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Pihlstrøm L, Wiethoff S, Houlden H. Genetics of neurodegenerative diseases: an overview. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 145:309-323. [PMID: 28987179 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802395-2.00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors are central to the etiology of neurodegeneration, both as monogenic causes of heritable disease and as modifiers of susceptibility to complex, sporadic disorders. Over the last two decades, the identification of disease genes and risk loci has led to some of the greatest advances in medicine and invaluable insights into pathogenic mechanisms and disease pathways. Large-scale research efforts, novel study designs, and advances in methodology are rapidly expanding our understanding of the genome and the genetic architecture of neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review major developments in the field to date, highlighting overarching historic trends and general insights. Monogenic neurodegenerative diseases are discussed from the perspectives of both rare Mendelian forms of common disorders, such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, and heterogeneous heritable conditions, including ataxias and spastic paraplegias. Next, we summarize the experiences from investigations of complex neurodegenerative disorders, including genomewide association studies. In the final section, we reflect upon the limitations of current findings and outline important future directions. Genetics plays an essential role in translational research, ultimately aiming to develop novel disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. We anticipate that individual genetic profiling will also be increasingly relevant in a clinical context, with implications for patient care in line with the proposed ideal of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henry Houlden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
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Magalhaes J, Gegg ME, Migdalska-Richards A, Schapira AH. Effects of ambroxol on the autophagy-lysosome pathway and mitochondria in primary cortical neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1385. [PMID: 29362387 PMCID: PMC5780491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) mutations are the major genetic risk factor for Parkinson's Disease (PD). The pathogenic mechanism is still unclear, but alterations in lysosomal-autophagy processes are implicated due to reduction of mutated glucocerebrosidase (GCase) in lysosomes. Wild-type GCase activity is also decreased in sporadic PD brains. Small molecule chaperones that increase lysosomal GCase activity have potential to be disease-modifying therapies for GBA1-associated and sporadic PD. Therefore we have used mouse cortical neurons to explore the effects of the chaperone ambroxol. This chaperone increased wild-type GCase mRNA, protein levels and activity, as well as increasing other lysosomal enzymes and LIMP2, the GCase transporter. Transcription factor EB (TFEB), the master regulator of the CLEAR pathway involved in lysosomal biogenesis was also increased upon ambroxol treatment. Moreover, we found macroautophagy flux blocked and exocytosis increased in neurons treated with ambroxol. We suggest that ambroxol is blocking autophagy and driving cargo towards the secretory pathway. Mitochondria content was also found to be increased by ambroxol via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α). Our data suggest that ambroxol, besides being a GCase chaperone, also acts on other pathways, such as mitochondria, lysosomal biogenesis, and the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magalhaes
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - M E Gegg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - A Migdalska-Richards
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - A H Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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53
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Yun SP, Kim D, Kim S, Kim S, Karuppagounder SS, Kwon SH, Lee S, Kam TI, Lee S, Ham S, Park JH, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Lee Y, Ko HS. α-Synuclein accumulation and GBA deficiency due to L444P GBA mutation contributes to MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:1. [PMID: 29310663 PMCID: PMC5759291 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA) cause Gaucher disease (GD) and increase the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). Since both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of sporadic PD, we investigated the susceptibility of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons in L444P GBA heterozygous knock-in (GBA+/L444P) mice to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a selective dopaminergic mitochondrial neurotoxin. Method We used GBA+/L444P mice, α-synuclein knockout (SNCA−/−) mice at 8 months of age, and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-human GBA overexpression to investigate the rescue effect of DA neuronal loss and susceptibility by MPTP. Mitochondrial morphology and functional assay were used to identify mitochondrial defects in GBA+/L444P mice. Motor behavioral test, immunohistochemistry, and HPLC were performed to measure dopaminergic degeneration by MPTP and investigate the relationship between GBA mutation and α-synuclein. Mitochondrial immunostaining, qPCR, and Western blot were also used to study the effects of α-synuclein knockout or GBA overexpression on MPTP-induced mitochondrial defects and susceptibility. Results L444P GBA heterozygous mutation reduced GBA protein levels, enzymatic activity and a concomitant accumulation of α-synuclein in the midbrain of GBA+/L444P mice. Furthermore, the deficiency resulted in defects in mitochondria of cortical neurons cultured from GBA+/L444P mice. Notably, treatment with MPTP resulted in a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons and striatal dopaminergic fibers in GBA+/L444P mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. Levels of striatal DA and its metabolites were more depleted in the striatum of GBA+/L444P mice. Behavioral deficits, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial defects were more exacerbated in GBA+/L444P mice after MPTP treatment. Importantly, MPTP induced PD-like symptoms were significantly improved by knockout of α-synuclein or augmentation of GBA via AAV5-hGBA injection in both WT and GBA+/L444P mice. Intriguingly, the degree of reduction in MPTP induced PD-like symptoms in GBA+/L444Pα-synuclein (SNCA)−/− mice was nearly equal to that in SNCA−/− mice after MPTP treatment. Conclusion Our results suggest that GBA deficiency due to L444P GBA heterozygous mutation and the accompanying accumulation of α-synuclein render DA neurons more susceptible to MPTP intoxication. Thus, GBA and α-synuclein play dual physiological roles in the survival of DA neurons in response to the mitochondrial dopaminergic neurotoxin, MPTP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-017-0233-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Pil Yun
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - SangMin Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Senthilkumar S Karuppagounder
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seung-Hwan Kwon
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saebom Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suhyun Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sangwoo Ham
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, South Korea. .,Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA. .,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Zunke F, Moise AC, Belur NR, Gelyana E, Stojkovska I, Dzaferbegovic H, Toker NJ, Jeon S, Fredriksen K, Mazzulli JR. Reversible Conformational Conversion of α-Synuclein into Toxic Assemblies by Glucosylceramide. Neuron 2017; 97:92-107.e10. [PMID: 29290548 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) aggregation is a key event in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in glycosphingolipid (GSL)-degrading glucocerebrosidase are risk factors for PD, indicating that disrupted GSL clearance plays a key role in α-syn aggregation. However, the mechanisms of GSL-induced aggregation are not completely understood. We document the presence of physiological α-syn conformers in human midbrain dopamine neurons and tested their contribution to the aggregation process. Pathological α-syn assembly mainly occurred through the conversion of high molecular weight (HMW) physiological α-syn conformers into compact, assembly-state intermediates by glucosylceramide (GluCer), without apparent disassembly into free monomers. This process was reversible in vitro through GluCer depletion. Reducing GSLs in PD patient neurons with and without GBA1 mutations diminished pathology and restored physiological α-syn conformers that associated with synapses. Our work indicates that GSLs control the toxic conversion of physiological α-syn conformers in a reversible manner that is amenable to therapeutic intervention by GSL reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Zunke
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alexandra C Moise
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nandkishore R Belur
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eilrayna Gelyana
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Iva Stojkovska
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Haris Dzaferbegovic
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nicholas J Toker
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kristina Fredriksen
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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55
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Ashmus RA, Shen DL, Vocadlo DJ. Fluorescence-Quenched Substrates for Quantitative Live Cell Imaging of Glucocerebrosidase Activity. Methods Enzymol 2017; 598:199-215. [PMID: 29306435 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) is a lysosomal glycoside hydrolase that cleaves the glycolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer). Deficiencies of this enzyme lead to accumulation of GlcCer and the development of the lysosomal storage disease known as Gaucher's disease. Recently, loss-of-function mutations in the GBA1 gene that encodes GCase have been linked to Parkinson's disease. Currently pursued therapeutic strategies to increase GCase involve enzyme replacement therapy, chemical chaperone therapy, and GCase activators. A challenge associated with advancing such strategies is to efficiently monitor GCase activity within the lysosomes of live cells. In this chapter, we review the design and use of the fluorescent-quenched probe GBA1-FQ2 to quantitatively measure GCase activity in lysosomes of live cells.
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56
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The Complicated Relationship between Gaucher Disease and Parkinsonism: Insights from a Rare Disease. Neuron 2017; 93:737-746. [PMID: 28231462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a link between mutations in GBA1, encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, and the synucleinopathies directly resulted from the clinical recognition of patients with Gaucher disease with parkinsonism. Mutations in GBA1 are now the most common known genetic risk factor for several Lewy body disorders, and an inverse relationship exists between levels of glucocerebrosidase and oligomeric α-synuclein. While the underlying mechanisms are still debated, this complicated association is shedding light on the role of lysosomes in neurodegenerative disorders, demonstrating how insights from a rare disorder can direct research into the pathogenesis and therapy of seemingly unrelated common diseases.
