden between CBTPs were evaluated by comparing regulations crucial for placing a therapeutic product on the EU market between the product categories. RESULTS Regulation of CBTPs has been divided between the main product categories of the EU legal framework for therapeutic products on the basis of the characteristics of the cells that the CBTPs contain. The regulatory burden is lowest for CBTPs regulated as blood, cells or tissues, and highest for CBTPs regulated as medicinal products. CONCLUSION CBTPs exist in all product categories of the EU legal framework for therapeutic products. However, the current framework does not cover all possible CBTPs. Furthermore, our results indicate that the regulatory burden of a CBTP is related to the risk it may pose to the health and safety of recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko O Närhi
- Department of Biotechnology & Chemical Technology, Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Espoo, Finland
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52
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Zhao X, Liu L, Wang J, Xu Y, Zhang W, Khang G, Wang X. In vitro vascularization of a combined system based on a 3D printing technique. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 10:833-842. [PMID: 24399638 DOI: 10.1002/term.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A vital challenge in complex organ manufacturing is to vascularize large combined tissues. The aim of this study is to vascularize in vitro an adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)/fibrin/collagen incorporated three-dimensional (3D) poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold (10 × 10 × 10 mm3 ) with interconnected channels. A low-temperature 3D printing technique was employed to build the PLGA scaffold. A step-by-step cocktail procedure was designed to engage or steer the ADSCs in the PLGA channels towards both endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineages. The combined system had sufficient mechanical properties to support the cell/fibrin/collagen hydrogel inside the predefined PLGA channels. The ADSCs encapsulated in the fibrin/collagen hydrogel differentiated to endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineage, respectively, corresponding to their respective locations in the construct and formed vascular-like structures. This technique allows in vitro vascularization of the predefined PLGA channels and provides a choice for complex organ manufacture. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Libiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department of BIN Fusion Technology and Department of Polymer Nano Science Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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53
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Devillard R, Pagès E, Correa MM, Kériquel V, Rémy M, Kalisky J, Ali M, Guillotin B, Guillemot F. Cell Patterning by Laser-Assisted Bioprinting. Methods Cell Biol 2014; 119:159-74. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416742-1.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ricci JL. Why we cannot grow a human arm. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:2639-2643. [PMID: 24113888 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There are several significant issues that prevent us from growing a human arm now, or within the next 10-20 years. From a tissue engineering perspective, while we can grow many of the components necessary for construction of a human arm, we can only grow them in relatively small volumes, and when scaled up to large volumes we lack the ability to develop adequate blood/nerve supply. From a genetic engineering perspective, we will probably never be able to turn on the specific genes necessary to "grow an arm" unless it is attached to a fetus and this presents enormous ethical issues related to farming of human organs and structures. Perhaps the most daunting problem facing the transplantation of a tissue engineered or transplanted arm is that of re-innervation of the structure. Since the sensory and motor nerve cells of the arm are located outside of the structure, re-innervation requires those nerves to regenerate over relatively large distances to repopulate the nervous system of the arm. This is something with which we have had little success. We can grow repair parts, but "growing an arm" presents too many insurmountable problems. The best we could possibly do with tissue engineering or genetic engineering would be the equivalent of a fetal arm and the technical problems, costs, and ethical hurdles are enormous. A more likely solution is a functional, permanent, neuroelectronically-controlled prosthesis. These are nearly a reality today.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Ricci
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E. 24th Street, New York, NY, USA,
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55
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Huang Y, He K, Wang X. Rapid prototyping of a hybrid hierarchical polyurethane-cell/hydrogel construct for regenerative medicine. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:3220-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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56
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Wang X, He K, Zhang W. Optimizing the fabrication processes for manufacturing a hybrid hierarchical polyurethane–cell/hydrogel construct. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911513491359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is essential to control the overall composition and internal architecture for complex organ manufacturing. In this study, several subprocesses were optimized to produce hybrid hierarchical polyurethane–cell/hydrogel constructs with an intrinsic network of grid and branched channels using a double-nozzle low-temperature deposition rapid prototyping system. The formation quality was mainly determined by the polymer concentration and composition. However, the cell viability was mainly determined by the formation time. Cell sensitivities to the inner nozzle diameter and extrusion flux were not significantly different within the given parameter ranges. The integrity of the two material systems can be varied by the formation routes and layer thickness. Under the optimal fabrication parameters, such as formation time within 20 min and gelatin:alginate:fibrinogen ratio of 2:1:1, a high cell survival rate of 80% was attained. The design and fabrication strategies used to create such a complex heterogeneous objects directly from a computer-aided design model represent a promising route for robotic hybrid hierarchical construct implementations, which would allow easy expansion of the subprocessing capabilities and scale up manufacturing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Business Innovation Technology (BIT) Research Centre, School of Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Kai He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
