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Naldaiz‐Gastesi N, Bahri OA, López de Munain A, McCullagh KJA, Izeta A. The panniculus carnosus muscle: an evolutionary enigma at the intersection of distinct research fields. J Anat 2018; 233:275-288. [PMID: 29893024 PMCID: PMC6081499 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The panniculus carnosus is a thin striated muscular layer intimately attached to the skin and fascia of most mammals, where it provides skin twitching and contraction functions. In humans, the panniculus carnosus is conserved at sparse anatomical locations with high interindividual variability, and it is considered of no functional significance (most possibly being a remnant of evolution). Diverse research fields (such as anatomy, dermatology, myology, neuroscience, surgery, veterinary science) use this unique muscle as a model, but several unknowns and misconceptions remain in the literature. In this article, we review what is currently known about panniculus carnosus structure, development, anatomical location, response to environmental stimuli and potential function(s), with the aim of putting together the evidence arising from the different research communities and raising interest in this unique muscle, which we postulate as an ideal model for both vascular and muscular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neia Naldaiz‐Gastesi
- Tissue Engineering GroupBioengineering AreaInstituto BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- Neuroscience AreaInstituto BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Ola A. Bahri
- Department of PhysiologyHuman Biology BuildingSchool of MedicineNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
- Regenerative Medicine InstituteNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuroscience AreaInstituto BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUPV‐EHUSan SebastianSpain
- Department of NeurologyHospital Universitario DonostiaSan SebastianSpain
| | - Karl J. A. McCullagh
- Department of PhysiologyHuman Biology BuildingSchool of MedicineNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
- Regenerative Medicine InstituteNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering GroupBioengineering AreaInstituto BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringTecnun‐University of NavarraSan SebastianSpain
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52
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Cogan NG, Mellers AP, Patel BN, Powell BD, Aggarwal M, Harper KM, Blaber M. A mathematical model for the determination of mouse excisional wound healing parameters from photographic data. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 26:136-143. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Cogan
- Departments of Mathematics; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
| | - Alana P. Mellers
- Biomedical Sciences; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
| | - Bhavi N. Patel
- Biomedical Sciences; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
| | - Brett D. Powell
- Biomedical Sciences; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
| | - Manu Aggarwal
- Departments of Mathematics; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
| | - Kathleen M. Harper
- Biomedical Research Laboratory Animal Resources; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
| | - Michael Blaber
- Biomedical Sciences; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
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Kurt B, Bilge N, Sözmen M, Aydın U, Önyay T, Özaydın I. Effects of Plantago lanceolata L. extract on full-thickness excisional wound healing in a mouse model. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:249-257. [PMID: 29575942 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1421773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing requires cells that increase both collagen production as a result of inflammatory events and regeneration of epithelial tissue. The Plantago species of herbs have been used in traditional treatment of skin disorders and infectious diseases, and digestive, respiratory, reproductive and circulatory conditions. We investigated the efficacy of different concentrations of Plantago lanceolata L. extract (PLE) for wound healing owing to its anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcerative, analgesic and immunomodulatory properties. We used 72 mice in four groups of 18. An excisional 1 cm wound was created in the skin on the back of the mice in all groups. An ointment containing 10% PLE was applied to the wound in group 1, an ointment containing 20% PLE was applied in group 2 and vaseline was applied in group 3. In group 4, no treatment was applied to the wound. On days 7, 14, and 21 of the experiment, six animals in each group were sacrificed after the wounds were photographed and specimens from the wound sites were examined. On day 14, epithelialization was more prominent in group 2, while vascularization and collagen deposition was more advanced in groups 1 and 2 compared to the other groups. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that TGF-β1 expression was elevated on day 14 in all groups; however, this elevation was more limited in groups 1 and 2 than in groups 3 and 4. Although ANGPT-2 expression increased in groups 1 and 4 on day 14, it decreased significantly in groups 2 and 3. We found that different concentrations of PLE exhibited positive effects on wound healing. Application of 10% PLE ointment may be a useful strategy for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kurt
- a Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafkas University , Kars , Turkey
| | - N Bilge
- b Department of Food Safety and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafkas University , Kars , Turkey
| | - M Sözmen
- c Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ondokuz Mayıs University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - U Aydın
- a Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafkas University , Kars , Turkey
| | - T Önyay
- d Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ondokuz Mayıs University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - I Özaydın
- a Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafkas University , Kars , Turkey
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Comparative regenerative mechanisms across different mammalian tissues. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:6. [PMID: 29507774 PMCID: PMC5824955 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulating regeneration of complex tissues and organs after injury to effect complete structural and functional repair, is an attractive therapeutic option that would revolutionize clinical medicine. Compared to many metazoan phyla that show extraordinary regenerative capacity, which in some instances persists throughout life, regeneration in mammalians, particularly humans, is limited or absent. Here we consider recent insights in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of regeneration that have come from studies of tissue homeostasis and injury repair in mammalian tissues that span the spectrum from little or no self-renewal, to those showing active cell turnover throughout life. These studies highlight the diversity of factors that constrain regeneration, including immune responses, extracellular matrix composition, age, injury type, physiological adaptation, and angiogenic and neurogenic capacity. Despite these constraints, much progress has been made in elucidating key molecular mechanisms that may provide therapeutic targets for the development of future regenerative therapies, as well as previously unidentified developmental paradigms and windows-of-opportunity for improved regenerative repair.
