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Kaul R, Paul P, Kumar S, Büsselberg D, Dwivedi VD, Chaari A. Promising Antiviral Activities of Natural Flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 Targets: Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11069. [PMID: 34681727 PMCID: PMC8539743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a globally leading public health concern over the past two years. Despite the development and administration of multiple vaccines, the mutation of newer strains and challenges to universal immunity has shifted the focus to the lack of efficacious drugs for therapeutic intervention for the disease. As with SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other non-respiratory viruses, flavonoids present themselves as a promising therapeutic intervention given their success in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and more recently, in clinical studies. This review focuses on data from in vitro studies analyzing the effects of flavonoids on various key SARS-CoV-2 targets and presents an analysis of the structure-activity relationships for the same. From 27 primary papers, over 69 flavonoids were investigated for their activities against various SARS-CoV-2 targets, ranging from the promising 3C-like protease (3CLpro) to the less explored nucleocapsid (N) protein; the most promising were quercetin and myricetin derivatives, baicalein, baicalin, EGCG, and tannic acid. We further review promising in silico studies featuring activities of flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 and list ongoing clinical studies involving the therapeutic potential of flavonoid-rich extracts in combination with synthetic drugs or other polyphenols and suggest prospects for the future of flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhima Kaul
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar; (R.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Pradipta Paul
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar; (R.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida 201308, India; (S.K.); (V.D.D.)
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida 201308, India; (S.K.); (V.D.D.)
| | - Ali Chaari
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar; (R.K.); (P.P.)
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Targeting autophagy with natural products to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 12:55-68. [PMID: 34664025 PMCID: PMC8516241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that maintains internal homeostasis and energy balance through the lysosomal degradation of redundant or damaged cellular components. During virus infection, autophagy is triggered both in parenchymal and in immune cells with different finalistic objectives: in parenchymal cells, the goal is to destroy the virion particle while in macrophages and dendritic cells the goal is to expose virion-derived fragments for priming the lymphocytes and initiate the immune response. However, some viruses have developed a strategy to subvert the autophagy machinery to escape the destructive destiny and instead exploit it for virion assembly and exocytosis. Coronaviruses (like SARS-CoV-2) possess such ability. The autophagy process requires a set of proteins that constitute the core machinery and is controlled by several signaling pathways. Here, we report on natural products capable of interfering with SARS-CoV-2 cellular infection and replication through their action on autophagy. The present study provides support to the use of such natural products as adjuvant therapeutics for the management of COVID-19 pandemic to prevent the virus infection and replication, and so mitigating the progression of the disease.
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Diniz LRL, Elshabrawy HA, Souza MTDS, Duarte ABS, Datta S, de Sousa DP. Catechins: Therapeutic Perspectives in COVID-19-Associated Acute Kidney Injury. Molecules 2021; 26:5951. [PMID: 34641495 PMCID: PMC8512361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Data obtained from several intensive care units around the world have provided substantial evidence of the strong association between impairment of the renal function and in-hospital deaths of critically ill COVID-19 patients, especially those with comorbidities and requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common renal disorder of various etiologies characterized by a sudden and sustained decrease of renal function. Studies have shown that 5-46% of COVID-19 patients develop AKI during hospital stay, and the mortality of those patients may reach up to 100% depending on various factors, such as organ failures and RRT requirement. Catechins are natural products that have multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-coronavirus and reno-protective activities against kidney injury induced by nephrotoxic agents, obstructive nephropathies and AKI accompanying metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the anti-SARS-CoV-2 and reno-protective effects of catechins from a mechanistic perspective. We believe that catechins may serve as promising therapeutics in COVID-19-associated AKI due to their well-recognized anti-SARS-CoV-2, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that mediate their reno-protective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA;
| | | | | | - Sabarno Datta
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA;
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil;
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Flores-Félix JD, Gonçalves AC, Alves G, Silva LR. Consumption of Phenolic-Rich Food and Dietary Supplements as a Key Tool in SARS-CoV-19 Infection. Foods 2021; 10:2084. [PMID: 34574194 PMCID: PMC8469666 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first cases of COVID-19, which is caused by the SARS-CoV-2, were reported in December 2019. The vertiginous worldwide expansion of SARS-CoV-2 caused the collapse of health systems in several countries due to the high severity of the COVID-19. In addition to the vaccines, the search for active compounds capable of preventing and/or fighting the infection has been the main direction of research. Since the beginning of this pandemic, some evidence has highlighted the importance of a phenolic-rich diet as a strategy to reduce the progression of this disease, including the severity of the symptoms. Some of these compounds (e.g., curcumin, gallic acid or quercetin) already showed capacity to limit the infection of viruses by inhibiting entry into the cell through its binding to protein Spike, regulating the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, disrupting the replication in cells by inhibition of viral proteases, and/or suppressing and modulating the host's immune response. Therefore, this review intends to discuss the most recent findings on the potential of phenolics to prevent SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- José David Flores-Félix
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.D.F.-F.); (A.C.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.D.F.-F.); (A.C.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.D.F.-F.); (A.C.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.D.F.-F.); (A.C.G.); (G.A.)
- Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior (UDI/IPG), Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
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Dejani NN, Elshabrawy HA, Bezerra Filho CDSM, de Sousa DP. Anticoronavirus and Immunomodulatory Phenolic Compounds: Opportunities and Pharmacotherapeutic Perspectives. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081254. [PMID: 34439920 PMCID: PMC8394099 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019, COVID-19 emerged as a severe respiratory disease that is caused by the novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease has been associated with high mortality rate, especially in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. This could be attributed to dysregulated immune responses and severe systemic inflammation in COVID-19 patients. The use of effective antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and modulation of the immune responses could be a potential therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Studies have shown that natural phenolic compounds have several pharmacological properties, including anticoronavirus and immunomodulatory activities. Therefore, this review discusses the dual action of these natural products from the perspective of applicability at COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Naiana Dejani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA;
| | - Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7347
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Mahmud S, Mita MA, Biswas S, Paul GK, Promi MM, Afrose S, Hasan R, Shimu SS, Zaman S, Uddin S, Tallei TE, Emran TB, Saleh A. Molecular docking and dynamics study to explore phytochemical ligand molecules against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 from extensive phytochemical datasets. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:1305-1315. [PMID: 34301158 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1959318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high transmission and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 has led to a pandemic that has halted the world's economy and health. The newly evolved strains and scarcity of vaccines has worsened the situation. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 can act as a potential target due to its role in viral replication and conservation level. METHODS In this study, we have enlisted more than 1100 phytochemicals from Asian plants based on deep literature mining. The compounds library was screened against the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS The selected three ligands, Flemichin, Delta-Oleanolic acid, and Emodin 1-O-beta-D-glucoside had a binding energy of -8.9, -8.9, -8.7 KJ/mol respectively. The compounds bind to the active groove of the main protease at; Cys145, Glu166, His41, Met49, Pro168, Met165, Gln189. The multiple descriptors from the simulation study; root mean square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, radius of gyration, hydrogen bond, solvent accessible surface area confirms the stable nature of the protein-ligand complexes. Furthermore, post-md analysis confirms the rigidness in the docked poses over the simulation trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Our combinatorial drug design approaches may help researchers to identify suitable drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafi Mahmud
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-Bangladesh
| | - Mohasana Akter Mita
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Suvro Biswas
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Gobindo Kumar Paul
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-Bangladesh
| | - Maria Meha Promi
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Afrose
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Robiul Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Sultana Shimu
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Zaman
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-Bangladesh
| | - Salah Uddin
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-Bangladesh
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Saleh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-Bangladesh
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Khater S, Kumar P, Dasgupta N, Das G, Ray S, Prakash A. Combining SARS-CoV-2 Proofreading Exonuclease and RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as a Strategy to Combat COVID-19: A High-Throughput in silico Screening. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647693. [PMID: 34354677 PMCID: PMC8329495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people worldwide. Currently, many clinical trials in search of effective COVID-19 drugs are underway. Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) remains the target of choice for prophylactic or curative treatment of COVID-19. Nucleoside analogs are the most promising RdRp inhibitors and have shown effectiveness in vitro, as well as in clinical settings. One limitation of such RdRp inhibitors is the removal of incorporated nucleoside analogs by SARS-CoV-2 exonuclease (ExoN). Thus, ExoN proofreading activity accomplishes resistance to many of the RdRp inhibitors. We hypothesize that in the absence of highly efficient antivirals to treat COVID-19, combinatorial drug therapy with RdRp and ExoN inhibitors will be a promising strategy to combat the disease. To repurpose drugs for COVID-19 treatment, 10,397 conformers of 2,240 approved drugs were screened against the ExoN domain of nsp14 using AutoDock VINA. The molecular docking approach and detailed study of interactions helped us to identify dexamethasone metasulfobenzoate, conivaptan, hesperidin, and glycyrrhizic acid as potential inhibitors of ExoN activity. The results were further confirmed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and molecular mechanics combined with generalized Born model and solvent accessibility method (MM-GBSA) calculations. Furthermore, the binding free energy of conivaptan and hesperidin, estimated using MM-GBSA, was -85.86 ± 0.68 and 119.07 ± 0.69 kcal/mol, respectively. Based on docking, MD simulations and known antiviral activities, and conivaptan and hesperidin were identified as potential SARS-CoV-2 ExoN inhibitors. We recommend further investigation of this combinational therapy using RdRp inhibitors with a repurposed ExoN inhibitor as a potential COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Khater