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57
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Zhao X, Wang X. Preparation of an adipose-derived stem cell/fibrin–poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) construct based on a rapid prototyping technique. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911513481892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently, large, thick, and complex tissue vascularization is one of the research focuses of tissue engineering. Numerous studies have proven that microvascular systems can be developed by cultivating endothelial cells in a hydrogel/scaffold structure. As the sources of adult endothelial cells are very limited and very easily degraded, it is better to induce stem cells into endothelial cells. In this article, a grid poly(d,l-lactic- co-glycolic acid) structure with defined internal channels was fabricated using a low-temperature deposition manufacturing technique under computer direction. In a fibrinogen mixture, an aqueous adipose-derived stem cell fibrinogen mixture was incorporated into the internal walls of the poly(d,l-lactic- co-glycolic acid) scaffold and stabilized with thrombin solution. After several days of in vitro culture, the adipose-derived stem cells immobilized in the fibrin hydrogel were induced into endothelial-like cells with endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Morphological and biological properties of the composite cell/fibrin–poly(d,l-lactic- co-glycolic acid) construct were characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Business Innovation Technology (BIT) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Business Innovation Technology (BIT) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
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58
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Ferris CJ, Gilmore KG, Wallace GG, In het Panhuis M. Biofabrication: an overview of the approaches used for printing of living cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4243-58. [PMID: 23525900 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of cell printing is vital for establishing biofabrication approaches as clinically relevant tools. Achieving this requires bio-inks which must not only be easily printable, but also allow controllable and reproducible printing of cells. This review outlines the general principles and current progress and compares the advantages and challenges for the most widely used biofabrication techniques for printing cells: extrusion, laser, microvalve, inkjet and tissue fragment printing. It is expected that significant advances in cell printing will result from synergistic combinations of these techniques and lead to optimised resolution, throughput and the overall complexity of printed constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Ferris
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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59
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Liu D, Zhuang J, Shuai C, Peng S. Mechanical properties' improvement of a tricalcium phosphate scaffold with poly-l-lactic acid in selective laser sintering. Biofabrication 2013; 5:025005. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/5/2/025005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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60
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Gurkan UA, Fan Y, Xu F, Erkmen B, Urkac ES, Parlakgul G, Bernstein J, Xing W, Boyden ES, Demirci U. Simple precision creation of digitally specified, spatially heterogeneous, engineered tissue architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1192-8. [PMID: 23192949 PMCID: PMC3842103 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Atakan Gurkan
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yantao Fan
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Burcu Erkmen
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emel Sokullu Urkac
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gunes Parlakgul
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacob Bernstein
- Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wangli Xing
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Edward S. Boyden
- Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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61
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Lu T, Li Y, Chen T. Techniques for fabrication and construction of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:337-50. [PMID: 23345979 PMCID: PMC3551462 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s38635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional biomimetic scaffolds have widespread applications in biomedical tissue engineering because of their nanoscaled architecture, eg, nanofibers and nanopores, similar to the native extracellular matrix. In the conventional “top-down” approach, cells are seeded onto a biocompatible and biodegradable scaffold, in which cells are expected to populate in the scaffold and create their own extracellular matrix. The top-down approach based on these scaffolds has successfully engineered thin tissues, including skin, bladder, and cartilage in vitro. However, it is still a challenge to fabricate complex and functional tissues (eg, liver and kidney) due to the lack of vascularization systems and limited diffusion properties of these large biomimetic scaffolds. The emerging “bottom-up” method may hold great potential to address these challenges, and focuses on fabricating microscale tissue building blocks with a specific microarchitecture and assembling these units to engineer larger tissue constructs from the bottom up. In this review, state-of-the-art methods for fabrication of three-dimensional biomimetic scaffolds are presented, and their advantages and drawbacks are discussed. The bottom-up methods used to assemble microscale building blocks (eg, microscale hydrogels) for tissue engineering are also reviewed. Finally, perspectives on future development of the bottom-up approach for tissue engineering are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingli Lu
- Key Laboratory of Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.
