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O'Connor E, Töpf A, Zahedi RP, Spendiff S, Cox D, Roos A, Lochmüller H. Clinical and research strategies for limb-girdle congenital myasthenic syndromes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1412:102-112. [PMID: 29315608 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a group of rare disorders that cause fatigable muscle weakness due to defective signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction, a specialized synapse between peripheral motor neurons and their target muscle fibers. There are now over 30 causative genes that have been reported for CMS. Of these, there are 10 that are associated with a limb-girdle pattern of muscle weakness and are thus classed as LG-CMS. Next-generation sequencing and advanced methods of data sharing are likely to uncover further genes that are associated with similar clinical phenotypes, contributing to better diagnosis and effective treatment of LG-CMS patients. This review highlights clinical and pathological hallmarks of LG-CMS in relation to the underlying genetic defects and pathways. Tailored animal and cell models are essential to elucidate the exact function and pathomechanisms at the neuromuscular synapse that underlie LG-CMS. The integration of genomics and proteomics data derived from these models and patients reveals new and often unexpected insights that are relevant beyond the rare genetic disorder of LG-CMS and may extend to the functioning of mammalian synapses in health and disease more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily O'Connor
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ana Töpf
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sally Spendiff
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Cox
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andreas Roos
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Engel AG. Genetic basis and phenotypic features of congenital myasthenic syndromes. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 148:565-589. [PMID: 29478601 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64076-5.00037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are heterogeneous disorders in which the safety margin of neuromuscular transmission is compromised by one or more specific mechanisms. The disease proteins reside in the nerve terminal, the synaptic basal lamina, or in the postsynaptic region, or at multiple sites at the neuromuscular junction as well as in other tissues. Targeted mutation analysis by Sanger or exome sequencing has been facilitated by characteristic phenotypic features of some CMS. No fewer than 20 disease genes have been recognized to date. In one-half of the currently identified probands, the disease stems from mutations in genes encoding subunits of the muscle form of the acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA1, CHRNB, CHRNAD1, and CHRNE). In 10-14% of the probands the disease is caused by mutations in RAPSN, DOK 7, or COLQ, and in 5% by mutations in CHAT. Other less frequently identified disease genes include LAMB2, AGRN, LRP4, MUSK, GFPT1, DPAGT1, ALG2, and ALG 14 as well as SCN4A, PREPL, PLEC1, DNM2, and MTM1. Identification of the genetic basis of each CMS is important not only for genetic counseling and disease prevention but also for therapy, because therapeutic agents that benefit one type of CMS can be harmful in another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Engel
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States.
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Reza M, Cox D, Phillips L, Johnson D, Manoharan V, Grieves M, Davis B, Roos A, Morgan J, Hanna MG, Muntoni F, Lochmüller H. MRC Centre Neuromuscular Biobank (Newcastle and London): Supporting and facilitating rare and neuromuscular disease research worldwide. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:1054-1064. [PMID: 28864117 PMCID: PMC5678293 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases are both genetic and acquired conditions resulting in progressive muscle weakness and wasting which lead to disability and reduced survival. The availability of high-quality human biomaterial is crucial to support biomedical research with potential applications at all stages of development, from molecular pathophysiology to drug discovery, clinical trials and evaluation of biomarkers. Although significant progress has been made over the last few years in the diagnosis of these rare conditions, the genetic defect and underlying pathological abnormality remain unknown in approximately 1/3 of cases. Moreover, to date no definitive cure is available for most neuromuscular disorders, nor are there sufficiently reliable and specific biomarkers to monitor disease progression and response to treatment. This is in part due to the rarity and genetic heterogeneity of neuromuscular diseases and the lack of access to patient samples. The availability of the national MRC Centre Biobank for Neuromuscular Diseases in Newcastle and London has addressed this bottleneck and supported neuromuscular research. Nine years after the establishment of the MRC Centre Biobank, many high profile research publications have highlighted the positive impact of neuromuscular biobanking for translational research and proven this facility to be a unique repository source for diagnostics, basic science research, industry, drug development, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Reza
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Cox
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lauren Phillips
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Diana Johnson
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Vaishnavi Manoharan
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Michael Grieves
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Becky Davis
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andreas Roos
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jennifer Morgan
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Michael G Hanna
- National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Bastaki F, Bizzari S, Hamici S, Nair P, Mohamed M, Saif F, Malik EM, Al-Ali MT, Hamzeh AR. Single-center experience of N-linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation with a Summary of Molecularly Characterized Cases in Arabs. Ann Hum Genet 2017; 82:35-47. [PMID: 28940310 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) represent an expanding group of conditions that result from defects in protein and lipid glycosylation. Different subgroups of CDG display considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity due to the highly complex nature of cellular glycosylation. This is further complicated by ethno-geographic differences in the mutational landscape of each of these subgroups. Ten Arab CDG patients from Latifa Hospital in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, were assessed using biochemical (glycosylation status of transferrin) and molecular approaches (next-generation sequencing [NGS] and Sanger sequencing). In silico tools including CADD and PolyPhen-2 were used to predict the functional consequences of uncovered mutations. In our sample of patients, five novel mutations were uncovered in the genes: MPDU1, PMM2, MAN1B1, and RFT1. In total, 9 mutations were harbored by the 10 patients in 7 genes. These are missense and nonsense mutations with deleterious functional consequences. This article integrates a single-center experience within a list of reported CDG mutations in the Arab world, accompanied by full molecular and clinical details pertaining to the studied cases. It also sheds light on potential ethnic differences that were not noted before in regards to CDG in the Arab world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bastaki
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | | | - Sana Hamici
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | | | - Madiha Mohamed
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | - Fatima Saif
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
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Schorling DC, Rost S, Lefeber DJ, Brady L, Müller CR, Korinthenberg R, Tarnopolsky M, Bönnemann CG, Rodenburg RJ, Bugiani M, Beytia M, Krüger M, van der Knaap M, Kirschner J. Early and lethal neurodegeneration with myasthenic and myopathic features: A new ALG14-CDG. Neurology 2017; 89:657-664. [PMID: 28733338 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the presentation and identify the cause of a new clinical phenotype, characterized by early severe neurodegeneration with myopathic and myasthenic features. METHODS This case study of 5 patients from 3 families includes clinical phenotype, serial MRI, electrophysiologic testing, muscle biopsy, and full autopsy. Genetic workup included whole exome sequencing and segregation analysis of the likely causal mutation. RESULTS All 5 patients showed severe muscular hypotonia, progressive cerebral atrophy, and therapy-refractory epilepsy. Three patients had congenital contractures. All patients died during their first year of life. In 2 of our patients, electrophysiologic testing showed abnormal decrement, but treatment with pyridostigmine led only to temporary improvement. Causative mutations in ALG14 were identified in all patients. The mutation c.220 G>A (p.Asp74Asn) was homozygous in 2 patients and heterozygous in the other 3 patients. Additional heterozygous mutations were c.422T>G (p.Val141Gly) and c.326G>A (p.Arg109Gln). In all cases, parents were found to be heterozygous carriers. None of the identified variants has been described previously. CONCLUSIONS We report a genetic syndrome combining myasthenic features and severe neurodegeneration with therapy-refractory epilepsy. The underlying cause is a glycosylation defect due to mutations in ALG14. These cases broaden the phenotypic spectrum associated with ALG14 congenital disorders of glycosylation as previously only isolated myasthenia has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Schorling
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Rost
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lauren Brady
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens R Müller
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Korinthenberg
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Beytia
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus Krüger
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo van der Knaap
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Kirschner
- From the Division of Neuropaediatrics and Muscle Disorders (D.C.S., R.K., M. Beytia, J.K.) and Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; Department of Human Genetics (S.R., C.R.M., M. Beytia), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (D.J.L.), and Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (R.J.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Disorders) (L.B., M.T.), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (C.G.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Child Neurology (M. Bugiani, M.v.d.K.) and Pathology (M. Bugiani), VU University Medical Center; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.v.d.K.), VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Al-Muhaizea MA, Al-Mobarak SB. COLQ-mutant Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome with Microcephaly: A Unique Case with Literature Review. Transl Neurosci 2017; 8:65-69. [PMID: 28744372 PMCID: PMC5518714 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (CMS) is a group of inherited neuromuscular junction disorders caused by defects in several genes. Clinical features include delayed motor milestones, recurrent respiratory illnesses and variable fatigable weakness. The central nervous system involvement is typically not part of the CMS. We report here a Saudi girl with genetically proven Collagen Like Tail Subunit Of Asymmetric Acetylcholinesterase (COLQ) mutation type CMS who has global developmental delay, microcephaly and respiratory failure. We have reviewed the literature regarding COLQ-type CMS and to the best of our knowledge this is the first ever reported association of congenital myasthenia syndrome with microcephaly.
