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Badenes R, Bilotta F. Neurocritical care for intracranial haemorrhage: a systematic review of recent studies. Br J Anaesth 2016; 115 Suppl 2:ii68-74. [PMID: 26658203 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is associated with significant early mortality (up to 50% at 30 days) and long-term morbidity (with permanent neurological deficits in 75-80% of patients) and represents a serious health issue worldwide. The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in clinical research on ICH diagnosis and treatment that has led to revision of the guidelines for the diagnosis and management of ICH from the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association in 2013. This systematic review reports recent clinical evidence (original studies published between September 2013 and July 2015) related to neurocritical care and intensive care unit management of patients with ICH. All but one publication included in this review report original studies related to managment of patients with intracerebral or subarachnoid haemorrhage. These include insights on risk stratification and neurocritical care or intensive care unit treatment, management of haemodynamic variables and mechanical ventilation (goal-directed fluid therapy, advanced haemodynamic monitoring, and avoidance of hyperoxia and hyperventilation), and pharmacological neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Badenes
- Department Anesthesiology and Surgical-Trauma Intensive Care, Hospital Clinic Universitari de València, València, Spain
| | - F Bilotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Liebert AD, Chow RT, Bicknell BT, Varigos E. Neuroprotective Effects Against POCD by Photobiomodulation: Evidence from Assembly/Disassembly of the Cytoskeleton. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 10:1-19. [PMID: 26848276 PMCID: PMC4737522 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s33444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a decline in memory following anaesthesia and surgery in elderly patients. While often reversible, it consumes medical resources, compromises patient well-being, and possibly accelerates progression into Alzheimer's disease. Anesthetics have been implicated in POCD, as has neuroinflammation, as indicated by cytokine inflammatory markers. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is an effective treatment for a number of conditions, including inflammation. PBM also has a direct effect on microtubule disassembly in neurons with the formation of small, reversible varicosities, which cause neural blockade and alleviation of pain symptoms. This mimics endogenously formed varicosities that are neuroprotective against damage, toxins, and the formation of larger, destructive varicosities and focal swellings. It is proposed that PBM may be effective as a preconditioning treatment against POCD; similar to the PBM treatment, protective and abscopal effects that have been demonstrated in experimental models of macular degeneration, neurological, and cardiac conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta T. Chow
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lee CH, Park YC, Kim JH, Kim WY, Lee YS, Kim YH, Min TJ. The effects of hydromorphone on astrocytic responses in cerebral ischemia. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul) 2016. [DOI: 10.17085/apm.2016.11.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyung Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Young Cheol Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Woon Young Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Yoon Sook Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Too Jae Min
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
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54
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Gonzales NR, Grotta JC. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Disma N, Mondardini MC, Terrando N, Absalom AR, Bilotta F. A systematic review of methodology applied during preclinical anesthetic neurotoxicity studies: important issues and lessons relevant to the design of future clinical research. Paediatr Anaesth 2016; 26:6-36. [PMID: 26530523 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Preclinical evidence suggests that anesthetic agents harm the developing brain thereby causing long-term neurocognitive impairments. It is not clear if these findings apply to humans, and retrospective epidemiological studies thus far have failed to show definitive evidence that anesthetic agents are harmful to the developing human brain. AIM The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the preclinical studies published over the past decade, with a focus on methodological issues, to facilitate the comparison between different preclinical studies and inform better design of future trials. METHOD The literature search identified 941 articles related to the topic of neurotoxicity. As the primary aim of this systematic review was to compare methodologies applied in animal studies to inform future trials, we excluded a priori all articles focused on putative mechanism of neurotoxicity and the neuroprotective agents. Forty-seven preclinical studies were finally included in this review. RESULTS Methods used in these studies were highly heterogeneous-animals were exposed to anesthetic agents at different developmental stages, in various doses and in various combinations with other drugs, and overall showed diverse toxicity profiles. Physiological monitoring and maintenance of physiological homeostasis was variable and the use of cognitive tests was generally limited to assessment of specific brain areas, with restricted translational relevance to humans. CONCLUSION Comparison between studies is thus complicated by this heterogeneous methodology and the relevance of the combined body of literature to humans remains uncertain. Future preclinical studies should use better standardized methodologies to facilitate transferability of findings from preclinical into clinical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Disma