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62
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Exploring the Future of Hydrogels in Rapid Prototyping: A Review on Current Trends and Limitations. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4328-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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63
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Huang G, Wang S, He X, Zhang X, Lu TJ, Xu F. Helical spring template fabrication of cell-laden microfluidic hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:980-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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64
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Selimović S, Oh J, Bae H, Dokmeci M, Khademhosseini A. Microscale Strategies for Generating Cell-Encapsulating Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2012; 4:1554. [PMID: 23626908 DOI: 10.3390/polym4031554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels in which cells are encapsulated are of great potential interest for tissue engineering applications. These gels provide a structure inside which cells can spread and proliferate. Such structures benefit from controlled microarchitectures that can affect the behavior of the enclosed cells. Microfabrication-based techniques are emerging as powerful approaches to generate such cell-encapsulating hydrogel structures. In this paper we introduce common hydrogels and their crosslinking methods and review the latest microscale approaches for generation of cell containing gel particles. We specifically focus on microfluidics-based methods and on techniques such as micromolding and electrospinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seila Selimović
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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65
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Abstract
Different from the existing tissue engineering strategies, rapid prototyping (RP) techniques aim to automatically produce complex organs directly from computer-aided design freeform models with high resolution and sophistication. Analogous to building a nuclear power plant, cell biology (especially, renewable stem cells), implantable biomaterials, tissue engineering, and single/double/four nozzle RP techniques currently enable researchers in the field to realize a part of the task of complex organ manufacturing. To achieve this multifaceted undertaking, a multi-nozzle rapid prototyping system which can simultaneously integrate an anti-suture vascular system, multiple cell types, and a cocktail of growth factors in a construct should be developed. This article reviews the pros and cons of the existing cell-laden RP techniques for complex organ manufacturing. It is hoped that with the comprehensive multidisciplinary efforts, the implants can virtually replace the functions of a solid internal organ, such as the liver, heart, and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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66
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Billiet T, Vandenhaute M, Schelfhout J, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. A review of trends and limitations in hydrogel-rapid prototyping for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6020-41. [PMID: 22681979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combined potential of hydrogels and rapid prototyping technologies has been an exciting route in developing tissue engineering scaffolds for the past decade. Hydrogels represent to be an interesting starting material for soft, and lately also for hard tissue regeneration. Their application enables the encapsulation of cells and therefore an increase of the seeding efficiency of the fabricated structures. Rapid prototyping techniques on the other hand, have become an elegant tool for the production of scaffolds with the purpose of cell seeding and/or cell encapsulation. By means of rapid prototyping, one can design a fully interconnected 3-dimensional structure with pre-determined dimensions and porosity. Despite this benefit, some of the rapid prototyping techniques are not or less suitable for the generation of hydrogel scaffolds. In this review, we therefore give an overview on the different rapid prototyping techniques suitable for the processing of hydrogel materials. A primary distinction will be made between (i) laser-based, (ii) nozzle-based, and (iii) printer-based systems. Special attention will be addressed to current trends and limitations regarding the respective techniques. Each of these techniques will be further discussed in terms of the different hydrogel materials used so far. One major drawback when working with hydrogels is the lack of mechanical strength. Therefore, maintaining and improving the mechanical integrity of the processed scaffolds has become a key issue regarding 3-dimensional hydrogel structures. This limitation can either be overcome during or after processing the scaffolds, depending on the applied technology and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Billiet
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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67
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Lantada AD, Morgado PL. Rapid prototyping for biomedical engineering: current capabilities and challenges. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 14:73-96. [PMID: 22524389 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new set of manufacturing technologies has emerged in the past decades to address market requirements in a customized way and to provide support for research tasks that require prototypes. These new techniques and technologies are usually referred to as rapid prototyping and manufacturing technologies, and they allow prototypes to be produced in a wide range of materials with remarkable precision in a couple of hours. Although they have been rapidly incorporated into product development methodologies, they are still under development, and their applications in bioengineering are continuously evolving. Rapid prototyping and manufacturing technologies can be of assistance in every stage of the development process of novel biodevices, to address various problems that can arise in the devices' interactions with biological systems and the fact that the design decisions must be tested carefully. This review focuses on the main fields of application for rapid prototyping in biomedical engineering and health sciences, as well as on the most remarkable challenges and research trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Díaz Lantada