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Mutations in GFPT1-related congenital myasthenic syndromes are associated with synaptic morphological defects and underlie a tubular aggregate myopathy with synaptopathy. J Neurol 2017; 264:1791-1803. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pitt MC. Use of stimulated electromyography in the analysis of the neuromuscular junction in children. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:841-847. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Pitt
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustGreat Ormond Street, LondonWC1N 3JH United Kingdom
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A patient with autoimmune limb-girdle myasthenia, and a brief review of this treatable condition. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017; 158:53-55. [PMID: 28460343 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Limb-girdle myasthenia gravis (LGM) is an uncommon clinical picture related to an antibody-mediated blockage of the neuromuscular junction. We describe a 44-year old man who presented with a proximal limbs' weakness that resembled a myopathic disorder. The repetitive nerve stimulation at 3Hz showing a decremental response suggested myasthenia, that was confirmed by the presence of an increased titer of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies (AChRAbs), and of hyperplastic foci at thymus histology. Symptomatic treatment with pyridostigmine was not effective, whereas the patient improved adding Azathioprine. In conclusion, a myopathic-like clinical picture in an adult could be caused by LMG. Thymus pathology, or (rarely) increased AChRAbs could support the diagnosis of LGM.
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60
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Roy B, Chahin N. Clinical Reasoning: A 14-year-old boy with fatigue and episodic worsening of weakness. Neurology 2017; 88:e96-e100. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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61
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Lam CW, Wong KS, Leung HW, Law CY. Limb girdle myasthenia with digenic RAPSN and a novel disease gene AK9 mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 25:192-199. [PMID: 27966543 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Though dysfunction of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is associated with congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS), the proteins involved in neuromuscular transmission have not been completely identified. In this study, we aimed to identify a novel CMS gene in a consanguineous family with limb-girdle type CMS. Homozygosity mapping of the novel CMS gene was performed using high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays. The variants in CMS gene were identified by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing. A 20 MB-region of homozygosity (ROH) was mapped on chromosome 6q15-21. This was the only ROH that present in all clinically affected siblings and absent in all clinically unaffected siblings. WES showed a novel variant of AK9 gene located in this ROH. This variant was a start-gain mutation and introduced a cryptic 5'-UTR signal in intron 5 of the AK9 gene. The normal splicing signal would be interfered by the cryptic translation signal leading to defective splicing. Another 25 MB-ROH was found on chromosome 11p13-q12 in all siblings. WES showed a homozygous RAPSN pathogenic variant in this ROH. Since RAPSN-associated limb-girdle type CMS was only manifested in AK9 homozygous variant carriers, the disease phenotype was of digenic inheritance, and was determined by the novel disease modifier AK9 which provides NTPs for N-glycosylation. This is the first time that this specific genotype-phenotype correlation is reported. Importantly, the AK9-associated nucleotide deficiency may replete by dietary supplements. Since AK9 is a disease modifier, enhancing N-glycosylation by increasing dietary nucleotides may be a new therapeutic option for CMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wan Lam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Sing Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho-Wan Leung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Yiu Law
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Ravenscroft G, Davis MR, Lamont P, Forrest A, Laing NG. New era in genetics of early-onset muscle disease: Breakthroughs and challenges. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 64:160-170. [PMID: 27519468 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset muscle disease includes three major entities that present generally at or before birth: congenital myopathies, congenital muscular dystrophies and congenital myasthenic syndromes. Almost exclusively there is weakness and hypotonia, although cases manifesting hypertonia are increasingly being recognised. These diseases display a wide phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, with the uptake of next generation sequencing resulting in an unparalleled extension of the phenotype-genotype correlations and "diagnosis by sequencing" due to unbiased sequencing. Perhaps now more than ever, detailed clinical evaluations are necessary to guide the genetic diagnosis; with arrival at a molecular diagnosis frequently occurring following dialogue between the molecular geneticist, the referring clinician and the pathologist. There is an ever-increasing blurring of the boundaries between the congenital myopathies, dystrophies and myasthenic syndromes. In addition, many novel disease genes have been described and new insights have been gained into skeletal muscle development and function. Despite the advances made, a significant percentage of patients remain without a molecular diagnosis, suggesting that there are many more human disease genes and mechanisms to identify. It is now technically- and clinically-feasible to perform next generation sequencing for severe diseases on a population-wide scale, such that preconception-carrier screening can occur. Newborn screening for selected early-onset muscle diseases is also technically and ethically-achievable, with benefits to the patient and family from early management of these diseases and should also be implemented. The need for world-wide Reference Centres to meticulously curate polymorphisms and mutations within a particular gene is becoming increasingly apparent, particularly for interpretation of variants in the large genes which cause early-onset myopathies: NEB, RYR1 and TTN. Functional validation of candidate disease variants is crucial for accurate interpretation of next generation sequencing and appropriate genetic counseling. Many published "pathogenic" variants are too frequent in control populations and are thus likely rare polymorphisms. Mechanisms need to be put in place to systematically update the classification of variants such that accurate interpretation of variants occurs. In this review, we highlight the recent advances made and the challenges ahead for the molecular diagnosis of early-onset muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianina Ravenscroft
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Mark R Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Pathwest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Phillipa Lamont
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Neurogenetic unit, Dept of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital and The Perth Children's Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alistair Forrest
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Nigel G Laing
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Pathwest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia.