- Department of Anesthesia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria C Mondardini
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Niccolò Terrando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthony R Absalom
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Bilotta
- Section of Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Pakkianathan C, Benggon M, Khatibi NH, Chen H, Marcantonio S, Applegate R, Tang J, Zhang J. Propofol Pretreatment Fails to Provide Neuroprotection Following a Surgically Induced Brain Injury Rat Model. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:323-7. [PMID: 26463969 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurosurgical procedures are associated with unintentional damage to the brain during surgery, known as surgically induced brain injuries (SBI), which have been implicated in orchestrating structural and neurobehavioral deterioration. Propofol, an established hypnotic anesthetic agent, has been shown to ameliorate neuronal injury when given after injury in a number of experimental brain studies. We tested the hypothesis that propofol pretreatment confers neuroprotection against SBI and will reduce cerebral edema formation and neurobehavioral deficits in our rat population. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with low- and high-dose propofol 30 min before SBI. At 24 h post injury, brain water content and neurobehavioral assessment was conducted based on previously established models. In vehicle-treated rats, SBI resulted in significant cerebral edema and higher neurological deficit scores compared with sham-operated rats. Low- or high-dose propofol therapy neither reduced cerebral edema nor improved neurologic function. The results suggest that propofol pretreatment fails to provide neuroprotection in SBI rats. However, it is possible that a SBI model with less magnitude of injury or that propofol re-dosing, given the short-acting pharmacokinetic property of propofol, may be needed to provide definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Pakkianathan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Michael Benggon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Nikan H Khatibi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Hank Chen
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Suzzanne Marcantonio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Richard Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Flexman AM, Meng L, Gelb AW. Outcomes in neuroanesthesia: What matters most? Can J Anaesth 2015; 63:205-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-015-0522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Wang W, Lu R, Feng DY, Liang LR, Liu B, Zhang H. Inhibition of microglial activation contributes to propofol-induced protection against post-cardiac arrest brain injury in rats. J Neurochem 2015; 134:892-903. [PMID: 26016627 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that propofol can modulate microglial activity and hence may have potential roles against neuroinflammation following brain ischemic insult. However, whether and how propofol can inhibit post-cardiac arrest brain injury via inhibition of microglia activation remains unclear. A rat model of asphyxia cardiac arrest (CA) was created followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CA induced marked microglial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region, revealed by increased OX42 and P2 class of purinoceptor 7 (P2X7R) expression, as well as p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Morris water maze showed that learning and memory deficits following CA could be inhibited or alleviated by pre-treatment with the microglial inhibitor minocycline or propofol. Microglial activation was significantly suppressed likely via the P2X7R/p-p38 pathway by propofol. Moreover, hippocampal neuronal injuries after CA were remarkably attenuated by propofol. In vitro experiment showed that propofol pre-treatment inhibited ATP-induced microglial activation and release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. In addition, propofol protected neurons from injury when co-culturing with ATP-treated microglia. Our data suggest that propofol pre-treatment inhibits CA-induced microglial activation and neuronal injury in the hippocampus and ultimately improves cognitive function. We proposed a possible mechanism of propofol-mediated brain protection after cardiac arrest (CA). CA induces P2X7R upregulation and p38 phosphorylation in microglia, which induces release of TNF-α and IL-1β and consequent neuronal injury. Propofol could inhibit microglial activation and alleviate neuronal damage. Our results suggest propofol-induced anti-inflammatory treatment as a plausible strategy for therapeutic intervention in post-CA brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da-Yun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Rong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Sun YY, Li Y, Wali B, Li Y, Lee J, Heinmiller A, Abe K, Stein DG, Mao H, Sayeed I, Kuan CY. Prophylactic Edaravone Prevents Transient Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury: Implications for Perioperative Neuroprotection. Stroke 2015; 46:1947-55. [PMID: 26060244 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoperfusion-induced thrombosis is an important mechanism for postsurgery stroke and cognitive decline, but there are no perioperative neuroprotectants to date. This study investigated whether prophylactic