- Product Development Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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68
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Grogan SP, Pauli C, Chen P, Du J, Chung CB, Kong SD, Colwell CW, Lotz MK, Jin S, D'Lima DD. In situ tissue engineering using magnetically guided three-dimensional cell patterning. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:496-506. [PMID: 22224660 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of cell patterns in three dimensions in a manner that mimics natural tissue organization and function is critical for cell biological studies and likely essential for successfully regenerating tissues--especially cells with high physiological demands, such as those of the heart, liver, lungs, and articular cartilage.(1, 2) In the present study, we report on the feasibility of arranging iron oxide-labeled cells in three-dimensional hydrogels using magnetic fields. By manipulating the strength, shape, and orientation of the magnetic field and using crosslinking gradients in hydrogels, multi-directional cell arrangements can be produced in vitro and even directly in situ. We show that these ferromagnetic particles are nontoxic between 0.1 and 10 mg/mL; certain species of particles can permit or even enhance tissue formation, and these particles can be tracked using magnetic resonance imaging. Taken together, this approach can be adapted for studying basic biological processes in vitro, for general tissue engineering approaches, and for producing organized repair tissues directly in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Grogan
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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69
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Organ printing: from bioprinter to organ biofabrication line. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:667-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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Wang X, Zhang Q. Overview on "Chinese-Finnish workshop on biomanufacturing and evaluation techniques". Artif Organs 2011; 35:E191-3. [PMID: 21899573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2011.01341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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71
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Wüst S, Müller R, Hofmann S. Controlled Positioning of Cells in Biomaterials-Approaches Towards 3D Tissue Printing. J Funct Biomater 2011; 2:119-54. [PMID: 24956301 PMCID: PMC4030943 DOI: 10.3390/jfb2030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current tissue engineering techniques have various drawbacks: they often incorporate uncontrolled and imprecise scaffold geometries, whereas the current conventional cell seeding techniques result mostly in random cell placement rather than uniform cell distribution. For the successful reconstruction of deficient tissue, new material engineering approaches have to be considered to overcome current limitations. An emerging method to produce complex biological products including cells or extracellular matrices in a controlled manner is a process called bioprinting or biofabrication, which effectively uses principles of rapid prototyping combined with cell-loaded biomaterials, typically hydrogels. 3D tissue printing is an approach to manufacture functional tissue layer-by-layer that could be transplanted in vivo after production. This method is especially advantageous for stem cells since a controlled environment can be created to influence cell growth and differentiation. Using printed tissue for biotechnological and pharmacological needs like in vitro drug-testing may lead to a revolution in the pharmaceutical industry since animal models could be partially replaced by biofabricated tissues mimicking human physiology and pathology. This would not only be a major advancement concerning rising ethical issues but would also have a measureable impact on economical aspects in this industry of today, where animal studies are very labor-intensive and therefore costly. In this review, current controlled material and cell positioning techniques are introduced highlighting approaches towards 3D tissue printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wüst
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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72
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Oshima M, Mizuno M, Imamura A, Ogawa M, Yasukawa M, Yamazaki H, Morita R, Ikeda E, Nakao K, Takano-Yamamoto T, Kasugai S, Saito M, Tsuji T. Functional tooth regeneration using a bioengineered tooth unit as a mature organ replacement regenerative therapy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21531. [PMID: 21765896 PMCID: PMC3134195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor organ transplantation is currently an essential therapeutic approach to the replacement of a dysfunctional organ as a result of disease, injury or aging in vivo. Recent progress in the area of regenerative therapy has the potential to lead to bioengineered mature organ replacement in the future. In this proof of concept study, we here report a further development in this regard in which a bioengineered tooth unit comprising mature tooth, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, was successfully transplanted into a properly-sized bony hole in the alveolar bone through bone integration by recipient bone remodeling in a murine transplantation model system. The bioengineered tooth unit restored enough the alveolar bone in a vertical direction into an extensive bone defect of murine lower jaw. Engrafted bioengineered tooth displayed physiological tooth functions such as mastication, periodontal ligament function for bone remodeling and responsiveness to noxious stimulations. This study thus represents a substantial advance and demonstrates the real potential for bioengineered mature organ replacement as a next generation regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Oshima
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Mizuno
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Aya Imamura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miho Ogawa
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Organ Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yasukawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yamazaki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Morita
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ikeda
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakao
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shohei Kasugai
- Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Saito