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57
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Ben Bdira F, Kallemeijn WW, Oussoren SV, Scheij S, Bleijlevens B, Florea BI, van Roomen CPAA, Ottenhoff R, van Kooten MJFM, Walvoort MTC, Witte MD, Boot RG, Ubbink M, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. Stabilization of Glucocerebrosidase by Active Site Occupancy. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1830-1841. [PMID: 28485919 PMCID: PMC5525105 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Glucocerebrosidase
(GBA) is a lysosomal β-glucosidase that
degrades glucosylceramide. Its deficiency results in Gaucher disease
(GD). We examined the effects of active site occupancy of GBA on its
structural stability. For this, we made use of cyclophellitol-derived
activity-based probes (ABPs) that bind irreversibly to the catalytic
nucleophile (E340), and for comparison, we used the potent reversible
inhibitor isofagomine. We demonstrate that cyclophellitol ABPs improve
the stability of GBA in vitro, as revealed by thermodynamic
measurements (Tm increase by 21 °C),
and introduce resistance to tryptic digestion. The stabilizing effect
of cell-permeable cyclophellitol ABPs is also observed in intact cultured
cells containing wild-type GBA, N370S GBA (labile in lysosomes), and
L444P GBA (exhibits impaired ER folding): all show marked increases
in lysosomal forms of GBA molecules upon exposure to ABPs. The same
stabilization effect is observed for endogenous GBA in the liver of
wild-type mice injected with cyclophellitol ABPs. Stabilization effects
similar to those observed with ABPs were also noted at high concentrations
of the reversible inhibitor isofagomine. In conclusion, we provide
evidence that the increase in cellular levels of GBA by ABPs and by
the reversible inhibitor is in part caused by their ability to stabilize
GBA folding, which increases the resistance of GBA against breakdown
by lysosomal proteases. These effects are more pronounced in the case
of the amphiphilic ABPs, presumably due to their high lipophilic potential,
which may promote further structural compactness of GBA through hydrophobic
interactions. Our study provides further rationale for the design
of chaperones for GBA to ameliorate Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saskia Scheij
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Bleijlevens
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cindy P. A. A. van Roomen
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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A New Glucocerebrosidase Chaperone Reduces α-Synuclein and Glycolipid Levels in iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons from Patients with Gaucher Disease and Parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7441-52. [PMID: 27413154 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0636-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Among the known genetic risk factors for Parkinson disease, mutations in GBA1, the gene responsible for the lysosomal disorder Gaucher disease, are the most common. This genetic link has directed attention to the role of the lysosome in the pathogenesis of parkinsonism. To study how glucocerebrosidase impacts parkinsonism and to evaluate new therapeutics, we generated induced human pluripotent stem cells from four patients with Type 1 (non-neuronopathic) Gaucher disease, two with and two without parkinsonism, and one patient with Type 2 (acute neuronopathic) Gaucher disease, and differentiated them into macrophages and dopaminergic neurons. These cells exhibited decreased glucocerebrosidase activity and stored the glycolipid substrates glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine, demonstrating their similarity to patients with Gaucher disease. Dopaminergic neurons from patients with Type 2 and Type 1 Gaucher disease with parkinsonism had reduced dopamine storage and dopamine transporter reuptake. Levels of α-synuclein, a protein present as aggregates in Parkinson disease and related synucleinopathies, were selectively elevated in neurons from the patients with parkinsonism or Type 2 Gaucher disease. The cells were then treated with NCGC607, a small-molecule noninhibitory chaperone of glucocerebrosidase identified by high-throughput screening and medicinal chemistry structure optimization. This compound successfully chaperoned the mutant enzyme, restored glucocerebrosidase activity and protein levels, and reduced glycolipid storage in both iPSC-derived macrophages and dopaminergic neurons, indicating its potential for treating neuronopathic Gaucher disease. In addition, NCGC607 reduced α-synuclein levels in dopaminergic neurons from the patients with parkinsonism, suggesting that noninhibitory small-molecule chaperones of glucocerebrosidase may prove useful for the treatment of Parkinson disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Because GBA1 mutations are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease, dopaminergic neurons were generated from iPSC lines derived from patients with Gaucher disease with and without parkinsonism. These cells exhibit deficient enzymatic activity, reduced lysosomal glucocerebrosidase levels, and storage of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Lines generated from the patients with parkinsonism demonstrated elevated levels of α-synuclein. To reverse the observed phenotype, the neurons were treated with a novel noninhibitory glucocerebrosidase chaperone, which successfully restored glucocerebrosidase activity and protein levels and reduced glycolipid storage. In addition, the small-molecule chaperone reduced α-synuclein levels in dopaminergic neurons, indicating that chaperoning glucocerebrosidase to the lysosome may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for both Parkinson disease and neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease.
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Activation of β-Glucocerebrosidase Reduces Pathological α-Synuclein and Restores Lysosomal Function in Parkinson's Patient Midbrain Neurons. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7693-706. [PMID: 27445146 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0628-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) within Lewy body inclusions in the nervous system. There are currently no disease-modifying therapies capable of reducing α-syn inclusions in PD. Recent data has indicated that loss-of-function mutations in the GBA1 gene that encodes lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) represent an important risk factor for PD, and can lead to α-syn accumulation. Here we use a small-molecule modulator of GCase to determine whether GCase activation within lysosomes can reduce α-syn levels and ameliorate downstream toxicity. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons from synucleinopathy patients with different PD-linked mutations, we find that a non-inhibitory small molecule modulator of GCase specifically enhanced activity within lysosomal compartments. This resulted in reduction of GCase substrates and clearance of pathological α-syn, regardless of the disease causing mutations. Importantly, the reduction of α-syn was sufficient to reverse downstream cellular pathologies induced by α-syn, including perturbations in hydrolase maturation and lysosomal dysfunction. These results indicate that enhancement of a single lysosomal hydrolase, GCase, can effectively reduce α-syn and provide therapeutic benefit in human midbrain neurons. This suggests that GCase activators may prove beneficial as treatments for PD and related synucleinopathies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The presence of Lewy body inclusions comprised of fibrillar α-syn within affected regions of PD brain has been firmly documented, however no treatments exist that are capable of clearing Lewy bodies. Here, we used a mechanistic-based approach to examine the effect of GCase activation on α-syn clearance in human midbrain DA models that naturally accumulate α-syn through genetic mutations. Small molecule-mediated activation of GCase was effective at reducing α-syn inclusions in neurons, as well as associated downstream toxicity, demonstrating a therapeutic effect. Our work provides an example of how human iPSC-derived midbrain models could be used for testing potential treatments for neurodegenerative disorders, and identifies GCase as a critical therapeutic convergence point for a wide range of synucleinopathies.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like superoxide dismutase 1 proteinopathy is associated with neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease brain. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:113-127. [PMID: 28527045 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal loss in numerous neurodegenerative disorders has been linked to protein aggregation and oxidative stress. Emerging data regarding overlapping proteinopathy in traditionally distinct neurodegenerative diseases suggest that disease-modifying treatments targeting these pathological features may exhibit efficacy across multiple disorders. Here, we describe proteinopathy distinct from classic synucleinopathy, predominantly comprised of the anti-oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), in the Parkinson's disease brain. Significant expression of this pathology closely reflected the regional pattern of neuronal loss. The protein composition and non-amyloid macrostructure of these novel aggregates closely resembles that of neurotoxic SOD1 deposits in SOD1-associated familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). Consistent with the hypothesis that deposition of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disorders reflects upstream dysfunction, we demonstrated that SOD1 in the Parkinson's disease brain exhibits evidence of misfolding and metal deficiency, similar to that seen in mutant SOD1 in fALS. Our data suggest common mechanisms of toxic SOD1 aggregation in both disorders and a potential role for SOD1 dysfunction in neuronal loss in the Parkinson's disease brain. This shared restricted proteinopathy highlights the potential translation of therapeutic approaches targeting SOD1 toxicity, already in clinical trials for ALS, into disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease.
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61
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Schapira AHV, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P. Non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:435-450. [PMID: 28592904 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1019] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many of the motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) can be preceded, sometimes for several years, by non-motor symptoms that include hyposmia, sleep disorders, depression and constipation. These non-motor features appear across the spectrum of patients with PD, including individuals with genetic causes of PD. The neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological bases of non-motor abnormalities in PD remain largely undefined. Here, we discuss recent advances that have helped to establish the presence, severity and effect on the quality of life of non-motor symptoms in PD, and the neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological mechanisms involved. We also discuss the potential for the non-motor features to define a prodrome that may enable the early diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, King's College London, Camberwell Road, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK
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62
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Jungverdorben J, Till A, Brüstle O. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based modeling of neurodegenerative diseases: a focus on autophagy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:705-718. [PMID: 28593578 PMCID: PMC5487699 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of cell reprogramming has enabled the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient skin fibroblasts or blood cells and their subsequent differentiation into tissue-specific cells, including neurons and glia. This approach can be used to recapitulate disease-specific phenotypes in classical cell culture paradigms and thus represents an invaluable asset for disease modeling and drug validation in the framework of personalized medicine. The autophagy pathway is a ubiquitous eukaryotic degradation and recycling system, which relies on lysosomal degradation of unwanted and potentially cytotoxic components. The relevance of autophagy in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is underlined by the observation that disease-linked genetic variants of susceptibility factors frequently result in dysregulation of autophagic-lysosomal pathways. In particular, disrupted autophagy is implied in the accumulation of potentially neurotoxic products such as protein aggregates and their precursors and defective turnover of dysfunctional mitochondria. Here, we review the current state of iPSC-based assessment of autophagic dysfunction in the context of neurodegenerative disease modeling. The collected data show that iPSC technology is capable to reveal even subtle alterations in subcellular homeostatic processes, which form the molecular basis for disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Jungverdorben
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.,Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.,LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
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Roshan Lal T, Sidransky E. The Spectrum of Neurological Manifestations Associated with Gaucher Disease. Diseases 2017; 5:E10. [PMID: 28933363 PMCID: PMC5456331 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disorder, is due to a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. This leads to the accumulation of its normal substrate, glucocerebroside, in tissue macrophages, affecting the hematological, visceral, bone and neurologic systems. Gaucher disease is classified into three broad phenotypes based upon the presence or absence of neurological involvement: type 1 (non-neuronopathic), type 2 (acute neuronopathic), and type 3 (subacute neuronopathic). Phenotypically, there is a wide spectrum of visceral and neurological manifestations. Enzyme replacement is effective in managing the visceral disease; however, treating the neurological manifestations has proved to be more challenging. This review discusses the various neurological manifestations encountered in Gaucher disease, and provides a brief overview regarding the treatment and ongoing research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Roshan Lal
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35A Room 1E623, 35A Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3708, USA.