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55
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The effects of artocarpin on wound healing: in vitro and in vivo studies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15599. [PMID: 29142215 PMCID: PMC5688173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin protects the body against harmful substances and microorganisms. When the skin is damaged, wound healing must be finely regulated to restore the normal function of skin tissue. Artocarpin (ARTO), a prenylated flavonoid purified from the plant Artocarpus communis, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the wound healing potential and therapeutic mechanism of ARTO. Immunohistochemical staining of neutrophils and macrophages and mouse cytokine array analysis demonstrated that ARTO accelerates inflammatory progression and subsequently decreases persistent inflammation. ARTO increases collagen production and increases human fibroblast proliferation and migration by activating the P38 and JNK pathways. Moreover, ARTO increases the proliferation and migration of human keratinocytes through the ERK and P38 pathways and augments human endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation through the Akt and P38 pathways. Together, our data suggested that ARTO enhances skin wound healing, possibly by accelerating the inflammatory phase and by increasing myofibroblast differentiation, proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, collagen synthesis and maturation, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis. These findings indicate that ARTO has potential as a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of skin wounds.
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56
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Fibromodulin reduces scar formation in adult cutaneous wounds by eliciting a fetal-like phenotype. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2. [PMID: 29201497 PMCID: PMC5661627 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blocking transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 signal transduction has been a central strategy for scar reduction; however, this approach appears to be minimally effective. Here, we show that fibromodulin (FMOD), a 59-kD small leucine-rich proteoglycan critical for normal collagen fibrillogenesis, significantly reduces scar formation while simultaneously increasing scar strength in both adult rodent models and porcine wounds, which simulate human cutaneous scar repair. Mechanistically, FMOD uncouples pro-migration/contraction cellular signals from pro-fibrotic signaling by selectively enhancing SMAD3-mediated signal transduction, while reducing AP-1-mediated TGFβ1 auto-induction and fibrotic extracellular matrix accumulation. Consequently, FMOD accelerates TGFβ1-responsive adult fibroblast migration, myofibroblast conversion, and function. Furthermore, our findings strongly indicate that, by delicately orchestrating TGFβ1 activities rather than indiscriminately blocking TGFβ1, FMOD elicits fetal-like cellular and molecular phenotypes in adult dermal fibroblasts in vitro and adult cutaneous wounds in vivo, which is a unique response of living system undescribed previously. Taken together, this study illuminates the signal modulating activities of FMOD beyond its structural support functions, and highlights the potential for FMOD-based therapies to be used in cutaneous wound repair.