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63
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Rodríguez Cruz PM, Belaya K, Basiri K, Sedghi M, Farrugia ME, Holton JL, Liu WW, Maxwell S, Petty R, Walls TJ, Kennett R, Pitt M, Sarkozy A, Parton M, Lochmüller H, Muntoni F, Palace J, Beeson D. Clinical features of the myasthenic syndrome arising from mutations in GMPPB. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87:802-9. [PMID: 27147698 PMCID: PMC6047737 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) due to mutations in GMPPB has recently been reported confirming the importance of glycosylation for the integrity of neuromuscular transmission. METHODS Review of case notes of patients with mutations in GMPPB to identify the associated clinical, neurophysiological, pathological and laboratory features. In addition, serum creatine kinase (CK) levels within the Oxford CMS cohort were retrospectively analysed to assess its usefulness in the differential diagnosis of this new entity. RESULTS All patients had prominent limb-girdle weakness with minimal or absent craniobulbar manifestations. Presentation was delayed beyond infancy with proximal muscle weakness and most patients recall poor performance in sports during childhood. Neurophysiology showed abnormal neuromuscular transmission only in the affected muscles and myopathic changes. Muscle biopsy showed dystrophic features and reduced α-dystroglycan glycosylation. In addition, myopathic changes were present on muscle MRI. CK was significantly increased in serum compared to other CMS subtypes. Patients were responsive to pyridostigimine alone or combined with 3,4-diaminopyridine and/or salbutamol. CONCLUSIONS Patients with GMPPB-CMS have phenotypic features aligned with CMS subtypes harbouring mutations within the early stages of the glycosylation pathway. Additional features shared with the dystroglycanopathies include myopathic features, raised CK levels and variable mild cognitive delay. This syndrome underlines that CMS can occur in the absence of classic myasthenic manifestations such as ptosis and ophthalmoplegia or facial weakness, and links myasthenic disorders with dystroglycanopathies. This report should facilitate the recognition of this disorder, which is likely to be underdiagnosed and can benefit from symptomatic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Rodríguez Cruz
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Katsiaryna Belaya
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Keivan Basiri
- Neurology Department, Neuroscience Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Sedghi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maria Elena Farrugia
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Wei Wei Liu
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Maxwell
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Petty
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Timothy J Walls
- Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robin Kennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Pitt
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anna Sarkozy
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Matt Parton
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre & MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David Beeson
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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64
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Ohno K, Ohkawara B, Ito M. Recent advances in congenital myasthenic syndromes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics; Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Bisei Ohkawara
- Division of Neurogenetics; Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics; Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
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65
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Ng BG, Shiryaev SA, Rymen D, Eklund EA, Raymond K, Kircher M, Abdenur JE, Alehan F, Midro AT, Bamshad MJ, Barone R, Berry GT, Brumbaugh JE, Buckingham KJ, Clarkson K, Cole FS, O'Connor S, Cooper GM, Van Coster R, Demmer LA, Diogo L, Fay AJ, Ficicioglu C, Fiumara A, Gahl WA, Ganetzky R, Goel H, Harshman LA, He M, Jaeken J, James PM, Katz D, Keldermans L, Kibaek M, Kornberg AJ, Lachlan K, Lam C, Yaplito-Lee J, Nickerson DA, Peters HL, Race V, Régal L, Rush JS, Rutledge SL, Shendure J, Souche E, Sparks SE, Trapane P, Sanchez-Valle A, Vilain E, Vøllo A, Waechter CJ, Wang RY, Wolfe LA, Wong DA, Wood T, Yang AC, Matthijs G, Freeze HH. ALG1-CDG: Clinical and Molecular Characterization of 39 Unreported Patients. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:653-60. [PMID: 26931382 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) arise from pathogenic mutations in over 100 genes leading to impaired protein or lipid glycosylation. ALG1 encodes a β1,4 mannosyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of the first of nine mannose moieties to form a dolichol-lipid linked oligosaccharide intermediate required for proper N-linked glycosylation. ALG1 mutations cause a rare autosomal recessive disorder termed ALG1-CDG. To date 13 mutations in 18 patients from 14 families have been described with varying degrees of clinical severity. We identified and characterized 39 previously unreported cases of ALG1-CDG from 32 families and add 26 new mutations. Pathogenicity of each mutation was confirmed based on its inability to rescue impaired growth or hypoglycosylation of a standard biomarker in an alg1-deficient yeast strain. Using this approach we could not establish a rank order comparison of biomarker glycosylation and patient phenotype, but we identified mutations with a lethal outcome in the first two years of life. The recently identified protein-linked xeno-tetrasaccharide biomarker, NeuAc-Gal-GlcNAc2 , was seen in all 27 patients tested. Our study triples the number of known patients and expands the molecular and clinical correlates of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby G Ng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Sergey A Shiryaev
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Daisy Rymen
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik A Eklund
- Section of Experimental Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kimiyo Raymond
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Martin Kircher
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jose E Abdenur
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California
| | - Fusun Alehan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alina T Midro
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rita Barone
- Pediatric Neurology Policlinico, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gerard T Berry
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane E Brumbaugh
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kati J Buckingham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - F Sessions Cole
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shawn O'Connor
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Rudy Van Coster
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, University Hospital Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Laurie A Demmer
- Clinical Genetics Program, Carolinas Health Care, Levine Childrens Hospital, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Luisa Diogo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança- Pediatric Hospital - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexander J Fay
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Can Ficicioglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Metabolic Disease, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Agata Fiumara
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Ganetzky
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Metabolic Disease, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Himanshu Goel
- Hunter Genetics, Waratah, New South Wales, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lyndsay A Harshman
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip M James
- Division of Genetics & Metabolism, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Daniel Katz
- Pediatric Neurology, Stormont-Vail Health Care, Topeka, Kansas
| | | | - Maria Kibaek
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrew J Kornberg
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Lachlan
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton and Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Lam
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy Yaplito-Lee
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Heidi L Peters
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valerie Race
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey S Rush
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - S Lane Rutledge
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Erika Souche
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pamela Trapane
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Eric Vilain
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arve Vøllo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of Ostfold N-1603 Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Charles J Waechter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Raymond Y Wang
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Derek A Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tim Wood
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina
| | - Amy C Yang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Gert Matthijs
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hudson H Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
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66
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Finlayson S, Morrow JM, Rodriguez Cruz PM, Sinclair CDJ, Fischmann A, Thornton JS, Knight S, Norbury R, White M, Al-Hajjar M, Carboni N, Jayawant S, Robb SA, Yousry TA, Beeson D, Palace J. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging in congenital myasthenic syndromes. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:211-9. [PMID: 26789134 PMCID: PMC4982021 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In this study we investigated muscle magnetic resonance imaging in congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS). Methods Twenty‐six patients with 9 CMS subtypes and 10 controls were imaged. T1‐weighted (T1w) and short‐tau inversion recovery (STIR) 3‐Tesla MRI images obtained at thigh and calf levels were scored for severity. Results Overall mean the T1w score was increased in GFPT1 and DPAGT1 CMS. T1w scans of the AChR‐deficiency, COLQ, and CHAT subjects were indistinguishable from controls. STIR images from CMS patients did not differ significantly from those of controls. Mean T1w score correlated with age in the CMS cohort. Conclusions MRI appearances ranged from normal to marked abnormality. T1w images seem to be especially abnormal in some CMS caused by mutations of proteins involved in the glycosylation pathway. A non‐selective pattern of fat infiltration or a normal‐appearing scan in the setting of significant clinical weakness should suggest CMS as a potential diagnosis. Muscle MRI could play a role in differentiating CMS subtypes. Muscle Nerve54: 211–219, 2016
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Finlayson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jasper M Morrow
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Pedro M Rodriguez Cruz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Arne Fischmann
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John S Thornton
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Steve Knight
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ray Norbury
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Mel White
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Children's Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Michal Al-Hajjar
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Carboni
- Neurology Department, Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Sandeep Jayawant
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Children's Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie A Robb
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tarek A Yousry
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David Beeson
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
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67