application of Edaravone, a free radical scavenger already used in treating ischemic stroke in Japan, can prevent infarct and cognitive deficits in a murine model of transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transient hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult that consists of 30-minute occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and exposure to 7.5% oxygen. Edaravone or saline was prophylactically applied to compare their effects on cortical oxygen saturation, blood flow, coagulation, oxidative stress, metabolites, and learning-memory using methods that include photoacoustic imaging, laser speckle contrast imaging, solid-state NMR, and Morris water maze. The effects on infarct size by Edaravone application at different time points after tHI were also compared. RESULTS Prophylactic administration of Edaravone (4.5 mg/kg×2, IP, 1 hour before and 1 hour after tHI) improved vascular reperfusion, oxygen saturation, and the maintenance of brain metabolites, reducing oxidative stress, thrombosis, white-matter injury, and learning impairment after tHI insult. Delayed Edaravone treatment after 3 h post-tHI became unable to reduce infarct size. CONCLUSIONS Acute application of Edaravone may be a useful strategy to prevent postsurgery stroke and cognitive impairment, especially in patients with severe carotid stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yo Sun
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Yikun Li
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Bushra Wali
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Yuancheng Li
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Jolly Lee
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Andrew Heinmiller
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Koji Abe
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Donald G Stein
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Hui Mao
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.).
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Wang SB, Piao GC, Zhang HJ, Quan ZS. Synthesis of 5-alkoxythieno[2,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine derivatives and evaluation of their anticonvulsant activities. Molecules 2015; 20:6827-43. [PMID: 25884556 PMCID: PMC6272708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work concerns the design and synthesis of novel, substituted 5-alkoxythieno[2,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine derivatives 5a-p prepared from 3-amino-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid methyl ester. The final compounds were screened for their in vivo anticonvulsant activity using maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) tests. Neurotoxicity (NT) was tested using a rotarod test. The structure-anticonvulsant activity relationship analysis revealed that the most effective structural motif involves a substituted phenol, especially when substituted with a single chlorine, fluorine or trifluoromethyl group (at the meta-position), or two chlorine atoms. These molecules possessed high activity according to the MES and scPTZ models. Quantitative assessment of the compounds after intraperitoneal administration in mice showed that the most active compound was 5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]thieno[2,3-e] [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine (5o) with ED50 values of 11.5 mg/kg (MES) and 58.9 mg/kg (scPTZ). Furthermore, compound 5o was more effective in the MES and scPTZ tests than the well-known anticonvulsant drugs carbamazepine and ethosuximide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ben Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China.
| | - Guang-Chun Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China.
| | - Hong-Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China.
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China.
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Ring-oxidative biotransformation and drug interactions of propofol in the livers of rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:658928. [PMID: 25710017 PMCID: PMC4331326 DOI: 10.1155/2015/658928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Propofol, an intravenous anesthetic agent, is widely used for inducing and maintaining anesthesia during surgical procedures and for sedating intensive care unit patients. In the clinic, rapid elimination is one of the major advantages of propofol. Meanwhile, the biotransformation and drug interactions of propofol in rat livers are still little known. In this study, we evaluated the ring-oxidative metabolism of propofol in phenobarbital-treated rat livers and possible drug interactions. Administration of phenobarbital to male Wistar rats significantly increased levels of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B1/2 and microsomal pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD) activity. Analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy revealed that propofol was metabolized by phenobarbital-treated rat liver microsomes into 4-hydroxypropofol. In comparison, PROD activity and 4-hydroxy-propofol production from propofol metabolism were suppressed by orphenodrine, an inhibitor of CYP2B1/2, and a polyclonal antibody against rat CYP2B1/2 protein. Furthermore, exposure of rats to propofol did not affect the basal or phenobarbital-enhanced levels of hepatic CYP2B1/2 protein. Meanwhile, propofol decreased the dealkylation of pentoxyresorufin by phenobarbital-treated rat liver microsomes in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, this study shows that rat hepatic CYP2B1/2 plays a critical role in the ring-oxidative metabolism of propofol into 4-hydroxypropofol, and this anesthetic agent can inhibit CYP2B1/2 activity without affecting protein synthesis.