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35A Room 1E623, 35A Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3708, USA.
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64
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Bickle L, Hopwood JJ, Karageorgos L. Analysis of sheep α-synuclein provides a molecular strategy for the reduction of fibrillation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:261-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Potential Modes of Intercellular α-Synuclein Transmission. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020469. [PMID: 28241427 PMCID: PMC5344001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular aggregates of the α-synuclein protein result in cell loss and dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease and atypical Parkinsonism, such as multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies. Each of these neurodegenerative conditions, known collectively as α-synucleinopathies, may be characterized by a different suite of molecular triggers that initiate pathogenesis. The mechanisms whereby α-synuclein aggregates mediate cytotoxicity also remain to be fully elucidated. However, recent studies have implicated the cell-to-cell spread of α-synuclein as the major mode of disease propagation between brain regions during disease progression. Here, we review the current evidence for different modes of α-synuclein cellular release, movement and uptake, including exocytosis, exosomes, tunneling nanotubes, glymphatic flow and endocytosis. A more detailed understanding of the major modes by which α-synuclein pathology spreads throughout the brain may provide new targets for therapies that halt the progression of disease.
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Stirnemann J, Belmatoug N, Camou F, Serratrice C, Froissart R, Caillaud C, Levade T, Astudillo L, Serratrice J, Brassier A, Rose C, Billette de Villemeur T, Berger MG. A Review of Gaucher Disease Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020441. [PMID: 28218669 PMCID: PMC5343975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD, ORPHA355) is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic disorder. It is caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase, which leads to an accumulation of its substrate, glucosylceramide, in macrophages. In the general population, its incidence is approximately 1/40,000 to 1/60,000 births, rising to 1/800 in Ashkenazi Jews. The main cause of the cytopenia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and bone lesions associated with the disease is considered to be the infiltration of the bone marrow, spleen, and liver by Gaucher cells. Type-1 Gaucher disease, which affects the majority of patients (90% in Europe and USA, but less in other regions), is characterized by effects on the viscera, whereas types 2 and 3 are also associated with neurological impairment, either severe in type 2 or variable in type 3. A diagnosis of GD can be confirmed by demonstrating the deficiency of acid glucocerebrosidase activity in leukocytes. Mutations in the GBA1 gene should be identified as they may be of prognostic value in some cases. Patients with type-1 GD-but also carriers of GBA1 mutation-have been found to be predisposed to developing Parkinson's disease, and the risk of neoplasia associated with the disease is still subject to discussion. Disease-specific treatment consists of intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using one of the currently available molecules (imiglucerase, velaglucerase, or taliglucerase). Orally administered inhibitors of glucosylceramide biosynthesis can also be used (miglustat or eliglustat).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Stirnemann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.
| | - Nadia Belmatoug
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reference Center for Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine, site Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 100 boulevard du Général Leclerc, F-92110 Clichy la Garenne, France.
| | - Fabrice Camou
- Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint André, CHU de Bordeaux, 1 rue Jean Burguet, F-33075 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Christine Serratrice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.
| | - Roseline Froissart
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, unité des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme et Dépistage Néonatal, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France.
| | - Catherine Caillaud
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Métabolomique et Protéomique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Levade
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
| | - Leonardo Astudillo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancerologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, Service de Médecine Interne, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
| | - Jacques Serratrice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.
| | - Anaïs Brassier
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MaMEA), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Imagine, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Christian Rose
- Service d'onco-hématologie, Saint-Vincent de Paul Hospital, Boulevard de Belfort, Université Catholique de Lille, Univ. Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Thierry Billette de Villemeur
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Pathologie du développement, Sorbonne Université, Reference Center for Lysosomal Diseases, Hôpital Trousseau, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 24 Avenue du docteur Arnold Netter, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Marc G Berger
- CHU Estaing et Université Clermont Auvergne, Hematology (Biology) et EA 7453 CHELTER, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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67
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Yang SY, Beavan M, Chau KY, Taanman JW, Schapira AHV. A Human Neural Crest Stem Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Neuronal Model Recapitulates Biochemical Abnormalities in GBA1 Mutation Carriers. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:728-742. [PMID: 28216145 PMCID: PMC5355624 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerically the most important risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the presence of mutations in the glucocerebrosidase GBA1 gene. In vitro and in vivo studies show that GBA1 mutations reduce glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity and are associated with increased α-synuclein levels, reflecting similar changes seen in idiopathic PD brain. We have developed a neural crest stem cell-derived dopaminergic neuronal model that recapitulates biochemical abnormalities in GBA1 mutation-associated PD. Cells showed reduced GCase protein and activity, impaired macroautophagy, and increased α-synuclein levels. Advantages of this approach include easy access to stem cells, no requirement to reprogram, and retention of the intact host genome. Treatment with a GCase chaperone increased GCase protein levels and activity, rescued the autophagic defects, and decreased α-synuclein levels. These results provide the basis for further investigation of GCase chaperones or similar drugs to slow the progression of PD. A neuronal model recapitulates biochemical abnormalities in GBA1 mutation PD Ambroxol rescued the autophagic defects in human GBA1 mutant neuronal cells Ambroxol decreased α-synuclein levels human GBA1 mutant neuronal cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Yang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Michelle Beavan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Kai-Yin Chau
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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68
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Moors TE, Hoozemans JJM, Ingrassia A, Beccari T, Parnetti L, Chartier-Harlin MC, van de Berg WDJ. Therapeutic potential of autophagy-enhancing agents in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:11. [PMID: 28122627 PMCID: PMC5267440 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence from genetic, pathological and experimental studies have increasingly suggested an important role for autophagy impairment in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Genetic studies have identified mutations in genes encoding for components of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP), including glucosidase beta acid 1 (GBA1), that are associated with increased risk for developing PD. Observations in PD brain tissue suggest an aberrant regulation of autophagy associated with the aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn). As autophagy is one of the main systems involved in the proteolytic degradation of α-syn, pharmacological enhancement of autophagy may be an attractive strategy to combat α-syn aggregation in PD. Here, we review the potential of autophagy enhancement as disease-modifying therapy in PD based on preclinical evidence. In particular, we provide an overview of the molecular regulation of autophagy and targets for pharmacological modulation within the ALP. In experimental models, beneficial effects on multiple pathological processes involved in PD, including α-syn aggregation, cell death, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, have been demonstrated using the autophagy enhancers rapamycin and lithium. However, selectivity of these agents is limited, while upstream ALP signaling proteins are involved in many other pathways than autophagy. Broad stimulation of autophagy may therefore cause a wide spectrum of dose-dependent side-effects, suggesting that its clinical applicability is limited. However, recently developed agents selectively targeting core ALP components, including Transcription Factor EB (TFEB), lysosomes, GCase as well as chaperone-mediated autophagy regulators, exert more specific effects on molecular pathogenetic processes causing PD. To conclude, the targeted manipulation of downstream ALP components, rather than broad autophagy stimulation, may be an attractive strategy for the development of novel pharmacological therapies in PD. Further characterization of dysfunctional autophagy in different stages and molecular subtypes of PD in combination with the clinical translation of downstream autophagy regulation offers exciting new avenues for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim E Moors
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Ingrassia
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- UMR-S 1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, University of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Early stages of Parkinson's disease", F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mistry PK, Lopez G, Schiffmann R, Barton NW, Weinreb NJ, Sidransky E. Gaucher disease: Progress and ongoing challenges. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:8-21. [PMID: 27916601 PMCID: PMC5425955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, tremendous progress has been made in the field of Gaucher disease, the inherited deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Many of the colossal achievements took place during the course of the sixty-year tenure of Dr. Roscoe Brady at the National Institutes of Health. These include the recognition of the enzymatic defect involved, the isolation and characterization of the protein, the localization and characterization of the gene and its nearby pseudogene, as well as the identification of the first mutant alleles in patients. The first treatment for Gaucher disease, enzyme replacement therapy, was conceived of, developed and tested at the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health. Advances including recombinant production of the enzyme, the development of mouse models, pioneering gene therapy experiments, high throughput screens of small molecules and the generation of induced pluripotent stem cell models have all helped to catapult research in Gaucher disease into the twenty-first century. The appreciation that mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene are an important risk factor for parkinsonism further expands the impact of this work. However, major challenges still remain, some of which are described here, that will provide opportunities, excitement and discovery for the next generations of Gaucher investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Mistry
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 1080, P.O. Box 208019, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, United States.
| | - Grisel Lopez
- Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bldg 35A Room 1E623, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, United States.
| | - Norman W Barton
- Therapeutic Area Head Neuroscience, Shire plc, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, United States.
| | - Neal J Weinreb
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Medicine (Hematology), UHealth Sylvester Coral Springs, 8170 Royal Palm Boulevard, Coral Springs, FL 33065, United States.