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57
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Casal D, Mota-Silva E, Pais D, Iria I, Videira PA, Tanganho D, Alves S, Mascarenhas-Lemos L, Martins Ferreira J, Ferraz-Oliveira M, Vassilenko V, O’Neill JG. Optimization of an Arterialized Venous Fasciocutaneous Flap in the Abdomen of the Rat. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1436. [PMID: 28894657 PMCID: PMC5585430 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous experimental models of arterialized venous flaps (AVFs) have been proposed, no single model has gained widespread acceptance. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the survival area of AVFs produced with different vascular constructs in the abdomen of the rat. METHODS Fifty-three male rats were divided into 4 groups. In group I (n = 12), a 5-cm-long and 3-cm-wide conventional epigastric flap was raised on the left side of the abdomen. This flap was pedicled on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels caudally and on the lateral thoracic vein cranially. In groups II, III, and IV, a similar flap was raised, but the superficial epigastric artery was ligated. In these groups, AVFs were created using the following arterial venous anastomosis at the caudal end of the flap: group II (n = 13) a 1-mm-long side-to-side anastomosis was performed between the femoral artery and vein laterally to the ending of the superficial caudal epigastric vein. In group III (n = 14), in addition to the procedure described for group II, the femoral vein was ligated medially. Finally, in group IV (n = 14), the superficial caudal epigastric vein was cut from the femoral vein with a 1-mm-long ellipse of adjacent tissue, and an end-to-side arterial venous anastomosis was established between it and the femoral artery. RESULTS Seven days postoperatively, the percentage of flap survival was 98.89 ± 1.69, 68.84 ± 7.36, 63.84 ± 10.38, 76.86 ± 13.67 in groups I-IV, respectively. CONCLUSION An optimized AVF can be produced using the vascular architecture described for group IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Casal
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Mota-Silva
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Pais
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Iria
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Videira
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Tanganho
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Alves
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Mascarenhas-Lemos
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Martins Ferreira
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário Ferraz-Oliveira
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valentina Vassilenko
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Goyri O’Neill
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Glycoimmunology, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
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58
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Blackstone BN, Kim JY, McFarland KL, Sen CK, Supp DM, Bailey JK, Powell HM. Scar formation following excisional and burn injuries in a red Duroc pig model. Wound Repair Regen 2017; 25:618-631. [PMID: 28727221 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Scar research is challenging because rodents do not naturally form excessive scars, and burn depth, size, and location cannot be controlled in human longitudinal studies. The female, red Duroc pig model has been shown to form robust scars with biological and anatomical similarities to human hypertrophic scars. To more closely mimic the mode of injury, recreate the complex chemical milieu of the burn wound environment and enhance scar development, an animal model of excessive burn-induced scarring was developed and compared with the more commonly used model, which involves excisional wounds created via dermatome. Standardized, full-thickness thermal wounds were created on the dorsum of female, red Duroc pigs. Wounds for the dermatome model were created using two different total dermatome settings: ∼1.5 mm and ≥ 1.9 mm. Results from analysis over 150 days showed that burn wounds healed at much slower rate and contracted more significantly than dermatome wounds of both settings. The burn scars were hairless, had mixed pigmentation, and displayed fourfold and twofold greater excess erythema values, respectively, compared with ∼1.5 mm and ≥ 1.9 mm deep dermatome injuries. Burn scars were less elastic, less pliable, and weaker than scars resulting from excisional injuries. Decorin and versican gene expression levels were elevated in the burn group at day 150 compared with both dermatome groups. In addition, transforming growth factor-beta 1 was significantly up-regulated in the burn group vs. the ∼1.5 mm deep dermatome group at all time points, and expression remained significantly elevated vs. both dermatome groups at day 150. Compared with scars from dermatome wounds, the burn scar model described here demonstrates greater similarity to human hypertrophic scar. Thus, this burn scar model may provide an improved platform for studying the pathophysiology of burn-related hypertrophic scarring, investigating current anti-scar therapies, and development of new strategies with greater clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britani N Blackstone
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jayne Y Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kevin L McFarland
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dorothy M Supp
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - J Kevin Bailey