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Tsao CY. Effective Treatment With Albuterol in DOK7 Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome in Children. Pediatr Neurol 2016; 54:85-7. [PMID: 26552645 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital myasthenic syndromes consist of rare disorders resulting from mutations in genes encoding for presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic proteins that are involved in the signal transmission of the neuromuscular junction. They are characterized by fatigable weakness of the skeletal muscles with symptom onset from birth to early childhood. DOK7 (downstream of tyrosine kinase 7) congenital myasthenic syndrome was previously treated successfully with ephedrine and salbutamol; however, both are unavailable in the United States. METHODS Case report of a child with muscle weakness. RESULTS This report describes a boy who presented only with progressive limb-girdle muscle weakness since age 2 years. The muscle biopsy with extensive studies revealed no obvious etiologies. His muscle weakness rapidly worsened, requiring a wheelchair for daily activities. Expanded neuromuscular gene panel promptly led to the diagnosis of DOK7 congenital myasthenic syndrome, and his muscle strength dramatically and persistently improved in four weeks with albuterol treatment, allowing him to walk independently. In a brief literature review, 15 patients (five treated between ages 5 and 17 years) from the Mayo Clinic with DOK7 mutations were also successfully treated with albuterol. CONCLUSION DOK7 congenital myasthenic syndrome often presents with limb-girdle muscle weakness, which can become progressive without proper treatment. If muscle biopsy reveals no obvious etiology, an expanded neuromuscular gene panel may lead to a specific diagnosis of congenital myasthenic syndrome such as those due to DOK7 mutation. Albuterol is often used to treat bronchial asthma; however, it can also dramatically and persistently improve the muscle strength of DOK7 congenital myasthenic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yong Tsao
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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68
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Willems AP, van Engelen BGM, Lefeber DJ. Genetic defects in the hexosamine and sialic acid biosynthesis pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:1640-54. [PMID: 26721333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital disorders of glycosylation are caused by defects in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids. Classically, gene defects with multisystem disease have been identified in the ubiquitously expressed glycosyltransferases required for protein N-glycosylation. An increasing number of defects are being described in sugar supply pathways for protein glycosylation with tissue-restricted clinical symptoms. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we address the hexosamine and sialic acid biosynthesis pathways in sugar metabolism. GFPT1, PGM3 and GNE are essential for synthesis of nucleotide sugars uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-sialic acid) as precursors for various glycosylation pathways. Defects in these enzymes result in contrasting clinical phenotypes of congenital myasthenia, immunodeficiency or adult-onset myopathy, respectively. We therefore discuss the biochemical mechanisms of known genetic defects in the hexosamine and CMP-sialic acid synthesis pathway in relation to the clinical phenotypes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Both UDP-GlcNAc and CMP-sialic acid are important precursors for diverse protein glycosylation reactions and for conversion into other nucleotide-sugars. Defects in the synthesis of these nucleotide sugars might affect a wide range of protein glycosylation reactions. Involvement of multiple glycosylation pathways might contribute to disease phenotype, but the currently available biochemical information on sugar metabolism is insufficient to understand why defects in these pathways present with tissue-specific phenotypes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Future research on the interplay between sugar metabolism and different glycosylation pathways in a tissue- and cell-specific manner will contribute to elucidation of disease mechanisms and will create new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke P Willems
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Baziel G M van Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Global N-linked Glycosylation is Not Significantly Impaired in Myoblasts in Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes Caused by Defective Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 1 (GFPT1). Biomolecules 2015; 5:2758-81. [PMID: 26501342 PMCID: PMC4693256 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the first enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. It transfers an amino group from glutamine to fructose-6-phosphate to yield glucosamine-6-phosphate, thus providing the precursor for uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) synthesis. UDP-GlcNAc is an essential substrate for all mammalian glycosylation biosynthetic pathways and N-glycan branching is especially sensitive to alterations in the concentration of this sugar nucleotide. It has been reported that GFPT1 mutations lead to a distinct sub-class of congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) termed “limb-girdle CMS with tubular aggregates”. CMS are hereditary neuromuscular transmission disorders in which neuromuscular junctions are impaired. To investigate whether alterations in protein glycosylation at the neuromuscular junction might be involved in this impairment, we have employed mass spectrometric strategies to study the N-glycomes of myoblasts and myotubes derived from two healthy controls, three GFPT1 patients, and four patients with other muscular diseases, namely CMS caused by mutations in DOK7, myopathy caused by mutations in MTND5, limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A), and Pompe disease. A comparison of the relative abundances of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary N-glycans in each of the cell preparations revealed that all samples exhibited broadly similar levels of branching. Moreover, although some differences were observed in the relative abundances of some of the N-glycan constituents, these variations were modest and were not confined to the GFPT1 samples. Therefore, GFPT1 mutations in CMS patients do not appear to compromise global N-glycosylation in muscle cells.
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Arredondo J, Lara M, Gospe SM, Mazia CG, Vaccarezza M, Garcia-Erro M, Bowe CM, Chang CH, Mezei MM, Maselli RA. Choline Acetyltransferase Mutations Causing Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome: Molecular Findings and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:881-93. [PMID: 26080897 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the synthesis of acetylcholine at cholinergic nerves. Mutations in human CHAT cause a congenital myasthenic syndrome due to impaired synthesis of ACh; this severe variant of the disease is frequently associated with unexpected episodes of potentially fatal apnea. The severity of this condition varies remarkably, and the molecular factors determining this variability are poorly understood. Furthermore, genotype-phenotype correlations have been difficult to establish in patients with biallelic mutations. We analyzed the protein expression of phosphorylated ChAT of seven CHAT mutations, p.Val136Met, p.Arg207His, p.Arg186Trp, p.Val194Leu, p.Pro211Ala, p.Arg566Cys, and p.Ser694Cys, in HEK-293 cells to phosphorylated ChAT, determined their enzyme kinetics and thermal stability, and examined their structural changes. Three mutations, p.Arg207His, p.Arg186Trp, and p.Arg566Cys, are novel, and p.Val136Met and p.Arg207His are homozygous in three families and associated with severe disease. The characterization of mutants showed a decrease in the overall catalytic efficiency of ChAT; in particular, those located near the active-site tunnel produced the most seriously disruptive phenotypic effects. On the other hand, p.Val136Met, which is located far from both active and substrate-binding sites, produced the most drastic reduction of ChAT expression. Overall, CHAT mutations producing low enzyme expression and severe kinetic effects are associated with the most severe phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Arredondo
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Marian Lara
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sídney M Gospe
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Claudio G Mazia
- Department of Neurology, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A Lanari-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Vaccarezza
- Servicio de Neurología Pediátrica, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Garcia-Erro
- Sector Enfermedades Neuromusculares Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Constance M Bowe
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Celia H Chang
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michelle M Mezei
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ricardo A Maselli
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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71
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Evangelista T, Hanna M, Lochmüller H. Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes with Predominant Limb Girdle Weakness. J Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 2:S21-S29. [PMID: 26870666 PMCID: PMC4746746 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-150098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of genetically determined disorders characterized by impaired neuromuscular transmission. They usually present from birth to childhood and are characterised by exercise induced weakness and fatigability. Genotype-phenotype correlations are difficult. However, in some patients particular phenotypic aspects may point towards a specific genetic defect. The absence of ptosis and ophthalmoparesis in patients with limb-girdle weakness makes the diagnosis of a neuromuscular transmission defect particularly challenging (LG-CMS). This is illustrated by a well-documented case published by Walton in 1956. The diagnosis of LG-CMS is secured by demonstrating a neuromuscular transmission defect with single fibre EMG or repetitive nerve stimulation, in the absence of auto-antibodies. Ultimately, a genetic test is required to identify the underlying cause and assure counselling and optimization of treatment. LG-CMS are inherited in autosomal recessive traits, and are often associated with mutations in DOK7 and GFPT1, and less frequently with mutations in COLQ, ALG2, ALG14 and DPAGT. Genetic characterization of CMS is of the upmost importance when choosing the adequate treatment. Some of the currently used drugs can either ameliorate or aggravate the symptoms depending on the underlying genetic defect. The drug most frequently used for the treatment of CMS is pyridostigmine an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. However, pyridostigmine is not effective or is even detrimental in DOK7- and COLQ-related LG-CMS, while beta-adrenergic agonists (ephedrine, salbutamol) show some sustained benefit. Standard clinical trials may be difficult, but standardized follow-up of patients and international collaboration may help to improve the standards of care of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresinha Evangelista
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mike Hanna
- UCL MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
This review presents principles of glycosylation, describes the relevant glycosylation pathways and their related disorders, and highlights some of the neurological aspects and issues that continue to challenge researchers. More than 100 rare human genetic disorders that result from deficiencies in the different glycosylation pathways are known today. Most of these disorders impact the central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Patients typically have developmental delays/intellectual disabilities, hypotonia, seizures, neuropathy, and metabolic abnormalities in multiple organ systems. Among these disorders there is great clinical diversity because all cell types differentially glycosylate proteins and lipids. The patients have hundreds of misglycosylated products, which afflict a myriad of processes, including cell signaling, cell-cell interaction, and cell migration. This vast complexity in glycan composition and function, along with the limited availability of analytic tools, has impeded the identification of key glycosylated molecules that cause pathologies. To date, few critical target proteins have been pinpointed.
