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Ellegård S, Veenstra C, Pérez-Tenorio G, Fagerström V, Gårsjö J, Gert K, Sundquist M, Malmström A, Wingren S, Elander NO, Hallbeck AL, Stål O. ERBB2 and PTPN2 gene copy numbers as prognostic factors in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer treated with trastuzumab. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3371-3381. [PMID: 30867772 PMCID: PMC6396168 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab has markedly improved the treatment and long-term prognosis of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. A frequent clinical challenge in patients with relapsing and/or metastatic disease is de novo or acquired trastuzumab resistance, and to date no predictive biomarkers for palliative trastuzumab have been established. In the present study, the prognostic values of factors involved in the HER2-associated PI3K/Akt signalling pathway were explored. The first 46 consecutive patients treated at the Department of Oncology, Linköping University Hospital between 2000 and 2007 with trastuzumab for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer were retrospectively included. The gene copy number variation and protein expression of several components of the PI3K/Akt pathway were assessed in the tumour tissue and biopsy samples using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Patients with tumours displaying a high-grade ERBB2 (HER2) amplification level of ≥6 copies had a significantly improved overall survival hazard ratio [(HR)=0.4; 95%, confidence interval (CI): 0.2–0.9] and progression-free survival (HR=0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–0.7) compared with patients with tumours harbouring fewer ERBB2 copies. High-grade ERBB2 amplification was significantly associated with the development of central nervous system metastases during palliative treatment. Copy gain (≥3 copies) of the gene encoding the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN2 was associated with a shorter overall survival (HR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.0–4.0) and shorter progression-free survival (HR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.0–4.1). In conclusion, high ERBB2 amplification level is a potential positive prognostic factor in trastuzumab-treated HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, whereas PTPN2 gain is a potential negative prognostic factor. Further studies are warranted on the role of PTPN2 in HER2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Ellegård
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cynthia Veenstra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gizeh Pérez-Tenorio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Victor Fagerström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Kalmar Hospital, SE-392 44 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jon Gårsjö
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Krista Gert
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Sundquist
- Department of Surgery, Kalmar Hospital, SE-392 44 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Annika Malmström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sten Wingren
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Nils O Elander
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lotta Hallbeck
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Rani A, Stebbing J, Giamas G, Murphy J. Endocrine Resistance in Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer-From Mechanism to Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:245. [PMID: 31178825 PMCID: PMC6543000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance and role of the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway has been well-documented in both breast cancer (BC) development and progression. The treatment of choice in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is classically divided into a variety of endocrine therapies, 3 of the most common being: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), aromatase inhibitors (AI) and selective estrogen receptor down-regulators (SERD). In a proportion of patients, resistance develops to endocrine therapy due to a sophisticated and at times redundant interference, at the molecular level between the ER and growth factor. The progression to endocrine resistance is considered to be a gradual, step-wise process. Several mechanisms have been proposed but thus far none of them can be defined as the complete explanation behind the phenomenon of endocrine resistance. Although multiple cellular, molecular and immune mechanisms have been and are being extensively studied, their individual roles are often poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current progress in our understanding of ER biology and the molecular mechanisms that predispose and determine endocrine resistance in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Aradhana Rani
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - John Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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53
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Ribeiro AS, Nobre AR, Mendes N, Almeida J, Vieira AF, Sousa B, Carvalho FA, Monteiro J, Polónia A, Fonseca M, Sanches JM, Santos NC, Seruca R, Paredes J. SRC inhibition prevents P-cadherin mediated signaling and function in basal-like breast cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:75. [PMID: 30404626 PMCID: PMC6223051 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is a poor prognosis subgroup of triple-negative carcinomas that still lack specific target therapies and accurate biomarkers for treatment selection. P-cadherin is frequently overexpressed in these tumors, promoting cell invasion, stem cell activity and tumorigenesis by the activation of Src-Family kinase (SRC) signaling. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate if the treatment of BLBC cells with dasatinib, the FDA approved SRC inhibitor, would impact on P-cadherin induced tumor aggressive behavior. METHODS P-cadherin and SRC expression was evaluated in a series of invasive Breast Cancer and contingency tables and chi-square tests were performed. Cell-cell adhesion measurements were performed by Atomic Force Microscopy, where frequency histograms and Gaussian curves were applied. 2D and 3D cell migration and invasion, proteases secretion and self-renew potential were evaluated in vitro. Student's t-tests were used to determine statistically significant differences. The cadherin/catenin complex interactions were evaluated by in situ proximity-ligation assay, and statistically significant results were determined by using Mann-Whitney test with a Bonferroni correction. In vivo xenograft mouse models were used to evaluate the impact of dasatinib on tumor growth and survival. ANOVA test was used to evaluate the differences in tumor size, considering a confidence interval of 95%. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier's method, using the log-rank test to assess significant differences for mice overall survival. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that P-cadherin overexpression is significantly associated with SRC activation in breast cancer cells, which was also validated in a large series of primary tumor samples. SRC activity suppression with dasatinib significantly prevented the in vitro functional effects of P-cadherin overexpressing cells, as well as their in vivo tumorigenic and metastatic ability, by increasing mice overall survival. Mechanistically, SRC inhibition affects P-cadherin downstream signaling, rescues the E-cadherin/p120-catenin complex to the cell membrane, recovering cell-cell adhesion function. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion our findings show that targeting P-cadherin/SRC signaling and functional activity may open novel therapeutic opportunities for highly aggressive and poor prognostic basal-like breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Ribeiro
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rita Nobre
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendes
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Almeida
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Filipe Vieira
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Sousa
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filomena A Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Monteiro
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Polónia
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP, Medical Faculty of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Martina Fonseca
- Institute for Systems and Robotics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Sanches
- Institute for Systems and Robotics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seruca
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP, Medical Faculty of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Paredes
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP, Medical Faculty of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Down-regulation of cathepsin S and matrix metalloproteinase-9 via Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, suppresses triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-14. [PMID: 30185799 PMCID: PMC6123788 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly metastatic breast cancer with poor prognosis. In the present study, we demonstrated that Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, might provide an effective therapeutic strategy to overcome TNBC invasion and metastasis, which are mediated via the synergistic action of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin S (CTSS) and gelatinase MMP-9. Knock-down of MMP-9 and CTSS using siRNAs resulted in a synergistic suppression of MDA-MB-231 cell invasion, which was similarly observed with pharmacological inhibitors. During the screening of new drug candidates that suppress both CTSS and MMP-9, BJ-2302, a novel 7-azaindolin-2-one derivative, was discovered. Src, an upstream activator of both pathways (PI3K/Akt and Ras/Raf/ERK) responsible for the expression of CTSS and MMP-9, was identified as a high-affinity target of BJ-2302 (IC90: 3.23 µM) through a Src kinase assay and a drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay. BJ-2302 effectively suppressed MDA-MB-231 cell invasion (Matrigel invasion assay) and metastasis (chorioallantoic membrane assay xenografted with MDA-MB-231-luc2-tdTomato cancer cells). Unlike Z-FL-COCHO (potent CTSS inhibitor), BJ-2302 did not induce any cytotoxicity in MCF-10A normal breast epithelial cells. Additionally, BJ-2302 (1 mg/kg) strongly suppressed TNBC cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in a xenograft mouse tumor model. The anti-metastatic and anti-tumor effects of BJ-2302 were superior to those of Z-FL-COCHO (1 mg/kg) or batimastat (30 mg/kg), a pan-MMP inhibitor. In summary, inhibition of Src kinase suppressed TNBC tumor growth and metastasis, and Src inhibitors such as BJ-2302 may constitute a novel therapeutic tool to treat breast cancer that expresses high levels of CTSS and MMP-9.
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55
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RKIP: A Key Regulator in Tumor Metastasis Initiation and Resistance to Apoptosis: Therapeutic Targeting and Impact. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090287. [PMID: 30149591 PMCID: PMC6162400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAF-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a well-established tumor suppressor that is frequently downregulated in a plethora of solid and hematological malignancies. RKIP exerts antimetastatic and pro-apoptotic properties in cancer cells, via modulation of signaling pathways and gene products involved in tumor survival and spread. Here we review the contribution of RKIP in the regulation of early metastatic steps such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion, as well as in tumor sensitivity to conventional therapeutics and immuno-mediated cytotoxicity. We further provide updated justification for targeting RKIP as a strategy to overcome tumor chemo/immuno-resistance and suppress metastasis, through the use of agents able to modulate RKIP expression in cancer cells.