- Critical Care, Trauma and Burns, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Heather M Powell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Ciarlillo D, Celeste C, Carmeliet P, Boerboom D, Theoret C. A hypoxia response element in the Vegfa promoter is required for basal Vegfa expression in skin and for optimal granulation tissue formation during wound healing in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180586. [PMID: 28686658 PMCID: PMC5501577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia in skin wounds is thought to contribute to healing through the induction of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Although HIF-1 can regulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa), whether hypoxia and HIF-1 are required to induce Vegfa expression in the context of wound healing is unknown. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated Vegfa expression and wound healing in mutant mice that lack a functional HIF-1 binding site in the Vegfa promoter. Full-thickness excisional wounds were made using a biopsy punch, left to heal by second intention, and granulation tissue isolated on a time course during healing. mRNA levels of Vegfa and its target genes platelet-derived growth factors B (Pdgfb) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (Sdf1) were measured by RT-qPCR, and HIF-1alpha and VEGFA protein levels measured by immunoblotting. Lower levels of Vegfa, Pdgf1 and Sdf1 mRNA were found in intact skin of mutant mice relative to wild-type controls (n = 6 mice/genotype), whereas levels in granulation tissue during wound healing were unaltered. VEGFA protein levels were also lower in intact skin of the mutant versus the wild-type mice. Decreased Vegfa mRNA levels in skin of mutant mice could not be attributed to decreased HIF-1alpha protein expression, and were therefore a consequence of the loss of HIF-1 responsiveness of the Vegfa promoter. Comparative histologic analyses of healing wounds in mutant and wild-type mice (n = 8 mice/genotype) revealed significant defects in granulation tissue in the mutant mice, both in terms of quantity and capillary density, although epithelialization and healing rates were unaltered. We conclude that HIF-1 is not a major regulator of Vegfa expression during wound healing; rather, it serves to maintain basal levels of expression of Vegfa and its target genes in intact skin, which are required for optimal granulation tissue formation in response to wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic Ciarlillo
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Christophe Celeste
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Derek Boerboom
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Theoret
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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60
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Boyko TV, Longaker MT, Yang GP. Laboratory Models for the Study of Normal and Pathologic Wound Healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139:654-662. [PMID: 28234843 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000003077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of wound healing is based on studies using various in vitro and in vivo wound models. In vitro models allow for biological examination of specific cell types involved in wound healing. In vivo models generally provide the full spectrum of biological responses required for wound healing, including inflammation and angiogenesis, and provide cell-cell interactions not seen in vitro. In this review, the authors aim to delineate the most relevant wound healing models currently available and to discuss their strengths and limitations in their approximation of the human wound healing processes to aid scientists in choosing the most appropriate wound healing models for designing, testing, and validating their experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Boyko
- Stanford and Palo Alto, Calif.; and Buffalo, N.Y.,From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, the Department of Surgery, and the Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; the Palo Alto VA Health Care System; and the Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Stanford and Palo Alto, Calif.; and Buffalo, N.Y.,From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, the Department of Surgery, and the Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; the Palo Alto VA Health Care System; and the Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - George P Yang
- Stanford and Palo Alto, Calif.; and Buffalo, N.Y.,From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, the Department of Surgery, and the Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; the Palo Alto VA Health Care System; and the Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
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61
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Role of carbonic anhydrases in skin wound healing. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e334. [PMID: 28524177 PMCID: PMC5454449 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wound closure occurs when keratinocytes migrate from the edge of the wound and re-epithelialize the epidermis. Their migration takes place primarily before any vascularization is established, that is, under hypoxia, but relatively little is known regarding the factors that stimulate this migration. Hypoxia and an acidic environment are well-established stimuli for cancer cell migration. The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) contribute to tumor cell migration by generating an acidic environment through the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and a proton. On this basis, we explored the possible role of CAs in tissue regeneration using mouse skin wound models. We show that the expression of mRNAs encoding CA isoforms IV and IX are increased (~25 × and 4 ×, respectively) during the wound hypoxic period (days 2-5) and that cells expressing CAs form a band-like structure beneath the migrating epidermis. RNA-Seq analysis suggested that the CA IV-specific signal in the wound is mainly derived from neutrophils. Due to the high level of induction of CA IV in the wound, we treated skin wounds locally with recombinant human CA IV enzyme. Recombinant CA IV significantly accelerated wound re-epithelialization. Thus, CA IV could contribute to wound healing by providing an acidic environment in which the migrating epidermis and neutrophils can survive and may offer novel opportunities to accelerate wound healing under compromised conditions.