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Anestesia para el tratamiento quirúrgico de aneurismas cerebrales. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rca.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Lecours M, Gelb AW. Anesthesia for the surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcae.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Sadek B, Kuder K, Subramanian D, Shafiullah M, Stark H, Łażewska D, Adem A, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Anticonvulsive effect of nonimidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonists. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 25:245-52. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Sadek B, Schwed JS, Subramanian D, Weizel L, Walter M, Adem A, Stark H. Non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor ligands incorporating antiepileptic moieties. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 77:269-79. [PMID: 24650714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A small series of histamine H3 receptor (H3R) ligands (1-5) incorporating different antiepileptic structural motifs has been newly synthesized. All compounds exhibited moderate to high in vitro hH3R affinities up to a sub-nanomolar concentration range with pKi values in the range of 6.25-9.62 with varying preferences for this receptor subtype. The compounds (1-5) were further investigated in vivo on anticonvulsant effects against maximum electroshock (MES)-induced and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled convulsions in rats having phenytoin (PHT) as the reference antiepileptic drug (AED). Surprisingly, animals pretreated with 1 mg/kg, i.p. of 5,5-diphenyl-3-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (4) were only moderately protected and no protection was observed for compounds 1-3 and 5 in three different doses (1 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg/kg i.p.). Compound 4 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to modify PTZ-kindled convulsion. However, a dose of 10 mg/kg significantly reduced convulsions in both models. In contrast, 5,5-diphenyl-3-(4-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)benzyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (5) (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) showed proconvulsant effects in the MES model with further confirmation of these results in the PTZ model as no protection was observed against convulsion in the doses tested (1 and 10 mg/kg). In addition, compound 4 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly prolonged myoclonic latency time and shortened total convulsion duration when compared to control, PHT or standard H3R inverse agonist/antagonist pitolisant (PIT). Our results showed that H3R pharmacophores could successfully be structurally combined to antiepileptic moieties, especially phenytoin partial structures, maintaining the H3R affinity. However, the new derivatives for multiple-target approaches in epilepsy models are complex and show that pharmacophore elements are not easily pharmacologically combinable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain 0097, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Johannes Stephan Schwed
- Biocenter, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dhanasekaran Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain 0097, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lilia Weizel
- Biocenter, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Miriam Walter
- Biocenter, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain 0097, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Holger Stark
- Biocenter, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Argon gas: a potential neuroprotectant and promising medical therapy. Med Gas Res 2014; 4:3. [PMID: 24533741 PMCID: PMC3996095 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Argon is a noble gas element that has demonstrated narcotic and protective abilities that may prove useful in the medical field. The earliest records of argon gas have exposed its ability to exhibit narcotic symptoms at hyperbaric pressures greater than 10 atmospheres with more recent evidence seeking to display argon as a potential neuroprotective agent. The high availability and low cost of argon provide a distinct advantage over using similarly acting treatments such as xenon gas. Argon gas treatments in models of brain injury such as in vitro Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation (OGD) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), as well as in vivo Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) have largely demonstrated positive neuroprotective behavior. On the other hand, some warning has been made to potential negative effects of argon treatments in cases of ischemic brain injury, where increases of damage in the sub-cortical region of the brain have been uncovered. Further support for argon use in the medical field has been demonstrated in its use in combination with tPA, its ability as an organoprotectant, and its surgical applications. This review seeks to summarize the history and development of argon gas use in medical research as mainly a neuroprotective agent, to summarize the mechanisms associated with its biological effects, and to elucidate its future potential.