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- miBiome Therapeutics LLP, Mumbai, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Shashikant Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
| | - Amresh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
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Miroshnychenko KV, Shestopalova AV. Combined use of the hepatitis C drugs and amentoflavone could interfere with binding of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2: the results of a molecular simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:8672-8686. [PMID: 33896392 PMCID: PMC8074653 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1914168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide rapid spread of the COVID-19 disease necessitates the search for fast and effective treatments. The repurposing of existing drugs seems to be the best solution in this situation. In this study, the molecular docking method was used to test 248 drugs against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for viral entry into the host cell. Among the top-ranked ligands are drugs that are used for hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments (paritaprevir, ledipasvir, simeprevir) and a natural biflavonoid amentoflavone. The binding sites of the HCV drugs and amentoflavone are different. Therefore, the ternary complexes of the HCV drug, amentoflavone, and RBD can be created. For the 5 top-ranked ligands, the validating molecular dynamics simulations of binary and ternary complexes with RBD were performed. According to the MMPBSA-binding free energies, the HCV drugs ledipasvir and paritaprevir (in a neutral form) are the most efficient binders of the RBD when used in combination with amentoflavone.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna V. Shestopalova
- O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of NAS of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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Anti-inflammatory Effects of S. cumini Seed Extract on Gelatinase-B (MMP-9) Regulation against Hyperglycemic Cardiomyocyte Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8839479. [PMID: 33747350 PMCID: PMC7953863 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8839479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Black berry (Syzygium cumini) fruit is useful in curing diabetic complications; however, its role in diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the regulation of gelatinase-B (MMP-9) by S. cumini methanol seed extract (MSE) in diabetic cardiomyopathy using real-time PCR, RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, gel diffusion assay, and substrate zymography. The regulatory effects of MSE on NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 were also examined. Identification and estimation of polyphenol constituents present in S. cumini extract were carried out using reverse-phase HPLC. Further, in silico docking studies of identified polyphenols with gelatinase-B were performed to elucidate molecular level interaction in the active site of gelatinase-B. Docking studies showed strong interaction of S. cumini polyphenols with gelatinase-B. Our findings indicate that MSE significantly suppresses gelatinase-B expression and activity in high-glucose- (HG-) stimulated cardiomyopathy. Further, HG-induced activation of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 was also remarkably reduced by MSE. Our results suggest that S. cumini MSE may be useful as an effective functional food and dietary supplement to regulate HG-induced cardiac stress through gelatinase.
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Yashvardhini N, Jha DK, Bhattacharya S. Identification and characterization of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a promising antiviral therapeutic target. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5463-5473. [PMID: 34410443 PMCID: PMC8374121 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The causative agent of COVID-19 is a novel betacoronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which has emerged as a pandemic of global concern. Considering its rapid transmission, WHO has declared public health emergency on 11th March 2020 worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a genetically diverse positive sense RNA virus that typically exhibit high rates of mutation than DNA viruses. Higher rates of mutation bring higher genomic variability which may lead to viral evolution and enabling viruses to evade the pre-existing immunity of host and quickly acquire drug resistance properties. The objective of our study was to compare the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp sequences of Indian SARS-CoV-2 isolates with those of Wuhan type virus. A total of 384 point mutations were detected from 488 sequence of the RdRp protein of Indian SARS-CoV-2 genome, out of which seven were used for subsequent study. Furthermore, prediction of secondary structure, protein modeling and its dynamics were performed which revealed that seven mutations (R118C, T148I, Y149C, E802A, Q822H, V880I and D893Y) significantly altered the stability and flexibility of RdRp protein. Present study was therefore, undertaken to analyze the variations occurring in RdRp due to multiple mutations leading to the alterations in the structure and function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which is essential for the replication /transcription of this virus and hence can be utilized as a promising therapeutic target to curb SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niti Yashvardhini
- grid.412457.10000 0001 1276 6626Department of Microbiology, Patna Women’s College, Patna, 800 001 India
| | - Deepak Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, P. C. Vigyan Mahavidyalaya, J. P. University, Chapra, 841 301 India
| | - Saurav Bhattacharya
- grid.449713.c0000 0004 5944 7827Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700 091 India
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