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56
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Lang L, Shay C, Xiong Y, Thakkar P, Chemmalakuzhy R, Wang X, Teng Y. Combating head and neck cancer metastases by targeting Src using multifunctional nanoparticle-based saracatinib. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:85. [PMID: 29925404 PMCID: PMC6011403 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most important challenges in cancer treatment. Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, has been implicated as a key promoter in tumor progression and metastasis of HNSCC. However, Src therapy for HNSCC is limited by lack of efficient in vivo delivery and underlying mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS Src knockdown cells were achieved by lentiviral-mediated interference. Cell migration and invasion were examined by wound healing and Transwell assays. Protein levels were determined by Western blot and/or immunohistochemistry. The Src inhibitor saracatinib was loaded into self-assembling nanoparticles by the solvent evaporation method. An experimental metastasis mouse model was generated to investigate the drug efficacy in metastasis. RESULTS Blockade of Src kinase activity by saracatinib effectively suppressed invasion and metastasis of HNSCC. Mechanistic assessment of the drug effects in HNSCC cells showed that saracatinib induced suppression of Src-dependent invasion/metastasis through downregulating the expression levels of Vimentin and Snail proteins. In tests in mice, saracatinib loaded into the novel multifunctional nanoparticles exhibited superior effects on suppression of HNSCC metastasis compared with the free drug, which is mainly attributed to highly specific and efficient tumor-targeted drug delivery system. CONCLUSIONS These findings and advances are of great importance to the development of Src-targeted nanomedicine as a more effective therapy for metastatic HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Lang
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Chloe Shay
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children’s Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Yuanping Xiong
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Parth Thakkar
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Ron Chemmalakuzhy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Xuli Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 201 Presidents Cir, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
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Shin JS, Jung E, Kim M, Baric RS, Go YY. Saracatinib Inhibits Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Replication In Vitro. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060283. [PMID: 29795047 PMCID: PMC6024778 DOI: 10.3390/v10060283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), first identified in Saudi Arabia, is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe acute respiratory illness in humans with a high fatality rate. Since its emergence, MERS-CoV continues to spread to countries outside of the Arabian Peninsula and gives rise to sporadic human infections following the entry of infected individuals to other countries, which can precipitate outbreaks similar to the one that occurred in South Korea in 2015. Current therapeutics against MERS-CoV infection have primarily been adapted from previous drugs used for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome. In search of new potential drug candidates, we screened a library composed of 2334 clinically approved drugs and pharmacologically active compounds. The drug saracatinib, a potent inhibitor of Src-family of tyrosine kinases (SFK), was identified as an inhibitor of MERS-CoV replication in vitro. Our results suggest that saracatinib potently inhibits MERS-CoV at the early stages of the viral life cycle in Huh-7 cells, possibly through the suppression of SFK signaling pathways. Furthermore, saracatinib exhibited a synergistic effect with gemcitabine, an anticancer drug with antiviral activity against several RNA viruses. These data indicate that saracatinib alone or in combination with gemcitabine can provide a new therapeutic option for the treatment of MERS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soo Shin
- Virus Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Eunhye Jung
- Virus Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Virus Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Yun Young Go
- Virus Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
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58
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Lou L, Yu Z, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhao Y. c-Src inhibitor selectively inhibits triple-negative breast cancer overexpressed Vimentin in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1648-1659. [PMID: 29575318 PMCID: PMC5980174 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene c‐Src has been found to be a potential target for the treatment of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the therapeutic effects of the c‐Src inhibitor on TNBC patients are controversial compared to those on cell lines. The molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of the c‐Src inhibitor on TNBC remain unclear. Herein, we showed that a specific c‐Src inhibitor, PP2, was effective in inhibiting phosphorylation of c‐Src in 4 cell lines: T‐47D, SK‐BR‐3, SUM1315MO2, and MDA‐MB‐231, regardless of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression levels. Giving PP2 preferentially reduced the S phase of cell cycles and inhibited colony formation in SUM1315MO2 and MDA‐MB‐231, but not in SK‐BR‐3 and T‐47D cells. Furthermore, PP2 effectively blocked cell migration/invasion and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in TNBC cell lines, SUM1315MO2 and MDA‐MB‐231. An EMT biomarker, vimentin, was highly expressed in 2 TNBC cell lines when they were compared with SK‐BR‐3 and T‐47D cells. Further depletion of vimentin by shRNA remarkably attenuated the inhibitory effects of the c‐Src inhibitor on TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo, indicating a crucial action of vimentin to affect the function of c‐Src in TNBC. This study provides an important rationale for the clinic to precisely select TNBC patients who would benefit from c‐Src inhibitor treatment. This finding suggests that traditional markers for TNBC are not sufficient to precisely define this aggressive type of cancer. Vimentin is identified as an important biomarker to enable categorization of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longquan Lou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shui Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Sun X, Qi H, Zhang X, Li L, Zhang J, Zeng Q, Laszlo GS, Wei B, Li T, Jiang J, Mogilner A, Fu X, Zhao M. Src activation decouples cell division orientation from cell geometry in mammalian cells. Biomaterials 2018; 170:82-94. [PMID: 29653289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Orientation of cell division plane plays a crucial role in morphogenesis and regeneration. Misoriented cell division underlies many important diseases, such as cancer. Studies with Drosophila and C. elegance models show that Src, a proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase, is a critical regulator of this aspect of mitosis. However, the role for Src in controlling cell division orientation in mammalian cells is not well understood. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches and two extracellular signals to orient cell division, we demonstrated a critical role for Src. Either knockout or pharmacological inhibition of Src would retain the fidelity of cell division orientation with the long-axis orientation of mother cells. Conversely, re-expression of Src would decouple cell division orientation from the pre-division orientation of the long axis of mother cells. Cell division orientation in human breast and gastric cancer tissues showed that the Src activation level correlated with the degree of mitotic spindle misorientation relative to the apical surface. Examination of proteins associated with cortical actin revealed that Src activation regulated the accumulation and local density of adhesion proteins on the sites of cell-matrix attachment. By analyzing division patterns in the cells with or without Src activation and through use of a mathematical model, we further support our findings and provide evidence for a previously unknown role for Src in regulating cell division orientation in relation to the pre-division geometry of mother cells, which may contribute to the misoriented cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sun
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Systems and Control, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 55 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jiaping Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Qunli Zeng
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - George S Laszlo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, USA
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Tianhong Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4501 X St #3016, Sacramento, USA
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury Research, Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute, Department of Biology, New York University, 251 Mercer St, New York, USA
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P.R. China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Warren JSA, Xiao Y, Lamar JM. YAP/TAZ Activation as a Target for Treating Metastatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040115. [PMID: 29642615 PMCID: PMC5923370 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) and Transcriptional Co-activator with PDZ-binding Motif (TAZ) have both emerged as important drivers of cancer progression and metastasis. YAP and TAZ are often upregulated or nuclear localized in aggressive human cancers. There is abundant experimental evidence demonstrating that YAP or TAZ activation promotes cancer formation, tumor progression, and metastasis. In this review we summarize the evidence linking YAP/TAZ activation to metastasis, and discuss the roles of YAP and TAZ during each step of the metastatic cascade. Collectively, this evidence strongly suggests that inappropriate YAP or TAZ activity plays a causal role in cancer, and that targeting aberrant YAP/TAZ activation is a promising strategy for the treatment of metastatic disease. To this end, we also discuss several potential strategies for inhibiting YAP/TAZ activation in cancer and the challenges each strategy poses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine S A Warren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Yuxuan Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - John M Lamar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Morris PG, Rota S, Cadoo K, Zamora S, Patil S, D'Andrea G, Gilewski T, Bromberg J, Dang C, Dickler M, Modi S, Seidman AD, Sklarin N, Norton L, Hudis CA, Fornier MN. Phase II Study of Paclitaxel and Dasatinib in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2018; 18:387-394. [PMID: 29680193 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression and activation of tyrosine kinase Src has been linked to breast carcinogenesis and bone metastases. We showed the feasibility of combining the SRC inhibitor dasatinib with weekly paclitaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and herein report the subsequent phase II trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients had received ≤ 2 chemotherapy regimens for measurable, HER2-negative MBC. Patients received paclitaxel and dasatinib (120 mg daily) and were assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors for overall response rate (ORR), the primary end point. Secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A 30% ORR (n = 55) was deemed worthy of further investigation. Exploratory biomarkers included N-telopeptide (NTX) and plasma vascular epidermal growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 as predictors of clinical benefit. RESULTS From March 2010 to March 2014, 40 patients, including 2 men enrolled. The study was stopped early because of slow accrual. Overall, 32 patients (80%) had estrogen receptor-positive tumors and 23 (58%) had previously received taxanes. Of the 35 assessable patients, 1 (3%) had complete response and 7 (20%) partial response, resulting in an ORR of 23%. The median PFS and OS was 5.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9-9.9) and 20.6 (95% CI, 12.9-25.2) months, respectively. As expected, fatigue (75%), neuropathy (65%), and diarrhea (50%) were common side effects, but were generally low-grade. Median baseline NTX was similar in patients who had clinical benefit (8.2 nmol BCE) and no clinical benefit (10.9 nmol BCE). Similarly, median baseline VEGF levels were similar between the 2 groups; 93.0 pg/mL versus 83.0 pg/mL. CONCLUSION This phase II study of dasatinib and paclitaxel was stopped early because of slow accrual but showed some clinical activity. Further study is not planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Morris
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Cancer Clinical Trials and Research Unit, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Selene Rota
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen Cadoo
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Stephen Zamora
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Sujata Patil
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Gabriella D'Andrea
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Theresa Gilewski
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Jacqueline Bromberg
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Chau Dang
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Maura Dickler
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Shanu Modi
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Andrew D Seidman
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Nancy Sklarin