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bldg 35A Room 1E623, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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GBA Variants Influence Motor and Non-Motor Features of Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167749. [PMID: 28030538 PMCID: PMC5193380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene is a known factor increasing the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations carriers have earlier disease onset and are more likely to develop neuropsychiatric symptoms than other sporadic PD cases. These symptoms have primarily been observed in Parkinson’s patients carrying the most common pathogenic mutations L444P and N370S. However, recent findings suggest that other variants across the gene may have a different impact on the phenotype as well as on the disease progression. We aimed to explore the influence of variants across GBA gene on the clinical features and treatment related complications in PD. In this study, we screened the GBA gene in a cohort of 532 well-characterised PD patients and 542 controls from southern Spain. The potential pathogeniticy of the identified variants was assessed using in-silico analysis and subsequently classified as benign or deleterious. As a result, we observed a higher frequency of GBA variants in PD patients (12.2% vs. 7.9% in controls, p = 0.021), earlier mean age at disease onset in GBA variant carriers (50.6 vs. 56.6 years; p = 0.013), as well as more prevalent motor and non-motor symptoms in patients carrying deleterious variants. In addition, we found that dopaminergic motor complications are influenced by both benign and deleterious variants. Our results highlight the fact that the impact on the phenotype highly depends on the potential pathogenicity of the carried variants. Therefore, the course of motor and non-motor symptoms as well as treatment-related motor complications could be influenced by GBA variants.
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Bourdenx M, Daniel J, Genin E, Soria FN, Blanchard-Desce M, Bezard E, Dehay B. Nanoparticles restore lysosomal acidification defects: Implications for Parkinson and other lysosomal-related diseases. Autophagy 2016; 12:472-83. [PMID: 26761717 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1136769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal impairment causes lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) and is involved in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, notably Parkinson disease (PD). Strategies enhancing or restoring lysosomal-mediated degradation thus appear as tantalizing disease-modifying therapeutics. Here we demonstrate that poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) acidic nanoparticles (aNP) restore impaired lysosomal function in a series of toxin and genetic cellular models of PD, i.e. ATP13A2-mutant or depleted cells or glucocerebrosidase (GBA)-mutant cells, as well as in a genetic model of lysosomal-related myopathy. We show that PLGA-aNP are transported to the lysosome within 24 h, lower lysosomal pH and rescue chloroquine (CQ)-induced toxicity. Re-acidification of defective lysosomes following PLGA-aNP treatment restores lysosomal function in different pathological contexts. Finally, our results show that PLGA-aNP may be detected after intracerebral injection in neurons and attenuate PD-related neurodegeneration in vivo by mechanisms involving a rescue of compromised lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bourdenx
- a University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France.,b CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France
| | - Jonathan Daniel
- c University de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , UMR 5255, Talence , France
| | - Emilie Genin
- c University de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , UMR 5255, Talence , France
| | - Federico N Soria
- a University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France.,b CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France
| | | | - Erwan Bezard
- a University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France.,b CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- a University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France.,b CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France
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Liu G, Boot B, Locascio JJ, Jansen IE, Winder‐Rhodes S, Eberly S, Elbaz A, Brice A, Ravina B, van Hilten JJ, Cormier‐Dequaire F, Corvol J, Barker RA, Heutink P, Marinus J, Williams‐Gray CH, Scherzer CR. Specifically neuropathic Gaucher's mutations accelerate cognitive decline in Parkinson's. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:674-685. [PMID: 27717005 PMCID: PMC5244667 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that specific mutations in the β-glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) causing neuropathic Gaucher's disease (GD) in homozygotes lead to aggressive cognitive decline in heterozygous Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, whereas non-neuropathic GD mutations confer intermediate progression rates. METHODS A total of 2,304 patients with PD and 20,868 longitudinal visits for up to 12.8 years (median, 4.1) from seven cohorts were analyzed. Differential effects of four types of genetic variation in GBA on longitudinal cognitive decline were evaluated using mixed random and fixed effects and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Overall, 10.3% of patients with PD and GBA sequencing carried a mutation. Carriers of neuropathic GD mutations (1.4% of patients) had hazard ratios (HRs) for global cognitive impairment of 3.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60-6.25) and a hastened decline in Mini-Mental State Exam scores compared to noncarriers (p = 0.0009). Carriers of complex GBA alleles (0.7%) had an HR of 3.22 (95% CI, 1.18-8.73; p = 0.022). By contrast, the common, non-neuropathic N370S mutation (1.5% of patients; HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 0.92-4.18) or nonpathogenic risk variants (6.6% of patients; HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.89-2.05) did not reach significance. INTERPRETATION Mutations in the GBA gene pathogenic for neuropathic GD and complex alleles shift longitudinal cognitive decline in PD into "high gear." These findings suggest a relationship between specific types of GBA mutations and aggressive cognitive decline and have direct implications for improving the design of clinical trials. Ann Neurol 2016;80:674-685.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganqiang Liu
- Neurogenomics Lab and Parkinson Personalized Medicine Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's HospitalCambridgeMA
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Brendon Boot
- Biomarkers Program, Harvard NeuroDiscovery CenterBostonMA
- Department of NeurologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Joseph J. Locascio
- Neurogenomics Lab and Parkinson Personalized Medicine Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's HospitalCambridgeMA
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA
| | - Iris E. Jansen
- Department of Medical GenomicsVU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus AmsterdamAmsterdamHZThe Netherlands
- German Center for Neurodegenerative diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
| | - Sophie Winder‐Rhodes
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Shirley Eberly
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational BiologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of ageing and age related diseasesVillejuifFrance
- University Paris‐Sud, UMRS 1018VillejuifFrance
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut National de Santé et en Recherche Médicale U 1127 and Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1422, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique U 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Neurologie et de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | | | | | - Florence Cormier‐Dequaire
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut National de Santé et en Recherche Médicale U 1127 and Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1422, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique U 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Neurologie et de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut National de Santé et en Recherche Médicale U 1127 and Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1422, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique U 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Neurologie et de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Roger A. Barker
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Heutink
- Department of Medical GenomicsVU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus AmsterdamAmsterdamHZThe Netherlands
- German Center for Neurodegenerative diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
| | - Johan Marinus
- Department of NeurologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline H. Williams‐Gray
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Clemens R. Scherzer
- Neurogenomics Lab and Parkinson Personalized Medicine Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's HospitalCambridgeMA
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMA
- Biomarkers Program, Harvard NeuroDiscovery CenterBostonMA
- Department of NeurologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMA
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA
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73
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Pchelina S, Emelyanov A, Baydakova G, Andoskin P, Senkevich K, Nikolaev M, Miliukhina I, Yakimovskii A, Timofeeva A, Fedotova E, Abramycheva N, Usenko T, Kulabukhova D, Lavrinova A, Kopytova A, Garaeva L, Nuzhnyi E, Illarioshkin S, Zakharova E. Oligomeric α-synuclein and glucocerebrosidase activity levels in GBA-associated Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:70-76. [PMID: 27780739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein oligomerization plays a key role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Being the most common genetic contributor to PD, glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA) mutations have been associated with decreased GBA enzymatic activity in PD patients with mutations in the GBA gene (GBA-PD). However, it is unknown whether the activities of other lysosomal hydrolases are being altered in GBA-PD patients and are accompanied by an increase in alpha-synuclein oligomerization. The aim of our study was to estimate GBA enzymatic activity as well as the activities of five other lysosomal hydrolases (galactocerebrosidase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, sphingomyelinase, alpha-iduronidase) in dried blood spots with assessing plasma oligomeric alpha-synuclein levels in sporadic PD (sPD) patients, in GBA-PD patients and in controls. GBA enzymatic activity and plasma oligomeric alpha-synuclein levels were assessed in sPD patients (N=84), in GBA-PD patients (N=21) and controls (N=62) by LC-MS/MS and ELISA methods accordingly. GBA-PD patients showed lower GBA enzymatic activity compared to controls (p=0.001) and to sPD (p=0.0001). We also found the reduction of GLA enzymatic activity (but not of other lysosomal hydrolases) in GBA-PD (p=0.001). At the same time plasma oligomeric alpha-synuclein levels were increased in GBA-PD group compared to sPD and controls (p=0.002 and p<0.0001, respectively). Our results suggest that the decrease in enzymatic activity of lysosomal hydrolases in GBA mutation carriers may contribute to PD pathogenesis by increasing the level of neurotoxic oligomeric alpha-synuclein species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pchelina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University-Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A Emelyanov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University-Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G Baydakova
- Research Center of Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - P Andoskin
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - K Senkevich
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Nikolaev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I Miliukhina
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Yakimovskii
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Timofeeva
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Fedotova
- Research Centre of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - T Usenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D Kulabukhova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Lavrinova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Kopytova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L Garaeva
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Nuzhnyi
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; Research Centre of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - E Zakharova
- Research Center of Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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74
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Mena-Barragán T, García-Moreno MI, Nanba E, Higaki K, Concia AL, Clapés P, García Fernández JM, Ortiz Mellet C. Inhibitor versus chaperone behaviour of d-fagomine, DAB and LAB sp2-iminosugar conjugates against glycosidases: A structure–activity relationship study in Gaucher fibroblasts. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:880-891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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75
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Wong YC, Krainc D. Lysosomal trafficking defects link Parkinson's disease with Gaucher's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1610-1618. [PMID: 27619775 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction has been implicated in multiple diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders such as Gaucher's disease, in which loss-of-function mutations in the GBA1 gene encoding the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase result in lipid substrate accumulation. In Parkinson's disease, α-synuclein accumulates in Lewy bodies and neurites contributing to neuronal death. Previous clinical and genetic evidence has demonstrated an important link between Parkinson's and Gaucher's disease, as GBA1 mutations and variants increase the risk of Parkinson's and Parkinson's patients exhibit decreased β-glucocerebrosidase activity. Using human midbrain neuron cultures, we have found that loss of β-glucocerebrosidase activity promotes α-synuclein accumulation and toxicity, whereas α-synuclein accumulation further contributes to decreased lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase activity by disrupting β-glucocerebrosidase trafficking to lysosomes. Moreover, α-synuclein accumulation disrupts trafficking of additional lysosomal hydrolases, further contributing to lysosomal dysfunction and neuronal dyshomeostasis. Importantly, promoting β-glucocerebrosidase activity reduces α-synuclein accumulation and rescues lysosomal and neuronal dysfunction, suggesting that β-glucocerebrosidase may be an important therapeutic target for advancing drug discovery in synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette C Wong