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62
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Li CX, Talele NP, Boo S, Koehler A, Knee-Walden E, Balestrini JL, Speight P, Kapus A, Hinz B. MicroRNA-21 preserves the fibrotic mechanical memory of mesenchymal stem cells. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:379-389. [PMID: 27798620 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Expansion on stiff culture substrates activates pro-fibrotic cell programs that are retained by mechanical memory. Here, we show that priming on physiologically soft silicone substrates suppresses fibrogenesis and desensitizes mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) against subsequent mechanical activation in vitro and in vivo, and identify the microRNA miR-21 as a long-term memory keeper of the fibrogenic program in MSCs. During stiff priming, miR-21 levels were gradually increased by continued regulation through the acutely mechanosensitive myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A/MLK-1) and remained high over 2 weeks after removal of the mechanical stimulus. Knocking down miR-21 once by the end of the stiff-priming period was sufficient to erase the mechanical memory and sensitize MSCs to subsequent exposure to soft substrates. Soft priming and erasing mechanical memory following cell culture expansion protects MSCs from fibrogenesis in the host wound environment and increases the chances for success of MSC therapy in tissue-repair applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xi Li
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Nilesh P Talele
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Stellar Boo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Anne Koehler
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Ericka Knee-Walden
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | | | - Pam Speight
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute in the St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute in the St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
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63
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Jimi S, De Francesco F, Ferraro GA, Riccio M, Hara S. A Novel Skin Splint for Accurately Mapping Dermal Remodeling and Epithelialization During Wound Healing. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1225-1232. [PMID: 27626888 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mouse excisional dorsal full-thickness wound model with a silicon splint fixed on the skin has been widely used to mimic human wound healing. However, the method cannot accurately quantify dermal remodeling, since the initial point of epithelialization on the wound surface is unclear. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a novel mouse excisional wound model to assess the degree of epithelial extension and regeneration, using a plastic ring-shaped splint fixed beneath the surrounding epidermal tissue. At the end of the experiment, tissue samples were fixed in formalin, the splint was excised, and paraffin sections were prepared. Splint holes, corresponding to the prior location of the splint, were evident on the tissue cross-sections, and the epidermis above the holes was considered the initial excision site. The epidermal contraction and epithelial regeneration, as independent essential tissue alterations in wound healing, could be distinguishable and quantified. Compared with previous splint models, this method provides an accurate evaluation of epidermal processes in wound healing, and can be a platform to assess the effects of various wound healing factors. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1225-1232, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Jimi
- Central Laboratory for Pathology and Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Francesco De Francesco
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Ferraro
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Riccio
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery-Hand Surgery, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", Ancona, Italy
| | - Shuuji Hara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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64
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Nabai L, Ghahary A. Hypertrophic Scarring in the Rabbit Ear: A Practical Model for Studying Dermal Fibrosis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1627:81-89. [PMID: 28836196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7113-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Excessive fibrous tissue deposition after injury in the form of hypertrophic scar remains a major clinical challenge. The development of an animal model for such scarring has been extremely difficult because of a major difference between the healing process in laboratory animals and humans. Here, we describe the rabbit ear model for excessive dermal scarring which has some clinical and histological resemblance to human hypertrophic scar. Since its development, this model has been widely used to study the cellular and molecular biology of hypertrophic scarring and evaluate the efficacy of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Nabai
- Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aziz Ghahary
- Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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65
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Mimura KKO, Moraes AR, Miranda AC, Greco R, Ansari T, Sibbons P, Greco KV, Oliani SM. Mechanisms underlying heterologous skin scaffold-mediated tissue remodeling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35074. [PMID: 27725772 PMCID: PMC5057165 DOI: 10.1038/srep35074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocompatibility of two newly developed porcine skin scaffolds was assessed after 3, 14, 21 and 90 days of implantation in rats. Both scaffolds showed absence of cells, preservation of ECM and mechanical properties comparable to non-decellularised skin before implantation. Host cell infiltration was much prominent on both scaffolds when compared to Permacol (surgical control). At day 3, the grafts were surrounded by polymorphonuclear cells, which were replaced by a notable number of IL-6-positive cells at day 14. Simultaneously, the number of pro-inflammatory M1-macrophage was enhanced. Interestingly, a predominant pro-remodeling M2 response, with newly formed vessels, myofibroblasts activation and a shift on the type of collagen expression was sequentially delayed (around 21 days). The gene expression of some trophic factors involved in tissue remodeling was congruent with the cellular events. Our findings suggested that the responsiveness of macrophages after non-crosslinked skin scaffolds implantation seemed to intimately affect various cell responses and molecular events; and this range of mutually reinforcing actions was predictive of a positive tissue remodeling that was essential for the long-standing success of the implants. Furthermore, our study indicates that non-crosslinked biologic scaffold implantation is biocompatible to the host tissue and somehow underlying molecular events involved in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallyne K. O. Mimura