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Larry Norton
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Clifford A Hudis
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Monica N Fornier
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
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He RQ, Wu PR, Xiang XL, Yang X, Liang HW, Qiu XH, Yang LH, Peng ZG, Chen G. Downregulated miR-23b-3p expression acts as a predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma progression: A study based on public data and RT-qPCR verification. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2813-2831. [PMID: 29484429 PMCID: PMC5846654 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence has shown that miR-23b-3p, which is associated with cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis, acts as a biomarker for diagnosis and outcomes in numerous cancers. However, the clinicopathological implication of miR-23b-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Our study evaluated the role of miR-23b-3p in HCC and investigated its potential application as a marker for preliminary diagnosis and therapy in HCC. High-throughput data from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were collected and analyzed. One hundred and one tissue sections of HCC were paired with adjacent non-cancerous HCC as further supplements. miR-23b-3p expression was detected using quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, the relationship between miR-23b-3p expression and HCC progression and Time-to-recurrence (months) was explored. Ten algorithms were applied to predict the prospective target genes of miR-23b-3p. Next, we conducted bioinformatics analysis for further study. miR-23b-3p expression was pronouncedly decreased in HCC tissues in contrast with their paired adjacent non-cancerous HCC (P<0.001) with RT-qPCR. In total, 405 targets, acquired with consistent prediction from at least five databases, were used for the bioinformatics analysis. According to the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, all targets were classified into biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions. In the pathway analysis, targets of miR-23b-3p were primarily enriched in the signaling pathways of renal cell carcinoma, hepatitis B and pancreatic cancer (corrected P-value <0.05). In the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for miR-23b-3p, a total of 8 targets, including SRC, AKT1, EGFR, CTNNB1, BCL2, SMAD3, PTEN and KDM6A, were located in the key nodes with high degree (>35). In conclusion, this study provides impressive illumination of the potential role of miR-23b-3p in HCC tumorigenesis and progression. Furthermore, miR-23b-3p may act as a predictor of HCC and could be a new treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Quan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Rong Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Lian Xiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Wei Liang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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Acun T, Doberstein N, Habermann JK, Gemoll T, Thorns C, Oztas E, Ried T. HLJ1 (DNAJB4) Gene Is a Novel Biomarker Candidate in Breast Cancer. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 21:257-265. [PMID: 28481734 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer type and cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. New biomarker discovery is crucial for diagnostic innovation and personalized medicine in breast cancer. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been increasingly reported as biomarkers and potential drug targets for cancers. HLJ1 (DNAJB4) belongs to the DNAJ (HSP40) family of HSPs and is regarded as a tumor suppressor gene in lung, colon, and gastric cancers. However, the role of the HLJ1 gene in breast cancer is currently unknown. We evaluated the role of the HLJ1 gene in breast cancer progression by analyzing its in vitro and in vivo expression and its genetic/epigenetic alterations. HLJ1 expression was found to be reduced or lost in breast cancer cell lines (SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231, ZR-75-1) compared with the nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line (MCF 10A). In a clinical context for breast cancer progression, the HLJ1 expression was significantly less frequent in invasive breast carcinoma samples (n = 230) compared with normal breast tissue (n = 100), benign neoplasia (n = 53), and ductal carcinoma in situ (n = 21). In methylation analyses by the combined bisulfite restriction analysis assay, the CpG island located in the 5'-flanking region of the HLJ1 gene was found to be methylated in breast cancer cell lines. HLJ1 expression was restored in the ZR-75-1 cell line by DNA demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AzadC) and histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. These new observations support the idea that HLJ1 is a tumor suppressor candidate and potential biomarker for breast cancer. Epigenomic mechanisms such as CpG methylation and histone deacetylation might contribute to downregulation of HLJ1 expression. We call for future functional, epigenomic, and clinical studies to ascertain the contribution of HLJ1 to breast cancer pathogenesis and, importantly, evaluate its potential for biomarker development in support of personalized medicine diagnostic innovation in clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Acun
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bülent Ecevit University , Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Natalie Doberstein
- 2 Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens K Habermann
- 2 Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck, Germany
| | - Timo Gemoll
- 2 Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Thorns
- 3 Institute of Pathology, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck, Germany
| | - Emin Oztas
- 4 Department of Medical Histology and Embryology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Thomas Ried
- 5 Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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Escudero-Esparza A, Bartoschek M, Gialeli C, Okroj M, Owen S, Jirström K, Orimo A, Jiang WG, Pietras K, Blom AM. Complement inhibitor CSMD1 acts as tumor suppressor in human breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76920-76933. [PMID: 27764775 PMCID: PMC5363559 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1) is a membrane-bound complement inhibitor suggested to act as a putative tumor suppressor gene, since allelic loss of this region encompassing 8p23 including CSMD1 characterizes various malignancies. Here, we assessed the role of CSMD1 as a tumor suppressor gene in the development of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. We found that human breast tumor tissues expressed CSMD1 at lower levels compared to that in normal mammary tissues. The decreased expression of CSMD1 was linked to a shorter overall survival of breast cancer patients. We also revealed that expression of CSMD1 in human breast cancer cells BT-20 and MDA-MB-231 significantly inhibited their malignant phenotypes, including migration, adhesion and invasion. Conversely, stable silencing of CSMD1 expression in T47D cells enhanced cancer cell migratory, adherent and clonogenic abilities. Moreover, expression of CSMD1 in the highly invasive MDA-MB-231 cells diminished their signaling potential as well as their stem cell-like properties as assessed by measurement of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. In a xenograft model, expression of CSMD1 blocked the ability of cancer cells to metastasize to secondary sites in vivo, likely via inhibiting local invasion but not the extravasation into distant tissues. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the role of CSMD1 as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcin Okroj
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sioned Owen
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Akira Orimo
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kristian Pietras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna M Blom
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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FYN promotes mesenchymal phenotypes of basal type breast cancer cells through STAT5/NOTCH2 signaling node. Oncogene 2018; 37:1857-1868. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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66
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Sriroopreddy R, Sudandiradoss C. Integrative network-based approach identifies central genetic and transcriptomic elements in triple-negative breast cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 18:113-124. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lai YH, Lin SY, Wu YS, Chen HW, Chen JJW. AC-93253 iodide, a novel Src inhibitor, suppresses NSCLC progression by modulating multiple Src-related signaling pathways. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:172. [PMID: 29132432 PMCID: PMC5683468 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tyrosine kinase Src is involved in the progression of many cancers. Moreover, inhibiting Src activity has been shown to obstruct several signaling pathways regulated by the EGFR. Thus, Src is a valuable target molecule in drug development. The purpose of this study was to identify compounds that directly or indirectly modulate Src to suppress lung cancer cell growth and motility and to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of these compounds. Methods Human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (PC9, PC9/gef, A549, and H1975) with different EGFR statuses were tested by cytotoxicity and proliferation assays after AC-93253 iodide treatment. Src and Src-related protein expression in AC-93253 iodide-treated PC9, PC9/gef, and A549 cells were assessed by western blotting. The effects of AC-93253 iodide on cancer cell colony formation, invasion, and migration were assessed in PC9 and PC9/gef cells. The synergistic effects of gefitinib and AC-93253 iodide were evaluated by combination index (CI)-isobologram analysis in gefitinib-resistant cell lines. The efficacy of AC-93253 iodide in vivo was determined using nude mice treated with either the compound or the vehicle. Results Among the compounds, AC-93253 iodide exhibited the most potent dose-independent inhibitory effects on the activity of Src as well as on that of the Src-related proteins EGFR, STAT3, and FAK. Furthermore, AC-93253 iodide significantly suppressed cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion, and migration in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. AC-93253 iodide sensitized tumor cells to gefitinib treatment regardless of whether the cells were gefitinib-sensitive (PC9) or resistant (H1975 and PC9/gef), indicating that it may exert synergistic effects when used in combination with established therapeutic agents. Our findings also suggested that the inhibitory effects of AC-93253 iodide on lung cancer progression may be attributable to its ability to modulate multiple proteins, including Src, PI3K, JNK, Paxillin, p130cas, MEK, ERK, and EGFR. Conclusions Our data suggest that AC-93253 iodide inhibits NSCLC cell growth and motility by regulating multiple Src-related pathways. Our findings may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies and anti-tumor drugs that may be useful for treating lung cancer in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-017-0539-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sih-Yin Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Shan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy J W Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
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Yu M, Zou Q, Wu X, Han G, Tong X. Connexin 32 affects doxorubicin resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells mediated by Src/FAK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1844-1852. [PMID: 28968929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is first-line chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the effect is not satisfactory. The resistance of HCC cells to DOX is the main reason leading to treatment failure. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of DOX resistance in HCC. In this study, expression of connexin (Cx)32 was significantly decreased in HCC tissues compared with corresponding paracancerous tissues, and activity of the Src/focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway was significantly enhanced. Expression of Cx32 was closely associated with activity of the Src/FAK signaling pathway, Cx32, and the Src/FAK signaling pathway was also correlated with degree of HCC differentiation. In DOX-resistant HepG2 cells, compared with DOX-sensitive HepG2 cells, expression of Cx32 was significantly reduced and activity of the Src/FAK pathway increased. After silencing Cx32 in HepG2 cells, activity of the Src/FAK pathway increased and sensitivity to DOX decreased. In contrast, overexpression of Cx32 in HepG2/DOX cells decreased activity of the Src/FAK pathway and increased sensitivity to DOX. Dasatinib and KX2-391, inhibitors of the Src/FAK pathway, significantly increased the sensitivity of HepG2/DOX cells to DOX. The results suggest that Src/FAK is a downstream regulator of Cx32 and Cx32 regulates the sensitivity of HCC cells to DOX via the Src/FAK signaling pathway. Our study demonstrates a potential mechanism of DOX resistance in HCC cells and supports that Cx32-Src/FAK is an important target for reversing drug resistance of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, Bengbu, 233004, PR China
| | - Qi Zou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, Bengbu, 233004, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, Bengbu, 233004, PR China
| | - Guangshu Han
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, Bengbu, 233030, PR China
| | - Xuhui Tong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, Bengbu, 233030, PR China.