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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76
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Kramer G, Wegdam W, Donker-Koopman W, Ottenhoff R, Gaspar P, Verhoek M, Nelson J, Gabriel T, Kallemeijn W, Boot RG, Laman JD, Vissers JPC, Cox T, Pavlova E, Moran MT, Aerts JM, van Eijk M. Elevation of glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B in type 1 Gaucher disease patients and mouse models. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:902-13. [PMID: 27642553 PMCID: PMC5011488 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is caused by inherited deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase. Proteome analysis of laser‐dissected splenic Gaucher cells revealed increased amounts of glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (gpNMB). Plasma gpNMB was also elevated, correlating with chitotriosidase and CCL18, which are established markers for human Gaucher cells. In Gaucher mice, gpNMB is also produced by Gaucher cells. Correction of glucocerebrosidase deficiency in mice by gene transfer or pharmacological substrate reduction reverses gpNMB abnormalities. In conclusion, gpNMB acts as a marker for glucosylceramide‐laden macrophages in man and mouse and gpNMB should be considered as candidate biomarker for Gaucher disease in treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertjan Kramer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands; European Molecular Biology Laboratory Germany
| | - Wouter Wegdam
- Department of Gynecology Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Donker-Koopman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Paulo Gaspar
- Organelle Biogenesis & Function Group Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) Porto Portugal; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC) Universidade do Porto Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS) Universidade do Porto Portugal
| | - Marri Verhoek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Nelson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tanit Gabriel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kallemeijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience University Medical Center Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Timothy Cox
- Department of Internal Medicine Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge UK
| | - Elena Pavlova
- Department of Internal Medicine Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge UK
| | | | - Johannes M Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands; Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University The Netherlands
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77
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Magalhaes J, Gegg ME, Migdalska-Richards A, Doherty MK, Whitfield PD, Schapira AHV. Autophagic lysosome reformation dysfunction in glucocerebrosidase deficient cells: relevance to Parkinson disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3432-3445. [PMID: 27378698 PMCID: PMC5179940 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene mutations increase the risk of Parkinson disease (PD). While the cellular mechanisms associating GBA1 mutations and PD are unknown, loss of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme (GCase) activity, inhibition of autophagy and increased α-synuclein levels have been implicated. Here we show that autophagy lysosomal reformation (ALR) is compromised in cells lacking functional GCase. ALR is a cellular process controlled by mTOR which regenerates functional lysosomes from autolysosomes formed during macroautophagy. A decrease in phopho-S6K levels, a marker of mTOR activity, was observed in models of GCase deficiency, including primary mouse neurons and the PD patient derived fibroblasts with GBA1 mutations, suggesting that ALR is compromised. Importantly Rab7, a GTPase crucial for endosome-lysosome trafficking and ALR, accumulated in GCase deficient cells, supporting the notion that lysosomal recycling is impaired. Recombinant GCase treatment reversed ALR inhibition and lysosomal dysfunction. Moreover, ALR dysfunction was accompanied by impairment of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy, increased levels of total and phosphorylated (S129) monomeric α-synuclein, evidence of amyloid oligomers and increased α-synuclein release. Concurrently, we found increased cholesterol and altered glucosylceramide homeostasis which could compromise ALR. We propose that GCase deficiency in PD inhibits lysosomal recycling. Consequently neurons are unable to maintain the pool of mature and functional lysosomes required for the autophagic clearance of α-synuclein, leading to the accumulation and spread of pathogenic α-synuclein species in the brain. Since GCase deficiency and lysosomal dysfunction occur with ageing and sporadic PD pathology, the decrease in lysosomal reformation may be a common feature in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhaes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Matthew E Gegg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Anna Migdalska-Richards
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Lipidomics Research Facility, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
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78
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Lal TR, Borger DK, Sidransky E. Once again, rare diseases provide a spotlight. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 118:1-2. [PMID: 27017192 PMCID: PMC5446090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Roshan Lal
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel K Borger
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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79
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Jung O, Patnaik S, Marugan J, Sidransky E, Westbroek W. Progress and potential of non-inhibitory small molecule chaperones for the treatment of Gaucher disease and its implications for Parkinson disease. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:471-9. [PMID: 27098312 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1174583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease, caused by pathological mutations GBA1, encodes the lysosome-resident enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which cleaves glucosylceramide into glucose and ceramide. In Gaucher disease, glucocerebrosidase deficiency leads to lysosomal accumulation of substrate, primarily in cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. Gaucher disease has broad clinical heterogeneity, and mutations in GBA1 are a risk factor for the development of different synucleinopathies. Insights into the cell biology and biochemistry of glucocerebrosidase have led to new therapeutic approaches for Gaucher disease including small chemical chaperones. Such chaperones facilitate proper enzyme folding and translocation to lysosomes, thereby preventing premature breakdown of the enzyme in the proteasome. This review discusses recent progress in developing chemical chaperones as a therapy for Gaucher disease, with implications for the treatment of synucleinopathies. It focuses on the development of non-inhibitory glucocerebrosidase chaperones and their therapeutic advantages over inhibitory chaperones, as well as the challenges involved in identifying and validating chemical chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olive Jung
- a Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch , National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- b National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Juan Marugan
- b National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- a Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch , National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Wendy Westbroek
- a Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch , National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
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80
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Schapira AH, Chiasserini D, Beccari T, Parnetti L. Glucocerebrosidase in Parkinson's disease: Insights into pathogenesis and prospects for treatment. Mov Disord 2016; 31:830-5. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H.V. Schapira
- University Department of Clinical Neurosciences; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Department of Medicine, section of Neurology; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Department of Medicine, section of Neurology; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
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81
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Gámez-Valero A, Prada-Dacasa P, Santos C, Adame-Castillo C, Campdelacreu J, Reñé R, Gascón-Bayarri J, Ispierto L, Álvarez R, Ariza A, Beyer K. GBA Mutations Are Associated With Earlier Onset and Male Sex in Dementia With Lewy Bodies. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1066-70. [PMID: 27027900 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are Lewy body diseases characterized by similar pathological features. Several studies have shown a relation between alterations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) and the development of LB diseases. Here, we explored the role of GBA mutations in Spanish DLB patients. METHODS GBA mRNA sequences were analyzed in a neuropathological (50 DLB, 43 PD, and 34 control brains) and in a clinical cohort (47 DLB patients and 131 unaffected individuals). RESULTS Sixteen GBA mutation carriers were identified, 5 of which were brains with pure DLB. The most common mutation, E326K, was strongly associated with pure DLB and PD with dementia. GBA mutations were overrepresented in men and associated with earlier DLB onset. CONCLUSIONS GBA mutations are also an important risk factor for DLB development in the Spanish population, are associated with earlier disease onset, and are more prevalent in men. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gámez-Valero
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,IVECAT Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Patricia Prada-Dacasa
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Santos
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Adame-Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Campdelacreu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ramón Reñé
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jordi Gascón-Bayarri
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ispierto
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramiro Álvarez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Ariza
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katrin Beyer
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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82
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Glucocerebrosidase Deficiency in Drosophila Results in α-Synuclein-Independent Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005944. [PMID: 27019408 PMCID: PMC4809718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the glucosidase, beta, acid (GBA1) gene cause Gaucher’s disease, and are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) excluding variants of low penetrance. Because α-synuclein-containing neuronal aggregates are a defining feature of PD and DLB, it is widely believed that mutations in GBA1 act by enhancing α-synuclein toxicity. To explore this hypothesis, we deleted the Drosophila GBA1 homolog, dGBA1b, and compared the phenotypes of dGBA1b mutants in the presence and absence of α-synuclein expression. Homozygous dGBA1b mutants exhibit shortened lifespan, locomotor and memory deficits, neurodegeneration, and dramatically increased accumulation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates that are normally degraded through an autophagic mechanism. Ectopic expression of human α-synuclein in dGBA1b mutants resulted in a mild enhancement of dopaminergic neuron loss and increased α-synuclein aggregation relative to controls. However, α-synuclein expression did not substantially enhance other dGBA1b mutant phenotypes. Our findings indicate that dGBA1b plays an important role in the metabolism of protein aggregates, but that the deleterious consequences of mutations in dGBA1b are largely independent of α-synuclein. Future work with dGBA1b mutants should reveal the mechanism by which mutations in dGBA1b lead to accumulation of protein aggregates, and the potential influence of this protein aggregation on neuronal integrity. Mutations in the glucosidase, beta, acid (GBA1) gene cause Gaucher’s disease (GD), a lysosomal storage disease that includes neurodegenerative phenotypes. Recently, mutations in GBA1 were identified as the strongest genetic risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), which are neurodegenerative conditions characterized by intraneuronal protein aggregates containing α-synuclein. To explore how GBA1 mutations lead to neurodegeneration in GD, PD and DLB, we developed a novel invertebrate model of GBA1 insufficiency by deleting the Drosophila GBA1 homolog, dGBA1b. We found that dGBA1b mutants have multiple phenotypes consistent with neuronal dysfunction as seen in PD, DLB and GD, and dramatically increased protein aggregation that is normally cleared through an autophagic mechanism. dGBA1b mutants expressing human α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons led to dopaminergic neuron loss and α-synuclein aggregation. However, α-synuclein expression had minimal effect on dGBA1b mutant phenotypes, suggesting that the deleterious consequences of glucocerebrosidase deficiency are independent of α-synuclein. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of the role of GBA1 mutations in the pathogenesis of PD, DLB, and GD, and further studies using this model should elucidate mechanisms underlying these diseases.