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73
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Tintignac LA, Brenner HR, Rüegg MA. Mechanisms Regulating Neuromuscular Junction Development and Function and Causes of Muscle Wasting. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:809-52. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction is the chemical synapse between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers. It is designed to reliably convert the action potential from the presynaptic motor neuron into the contraction of the postsynaptic muscle fiber. Diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction may cause failure of this conversion and result in loss of ambulation and respiration. The loss of motor input also causes muscle wasting as muscle mass is constantly adapted to contractile needs by the balancing of protein synthesis and protein degradation. Finally, neuromuscular activity and muscle mass have a major impact on metabolic properties of the organisms. This review discusses the mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction, the consequences of and the mechanisms involved in its dysfunction, and its role in maintaining muscle mass during aging. As life expectancy is increasing, loss of muscle mass during aging, called sarcopenia, has emerged as a field of high medical need. Interestingly, aging is also accompanied by structural changes at the neuromuscular junction, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in neuromuscular junction maintenance might be disturbed during aging. In addition, there is now evidence that behavioral paradigms and signaling pathways that are involved in longevity also affect neuromuscular junction stability and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel A. Tintignac
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
| | - Hans-Rudolf Brenner
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
| | - Markus A. Rüegg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
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Taylor JC, Martin HC, Lise S, Broxholme J, Cazier JB, Rimmer A, Kanapin A, Lunter G, Fiddy S, Allan C, Aricescu AR, Attar M, Babbs C, Becq J, Beeson D, Bento C, Bignell P, Blair E, Buckle VJ, Bull K, Cais O, Cario H, Chapel H, Copley RR, Cornall R, Craft J, Dahan K, Davenport EE, Dendrou C, Devuyst O, Fenwick AL, Flint J, Fugger L, Gilbert RD, Goriely A, Green A, Greger IH, Grocock R, Gruszczyk AV, Hastings R, Hatton E, Higgs D, Hill A, Holmes C, Howard M, Hughes L, Humburg P, Johnson D, Karpe F, Kingsbury Z, Kini U, Knight JC, Krohn J, Lamble S, Langman C, Lonie L, Luck J, McCarthy D, McGowan SJ, McMullin MF, Miller KA, Murray L, Németh AH, Nesbit MA, Nutt D, Ormondroyd E, Oturai AB, Pagnamenta A, Patel SY, Percy M, Petousi N, Piazza P, Piret SE, Polanco-Echeverry G, Popitsch N, Powrie F, Pugh C, Quek L, Robbins PA, Robson K, Russo A, Sahgal N, van Schouwenburg PA, Schuh A, Silverman E, Simmons A, Sørensen PS, Sweeney E, Taylor J, Thakker RV, Tomlinson I, Trebes A, Twigg SR, Uhlig HH, Vyas P, Vyse T, Wall SA, Watkins H, Whyte MP, Witty L, Wright B, Yau C, Buck D, Humphray S, Ratcliffe PJ, Bell JI, Wilkie AO, Bentley D, Donnelly P, McVean G. Factors influencing success of clinical genome sequencing across a broad spectrum of disorders. Nat Genet 2015; 47:717-726. [PMID: 25985138 PMCID: PMC4601524 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To assess factors influencing the success of whole-genome sequencing for mainstream clinical diagnosis, we sequenced 217 individuals from 156 independent cases or families across a broad spectrum of disorders in whom previous screening had identified no pathogenic variants. We quantified the number of candidate variants identified using different strategies for variant calling, filtering, annotation and prioritization. We found that jointly calling variants across samples, filtering against both local and external databases, deploying multiple annotation tools and using familial transmission above biological plausibility contributed to accuracy. Overall, we identified disease-causing variants in 21% of cases, with the proportion increasing to 34% (23/68) for mendelian disorders and 57% (8/14) in family trios. We also discovered 32 potentially clinically actionable variants in 18 genes unrelated to the referral disorder, although only 4 were ultimately considered reportable. Our results demonstrate the value of genome sequencing for routine clinical diagnosis but also highlight many outstanding challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C Taylor
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hilary C Martin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefano Lise
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Broxholme
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Andy Rimmer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerton Lunter
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Fiddy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Allan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Moustafa Attar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Babbs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - David Beeson
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Celeste Bento
- Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricia Bignell
- Molecular Haematology Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward Blair
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Veronica J Buckle
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Bull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ondrej Cais
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Holger Cario
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helen Chapel
- Primary Immunodeficiency Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard R Copley
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Cornall
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jude Craft
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karin Dahan
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Génétique et de Pathologie, Gosselies, Belgium
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma E Davenport
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Calliope Dendrou
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aimée L Fenwick
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rodney D Gilbert
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anne Goriely
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angie Green
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anja V Gruszczyk
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Hastings
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edouard Hatton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Doug Higgs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian Hill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Holmes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Malcolm Howard
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda Hughes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Humburg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Laboratory for Integrative Physiology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Usha Kini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Krohn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Lamble
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig Langman
- Kidney Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and the Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lorne Lonie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joshua Luck
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Davis McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J McGowan
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kerry A Miller
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Murray
- Illumina Cambridge Limited, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - Andrea H Németh
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Andrew Nesbit
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ormondroyd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Annette Bang Oturai
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alistair Pagnamenta
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Smita Y Patel
- Primary Immunodeficiency Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie Percy
- Department of Haematology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Nayia Petousi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paolo Piazza
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sian E Piret
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Niko Popitsch
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Pugh
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynn Quek
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A Robbins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn Robson
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra Russo
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Natasha Sahgal
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anna Schuh
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Earl Silverman
- Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Per Soelberg Sørensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Sweeney
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Taylor
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NHS Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Trebes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Rf Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paresh Vyas
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Vyse
- Division of Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Steven A Wall
- Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael P Whyte
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lorna Witty
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ben Wright
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Yau
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Buck
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - John I Bell