- Post-Graduation in Structural and Functional Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Andréia R. Moraes
- Department of Biology; Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas; São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Aline C. Miranda
- Department of Biology; Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas; São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Greco
- Department of Surgical Research, Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research, University College London (UCL), London, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tahera Ansari
- Department of Surgical Research, Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research, University College London (UCL), London, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sibbons
- Department of Surgical Research, Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research, University College London (UCL), London, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Karin V. Greco
- Department of Surgical Research, Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research, University College London (UCL), London, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia M. Oliani
- Post-Graduation in Structural and Functional Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil
- Department of Biology; Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas; São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
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66
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Nuutila K, Singh M, Kruse C, Philip J, Caterson EJ, Eriksson E. Titanium wound chambers for wound healing research. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:1097-1102. [PMID: 27607352 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Standardized and reproducible animal models are crucial in medical research. Rodents are commonly used in wound healing studies since, they are easily available, affordable and simple to handle and house. However, the most significant limitation of rodent models is that the wounds heal by contraction while in humans the primary mechanisms of healing are reepithelialization and granulation tissue formation. The robust contraction results in faster wound closure that complicates the reproducibility of rodent studies in clinical trials. We have developed a titanium wound chamber for rodent wound healing research. The chamber is engineered from two pieces of titanium and is placed transcutaneously on the dorsum of a rodent. The chamber inhibits wound contraction and provides a means for controlled monitoring and sampling of the wound environment in vivo with minimal foreign body reaction. This technical report introduces two modalities utilizing the titanium chambers in rats: (1) Wound in a skin island model and, (2) Wound without skin model. Here, we demonstrate in rats how the "wound in a skin island model" slows down wound contraction and how the "wound without skin" model completely prevents the closure. The titanium wound chamber provides a reproducible standardized models for wound healing research in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristo Nuutila
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mansher Singh
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carla Kruse
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin Philip
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward J Caterson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elof Eriksson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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67
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Lim NSJ, Sham A, Chee SML, Chan C, Raghunath M. Combination of ciclopirox olamine and sphingosine-1-phosphate as granulation enhancer in diabetic wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:795-809. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sheng Jie Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Biomedical Research Council, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, (A*STAR)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National University of Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Programme; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
| | - Adeline Sham
- Institute of Medical Biology, Biomedical Research Council, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, (A*STAR)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National University of Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Programme; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
| | - Stella Min Ling Chee
- Institute of Medical Biology, Biomedical Research Council, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, (A*STAR)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National University of Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Programme; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
| | - Casey Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National University of Singapore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Institute of Medical Biology, Biomedical Research Council, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, (A*STAR)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National University of Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Programme; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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68
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Blaber SI, Diaz J, Blaber M. Accelerated healing in NONcNZO10/LtJ type 2 diabetic mice by FGF-1. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 23:538-49. [PMID: 25891187 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel therapies to treat chronic diabetic ulcers depends upon appropriate animal models for early stage investigation. The NONcNZO10/LtJ mouse is a new polygenic strain developed to more realistically model human metabolic syndrome and obesity-induced type 2 diabetes; however, detailed wound healing properties have not been reported. Herein, we describe a quantitative wound healing study in the NONcNZO10/LtJ mouse using a splinted excisional wound. The rate of wound healing is compared to various controls, and is also quantified in response to topical administration of normal and mutant fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1). Quantitation of reepithelialization shows that the diabetic condition in the NONcNZO10/LtJ mouse is concomitant with a decreased rate of dermal healing. Furthermore, topical administration of a FGF-1/heparin formulation effectively accelerates reepithelialization. A similar acceleration can also be achieved by a stabilized mutant form of FGF-1 formulated in the absence of heparin. Such accelerated rates of healing are not associated with any abnormal histology in the healed wounds. The results identify the NONcNZO10/LtJ mouse as a useful model of impaired wound healing in type 2 diabetes, and further, identify engineered forms of FGF-1 as a potential “second-generation” therapeutic to promote diabetic dermal wound healing.