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Organ Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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73
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Kai He, Xiaohong Wang. Rapid prototyping of tubular polyurethane and cell/hydrogel constructs. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911511412553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A tubular polyurethane (PU) sandwich-like, adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)/gelatin/alginate/ fibrin construct was fabricated using a double-nozzle, low-temperature (—20°C) deposition technique. The ADSCs survived the fabrication and cryopreservation stages by incorporating a cryoprotectant (glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) in the cell/hydrogel system. With 5% DMSO or 10% glycerol alone in the hydrogel, the cell viabilities were retained (73% and 62%, respectively). The three-dimensional construct was effectively preserved below —80°C for more than 1 week. After the freeze/thaw processes, cell viability and proliferation ability were regained. This strategy has the potential to be widely used in complex organ manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China, Business Innovation Technology Research Centre, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, PO Box 15500, 00076 Aalto, Finland,
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74
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Wang X, Mäkitie AA, Paloheimo KS, Tuomi J, Paloheimo M, Sui S, Zhang Q. Characterization of a PLGA sandwiched cell/fibrin tubular construct and induction of the adipose derived stem cells into smooth muscle cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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75
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Wang X, Sui S. Pulsatile Culture of a Poly(DL-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Sandwiched Cell/Hydrogel Construct Fabricated Using a Step-by-Step Mold/Extraction Method. Artif Organs 2011; 35:645-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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76
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Huang GY, Zhou LH, Zhang QC, Chen YM, Sun W, Xu F, Lu TJ. Microfluidic hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2011; 3:012001. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/3/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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77
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Wang X, Sui S, Liu C. Optimizing the step-by-step forming processes for fabricating a poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-sandwiched cell/hydrogel construct. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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78
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Wang X, Xu H. Incorporation of DMSO and dextran-40 into a gelatin/alginate hydrogel for controlled assembled cell cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2010; 61:345-51. [PMID: 21055398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.10.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new cell cryopreservation strategy for cell-assembling constructs was proposed. With this strategy, different concentrations of dimethysulfoxide (DMSO) and dextran-40 were directly incorporated into the cell/gelatin/alginate systems, prototyped according to a predesigned structure, cryopreserved at -80 °C for 10 days and followed a thawing process at 17 °C. The rheological properties, bonding water contents and melting points of the gelatin/alginate hydrogel systems were changed with the addition of different amounts of DMSO. The microscopy analysis, (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrasodium bromide (MTT) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining indicated that the cell numbers were progressively in a selected DMSO concentration range. With DMSO 5% (v/v) alone, the metabolic rate in the construct attained (81.3±5.7)%. A synergistic effect was achieved with the combination of the DMSO/gelatin/alginate and dextran-40/gelatin/alginate hydrogel systems. These results indicated that the inclusion of DMSO and dextran-40 in the hydrogel could effectively enhance the cell preservation effects. This cryopreservation strategy holds the ability to be widely used in organ manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Business Innovation Technology (BIT) Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
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79
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Toward delivery of multiple growth factors in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6279-308. [PMID: 20493521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by physiological events that accompany the "wound healing cascade", the concept of developing a tissue either in vitro or in vivo has led to the integration of a wide variety of growth factors (GFs) in tissue engineering strategies in an effort to mimic the natural microenvironments of tissue formation and repair. Localised delivery of exogenous GFs is believed to be therapeutically effective for replication of cellular components involved in tissue development and the healing process, thus making them important factors for tissue regeneration. However, any treatment aiming to mimic the critical aspects of the natural biological process should not be limited to the provision of a single GF, but rather should release multiple therapeutic agents at an optimised ratio, each at a physiological dose, in a specific spatiotemporal pattern. Despite several obstacles, delivery of more than one GF at rates mimicking an in vivo situation has promising potential for the clinical management of severely diseased tissues. This article summarises the concept of and early approaches toward the delivery of dual or multiple GFs, as well as current efforts to develop sophisticated delivery platforms for this ambitious purpose, with an emphasis on the application of biomaterials-based deployment technologies that allow for controlled spatial presentation and release kinetics of key biological cues. Additionally, the use of platelet-rich plasma or gene therapy is addressed as alternative, easy, cost-effective and controllable strategies for the release of high concentrations of multiple endogenous GFs, followed by an update of the current progress and future directions of research utilising release technologies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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