- Office of the Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Om Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gilean McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Harada Y, Hirayama H, Suzuki T. Generation and degradation of free asparagine-linked glycans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2509-33. [PMID: 25772500 PMCID: PMC11113800 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked protein glycosylation, which takes place in the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is important for protein folding, quality control and the intracellular trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins. It is known that, during N-glycosylation, considerable amounts of lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs), the glycan donor substrates for N-glycosylation, are hydrolyzed to form free N-glycans (FNGs) by unidentified mechanisms. FNGs are also generated in the cytosol by the enzymatic deglycosylation of misfolded glycoproteins during ER-associated degradation. FNGs derived from LLOs and misfolded glycoproteins are eventually merged into one pool in the cytosol and the various glycan structures are processed to a near homogenous glycoform. This article summarizes the current state of our knowledge concerning the formation and catabolism of FNGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Harada
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroto Hirayama
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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Belaya K, Rodríguez Cruz PM, Liu WW, Maxwell S, McGowan S, Farrugia ME, Petty R, Walls TJ, Sedghi M, Basiri K, Yue WW, Sarkozy A, Bertoli M, Pitt M, Kennett R, Schaefer A, Bushby K, Parton M, Lochmüller H, Palace J, Muntoni F, Beeson D. Mutations in GMPPB cause congenital myasthenic syndrome and bridge myasthenic disorders with dystroglycanopathies. Brain 2015; 138:2493-504. [PMID: 26133662 PMCID: PMC4547052 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes are associated with impairments in neuromuscular transmission. Belaya et al. show that mutations of the glycosylation pathway enzyme GMPPB, which has previously been implicated in muscular dystrophy dystroglycanopathy, also cause a congenital myasthenic syndrome. This differential diagnosis is important to ensure that affected individuals receive appropriate medication. Congenital myasthenic syndromes are inherited disorders that arise from impaired signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Mutations in at least 20 genes are known to lead to the onset of these conditions. Four of these, ALG2, ALG14, DPAGT1 and GFPT1, are involved in glycosylation. Here we identify a fifth glycosylation gene, GMPPB, where mutations cause congenital myasthenic syndrome. First, we identified recessive mutations in seven cases from five kinships defined as congenital myasthenic syndrome using decrement of compound muscle action potentials on repetitive nerve stimulation on electromyography. The mutations were present through the length of the GMPPB, and segregation, in silico analysis, exon trapping, cell transfection followed by western blots and immunostaining were used to determine pathogenicity. GMPPB congenital myasthenic syndrome cases show clinical features characteristic of congenital myasthenic syndrome subtypes that are due to defective glycosylation, with variable weakness of proximal limb muscle groups while facial and eye muscles are largely spared. However, patients with GMPPB congenital myasthenic syndrome had more prominent myopathic features that were detectable on muscle biopsies, electromyography, muscle magnetic resonance imaging, and through elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Mutations in GMPPB have recently been reported to lead to the onset of muscular dystrophy dystroglycanopathy. Analysis of four additional GMPPB-associated muscular dystrophy dystroglycanopathy cases by electromyography found that a defective neuromuscular junction component is not always present. Thus, we find mutations in GMPPB can lead to a wide spectrum of clinical features where deficit in neuromuscular transmission is the major component in a subset of cases. Clinical recognition of GMPPB-associated congenital myasthenic syndrome may be complicated by the presence of myopathic features, but correct diagnosis is important because affected individuals can respond to appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsiaryna Belaya
- 1 Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Pedro M Rodríguez Cruz
- 1 Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK 2 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Wei Wei Liu
- 1 Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Susan Maxwell
- 1 Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Simon McGowan
- 3 Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Maria E Farrugia
- 4 Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Petty
- 4 Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Timothy J Walls
- 5 Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Maryam Sedghi
- 6 Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Keivan Basiri
- 7 Neurology Department, Neuroscience Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- 8 Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anna Sarkozy
- 9 Institute of Genetic Medicine, John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK 10 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Marta Bertoli
- 9 Institute of Genetic Medicine, John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Matthew Pitt
- 11 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for children NHS foundation trust, London WC1N 3JH
| | - Robin Kennett
- 2 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew Schaefer
- 5 Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Kate Bushby
- 9 Institute of Genetic Medicine, John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Matt Parton
- 10 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- 9 Institute of Genetic Medicine, John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- 2 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- 12 Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - David Beeson
- 1 Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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Giarrana ML, Joset P, Sticht H, Robb S, Steindl K, Rauch A, Klein A. A severe congenital myasthenic syndrome with “dropped head” caused by novel MUSK
mutations. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:668-73. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam L. Giarrana
- Department of Paediatric Neurology; University Children's Hospital; Steinwiesstrasse 75 8032 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Pascal Joset
- Institute of Medical Genetics; University of Zurich; Schlieren-Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Stephanie Robb
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children; London UK
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics; University of Zurich; Schlieren-Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics; University of Zurich; Schlieren-Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andrea Klein
- Department of Paediatric Neurology; University Children's Hospital; Steinwiesstrasse 75 8032 Zürich Switzerland
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Engel AG, Shen XM, Selcen D, Sine SM. Congenital myasthenic syndromes: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:420-34. [PMID: 25792100 PMCID: PMC4520251 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a diverse group of genetic disorders caused by abnormal signal transmission at the motor endplate, a special synaptic contact between motor axons and each skeletal muscle fibre. Most CMS stem from molecular defects in the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, but they can also be caused by mutations in presynaptic proteins, mutations in proteins associated with the synaptic basal lamina, defects in endplate development and maintenance, or defects in protein glycosylation. The specific diagnosis of some CMS can sometimes be reached by phenotypic clues pointing to the mutated gene. In the absence of such clues, exome sequencing is a useful technique for finding the disease gene. Greater understanding of the mechanisms of CMS have been obtained from structural and electrophysiological studies of the endplate, and from biochemical studies. Present therapies for the CMS include cholinergic agonists, long-lived open-channel blockers of the acetylcholine receptor ion channel, and adrenergic agonists. Although most CMS are treatable, caution should be exercised as some drugs that are beneficial in one syndrome can be detrimental in another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Engel
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Xin-Ming Shen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Duygu Selcen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Steven M Sine
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Rodríguez Cruz PM, Sewry C, Beeson D, Jayawant S, Squier W, McWilliam R, Palace J. Congenital myopathies with secondary neuromuscular transmission defects; A case report and review of the literature. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 24:1103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Inherited disorders of the neuromuscular junction: an update. J Neurol 2014; 261:2234-43. [PMID: 25305004 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are a group of heterogeneous inherited disorders caused by mutations in genes affecting the function and structure of the neuromuscular junction. This review updates the reader on established and novel subtypes of congenital myasthenia, and the treatment strategies for these increasingly heterogeneous disorders. The discovery of mutations associated with the N-glycosylation pathway and in the family of serine peptidases has shown that causative genes encoding ubiquitously expressed molecules can produce defects at the human neuromuscular junction. By contrast, mutations in lipoprotein-like receptor 4 (LRP4), a long-time candidate gene for congenital myasthenia, and a novel phenotype of myasthenia with distal weakness and atrophy due to mutations in AGRN have now been described. In addition, a pathogenic splicing mutation in a nonfunctional exon of CHRNA1 has been reported emphasizing the importance of analysing nonfunctional exons in genetic analysis. The benefit of salbutamol and ephedrine alone or combined with pyridostigmine or 3,4-DAP is increasingly being reported for particular subtypes of CMS.