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Eritja N, Yeramian A, Chen BJ, Llobet-Navas D, Ortega E, Colas E, Abal M, Dolcet X, Reventos J, Matias-Guiu X. Endometrial Carcinoma: Specific Targeted Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 943:149-207. [PMID: 27910068 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43139-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the western world with more than 280,000 cases per year worldwide. Prognosis for EC at early stages, when primary surgical resection is the most common initial treatment, is excellent. Five-year survival rate is around 70 %.Several molecular alterations have been described in the different types of EC. They occur in genes involved in important signaling pathways. In this chapter, we will review the most relevant altered pathways in EC, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, Tyrosine kinase, WNT/β-Catenin, cell cycle, and TGF-β signaling pathways. At the end of the chapter, the most significant clinical trials will be briefly discussed.This information is important to identify specific targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Eritja
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Andree Yeramian
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Bo-Juen Chen
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - David Llobet-Navas
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Eugenia Ortega
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Colas
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Abal
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xavier Dolcet
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jaume Reventos
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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Kanhaiya K, Czeizler E, Gratie C, Petre I. Controlling Directed Protein Interaction Networks in Cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10327. [PMID: 28871116 PMCID: PMC5583175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Control theory is a well-established approach in network science, with applications in bio-medicine and cancer research. We build on recent results for structural controllability of directed networks, which identifies a set of driver nodes able to control an a-priori defined part of the network. We develop a novel and efficient approach for the (targeted) structural controllability of cancer networks and demonstrate it for the analysis of breast, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer. We build in each case a protein-protein interaction network and focus on the survivability-essential proteins specific to each cancer type. We show that these essential proteins are efficiently controllable from a relatively small computable set of driver nodes. Moreover, we adjust the method to find the driver nodes among FDA-approved drug-target nodes. We find that, while many of the drugs acting on the driver nodes are part of known cancer therapies, some of them are not used for the cancer types analyzed here; some drug-target driver nodes identified by our algorithms are not known to be used in any cancer therapy. Overall we show that a better understanding of the control dynamics of cancer through computational modelling can pave the way for new efficient therapeutic approaches and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanhaiya
- Computational Biomodeling Laboratory, Turku Centre for Computer Science, and Department of Computer Science, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | - Eugen Czeizler
- Computational Biomodeling Laboratory, Turku Centre for Computer Science, and Department of Computer Science, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
- National Institute for Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Gratie
- Computational Biomodeling Laboratory, Turku Centre for Computer Science, and Department of Computer Science, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | - Ion Petre
- Computational Biomodeling Laboratory, Turku Centre for Computer Science, and Department of Computer Science, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland.
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Synergistic effects of various Her inhibitors in combination with IGF-1R, C-MET and Src targeting agents in breast cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28638122 PMCID: PMC5479850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of HER2 has been reported in around 25% of human breast cancers. Despite recent advances in HER2 targeted therapy, many patients still experience primary and secondary resistance to such treatments, the mechanisms for which are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of a panel of breast cancer cell lines to treatment with various types of HER-family inhibitors alone or in combination with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors or chemotherapeutic agents. We found that treatment with the second-generation irreversible HER-family inhibitors, particularly afatinib and neratinib, were more effective than treatment with the first-generation reversible inhibitors in inhibiting growth, migration and downstream cell signalling in breast cancer cells. Of the three HER2 overexpressing cell lines in this panel, SKBr3 and BT474 were highly sensitive to treatment with HER-family inhibitors, while MDA-MB-453 was comparatively resistant. Combinations of HER-family inhibitors with NVP-AEW541, dasatinib or crizotinib (inhibitors of IGF-1R, Src and c-Met/ALK, respectively) led to synergistic effects in some of the cell lines examined. In particular, treatment with a combination of Src and HER-family member inhibitors resulted in synergistic growth inhibition of MDA-MB453 cells, implicating Src as a mediator of resistance to HER2-targeting agents. Our results suggest that combining HER-family inhibitors with other TKIs such as dasatinib may have therapeutic advantages in certain breast cancer subtypes and warrants further investigation.
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Begnini KR, Duarte WR, da Silva LP, Buss JH, Goldani BS, Fronza M, Segatto NV, Alves D, Savegnago L, Seixas FK, Collares T. Apoptosis induction by 7-chloroquinoline-1,2,3-triazoyl carboxamides in triple negative breast cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:510-516. [PMID: 28482288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major public health burden in both developed and developing countries and there is still a need to screen new molecules with different modes of actions. The aims of this study were to evaluate the selectivity profile, apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest induced by 7-chloroquinoline-1,2,3-triazoyl carboxamides derivatives in hormonal-dependent and hormonal-independent breast cancer cells. Results showed significantly decreased MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells viability in vitro in a dose dependent manner after treatment with 7-chloroquinoline derivatives QTCA-1, QTCA-2 and QTCA-3. QTCA-1 displayed the highest cytotoxic activity from all the tested compounds in MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 20.60, 20.42 and 19.91μM in 24, 48 and 72h of treatment respectively. Apoptosis induction was also significantly higher in the hormonal-independent breast cancer cells, with 80.4% of dead cells in MDA-MB-231 and only 16.8% of dead in MCF-7 cells. As a result, G0/G1 cycle arrest was observed in MCF-7 cells and no cell cycle arrest at all was observed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Molecular docking showed a high affinity of QTCA-1 to PARP-1, Scr and PI3K/mTOR targets. These results suggest a strong activity of the 7-chloroquinoline derivative QTCA-1 in independent-hormonal cells and suggest selectivity for triple negative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rech Begnini
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Oncologia Celular e Molecular (GPO), Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Biotecnologia/Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Wladimir R Duarte
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Oncologia Celular e Molecular (GPO), Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Biotecnologia/Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Liziane Pereira da Silva
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Oncologia Celular e Molecular (GPO), Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Biotecnologia/Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Julieti H Buss
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Oncologia Celular e Molecular (GPO), Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Biotecnologia/Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna S Goldani
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LASOL), CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fronza
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Vieira Segatto
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Oncologia Celular e Molecular (GPO), Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Biotecnologia/Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LASOL), CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kömmling Seixas
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Oncologia Celular e Molecular (GPO), Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Biotecnologia/Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Oncologia Celular e Molecular (GPO), Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Biotecnologia/Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Chiu JH, Wen CS, Wang JY, Hsu CY, Tsai YF, Hung SC, Tseng LM, Shyr YM. Role of estrogen receptors and Src signaling in mechanisms of bone metastasis by estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. J Transl Med 2017; 15:97. [PMID: 28472954 PMCID: PMC5418839 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Evidence shows that Luminal A breast cancer is likely to undergo bone metastasis, but the mechanisms involved remain unknown. This study's aim was to demonstrate a correlation between estrogen receptor (ER) positivity and bone metastasis as the clinically preferred site of metastasis, as well as investigating the role of ERα-Src signaling in MCF-7 cells using Snail over-expression as an in vivo bone metastasis model. METHODS Clinically, the records of breast cancer with distant metastasis were retrospectively reviewed to correlate breast cancer subtypes and preferential metastatic sites. An in vivo bone metastasis model was created by injection of MCF-7 cells with/without Snail over-expression into the tibia of nude mice. The human MCF-7 cells that over-expressed (o/e) Snail were examined and the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) markers, ER-Src signaling proteins and p190 RhoGAP analyzed by Western blotting and real-time PCR. The role of ERα was elucidated using ESR1 silence by transfecting shRNA (∆ESR1) into MCF-7 o/e Snail cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The clinical results showed that ER ≥1% breast cancers showed a positive correlation with bone metastasis, which was found to be the preferred site of metastasis. An in vivo bone metastasis was successfully established using injection of MCF-7 o/e Snail cells into the tibia of nude mice, but no such metastasis was found using control MCF-7 cells. The proteins expressed in MCF-7 o/e Snail cells showed an EMT pattern, while those of the MCF-7 o/e Snail metastatic tissue showed a mesenchymal-epithelial pattern. There was an increase in cytosolic Src, p190 RhoGAP and nuclear ERα proteins, but not in Snail, in MCF-7 o/e Snail tissue compared to the same cell line in vitro. ESR1 knock down decreased Src and p190 RhoGAP expression in vitro and also decreased the incidence of bone metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSION We conclude that ER-Src signaling plays an important role in ER (+) breast cancer, which shows a high potential for bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hwey Chiu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center & Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Che-Sheng Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Yi Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center & Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yi-Ming Shyr
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center & Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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74
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Interaction of Src and Alpha-V Integrin Regulates Fibroblast Migration and Modulates Lung Fibrosis in A Preclinical Model of Lung Fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46357. [PMID: 28397850 PMCID: PMC5387740 DOI: 10.1038/srep46357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Src kinase is known to regulate fibroblast migration. However, the contribution of integrin and Src kinase interaction to lung fibrosis has not been mechanistically investigated. Our data demonstrate that integrin alpha v (αV) recruited Src kinase and that leads to subsequent Src activation in fibroblasts plated on fibrotic matrix, osteopontin. Src interaction with integrin αV is required for integrin αV-mediated Src activation, and the subsequent fibroblast migration. The study identified that β5 and β3 are the major integrins for this effect on osteopontin. In contrast, integrins β1, β6, and β8 did not have a critical role in this phenomenon. Importantly, Src inhibitor significantly reduces fibroblast migration stimulated by PDGF-BB and reduced in vivo lung fibrosis in mice. Src inhibitor reduced Src activation and blocked the signaling transduction by integrin αV, inhibited migration signaling pathways and reduced extracellular matrix protein production, and blocked myofibroblast differentiation in vivo in mouse lung tissues. The present study supports that the interaction of Src Kinase and integrins plays a critical role in the development of lung fibrosis and the signaling involved may present a novel opportunity to target deadly fibrotic diseases.