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69
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Wu J, Ye J, Zhu J, Xiao Z, He C, Shi H, Wang Y, Lin C, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Fu X, Chen H, Li X, Li L, Zheng J, Xiao J. Heparin-Based Coacervate of FGF2 Improves Dermal Regeneration by Asserting a Synergistic Role with Cell Proliferation and Endogenous Facilitated VEGF for Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2168-77. [PMID: 27196997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effective wound healing requires complicated, coordinated interactions and responses at protein, cellular, and tissue levels involving growth factor expression, cell proliferation, wound closure, granulation tissue formation, and vascularization. In this study, we develop a heparin-based coacervate consisting of poly(ethylene argininylaspartate digylceride) (PEAD) as a storage matrix, heparin as a bridge, and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) as a cargo (namely heparin-FGF2@PEAD) for wound healing. First, in vitro characterization demonstrates the loading efficiency and control release of FGF2 from the heparin-FGF2@PEAD coacervate. The following in vivo studies examine the wound healing efficiency of the heparin-FGF2@PEAD coacervate upon delivering FGF2 to full-thickness excisional skin wounds in vivo, in comparison with the other three control groups with saline, heparin@PEAD as vehicle, and free FGF2. Collective in vivo data show that controlled release of FGF2 to the wounds by the coacervate significantly accelerates the wound healing by promoting cell proliferation, stimulating the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for re-epithelization, collagen deposition, and granulation tissue formation, and enhancing the expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (CD31) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) for blood vessel maturation. In parallel, no obvious wound healing effect is found for the control, vehicle, and free FGF2 groups, indicating the important role of the coavervate in the wound healing process. This work designs a suitable delivery system that can protect and release FGF2 in a sustained and controlled manner, which provides a promising therapeutic potential for topical treatment of wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Zecong Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chaochao He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hongxue Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Cai Lin
- The First Affiliate Hospital Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing 1008553, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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70
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Prockop DJ, Prockop SE, Bertoncello I. Are clinical trials with mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells too far ahead of the science? Lessons from experimental hematology. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3055-61. [PMID: 25100155 PMCID: PMC4245369 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cells referred to as mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are currently being used to treat thousands of patients with diseases of essentially all the organs and tissues of the body. Strikingly positive results have been reported in some patients, but there have been few prospective controlled studies. Also, the reasons for the beneficial effects are frequently unclear. As a result there has been a heated debate as to whether the clinical trials with these new cell therapies are too far ahead of the science. The debate is not easily resolved, but important insights are provided by the 60-year history that was required to develop the first successful stem cell therapy, the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. The history indicates that development of a dramatically new therapy usually requires patience and a constant dialogue between basic scientists and physicians carrying out carefully designed clinical trials. It also suggests that the field can be moved forward by establishing better records of how MSCs are prepared, by establishing a large supply of reference MSCs that can be used to validate assays and compare MSCs prepared in different laboratories, and by continuing efforts to establish in vivo assays for the efficacy of MSCs. Stem Cells2014;32:3055–3061
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin J Prockop
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, USA
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71
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Abstract
Interactions between microbes are complex and play an important role in the pathogenesis of infections. These interactions can range from fierce competition for nutrients and niches to highly evolved cooperative mechanisms between different species that support their mutual growth. An increasing appreciation for these interactions, and desire to uncover the mechanisms that govern them, has resulted in a shift from monomicrobial to polymicrobial biofilm studies in different disease models. Here we provide an overview of biofilm models used to study select polymicrobial infections and highlight the impact that the interactions between microbes within these biofilms have on disease progression. Notable recent advances in the development of polymicrobial biofilm-associated infection models and challenges facing the study of polymicrobial biofilms are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Gabrilska
- Departments of Surgery & Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Kendra P Rumbaugh
- Departments of Surgery & Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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72
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Chen L, Mirza R, Kwon Y, DiPietro LA, Koh TJ. The murine excisional wound model: Contraction revisited. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:874-7. [PMID: 26136050 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models of healing are considered limited because of the perception that rodent wounds heal by contraction while humans heal by reepithelialization The purpose of this report is to present evidence that simple murine excisional wounds provide a valid and reproducible wound model that heals by both contraction and reepithelialization. Previous studies have shown that, although rodent wounds contract by up to 80%, much of this contraction occurs only after epithelial closure. To confirm these previous findings, we measured re-epithelialization and contraction in three separate mouse strains, (BALB/c, db/+, and db/db); reepithelialization and contraction each accounted for ∼40 to 60% of the initial closure of full thickness excisional wounds. After closure, the wound continues to contract and this provides the impression of dominant closure by contraction. In conclusion, the simple excisional rodent wound model produces a well defined and readily identifiable wound bed over which the process of reepithelialization is clearly measurable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rita Mirza