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83
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Duda J, Pötschke C, Liss B. Converging roles of ion channels, calcium, metabolic stress, and activity pattern of Substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in health and Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:156-178. [PMID: 26865375 PMCID: PMC5095868 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine‐releasing neurons within the Substantia nigra (SN DA) are particularly vulnerable to degeneration compared to other dopaminergic neurons. The age‐dependent, progressive loss of these neurons is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), as the resulting loss of striatal dopamine causes its major movement‐related symptoms. SN DA neurons release dopamine from their axonal terminals within the dorsal striatum, and also from their cell bodies and dendrites within the midbrain in a calcium‐ and activity‐dependent manner. Their intrinsically generated and metabolically challenging activity is created and modulated by the orchestrated function of different ion channels and dopamine D2‐autoreceptors. Here, we review increasing evidence that the mechanisms that control activity patterns and calcium homeostasis of SN DA neurons are not only crucial for their dopamine release within a physiological range but also modulate their mitochondrial and lysosomal activity, their metabolic stress levels, and their vulnerability to degeneration in PD. Indeed, impaired calcium homeostasis, lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic stress in SN DA neurons represent central converging trigger factors for idiopathic and familial PD. We summarize double‐edged roles of ion channels, activity patterns, calcium homeostasis, and related feedback/feed‐forward signaling mechanisms in SN DA neurons for maintaining and modulating their physiological function, but also for contributing to their vulnerability in PD‐paradigms. We focus on the emerging roles of maintained neuronal activity and calcium homeostasis within a physiological bandwidth, and its modulation by PD‐triggers, as well as on bidirectional functions of voltage‐gated L‐type calcium channels and metabolically gated ATP‐sensitive potassium (K‐ATP) channels, and their probable interplay in health and PD.
We propose that SN DA neurons possess several feedback and feed‐forward mechanisms to protect and adapt their activity‐pattern and calcium‐homeostasis within a physiological bandwidth, and that PD‐trigger factors can narrow this bandwidth. We summarize roles of ion channels in this view, and findings documenting that both, reduced as well as elevated activity and associated calcium‐levels can trigger SN DA degeneration.
This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Duda
- Department of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Liss
- Department of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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84
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Characterization of the complex formed by β-glucocerebrosidase and the lysosomal integral membrane protein type-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3791-6. [PMID: 27001828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514005113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal integral membrane protein type-2 (LIMP-2) plays a pivotal role in the delivery of β-glucocerebrosidase (GC) to lysosomes. Mutations in GC result in Gaucher's disease (GD) and are the major genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Variants in the LIMP-2 gene cause action myoclonus-renal failure syndrome and also have been linked to PD. Given the importance of GC and LIMP-2 in disease pathogenesis, we studied their interaction sites in more detail. Our previous data demonstrated that the crystal structure of LIMP-2 displays a hydrophobic three-helix bundle composed of helices 4, 5, and 7, of which helix 5 and 7 are important for ligand binding. Here, we identified a similar helical motif in GC through surface potential analysis. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies revealed a triple-helical interface region within GC as critical for LIMP-2 binding and lysosomal transport. Based on these findings, we generated a LIMP-2 helix 5-derived peptide that precipitated and activated recombinant wild-type and GD-associated N370S mutant GC in vitro. The helix 5 peptide fused to a cell-penetrating peptide also activated endogenous lysosomal GC and reduced α-synuclein levels, suggesting that LIMP-2-derived peptides can be used to activate endogenous as well as recombinant wild-type or mutant GC efficiently. Our data also provide a structural model of the LIMP-2/GC complex that will facilitate the development of GC chaperones and activators as potential therapeutics for GD, PD, and related synucleinopathies.
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85
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Glucocerebrosidase and parkinsonism: lessons to learn. J Neurol 2016; 263:1033-1044. [PMID: 26995357 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Both homo- (causing autosomal-recessive Gaucher's disease; GD) and heterozygous mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), and represent the most robust known genetic susceptibility factors identified in PD. Since the accumulation of α-synuclein has been considered critical to the pathogenesis of PD among several possible pathways through which glucocerebrosidase (GCase) deficiency may promote the pathogenesis of PD, particular attention was given to the reciprocity with α-synuclein levels, lysosomal dysfunction, endoplasmatic reticulum-Golgi trafficking of GCase, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial abnormalities. The proportion of PD patients that carry GBA mutations is estimated to be approximately between 5 and 10 %. Individual PD patients with or without GBA mutations cannot be discriminated on clinical or pathological grounds. However, GBA mutation carriers may have slightly earlier age at PD onset, more likely have a positive family history for PD, and more prevalent non-motor symptoms when compared to those patients who are not carriers. Establishing the concept of GBA-related PD promoted a search for the pathogenic mechanisms through which GCase deficiency may influence pathogenesis of PD, suggesting that targeting the GCase-lysosomal pathway might be a rational approach for the development of neuroprotective drugs in PD.