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Glück S. Consequences of the Convergence of Multiple Alternate Pathways on the Estrogen Receptor in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 17:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wu ZH, Lin C, Liu MM, Zhang J, Tao ZH, Hu XC. Src Inhibition Can Synergize with Gemcitabine and Reverse Resistance in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells via the AKT/c-Jun Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169230. [PMID: 28036386 PMCID: PMC5201240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy remains one of the standards in management of metastatic breast cancer. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance to gemcitabine inevitably occurs. The aims of this study were to assess the efficacy of the combination of src inhibition and gemcitabine in gemcitabine-resistant breast cancer cells. Methods and Results By using colony formation, sphere forming, flow cytometry, cell counting kit-8 and transwell assays, 231/GEM-res (gemcitabine-resistant) cell line, which was 10 times more resistant, was shown to have elevated drug tolerance, enhanced proliferative and self-renewal abilities, compared with its parental cells. Inhibition of src by both saracatinib (AZD0530) and siRNA could partially reverse gemcitabine resistance and attenuate resistance-associated anti-apoptosis, migration and stem cell capacities. In addition, the combination of src inhibition and gemcitabine had synergistic antitumor effects. Western blot analysis revealed up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein BAX, along with the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins (BCL-XL, Survivin), migration associated proteins (p-FAK, MMP-3) and cancer stem cell (CSC) markers (CD44, Oct-4), which was probably mediated by AKT/c-Jun pathway. Conclusion In highly gemcitabine-resistant 231 cells, src inhibition can synergize with gemcitabine, reverse drug resistance, inhibit tumor growth/metastasis/stemness of cancer stem cells, possibly via the AKT/c-Jun pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Ming Liu
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Chun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Vacas E, Muñoz-Moreno L, Valenzuela PL, Prieto JC, Schally AV, Carmena MJ, Bajo AM. Growth hormone-releasing hormone induced transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor in human triple-negative breast cancer cells. Peptides 2016; 86:153-161. [PMID: 27816751 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subset of breast cancers which is negative for expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). Chemotherapy is currently the only form of treatment for women with TNBC. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are autocrine/paracrine growth factors in breast cancer and a substantial proportion of TNBC expresses receptors for GHRH and EGF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interrelationship between both these signaling pathways in MDA-MB-468 human TNBC cells. We evaluated by Western blot assays the effect of GHRH on transactivation of EGF receptor (EGFR) as well as the elements implicated. We assessed the effect of GHRH on migration capability of MDA-MB-468 cells as well as the involvement of EGFR in this process by means of wound-healing assays. Our findings demonstrate that in MDA-MB-468 cells the stimulatory activity of GHRH on tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR is exerted by two different molecular mechanisms: i) through GHRH receptors, GHRH stimulates a ligand-independent activation of EGFR involving at least cAMP/PKA and Src family signaling pathways; ii) GHRH also stimulates a ligand-dependent activation of EGFR implicating an extracellular pathway with an important role for metalloproteinases. The cross-talk between EGFR and GHRHR may be impeded by combining drugs acting upon GHRH receptors and EGFR family members. This combination of GHRH receptors antagonists with inhibitors of EGFR signalling could enhance the efficacy of both types of agents as well as reduce their doses increasing therapeutic benefits in management of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vacas
- Department of Systems of Biology, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Laura Muñoz-Moreno
- Department of Systems of Biology, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Principe de Asturias Hospital, Alcalá de Henares University, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Prieto
- Department of Systems of Biology, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Veterans Administration Medical Center and Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, USA
| | - María J Carmena
- Department of Systems of Biology, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Ana M Bajo
- Department of Systems of Biology, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Spain.
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Ismail NS, Ali GM, Ibrahim DA, Elmetwali AM. Medicinal attributes of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine based scaffold derivatives targeting kinases as anticancer agents. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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79
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Ribeiro AS, Carvalho FA, Figueiredo J, Carvalho R, Mestre T, Monteiro J, Guedes AF, Fonseca M, Sanches J, Seruca R, Santos NC, Paredes J. Atomic force microscopy and graph analysis to study the P-cadherin/SFK mechanotransduction signalling in breast cancer cells. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19390-19401. [PMID: 27847941 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces mediated by cell-cell adhesion molecules, as cadherins, play a crucial role in preserving normal tissue architecture. Accordingly, altered cadherins' expression has been documented as a common event during cancer progression. However, in most studies, no data exist linking pro-tumorigenic signaling and variations in the mechanical balance mediated by adhesive forces. In breast cancer, P-cadherin overexpression increases in vivo tumorigenic ability, as well as in vitro cell invasion, by activating Src family kinase (SFK) signalling. However, it is not known how P-cadherin and SFK activation impact cell-cell biomechanical properties. In the present work, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, cell stiffness and cell-cell adhesion measurements, and undirected graph analysis based on microscopic images, we have demonstrated that P-cadherin overexpression promotes significant alterations in cell's morphology, by decreasing cellular height and increasing its area. It also affects biomechanical properties, by decreasing cell-cell adhesion and cell stiffness. Furthermore, cellular network analysis showed alterations in intercellular organization, which is associated with cell-cell adhesion dysfunction, destabilization of an E-cadherin/p120ctn membrane complex and increased cell invasion. Remarkably, inhibition of SFK signaling, using dasatinib, reverted the pathogenic P-cadherin induced effects by increasing cell's height, cell-cell adhesion and cell stiffness, and generating more compact epithelial aggregates, as quantified by intercellular network analysis. In conclusion, P-cadherin/SFK signalling induces topological, morphological and biomechanical cell-cell alterations, which are associated with more invasive breast cancer cells. These effects could be further reverted by dasatinib treatment, demonstrating the applicability of AFM and cell network diagrams for measuring the epithelial biomechanical properties and structural organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ribeiro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F A Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Figueiredo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - J Monteiro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A F Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - R Seruca
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal and Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - N C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Paredes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal and Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zhang CH, Chen K, Jiao Y, Li LL, Li YP, Zhang RJ, Zheng MW, Zhong L, Huang SZ, Song CL, Lin WT, Yang J, Xiang R, Peng B, Han JH, Lu GW, Wei YQ, Yang SY. From Lead to Drug Candidate: Optimization of 3-(Phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine Derivatives as Agents for the Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9788-9805. [PMID: 27739679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the sophisticated process of structural optimization toward a previously disclosed Src inhibitor, compound 1, which showed high potency in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) both in vitro and in vivo but had considerable toxicity. A series of 3-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives were synthesized. In vitro cell-based phenotypic screening together with in vivo assays and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies finally led to the discovery of N-(3-((4-amino-1-(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)ethynyl)-4-methylphenyl)-4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (13an). 13an is a multikinase inhibitor, which potently inhibited Src (IC50 = 0.003 μM), KDR (IC50 = 0.032 μM), and several kinases involved in the MAPK signal transduction. This compound showed potent anti-TNBC activities both in vitro and in vivo, and good pharmacokinetic properties and low toxicity. Mechanisms of action of anti-TNBC were also investigated. Collectively, the data obtained in this study indicate that 13an could be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of TNBC and hence merits further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lin-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Rong-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ming-Wu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shen-Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chun-Li Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wan-Ting Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jun-Hong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guang-Wen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
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81