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Young Kwon
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Luisa A DiPietro
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Timothy J Koh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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73
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Enhancing repair of full-thickness excisional wounds in a murine model: Impact of tissue-engineered biological dressings featuring human differentiated adipocytes. Acta Biomater 2015; 22:39-49. [PMID: 25934321 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Promotion of skin repair for acute or chronic wounds through the use of tissue-engineered products is an active field of research. This study evaluates the effects mediated by tissue-engineered biological dressings containing human in vitro-differentiated adipocytes and adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs). Re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation and neovascularization of full-thickness cutaneous wounds were specifically assessed using a murine model featuring a fluorescent epidermis. In comparison with wounds that did not receive an adipocyte-containing biological dressing, treated wounds displayed a slight but significantly faster wound closure based on macroscopic observations over 18 days. Non-invasive imaging of GFP-expressing keratinocytes determined that the kinetics of re-epithelialization were similar for both groups. Treated wounds featured thicker granulation tissues (1.7-fold, P < 0.0001) enriched in collagens (1.3-fold, P < 0.0104). In addition, wound cryosections labeled for detection of CD31-expressing cells indicated a 2.2-fold (P < 0.0002) increased neovascularization for the treated wounds at the time of terminal biopsy. This is in accordance with the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors detected in media conditioned by the dressings. Taken together, these results establish that a new type of engineered substitutes featuring a mixture of adipocytes and ASCs can promote cutaneous healing when applied as temporary dressings, suggesting their potential relevance for chronic wound management studies.
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74
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Almodóvar-García K, Kwon M, Samaras SE, Davidson JM. ANKRD1 acts as a transcriptional repressor of MMP13 via the AP-1 site. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1500-11. [PMID: 24515436 PMCID: PMC3993579 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01357-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional cofactor ANKRD1 is sharply induced during wound repair, and its overexpression enhances healing. We recently found that global deletion of murine Ankrd1 impairs wound contraction and enhances necrosis of ischemic wounds. A quantitative PCR array of Ankrd1(-/-) (KO) fibroblasts indicated that ANKRD1 regulates MMP genes. Yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation analyses associated ANKRD1 with nucleolin, which represses AP-1 activation of MMP13. Ankrd1 deletion enhanced both basal and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced MMP13 promoter activity; conversely, Ankrd1 overexpression in control cells decreased PMA-induced MMP13 promoter activity. Ankrd1 reconstitution in KO fibroblasts decreased MMP13 mRNA, while Ankrd1 knockdown increased these levels. MMP13 mRNA and protein were elevated in intact skin and wounds of KO versus Ankrd1(fl/fl) (FLOX) mice. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay gel shift patterns suggested that additional transcription factors bind to the MMP13 AP-1 site in the absence of Ankrd1, and this concept was reinforced by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis as greater binding of c-Jun to the AP-1 site in extracts from FLOX versus KO fibroblasts. We propose that ANKRD1, in association with factors such as nucleolin, represses MMP13 transcription. Ankrd1 deletion additionally relieved MMP10 transcriptional repression. Nuclear ANKRD1 appears to modulate extracellular matrix remodeling by MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karinna Almodóvar-García
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Minjae Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan E. Samaras
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Yao Z, Huang Y, Luo G, Wu J, He W. A biological membrane-based novel excisional wound-splinting model in mice (With video). BURNS & TRAUMA 2014; 2:196-200. [PMID: 27602382 PMCID: PMC5012063 DOI: 10.4103/2321-3868.143625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Rodents have robust wound healing mechanism compared to other animal species. The major mechanisms of wound healing differ between rodents and humans. In humans, wound healing primarily depends on re-epithelialization and granulation tissue (GT) formation, whereas wound contraction is more important during rodent wound closure. In this study, we described a novel excisional wound-splinting model in mice with a new biological membrane to imitate wound healing in humans. In this model, wound contraction can be effectually prevented, and the extent of re-epithelialization and the amount of granulation tissue can be determined easily. Furthermore, the harvested tissues can be analyzed with different methods according to the research aim. In conclusion, we have developed a biological membrane-based, novel, excisional wound-splinting model in mice that has unique advantages for wound healing research compared with the conventional animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Diseases, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Diseases, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Diseases, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Diseases, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Diseases, Chongqing, 400038 China
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