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Scheller C. Pharmacological perioperative brain neuroprotection: nimodipine? Br J Anaesth 2014; 112:178-9. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Bilotta F, Gelb AW, Stazi E, Titi L, Paoloni FP, Rosa G. Reply from the authors. Br J Anaesth 2013; 112:179-80. [PMID: 24318715 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, van Meulen FB, Meinsma G, van Putten MJAM. A Cerebral Recovery Index (CRI) for early prognosis in patients after cardiac arrest. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2013; 17:R252. [PMID: 24148747 PMCID: PMC4056571 DOI: 10.1186/cc13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring in patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest may assist in early outcome prediction. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) analysis can reduce the time needed to review long-term EEG and makes the analysis more objective. In this study, we evaluated the predictive value of qEEG analysis for neurologic outcome in postanoxic patients. Methods In total, 109 patients admitted to the ICU for therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest were included, divided over a training and a test set. Continuous EEG was recorded during the first 5 days or until ICU discharge. Neurologic outcomes were based on the best achieved Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score within 6 months. Of the training set, 27 of 56 patients (48%) and 26 of 53 patients (49%) of the test set achieved good outcome (CPC 1 to 2). In all patients, a 5 minute epoch was selected each hour, and five qEEG features were extracted. We introduced the Cerebral Recovery Index (CRI), which combines these features into a single number. Results At 24 hours after cardiac arrest, a CRI <0.29 was always associated with poor neurologic outcome, with a sensitivity of 0.55 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32 to 0.76) at a specificity of 1.00 (CI, 0.86 to 1.00) in the test set. This results in a positive predictive value (PPV) of 1.00 (CI, 0.73 to 1.00) and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.71 (CI, 0.53 to 0.85). At the same time, a CRI >0.69 predicted good outcome, with a sensitivity of 0.25 (CI, 0.10 to 0.14) at a specificity of 1.00 (CI, 0.85 to 1.00) in the test set, and a corresponding NPV of 1.00 (CI, 0.54 to 1.00) and a PPV of 0.55 (CI, 0.38 to 0.70). Conclusions We introduced a combination of qEEG measures expressed in a single number, the CRI, which can assist in prediction of both poor and good outcomes in postanoxic patients, within 24 hours after cardiac arrest.
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Abdulatif M, Ahmed A, Mukhtar A, Badawy S. The effect of magnesium sulphate infusion on the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2013; 68:1045-52. [PMID: 23909742 DOI: 10.1111/anae.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This randomised, controlled, double-blind study investigated the effects of intra-operative magnesium sulphate administration on the incidence of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia. Seventy children were randomly allocated to receive a 30 mg.kg(-1) bolus of intravenous magnesium sulphate after induction of anaesthesia followed by a continuous infusion of 10 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) or an equal volume of saline 0.9%. All children received titrated sevoflurane anaesthesia adjusted to maintain haemodynamic stability. The Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Score were used for the assessment of postoperative emergence agitation and pain, respectively. Emergence agitation was more common in the control group than in the magnesium group (23 (72%) and 12 (36%), respectively (p = 0.004)), with a relative risk of 0.51 (95% CI 0.31-0.84), an absolute risk reduction of 0.35 (95% CI 0.10-0.54), and number needed to treat of 3 (95% CI 2-9). Postoperative pain scores were comparable in the two groups. Magnesium sulphate reduces the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia and is not associated with increased postoperative side-effects or delayed recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdulatif
- Anaesthetic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Hemmings H, Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Special issue on anaesthetic neurotoxicity and neuroplasticity. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110 Suppl 1:i1-2. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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