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Kim S, Min A, Lee KH, Yang Y, Kim TY, Lim JM, Park SJ, Nam HJ, Kim JE, Song SH, Han SW, Oh DY, Kim JH, Kim TY, Hangauer D, Lau JYN, Im K, Lee DS, Bang YJ, Im SA. Antitumor Effect of KX-01 through Inhibiting Src Family Kinases and Mitosis. Cancer Res Treat 2016; 49:643-655. [PMID: 27737538 PMCID: PMC5512373 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2016.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE KX-01 is a novel dual inhibitor of Src and tubulin. Unlike previous Src inhibitors that failed to show clinical benefit during treatment of breast cancer, KX-01 can potentially overcome the therapeutic limitations of current Src inhibitors through inhibition of both Src and tubulin. The present study further evaluates the activity and mechanism of KX-01 in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antitumor effect of KX-01 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines was determined by MTT assay. Wound healing and immunofluorescence assays were performed to evaluate the action mechanisms of KX-01. Changes in the cell cycle and molecular changes induced by KX-01 were also evaluated. A MDA-MB-231 mouse xenograft model was used to demonstrate the in vivo effects. RESULTS KX-01 effectively inhibited the growth of breast cancer cell lines. The expression of phospho-Src and proliferative-signaling molecules were down-regulated in KX-01-sensitive TNBC cell lines. In addition, migration inhibition was observed by wound healing assay. KX-01-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and increased the aneuploid cell population in KX-01-sensitive cell lines. Multi-nucleated cells were significantly increased after KX-01 treatment. Furthermore, KX-01 effectively delayed tumor growth in a MDA-MB-231 mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSION KX-01 effectively inhibited cell growth and migration of TNBC cells. Moreover, this study demonstrated that KX-01 showed antitumor effects through the inhibition of Src signaling and the induction of mitotic catastrophe. The antitumor effects of KX-01 were also demonstrated in vivo using a mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyeong Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahrum Min
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hun Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yaewon Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Min Lim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Jung Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Nam
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Song
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Tae-You Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - David Hangauer
- Kinex Pharmaceutical Corporation, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformartics and Life Sciences, NY, USA
| | - Johnson Yiu-Nam Lau
- Kinex Pharmaceutical Corporation, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformartics and Life Sciences, NY, USA
| | - Kyongok Im
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soon Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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82
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Tilio M, Gambini V, Wang J, Garulli C, Kalogris C, Andreani C, Bartolacci C, Elexpuru Zabaleta M, Pietrella L, Hysi A, Iezzi M, Belletti B, Orlando F, Provinciali M, Galeazzi R, Marchini C, Amici A. Irreversible inhibition of Δ16HER2 is necessary to suppress Δ16HER2-positive breast carcinomas resistant to Lapatinib. Cancer Lett 2016; 381:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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83
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Xiong J, Wu JS, Mao SS, Yu XN, Huang XX. Effect of saracatinib on pulmonary metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1483-90. [PMID: 27460949 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Src is involved in multiple processes of cancer metastasis; however, its significance in HCC is not well defined. In the present study, overexpression of Src phosphorylation (Y416) was observed in the highly metastatic MHCC97H cell line; additionally, through inhibition of Src kinase activation, HCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation were significantly reduced in vitro. Tumour growth was not affected in the orthotopic xenograft HCC model, but the metastasic potential was inhibited as revealed by reduced lung metastasic foci after administration of saracatinib. Phosphorylation level of Src pathway signalling molecules, such as Src, FAK and Stat3, were also reduced in vitro and in vivo, as a result of the anti-metastasic effects caused by saracatinib treatment. In conclusion, we demonstrated the pro-metastasic role of Src in HCC, and further experiments suggest the use of the Src inhibitor in combination with cytotoxic agents and other anticancer treatments to improve HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Sheng Wu
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Nonken Nada Hospital, Danzhou, Hainan 571700, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Haikou People's Hospital Affiliated to Central South University, Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou 570028, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Nan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Haikou People's Hospital Affiliated to Central South University, Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou 570028, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xi Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Haikou People's Hospital Affiliated to Central South University, Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou 570028, P.R. China
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84
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PRL-3 engages the focal adhesion pathway in triple-negative breast cancer cells to alter actin structure and substrate adhesion properties critical for cell migration and invasion. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:505-512. [PMID: 27452906 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are among the most aggressive cancers characterized by a high propensity to invade, metastasize and relapse. We previously reported that the TNBC-specific inhibitor, AMPI-109, significantly impairs the ability of TNBC cells to migrate and invade by reducing levels of the metastasis-promoting phosphatase, PRL-3. Here, we examined the mechanisms by which AMPI-109 and loss of PRL-3 impede cell migration and invasion. AMPI-109 treatment or knock down of PRL-3 expression were associated with deactivation of Src and ERK signaling and concomitant downregulation of RhoA and Rac1/2/3 GTPase protein levels. These cellular changes led to rearranged filamentous actin networks necessary for cell migration and invasion. Conversely, overexpression of PRL-3 promoted TNBC cell invasion by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase 10, which resulted in increased TNBC cell adherence to, and degradation of, the major basement membrane component laminin. Our data demonstrate that PRL-3 engages the focal adhesion pathway in TNBC cells as a key mechanism for promoting TNBC cell migration and invasion. Collectively, these data suggest that blocking PRL-3 activity may be an effective method for reducing the metastatic potential of TNBC cells.
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85
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Gilani RA, Phadke S, Bao LW, Lachacz EJ, Dziubinski ML, Brandvold KR, Steffey ME, Kwarcinski FE, Graveel CR, Kidwell KM, Merajver SD, Soellner MB. UM-164: A Potent c-Src/p38 Kinase Inhibitor with In Vivo Activity against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5087-5096. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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86
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Sánchez-Bailón MP, Calcabrini A, Mayoral-Varo V, Molinari A, Wagner KU, Losada JP, Ciordia S, Albar JP, Martín-Pérez J. Cyr61 as mediator of Src signaling in triple negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13520-38. [PMID: 25980494 PMCID: PMC4537031 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SFKs are involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Here we analyzed c-Src contribution to initial steps of metastasis by tetracycline-dependent expression of a specific shRNA-c-Src, which suppressed c-Src mRNA and protein levels in metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells. c-Src suppression did not alter cell proliferation or survival, but it significantly reduced anchorage-independent growth. Concomitantly with diminished tyrosine-phosphorylation/activation of Fak, caveolin-1, paxillin and p130CAS, c-Src depletion also inhibited cellular migration, invasion and transendothelial migration. Quantitative proteomic analyses of the secretome showed that Cyr61 levels, which were detected in the exosomal fraction, were diminished upon shRNA-c-Src expression. In contrast, Cyr61 expression was unaltered inside cells. Cyr61 partially colocalized with cis-Golgi gp74 marker and with exosomal marker CD63, but c-Src depletion did not alter their cellular distribution. In SUM159PT cells, transient c-Src suppression also reduced secreted exosomal Cyr61 levels. Furthermore, conditional expression of a c-Src dominant negative mutant (SrcDN, c-Src-K295M/Y527F) in MDA-MB-231 and in SUM159PT diminished secreted Cyr61 as well. Cyr61 transient suppression in MDA-MB-231 inhibited invasion and transendothelial migration. Finally, in both MDA-MB-231 and SUM159PT, a neutralizing Cyr61 antibody restrained migration. Collectively, these results suggest that c-Src regulates secreted proteins, including the exosomal Cyr61, which are involved in modulating the metastatic potential of triple negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Sánchez-Bailón
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Annarica Calcabrini
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain.,Dipartimento Tecnologie e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Víctor Mayoral-Varo
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Agnese Molinari
- Dipartimento Tecnologie e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - Jesús Pérez Losada
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CSIC/USAL), Campus Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Servicio de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Albar
- Servicio de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jorge Martín-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
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87
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Smith YE, Vellanki SH, Hopkins AM. Dynamic interplay between adhesion surfaces in carcinomas: Cell-cell and cell-matrix crosstalk. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:64-77. [PMID: 26981196 PMCID: PMC4768125 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-matrix signaling and communication between adhesion sites involve mechanisms which are required for cellular functions during normal development and homeostasis; however these cellular functions and mechanisms are often deregulated in cancer. Aberrant signaling at cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites often involves downstream mediators including Rho GTPases and tyrosine kinases. This review discusses these molecules as putative mediators of cellular crosstalk between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites, in addition to their attractiveness as therapeutic targets in cancer. Interestingly, inter-junctional crosstalk mechanisms are frequently typified by the way in which bacterial and viral pathogens opportunistically infect or intoxicate mammalian cells. This review therefore also discusses the concept of learning from pathogen-host interaction studies to better understand coordinated communication between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites, in addition to highlighting the potential therapeutic usefulness of exploiting pathogens or their products to tap into inter-junctional crosstalk. Taken together, we feel that increased knowledge around mechanisms of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion site crosstalk and consequently a greater understanding of their therapeutic targeting offers a unique opportunity to contribute to the emerging molecular revolution in cancer biology.