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Scott K, Gadomski T, Kozicz T, Morava E. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: new defects and still counting. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:609-17. [PMID: 24831587 PMCID: PMC4141334 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Almost 50 inborn errors of metabolism have been described due to congenital defects in N-linked glycosylation. These phenotypically diverse disorders typically present as clinical syndromes, affecting multiple systems including the central nervous system, muscle function, transport, regulation, immunity, endocrine system, and coagulation. An increasing number of disorders have been discovered using novel techniques that combine glycobiology with next-generation sequencing or use tandem mass spectrometry in combination with molecular gene-hunting techniques. The number of "classic" congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) due to N-linked glycosylation defects is still rising. Eight novel CDGs affecting N-linked glycans were discovered in 2013 alone. Newly discovered genes teach us about the significance of glycosylation in cell-cell interaction, signaling, organ development, cell survival, and mosaicism, in addition to the consequences of abnormal glycosylation for muscle function. We have learned how important glycosylation is in posttranslational modification and how glycosylation defects can imitate recognizable, previously described phenotypes. In many CDG subtypes, patients unexpectedly presented with long-term survival, whereas some others presented with nonsyndromic intellectual disability. In this review, recently discovered N-linked CDGs are described, with a focus on clinical presentations and therapeutic ideas. A diagnostic approach in unsolved N-linked CDG cases with abnormal transferrin screening results is also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Scott
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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83
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Selcen D, Shen XM, Brengman J, Li Y, Stans AA, Wieben E, Engel AG. DPAGT1 myasthenia and myopathy: genetic, phenotypic, and expression studies. Neurology 2014; 82:1822-30. [PMID: 24759841 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate patients with DPAGT1 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase 1)-associated myasthenic syndrome. METHODS We performed exome and Sanger sequencing, determined glycoprotein expression in patient muscles, assessed pathogenicity of the mutant proteins by examining their expression and enzymatic activity in transfected cells, evaluated structural changes in muscle and the neuromuscular junction, and examined electrophysiologic aspects of neuromuscular transmission in vitro. RESULTS Patients 1 and 2, 16 and 14 years of age, had progressive fatigable weakness since infancy and are intellectually disabled. Patient 3, a less severely affected brother of patient 1, also has autistic features. Each patient harbors 2 novel heteroallelic mutations in DPAGT1, an enzyme subserving protein N-glycosylation. Patients 1 and 3 harbor Met1Leu, which reduces protein expression, and His375Tyr, which decreases enzyme activity. Patient 2 carries Val264Met, which abolishes enzyme activity, and a synonymous Leu120Leu mutation that markedly augments exon skipping, resulting in some skipped and infrequent nonskipped alleles. Therefore, the nonskipped allele rescues the phenotype. Intracellular microelectrode studies indicate combined pre- and postsynaptic defects of neuromuscular transmission with evidence for somatic mosaicism in patient 2. Structural studies reveal hypoplastic endplates, fiber-type disproportion, tubular aggregates, and degeneration of muscle fiber organelles resulting in autophagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS DPAGT1 myasthenia affects multiple parameters of neuromuscular transmission, causes fiber-type disproportion and an autophagic myopathy, and can be associated with intellectual disability. We speculate that hypoglycosylation of synapse-specific proteins causes defects in central as well as motor synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Selcen
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory (D.S., X.-M.S., J.B., A.G.E.), Biomedical Informatics and Statistics (Y.L.), Orthopedic Surgery (A.A.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Xin-Ming Shen
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory (D.S., X.-M.S., J.B., A.G.E.), Biomedical Informatics and Statistics (Y.L.), Orthopedic Surgery (A.A.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Joan Brengman
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory (D.S., X.-M.S., J.B., A.G.E.), Biomedical Informatics and Statistics (Y.L.), Orthopedic Surgery (A.A.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ying Li
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory (D.S., X.-M.S., J.B., A.G.E.), Biomedical Informatics and Statistics (Y.L.), Orthopedic Surgery (A.A.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Anthony A Stans
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory (D.S., X.-M.S., J.B., A.G.E.), Biomedical Informatics and Statistics (Y.L.), Orthopedic Surgery (A.A.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Eric Wieben
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory (D.S., X.-M.S., J.B., A.G.E.), Biomedical Informatics and Statistics (Y.L.), Orthopedic Surgery (A.A.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Andrew G Engel
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory (D.S., X.-M.S., J.B., A.G.E.), Biomedical Informatics and Statistics (Y.L.), Orthopedic Surgery (A.A.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) form a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases characterized by a dysfunction of neuromuscular transmission because of mutations in numerous genes. This review will focus on the causative genes recently identified and on the therapy of CMSs. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in exome sequencing allowed the discovery of a new group of genes that did not code for the known molecular components of the neuromuscular junction, and the definition of a new group of glycosylation-defective CMS. Rather than the specific drugs used, some of them having been known for decades, it is the rigorous therapeutic strategy that is now offered to the patient in relation to the identified mutated gene that is novel and promising. SUMMARY In addition to the above main points, we also present new data on the genes that were already known with an emphasis on the clinic and on animal models that may be of use to understand the pathophysiology of the disease. We also stress not only the diagnosis difficulties between congenital myopathies and CMSs, but also the continuum that may exist between the two.
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Monies DM, Al-Hindi HN, Al-Muhaizea MA, Jaroudi DJ, Al-Younes B, Naim EA, Wakil SM, Meyer BF, Bohlega S. Clinical and pathological heterogeneity of a congenital disorder of glycosylation manifesting as a myasthenic/myopathic syndrome. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 24:353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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McCarthy DJ, Humburg P, Kanapin A, Rivas MA, Gaulton K, Cazier JB, Donnelly P. Choice of transcripts and software has a large effect on variant annotation. Genome Med 2014; 6:26. [PMID: 24944579 PMCID: PMC4062061 DOI: 10.1186/gm543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variant annotation is a crucial step in the analysis of genome sequencing data. Functional annotation results can have a strong influence on the ultimate conclusions of disease studies. Incorrect or incomplete annotations can cause researchers both to overlook potentially disease-relevant DNA variants and to dilute interesting variants in a pool of false positives. Researchers are aware of these issues in general, but the extent of the dependency of final results on the choice of transcripts and software used for annotation has not been quantified in detail. Methods This paper quantifies the extent of differences in annotation of 80 million variants from a whole-genome sequencing study. We compare results using the RefSeq and Ensembl transcript sets as the basis for variant annotation with the software Annovar, and also compare the results from two annotation software packages, Annovar and VEP (Ensembl’s Variant Effect Predictor), when using Ensembl transcripts. Results We found only 44% agreement in annotations for putative loss-of-function variants when using the RefSeq and Ensembl transcript sets as the basis for annotation with Annovar. The rate of matching annotations for loss-of-function and nonsynonymous variants combined was 79% and for all exonic variants it was 83%. When comparing results from Annovar and VEP using Ensembl transcripts, matching annotations were seen for only 65% of loss-of-function variants and 87% of all exonic variants, with splicing variants revealed as the category with the greatest discrepancy. Using these comparisons, we characterised the types of apparent errors made by Annovar and VEP and discuss their impact on the analysis of DNA variants in genome sequencing studies. Conclusions Variant annotation is not yet a solved problem. Choice of transcript set can have a large effect on the ultimate variant annotations obtained in a whole-genome sequencing study. Choice of annotation software can also have a substantial effect. The annotation step in the analysis of a genome sequencing study must therefore be considered carefully, and a conscious choice made as to which transcript set and software are used for annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis J McCarthy
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Humburg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Manuel A Rivas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Kyle Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Peter Donnelly
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