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86
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Barker RA, Williams-Gray CH. Review: The spectrum of clinical features seen with alpha synuclein pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:6-19. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - C. H. Williams-Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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87
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Valera E, Masliah E. Therapeutic approaches in Parkinson's disease and related disorders. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:346-352. [PMID: 26749150 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The lack of effective therapies for neurodegenerative disorders is one of the most relevant challenges of this century, considering that, as the global population ages, the incidence of these type of diseases is quickly on the rise. Among these disorders, synucleinopathies, which are characterized by the abnormal accumulation and spreading of the synaptic protein alpha-synuclein in the brain, already constitute the second leading cause of parkinsonism and dementia in the elderly population. Disorders with alpha-synuclein accumulation include Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. Numerous therapeutic alternatives for synucleinopathies are being tested in pre-clinical models and in the clinic; however, only palliative treatments addressing the dopaminergic deficits are approved to date, and no disease-modifying options are available yet. In this article, we provide a brief overview of therapeutic approaches currently being explored for synucleinopathies, and suggest possible explanations to the clinical trials outcomes. Finally, we propose that a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of synucleinopathies, together with a combination of therapies tailored to each disease stage, may lead to better therapeutic outcomes in synucleinopathy patients. Synucleinopathies, neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein, constitute the second leading cause of parkinsonism and dementia in the elderly population, however, no disease-modifying options are available yet. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic approaches currently being explored for synucleinopathies, suggest possible explanations to the clinical outcomes, and propose areas of further therapeutic improvement. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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88
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Blanz J, Saftig P. Parkinson's disease: acid-glucocerebrosidase activity and alpha-synuclein clearance. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:198-215. [PMID: 26860955 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of mutations in the gene GBA1 encoding the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase for the development of synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, was only very recently uncovered. The knowledge obtained from the study of carriers or patients suffering from Gaucher disease (a common lysosomal storage disorder because of GBA1 mutations) is of particular importance for understanding the role of the enzyme and its catabolic pathway in the development of synucleinopathies. Decreased activity of β-glucocerebrosidase leads to lysosomal dysfunction and the accumulation of its substrate glucosylceramide and related lipid derivatives. Glucosylceramide is suggested to stabilize toxic oligomeric forms of α-synuclein that negatively influence the activity of β-glucocerebrosidase and to partially block export of newly synthesized β-glucocerebrosidase from the endoplasmic reticulum to late endocytic compartments, amplifying the pathological effects of α-synuclein and ultimately resulting in neuronal cell death. This pathogenic molecular feedback loop and most likely other factors (such as impaired endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, activation of the unfolded protein response and dysregulation of calcium homeostasis induced by misfolded GC mutants) are involved in shifting the cellular homeostasis from monomeric α-synuclein towards oligomeric neurotoxic and aggregated forms, which contribute to Parkinson's disease progression. From a therapeutic point of view, strategies aiming to increase either the expression, stability or delivery of the β-glucocerebrosidase to lysosomes are likely to decrease the α-synuclein burden and may be useful for an in depth evaluation at the organismal level. Lysosomes are critical for protein and lipid homeostasis. Recent research revealed that dysfunction of this organelle contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) are a major risk factor for the development of PD and the molecular events linked to the reduced activity of GBA1 and the pathological accumulation of lipids and α-synuclein are just at the beginning to be understood. New therapeutic concepts in regards to how to increase the expression, stability, or delivery of β-glucocerebrosidase to lysosomes are currently developed. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Blanz
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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89
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Aflaki E, Moaven N, Borger DK, Lopez G, Westbroek W, Chae JJ, Marugan J, Patnaik S, Maniwang E, Gonzalez AN, Sidransky E. Lysosomal storage and impaired autophagy lead to inflammasome activation in Gaucher macrophages. Aging Cell 2016; 15:77-88. [PMID: 26486234 PMCID: PMC4717273 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the inherited deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase, is characterized by the presence of glucosylcer‐amide macrophages, the accumulation of glucosylceramide in lysosomes and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. However, the connection between this lysosomal storage and inflammation is not clear. Studying macrophages derived from peripheral monocytes from patients with type 1 Gaucher disease with genotype N370S/N370S, we confirmed an increased secretion of interleukins IL‐1β and IL‐6. In addition, we found that activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that activates caspase‐1, led to the maturation of IL‐1β in Gaucher macrophages. We show that inflammasome activation in these cells is the result of impaired autophagy. Treatment with the small‐molecule glucocerebrosidase chaperone NCGC758 reversed these defects, inducing autophagy and reducing IL‐1β secretion, confirming the role of the deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase in these processes. We found that in Gaucher macrophages elevated levels of the autophagic adaptor p62 prevented the delivery of inflammasomes to autophagosomes. This increase in p62 led to activation of p65‐NF‐kB in the nucleus, promoting the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the secretion of IL‐1β. This newly elucidated mechanism ties lysosomal dysfunction to inflammasome activation, and may contribute to the massive organomegaly, bone involvement and increased susceptibility to certain malignancies seen in Gaucher disease. Moreover, this link between lysosomal storage, impaired autophagy, and inflammation may have implications relevant to both Parkinson disease and the aging process. Defects in these basic cellular processes may also provide new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Aflaki
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Nima Moaven
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Daniel K. Borger
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Grisel Lopez
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Wendy Westbroek
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Jae Jin Chae
- Inflammatory Disease Section National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Juan Marugan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Emerson Maniwang
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Ashley N. Gonzalez
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda MD 20892 USA
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90
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Coutinho MF, Alves S. From rare to common and back again: 60years of lysosomal dysfunction. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 117:53-65. [PMID: 26422115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sixty years after its discovery, the lysosome is no longer considered as cell's waste bin but as an organelle playing a central role in cell metabolism. Besides its well known association with lysosomal storage disorders (mostly rare and life-threatening diseases), recent data have shown that the lysosome is also a player in some of the most common conditions of our time; and, perhaps even most important, it is not only a target for orphan drugs (rare disease therapeutic approaches) but also a putative target to treat patients suffering from common complex diseases worldwide. Here we review the striking associations linking rare lysosomal storage disorders such as the well-known Gaucher disease, or even the recently discovered, extremely rare Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis-11 and some of the most frequent, multifaceted and complex disorders of modern society such as cancer, Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Alves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, INSA, Portugal
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91
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Leukocyte glucocerebrosidase and β-hexosaminidase activity in sporadic and genetic Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 23:99-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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92
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Borger DK, Aflaki E, Sidransky E. Applications of iPSC-derived models of Gaucher disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:295. [PMID: 26697455 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.10.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Borger
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elma Aflaki
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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93
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Choi S, Kim D, Kam TI, Yun S, Kim S, Park H, Hwang H, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Ko HS. Lysosomal Enzyme Glucocerebrosidase Protects against Aβ1-42 Oligomer-Induced Neurotoxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143854. [PMID: 26629917 PMCID: PMC4668030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) functions as a lysosomal enzyme and its mutations are known to be related to many neurodegenerative diseases, including Gaucher’s disease (GD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). However, there is little information about the role of GCase in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we demonstrate that GCase protein levels and enzyme activity are significantly decreased in sporadic AD. Moreover, Aβ1–42 oligomer treatment results in neuronal cell death that is concomitant with decreased GCase protein levels and enzyme activity, as well as impairment in lysosomal biogenesis and acidification. Importantly, overexpression of GCase promotes the lysosomal degradation of Aβ1–42 oligomers, restores the lysosomal impairment, and protects against the toxicity in neurons treated with Aβ1–42 oligomers. Our findings indicate that a deficiency of GCase could be involved in progression of AD pathology and suggest that augmentation of GCase activity may be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Choi
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seungpil Yun
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hyejin Park
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heehong Hwang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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94
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Pilotto A, Schulte C, Hauser AK, Biskup S, Munz M, Brockmann K, Schaeffer E, Synofzik M, Maetzler W, Suenkel U, Srulijes K, Gasser T, Berg D. GBA-associated parkinsonism and dementia: beyond α-synucleinopathies? Eur J Neurol 2015; 23:520-6. [PMID: 26549049 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To date the role of GBA mutations beyond α-synucleinopathies in the parkinsonism-dementia spectrum is still unclear. The aim of the study was to screen for GBA mutations in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal syndrome (CBS), primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). METHODS In all, 303 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PSP (n = 157), CBS (n = 39), PPA (n = 35) and bvFTD (n = 72) and 587 neurologically healthy controls were screened for the most common GBA mutations. RESULTS GBA mutations were detected in one healthy control and four patients with a clinical diagnosis of PSP (n = 1), probable CBS (n = 2) and PPA (n = 1, with concomitant C9orf72 expansion). Overall the prevalence of GBA mutations was low in non-α-synucleinopathies but significantly higher in the CBS subgroup compared to controls. CONCLUSION Although numbers are small, our findings indicate that the clinical phenotype of GBA-associated neurodegenerative disease is more heterogeneous than previously assumed, including phenotypes not usually associated with underlying α-synucleinopathies. This may be of relevance, once causal therapeutic strategies for GBA-associated neurodegenerative disease are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pilotto
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - C Schulte
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A K Hauser
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Biskup
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,CeGaT GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Munz
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - K Brockmann
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - E Schaeffer
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Synofzik
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - W Maetzler
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - U Suenkel
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - K Srulijes
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Gasser
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - D Berg
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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95
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Ambrosi G, Ghezzi C, Zangaglia R, Levandis G, Pacchetti C, Blandini F. Ambroxol-induced rescue of defective glucocerebrosidase is associated with increased LIMP-2 and saposin C levels in GBA1 mutant Parkinson's disease cells. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:235-242. [PMID: 26094596 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in GBA1 gene, encoding for lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are a major risk factor for sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Defective GCase has been reported in fibroblasts of GBA1-mutant PD patients and pharmacological chaperone ambroxol has been shown to correct such defect. To further explore this issue, we investigated GCase and elements supporting GCase function and trafficking in fibroblasts from sporadic PD patients--with or without heterozygous GBA1 mutations--and healthy subjects, in basal conditions and following in vitro exposure to ambroxol. We assessed protein levels of GCase, lysosomal integral membrane protein-2 (LIMP-2), which mediates GCase trafficking to lysosomes, GCase endogenous activator saposin (Sap) C and parkin, which is involved in degradation of defective GCase. We also measured activities of GCase and cathepsin D, which cleaves Sap C from precursor prosaposin. GCase activity was reduced in fibroblasts from GBA1-mutant patients and ambroxol corrected this defect. Ambroxol increased cathepsin D activity, GCase and Sap C protein levels in all groups, while LIMP-2 levels were increased only in GBA1-mutant PD fibroblasts. Parkin levels were slightly increased only in the PD group without GBA1 mutations and were not significantly modified by ambroxol. Our study confirms that GCase activity is deficient in fibroblasts of GBA1-mutant PD patients and that ambroxol corrects this defect. The drug increased Sap C and LIMP-2 protein levels, without interfering with parkin. These results confirm that chemical chaperone ambroxol modulates lysosomal markers, further highlighting targets that may be exploited for innovative PD therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ambrosi
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Ghezzi
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangaglia
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Pacchetti
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.