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88
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Park JH, Vithayathil S, Kumar S, Sung PL, Dobrolecki LE, Putluri V, Bhat VB, Bhowmik SK, Gupta V, Arora K, Wu D, Tsouko E, Zhang Y, Maity S, Donti TR, Graham BH, Frigo DE, Coarfa C, Yotnda P, Putluri N, Sreekumar A, Lewis MT, Creighton CJ, Wong LJC, Kaipparettu BA. Fatty Acid Oxidation-Driven Src Links Mitochondrial Energy Reprogramming and Oncogenic Properties in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2154-2165. [PMID: 26923594 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmitochondrial cybrids and multiple OMICs approaches were used to understand mitochondrial reprogramming and mitochondria-regulated cancer pathways in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Analysis of cybrids and established breast cancer (BC) cell lines showed that metastatic TNBC maintains high levels of ATP through fatty acid β oxidation (FAO) and activates Src oncoprotein through autophosphorylation at Y419. Manipulation of FAO including the knocking down of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A (CPT1) and 2 (CPT2), the rate-limiting proteins of FAO, and analysis of patient-derived xenograft models confirmed the role of mitochondrial FAO in Src activation and metastasis. Analysis of TCGA and other independent BC clinical data further reaffirmed the role of mitochondrial FAO and CPT genes in Src regulation and their significance in BC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyoung Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sajna Vithayathil
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pi-Lin Sung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | | | - Vasanta Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Salil Kumar Bhowmik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kavisha Arora
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Danli Wu
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Efrosini Tsouko
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Suman Maity
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Taraka R Donti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brett H Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; Genomic Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patricia Yotnda
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lee-Jun C Wong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Benny Abraham Kaipparettu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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89
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Design strategies, structure activity relationship and mechanistic insights for purines as kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 112:298-346. [PMID: 26907156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kinases control a diverse set of cellular processes comprising of reversible phosphorylation of proteins. Protein kinases play a pivotal role in human tumor cell proliferation, migration and survival of neoplasia. In the recent past, purine based molecules have emerged as significantly potent kinase inhibitors. In view of their promising potential for the inhibition of kinases, this review article focuses on purines which have progressed as kinase inhibitors during the last five years. A detailed account of the design strategies employed for the synthesis of purine analogs exerting inhibitory effects on diverse kinases has been presented. Apart from presenting the design strategies, the article also highlights the structure activity relationship along with mechanistic insights revealed during the biological evaluation of the purine analogs for kinase inhibition. The interactions with the amino acid residues responsible for kinase inhibitory potential of purine based molecules have also been discussed. In this assemblage, purine based protein kinase inhibitors patented in the past have also been summarized in the tabular form. This compilation will be of great interest for the researchers working in the area of protein kinase inhibitors.
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90
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The extracellular matrix in breast cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:41-55. [PMID: 26743193 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is increasingly recognized as an important regulator in breast cancer. ECM in breast cancer development features numerous changes in composition and organization when compared to the mammary gland under homeostasis. Matrix proteins that are induced in breast cancer include fibrillar collagens, fibronectin, specific laminins and proteoglycans as well as matricellular proteins. Growing evidence suggests that many of these induced ECM proteins play a major functional role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. A number of the induced ECM proteins have moreover been shown to be essential components of metastatic niches, promoting stem/progenitor signaling pathways and metastatic growth. ECM remodeling enzymes are also markedly increased, leading to major changes in the matrix structure and biomechanical properties. Importantly, several ECM components and ECM remodeling enzymes are specifically induced in breast cancer or during tissue regeneration while healthy tissues under homeostasis express exceedingly low levels. This may indicate that ECM and ECM-associated functions may represent promising drug targets against breast cancer, providing important specificity that could be utilized when developing therapies.
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91
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Zheng MW, Zhang CH, Chen K, Huang M, Li YP, Lin WT, Zhang RJ, Zhong L, Xiang R, Li LL, Liu XY, Wei YQ, Yang SY. Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel Orally Available SRC/Raf/VEGFR2 Inhibitor, SKLB646, in the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 15:366-78. [PMID: 26721945 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chun-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wan-Ting Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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92
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Anbalagan M, Rowan BG. Estrogen receptor alpha phosphorylation and its functional impact in human breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:264-72. [PMID: 25597633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and homeostasis in various tissues. Sustained exposure to estrogen/estradiol (E2) increases the risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers. ERα function is also regulated by phosphorylation through various kinase signaling pathways that will impact various ERα functions including chromatin interaction, coregulator recruitment and gene expression, as well impact breast tumor growth/morphology and breast cancer patient response to endocrine therapy. However, many of the previously characterized ERα phosphorylation sites do not fully explain the impact of receptor phosphorylation on ERα function. This review discusses work from our laboratory toward understanding a role of ERα site-specific phosphorylation in ERα function and breast cancer. The key findings discussed in this review are: (1) the effect of site specific ERα phosphorylation on temporal recruitment of ERα and unique coactivator complexes to specific genes; (2) the impact of stable disruption of ERα S118 and S167 phosphorylation in breast cancer cells on eliciting unique gene expression profiles that culminate in significant effects on breast cancer growth/morphology/migration/invasion; (3) the Src kinase signaling pathway that impacts ERα phosphorylation to alter ERα function; and (4) circadian disruption by light exposure at night leading to elevated ERK1/2 and Src kinase and phosphorylation of ERα, concomitant with tamoxifen resistance in breast tumor models. Results from these studies demonstrate that even changes to single ERα phosphorylation sites can have a profound impact on ERα function in breast cancer. Future work will extend beyond single site phosphorylation analysis toward identification of specific patterns/profiles of ERα phosphorylation under different physiological/pharmacological conditions to understand how common phosphorylation profiles in breast cancer program specific physiological endpoints such as growth, apoptosis, migration/invasion, and endocrine therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Brian G Rowan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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93
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MiRNAs and Other Epigenetic Changes as Biomarkers in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28347-76. [PMID: 26633365 PMCID: PMC4691037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterised by the lack of receptors for estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). Since it cannot be treated by current endocrine therapies which target these receptors and due to its aggressive nature, it has one of the worst prognoses of all breast cancer subtypes. The only treatments remain chemo- and/or radio-therapy and surgery and because of this, novel biomarkers or treatment targets are urgently required to improve disease outcomes. MicroRNAs represent an attractive candidate for targeted therapies against TNBC, due to their natural ability to act as antisense interactors and regulators of entire gene sets involved in malignancy and their superiority over mRNA profiling to accurately classify disease. Here we review the current knowledge regarding miRNAs as biomarkers in TNBC and their potential use as therapeutic targets in this disease. Further, we review other epigenetic changes and interactions of these changes with microRNAs in this breast cancer subtype, which may lead to the discovery of new treatment targets for TNBC.
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94
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Advances in small-molecule drug discovery for triple-negative breast cancer. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2019-39. [PMID: 26495746 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of poor prognosis, highly invasive and difficult-to-treat breast cancers accounting for approximately 15% of clinical cases. Given the poor outlook and lack of sustained response to conventional therapies, TNBC has been the subject of intense studies on new therapeutic approaches in recent years. The development of targeted cancer therapies, often in combination with established chemotherapy, has been applied to a number of new clinical studies in this setting in recent years. This review will highlight recent therapeutic advances in TNBC, focusing on small-molecule drugs and their associated biological mechanisms of action, and offering the possibility of improved prospects for this patient group in the near future.