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Van Scherpenzeel M, Timal S, Rymen D, Hoischen A, Wuhrer M, Hipgrave-Ederveen A, Grunewald S, Peanne R, Saada A, Edvardson S, Grønborg S, Ruijter G, Kattentidt-Mouravieva A, Brum JM, Freckmann ML, Tomkins S, Jalan A, Prochazkova D, Ondruskova N, Hansikova H, Willemsen MA, Hensbergen PJ, Matthijs G, Wevers RA, Veltman JA, Morava E, Lefeber DJ. Diagnostic serum glycosylation profile in patients with intellectual disability as a result of MAN1B1 deficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1030-8. [PMID: 24566669 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation comprise a group of genetic defects with a high frequency of intellectual disability, caused by deficient glycosylation of proteins and lipids. The molecular basis of the majority of the congenital disorders of glycosylation type I subtypes, localized in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum, has been solved. However, elucidation of causative genes for defective Golgi glycosylation (congenital disorders of glycosylation type II) remains challenging because of a lack of sufficiently specific diagnostic serum methods. In a single patient with intellectual disability, whole-exome sequencing revealed MAN1B1 as congenital disorder of glycosylation type II candidate gene. A novel mass spectrometry method was applied for high-resolution glycoprofiling of intact plasma transferrin. A highly characteristic glycosylation signature was observed with hybrid type N-glycans, in agreement with deficient mannosidase activity. The speed and robustness of the method allowed subsequent screening in a cohort of 100 patients with congenital disorder of glycosylation type II, which revealed the characteristic glycosylation profile of MAN1B1-congenital disorder of glycosylation in 11 additional patients. Abnormal hybrid type N-glycans were also observed in the glycoprofiles of total serum proteins, of enriched immunoglobulins and of alpha1-antitrypsin in variable amounts. Sanger sequencing revealed MAN1B1 mutations in all patients, including severe truncating mutations and amino acid substitutions in the alpha-mannosidase catalytic site. Clinically, this group of patients was characterized by intellectual disability and delayed motor and speech development. In addition, variable dysmorphic features were noted, with truncal obesity and macrocephaly in ∼65% of patients. In summary, MAN1B1 deficiency appeared to be a frequent cause in our cohort of patients with unsolved congenital disorder of glycosylation type II. Our method for analysis of intact transferrin provides a rapid test to detect MAN1B1-deficient patients within congenital disorder of glycosylation type II cohorts and can be used as efficient diagnostic method to identify MAN1B1-deficient patients in intellectual disability cohorts. In addition, it provides a functional confirmation of MAN1B1 mutations as identified by next-generation sequencing in individuals with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Van Scherpenzeel
- 1 Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Freeze HH, Chong JX, Bamshad MJ, Ng BG. Solving glycosylation disorders: fundamental approaches reveal complicated pathways. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:161-75. [PMID: 24507773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 100 human genetic disorders result from mutations in glycosylation-related genes. In 2013, a new glycosylation disorder was reported every 17 days. This trend will probably continue given that at least 2% of the human genome encodes glycan-biosynthesis and -recognition proteins. Established biosynthetic pathways provide many candidate genes, but finding unanticipated mutated genes will offer new insights into glycosylation. Simple glycobiomarkers can be used in narrowing the candidates identified by exome and genome sequencing, and those can be validated by glycosylation analysis of serum or cells from affected individuals. Model organisms will expand the understanding of these mutations' impact on glycosylation and pathology. Here, we highlight some recently discovered glycosylation disorders and the barriers, breakthroughs, and surprises they presented. We predict that some glycosylation disorders might occur with greater frequency than current estimates of their prevalence. Moreover, the prevalence of some disorders differs substantially between European and African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson H Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Jessica X Chong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bobby G Ng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Eymard B, Hantaï D, Fournier E, Nicole S, Sternberg D, Richard P, Fardeau M. Syndromes myasthéniques congénitaux — L’expérience française. BULLETIN DE L ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)31341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chaouch A, Porcelli V, Cox D, Edvardson S, Scarcia P, De Grassi A, Pierri CL, Cossins J, Laval SH, Griffin H, Müller JS, Evangelista T, Töpf A, Abicht A, Huebner A, von der Hagen M, Bushby K, Straub V, Horvath R, Elpeleg O, Palace J, Senderek J, Beeson D, Palmieri L, Lochmüller H. Mutations in the Mitochondrial Citrate Carrier SLC25A1 are Associated with Impaired Neuromuscular Transmission. J Neuromuscul Dis 2014; 1:75-90. [PMID: 26870663 PMCID: PMC4746751 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-140021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Congenital myasthenic syndromes are rare inherited disorders characterized by fatigable weakness caused by malfunction of the neuromuscular junction. We performed whole exome sequencing to unravel the genetic aetiology in an English sib pair with clinical features suggestive of congenital myasthenia. Methods We used homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing to identify the candidate gene variants. Mutant protein expression and function were assessed in vitro and a knockdown zebrafish model was generated to assess neuromuscular junction development. Results We identified a novel homozygous missense mutation in the SLC25A1 gene, encoding the mitochondrial citrate carrier. Mutant SLC25A1 showed abnormal carrier function. SLC25A1 has recently been linked to a severe, often lethal clinical phenotype. Our patients had a milder phenotype presenting primarily as a neuromuscular (NMJ) junction defect. Of note, a previously reported patient with different compound heterozygous missense mutations of SLC25A1 has since been shown to suffer from a neuromuscular transmission defect. Using knockdown of SLC25A1 expression in zebrafish, we were able to mirror the human disease in terms of variable brain, eye and cardiac involvement. Importantly, we show clear abnormalities in the neuromuscular junction, regardless of the severity of the phenotype. Conclusions Based on the axonal outgrowth defects seen in SLC25A1 knockdown zebrafish, we hypothesize that the neuromuscular junction impairment may be related to pre-synaptic nerve terminal abnormalities. Our findings highlight the complex machinery required to ensure efficient neuromuscular function, beyond the proteomes exclusive to the neuromuscular synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Chaouch
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vito Porcelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel Cox
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Shimon Edvardson
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pasquale Scarcia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna De Grassi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro L Pierri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Judith Cossins
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven H Laval
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen Griffin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Juliane S Müller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Teresinha Evangelista
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ana Töpf
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Angela Abicht
- Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, Munich, Germany ; Friedrich-Baur-Institut, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Huebner
- Children's Hospital, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Kate Bushby
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Volker Straub
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Jan Senderek
- Friedrich-Baur-Institut, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - David Beeson
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, UK
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy ; CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Bari, Italy
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Ohno K. Glycosylation defects as an emerging novel cause leading to a limb-girdle type of congenital myasthenic syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:1064. [PMID: 23457230 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-304931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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92
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93
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Eymard B, Ferreiro A, Ben Yaou R, Stojkovic T. Muscle diseases with prominent joint contractures: Main entities and diagnostic strategy. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:546-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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94
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Kosac A, Gavillet E, Whittaker RG. Neurophysiological testing in congenital myasthenic syndromes: A systematic review of published normal data. Muscle Nerve 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kosac
- Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Erika Gavillet
- Newcastle University Library, Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Roger G. Whittaker
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; Royal Victoria Infirmary; Queen Victoria Road Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP UK
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95
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Houlden H. Defective N-linked protein glycosylation pathway in congenital myasthenic syndromes. Brain 2013; 136:692-5. [PMID: 23436500 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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96
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Defects in asparagine-linked protein glycosylation implicated in congenital mysathenic syndromes. Nat Rev Neurol 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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97
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Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by genetic defects affecting neuromuscular transmission and leading to muscle weakness accentuated by exertion. The characterization of CMS comprises two complementary steps: establishing the diagnosis and identifying the pathophysiological type of CMS. The combination of clinical, electrophysiological, and morphological studies allows the physician to refer a given CMS to mutation(s) in one of the 18 causative genes discovered to date and, in turn, to classify the CMS according to the location of the mutated proteins at the neuromuscular junction into presynaptic compartment, synaptic basal lamina, and postsynaptic compartment CMS. This complete characterization is essential for counseling and therapy of the patient, depending on the molecular background of the respective CMS. Despite comprehensive characterization, the phenotypic expression of one given gene involved is variable, and the etiology of many CMS remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Eymard
- Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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