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96
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Herrera Moro Chao D, Kallemeijn WW, Marques ARA, Orre M, Ottenhoff R, van Roomen C, Foppen E, Renner MC, Moeton M, van Eijk M, Boot RG, Kamphuis W, Hol EM, Aten J, Overkleeft HS, Kalsbeek A, Aerts JMFG. Visualization of Active Glucocerebrosidase in Rodent Brain with High Spatial Resolution following In Situ Labeling with Fluorescent Activity Based Probes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138107. [PMID: 26418157 PMCID: PMC4587854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is characterized by lysosomal accumulation of glucosylceramide due to deficient activity of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GBA). In cells, glucosylceramide is also degraded outside lysosomes by the enzyme glucosylceramidase 2 (GBA2) of which inherited deficiency is associated with ataxias. The interest in GBA and glucosylceramide metabolism in the brain has grown following the notion that mutations in the GBA gene impose a risk factor for motor disorders such as α-synucleinopathies. We earlier developed a β-glucopyranosyl-configured cyclophellitol-epoxide type activity based probe (ABP) allowing in vivo and in vitro visualization of active molecules of GBA with high spatial resolution. Labeling occurs through covalent linkage of the ABP to the catalytic nucleophile residue in the enzyme pocket. Here, we describe a method to visualize active GBA molecules in rat brain slices using in vivo labeling. Brain areas related to motor control, like the basal ganglia and motor related structures in the brainstem, show a high content of active GBA. We also developed a β-glucopyranosyl cyclophellitol-aziridine ABP allowing in situ labeling of GBA2. Labeled GBA2 in brain areas can be identified and quantified upon gel electrophoresis. The distribution of active GBA2 markedly differs from that of GBA, being highest in the cerebellar cortex. The histological findings with ABP labeling were confirmed by biochemical analysis of isolated brain areas. In conclusion, ABPs offer sensitive tools to visualize active GBA and to study the distribution of GBA2 in the brain and thus may find application to establish the role of these enzymes in neurodegenerative disease conditions such as α-synucleinopathies and cerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Herrera Moro Chao
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W. Kallemeijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Insitute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andre R. A. Marques
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Orre
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy van Roomen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C. Renner
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Moeton
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Insitute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G. Boot
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Insitute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Kamphuis
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Aten
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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97
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Keatinge M, Bui H, Menke A, Chen YC, Sokol AM, Bai Q, Ellett F, Da Costa M, Burke D, Gegg M, Trollope L, Payne T, McTighe A, Mortiboys H, de Jager S, Nuthall H, Kuo MS, Fleming A, Schapira AHV, Renshaw SA, Highley JR, Chacinska A, Panula P, Burton EA, O'Neill MJ, Bandmann O. Glucocerebrosidase 1 deficient Danio rerio mirror key pathological aspects of human Gaucher disease and provide evidence of early microglial activation preceding alpha-synuclein-independent neuronal cell death. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6640-52. [PMID: 26376862 PMCID: PMC4634372 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessively inherited glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) mutations cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher's disease (GD). Heterozygous GBA1 mutations (GBA1+/−) are the most common risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies typically focused on the interaction between the reduction of glucocerebrosidase (enzymatic) activity in GBA1+/− carriers and alpha-synuclein-mediated neurotoxicity. However, it is unclear whether other mechanisms also contribute to the increased risk of PD in GBA1+/− carriers. The zebrafish genome does not contain alpha-synuclein (SNCA), thus providing a unique opportunity to study pathogenic mechanisms unrelated to alpha-synuclein toxicity. Here we describe a mutant zebrafish line created by TALEN genome editing carrying a 23 bp deletion in gba1 (gba1c.1276_1298del), the zebrafish orthologue of human GBA1. Marked sphingolipid accumulation was already detected at 5 days post-fertilization with accompanying microglial activation and early, sustained up-regulation of miR-155, a master regulator of inflammation. gba1c.1276_1298del mutant zebrafish developed a rapidly worsening phenotype from 8 weeks onwards with striking reduction in motor activity by 12 weeks. Histopathologically, we observed marked Gaucher cell invasion of the brain and other organs. Dopaminergic neuronal cell count was normal through development but reduced by >30% at 12 weeks in the presence of ubiquitin-positive, intra-neuronal inclusions. This gba1c.1276_1298del zebrafish line is the first viable vertebrate model sharing key pathological features of GD in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissue. Our study also provides evidence for early microglial activation prior to alpha-synuclein-independent neuronal cell death in GBA1 deficiency and suggests upregulation of miR-155 as a common denominator across different neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Keatinge
- The Bateson Centre, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN)
| | - Hai Bui
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, USA
| | | | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Neuroscience Center and Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna M Sokol
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biogenesis, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Qing Bai
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Marc Da Costa
- The Bateson Centre, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN)
| | - Derek Burke
- Molecular and Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, Enzyme Unit and Metabolic Unit, Chemical Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matthew Gegg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lisa Trollope
- The Bateson Centre, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN)
| | - Thomas Payne
- The Bateson Centre, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN)
| | - Aimee McTighe
- The Bateson Centre, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN)
| | | | - Sarah de Jager
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK and
| | - Hugh Nuthall
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Ming-Shang Kuo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK and
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Agnieszka Chacinska
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biogenesis, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pertti Panula
- Neuroscience Center and Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edward A Burton
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Oliver Bandmann
- The Bateson Centre, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN),
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98
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Effect of GBA Mutations on Phenotype of Parkinson's Disease: A Study on Chinese Population and a Meta-Analysis. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:916971. [PMID: 26421210 PMCID: PMC4572432 DOI: 10.1155/2015/916971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
GBA has been identified as a genetic risk factor for PD. Whether the clinical manifestations of PD patients with or without GBA mutations are different has still not reached a consensus. We firstly detected the GBA mutation L444P in 1147 Chinese PD patients and simultaneously evaluated their corresponding clinical data. Then we compared the phenotypes between 646 PD patients with GBA mutations and 10344 PD patients without GBA mutations worldwide through meta-analysis. Through the method of meta-analysis, there was significant difference in age at onset (MD = -3.10 [95% CI: -4.88, -1.32]), bradykinesia as an initial symptom (OR = 1.49 [95% CI: 1.15, 1.94]), having family history (OR = 1.50 [95% CI: 1.18, 1.91]), and dementia (OR = 3.21 [95% CI: 1.97, 5.24]) during the comparison between PD patients with and without GBA mutations. While, in the aspect of tremor as an initial symptom (OR = 0.81 [95% CI: 0.64, 1.03]), the severity of motor symptoms such as H-Y (MD = 0.06 [95% CI: -0.06, 0.17]) and UPDRS-III (MD = 1.61 [95% CI: -0.65, 3.87]) and having dyskinesia (OR = 1.60 [95% CI: 0.90, 2.84]) during the comparison between the two groups revealed no statistical differences. Our results suggested that the phenotypes of PD patients with GBA mutations are different from GBA noncarriers.
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99
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Glucocerebrosidase deficiency and mitochondrial impairment in experimental Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci 2015; 356:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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100
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Han F, Grimes DA, Li F, Wang T, Yu Z, Song N, Wu S, Racacho L, Bulman DE. Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene are common in patients with Parkinson's disease from Eastern Canada. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:415-21. [PMID: 26000814 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1023436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the β-glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) have been implicated as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, GBA mutations in PD patients of different ethnic origins were reported to be inconsistent. METHODS We sequenced all exons of the GBA gene in 225 PD patients and 110 control individuals from Eastern Canada. RESULT Two novel GBA variants of c.-119 A/G and S(-35)N, five known GBA mutations of R120W, N370S, L444P, RecNciI and RecTL mutation (del55/D409H/RecNciI) as well as two non-pathological variants of E326K and T369M were identified from PD patients while only one mutation of S13L and two non-pathological variants of E326K and T369M were found in the control individuals. The frequency of GBA mutations within PD patients (4.4%) is 4.8 times higher than the 0.91% observed in control individuals (X(2) = 2.91, p = 0.088; odds ratio = 4.835; 95% confidence interval = 2.524-9.123). The most common mutations of N370S and L444P accounted for 36.0% (9/25) of all the GBA mutations in this Eastern Canadian PD cohort. The frequency (6.67%) of E326K and T369M in PD patients is comparable to 7.27% in control individuals (X(2) = 0.042, p = 0.8376), further supporting that these two variants have no pathological effects on PD. Phenotype analysis showed that no significant difference in family history, age at onset and cognitive impairment was identified between the GBA mutation carriers and non-GBA mutation carriers. CONCLUSION GBA mutations were found to be a common genetic risk factor for PD in Eastern Canadian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabin Han
- a 1 Centre for Stem cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital/Liaocheng People's Hospital , Taishan Medical University , Liaocheng , China.,b 2 Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital/Liaocheng People's Hospital , Taishan Medical University , Liaocheng , China
| | - David A Grimes
- c 3 Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Fang Li
- c 3 Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Ting Wang
- a 1 Centre for Stem cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital/Liaocheng People's Hospital , Taishan Medical University , Liaocheng , China
| | - Zhe Yu
- a 1 Centre for Stem cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital/Liaocheng People's Hospital , Taishan Medical University , Liaocheng , China
| | - Na Song
- a 1 Centre for Stem cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital/Liaocheng People's Hospital , Taishan Medical University , Liaocheng , China
| | - Shichao Wu
- a 1 Centre for Stem cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital/Liaocheng People's Hospital , Taishan Medical University , Liaocheng , China
| | - Lemuel Racacho
- d 4 Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Dennis E Bulman
- d 4 Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
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