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95
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Shetty P, Bargale A, Patil BR, Mohan R, Dinesh US, Vishwanatha JK, Gai PB, Patil VS, Amsavardani TS. Cell surface interaction of annexin A2 and galectin-3 modulates epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in Her-2 negative breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 411:221-33. [PMID: 26438086 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression and activation of tyrosine kinase receptors like EGFR and Src regulate the progression and metastasis of Her-2 negative breast cancer. Recently we have reported the role of cell membrane interaction of phospholipid-binding protein annexin A2 (AnxA2) and EGFR in regulating cellular signaling in the activation of angiogenesis, matrix degradation, invasion, and cancer metastasis. Beta-galactoside-specific animal lectin galectin-3 is an apoptosis inhibitor, and cell surface-associated extracellular galectin-3 also has a role in cell migration, cancer progression, and metastasis. Similar expression pattern and membrane co-localization of these two proteins made us to hypothesize in the current study that galectin-3 and AnxA2 interaction is critical for Her-2 negative breast cancer progression. By various experimental analyses, we confirm that glycosylated AnxA2 at the membrane surface interacts with galectin-3. N-linked glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin treatment convincingly blocked AnxA2 membrane translocation and its association with galectin-3. To analyze whether this interaction has any functional relevance, we tried to dissociate this interaction with purified plant lectin from chickpea (Cicer arietinum agglutinin). This highly specific 30 kDa plant lectin could dissociate AnxA2 from endogenous lectin galectin-3 interaction at the cell surface. This dissociation could down-regulate Bcl-2 family proteins, cell proliferation, and migration simultaneously triggering cell apoptosis. Targeting this interaction of membrane surface glycoprotein and its animal lectin in Her-2 negative breast cancer may be of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveenkumar Shetty
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Manjushree Nagar, Sattur, Dharwad, 580 009, India. .,Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Manjushree Nagar, Sattur, Dharwad, 580 009, India.
| | - Anil Bargale
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Manjushree Nagar, Sattur, Dharwad, 580 009, India.,Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Manjushree Nagar, Sattur, Dharwad, 580 009, India
| | | | - Rajashekar Mohan
- Department of Surgery, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - U S Dinesh
- Department of Pathology, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Jamboor K Vishwanatha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Pramod B Gai
- Karnataka Institute of DNA Research, Dharwad, India
| | - Vidya S Patil
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Manjushree Nagar, Sattur, Dharwad, 580 009, India.,Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Manjushree Nagar, Sattur, Dharwad, 580 009, India
| | - T S Amsavardani
- Department of Oral Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India
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96
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Kwarcinski FE, Steffey ME, Fox CC, Soellner MB. Discovery of Bivalent Kinase Inhibitors via Enzyme-Templated Fragment Elaboration. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:898-901. [PMID: 26286460 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have employed novel fragment-based screening methodology to discover bivalent kinase inhibitors with improved selectivity. Starting from a low molecular weight promiscuous kinase inhibitor, we appended a thiol for subsequent reaction with a library of acrylamide electrophiles. Enzyme-templated screening was performed to identify acrylamides that assemble into bivalent inhibitors of c-Src kinase. Upon identification of acrylamide fragments that improve the binding affinity of our lead thiol, we characterized the resulting bivalent inhibitors and identified a series of kinase inhibitors with improved potency and selectivity compared to the thiol-containing precursor. Provided that protein can be prepared free of endogenous reactive cysteines, our methodology is general and could be applied to nearly any enzyme of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank E. Kwarcinski
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael E. Steffey
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christel C. Fox
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew B. Soellner
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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97
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Gee JMW, Nicholson RI, Barrow D, Dutkowski CM, Goddard L, Jordan NJ, McClelland RA, Knowlden JM, Francies HE, Hiscox SE, Hutcheson IR. Antihormone induced compensatory signalling in breast cancer: an adverse event in the development of endocrine resistance. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 5:67-77. [PMID: 25961242 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2011.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Using MCF7 breast cancer cells, it has been shown that antihormones promote expression/activity of oestrogen-repressed tyrosine kinases, notably EGFR, HER2 and Src. These inductive events confer responsiveness to targeted inhibitors (e.g., gefitinib, trastuzumab, saracatinib). We observed that these antihormone-induced phenomena are common to ER+HER2- and ER+HER2+ breast cancer models in vitro, where targeting of EGFR, HER2 or Src alongside antihormone improves antitumour response and delays/prevents endocrine resistance. Such targeted inhibitors also subvert acquired endocrine resistant cells which retain increased EGFR, HER2 and Src (e.g., TAMR and FASR models derived after 6-12 months of tamoxifen or Faslodex treatment). Thus, antihormone-induced tyrosine kinases comprise "compensatory signalling" crucial in limiting maximal initial antihormone response and subsequently driving acquired resistance in vitro. However, despite such convincing preclinical findings from our group and others, clinical trials examining equivalent antigrowth factor strategies have proved relatively disappointing. Our new studies deciphering underlying causes reveal that further antihormone-promoted events could be pivotal in vivo. Firstly, Faslodex induces HER3 and HER4 which sensitise ER+ cells to heregulin, a paracrine growth factor that overcomes endocrine response and diminishes antitumour effect of agents targeting EGFR, HER2 or Src alongside antihormone. Secondly, extended antihormone exposure (experienced by ER+ cells prior to adjuvant clinical relapse) can "reprogramme" the compensatory kinase profile in vitro, hindering candidate antigrowth factor targeting of endocrine resistance. Faslodex resistant cells maintained with this antihormone for 3 years in vitro lose EGFR/HER2 dependency, gaining alternative mitogenic/invasion kinases. Deciphering these previously unrecognised antihormone-induced events could provide superior treatments to control endocrine relapse in the clinic.
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98
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Tabariès S, Annis MG, Hsu BE, Tam CE, Savage P, Park M, Siegel PM. Lyn modulates Claudin-2 expression and is a therapeutic target for breast cancer liver metastasis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:9476-87. [PMID: 25823815 PMCID: PMC4496232 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-2 enhances breast cancer liver metastasis and promotes the development of colorectal cancers. The objective of our current study is to define the regulatory mechanisms controlling Claudin-2 expression in breast cancer cells. We evaluated the effect of several Src Family Kinase (SFK) inhibitors or knockdown of individual SFK members on Claudin-2 expression in breast cancer cells. We also assessed the potential effects of pan-SFK and SFK-selective inhibitors on the formation of breast cancer liver metastases. This study reveals that pan inhibition of SFK signaling pathways significantly elevated Claudin-2 expression levels in breast cancer cells. In addition, our data demonstrate that pan-SFK inhibitors can enhance breast cancer metastasis to the liver. Knockdown of individual SFK members reveals that loss of Yes or Fyn induces Claudin-2 expression; whereas, diminished Lyn levels impairs Claudin-2 expression in breast cancer cells. The Lyn-selective kinase inhibitor, Bafetinib (INNO-406), acts to reduce Claudin-2 expression and suppress breast cancer liver metastasis. Our findings may have major clinical implications and advise against the treatment of breast cancer patients with broad-acting SFK inhibitors and support the use of Lyn-specific inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/prevention & control
- Carcinoma/secondary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Claudins/biosynthesis
- Claudins/genetics
- Dasatinib/pharmacology
- Dasatinib/therapeutic use
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/physiology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factor AP-1/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- src-Family Kinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Tabariès
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Matthew G. Annis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Brian E. Hsu
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Christine E. Tam
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Paul Savage
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Morag Park
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Peter M. Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
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99
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Zhang CH, Zheng MW, Li YP, Lin XD, Huang M, Zhong L, Li GB, Zhang RJ, Lin WT, Jiao Y, Wu XA, Yang J, Xiang R, Chen LJ, Zhao YL, Cheng W, Wei YQ, Yang SY. Design, Synthesis, and Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of 3-(Phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine Derivatives as a New Class of Src Inhibitors with Potent Activities in Models of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3957-74. [PMID: 25835317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ming-Wu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xing-Dong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guo-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Rong-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wan-Ting Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Clinical
Medicine, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ying-Lan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
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100
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Abstract
In MCF-7 breast cancer cells epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces cell proliferation, whereas heregulin (HRG)/neuregulin (NRG) induces irreversible phenotypic changes accompanied by lipid accumulation. Although these changes in breast cancer cells resemble processes that take place in the tissue, there is no understanding of signalling mechanisms regulating it. To identify molecular mechanisms mediating this cell-fate decision process, we applied different perturbations to pathways activated by these growth factors. The results demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex (mTORC)1 activation is necessary for lipid accumulation that can also be induced by insulin, whereas stimulation of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is surprisingly dispensable. Interestingly, insulin exposure, as short as 4 h, was sufficient for triggering the lipid accumulation, whereas much longer treatment with HRG was required for achieving similar cellular response. Further, activation patterns of ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), an enzyme playing a central role in linking glycolytic and lipogenic pathways, suggest that lipids accumulated within cells are produced de novo rather than absorbed from the environment. In the present study, we demonstrate that PI3K pathway regulates phenotypic changes in breast cancer cells, whereas signal intensity and duration is crucial for cell fate decisions and commitment. Our findings reveal that MCF-7 cell fate decisions are controlled by a network of positive and negative regulators of both signalling and metabolic pathways. Excessive production and accumulation of lipids is often observed in breast cancer tissue. In the current study, we investigate signalling mechanisms regulating this process using a model cell line.
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