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Nordengen K, Cappelletti C, Bahrami S, Frei O, Pihlstrøm L, Henriksen SP, Geut H, Rozemuller AJM, van de Berg WDJ, Andreassen OA, Toft M. Pleiotropy with sex-specific traits reveals genetic aspects of sex differences in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2024; 147:858-870. [PMID: 37671566 PMCID: PMC10907091 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a higher incidence in males than females. The causes for this sex difference are unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 90 Parkinson's disease risk loci, but the genetic studies have not found sex-specific differences in allele frequency on autosomal chromosomes or sex chromosomes. Genetic variants, however, could exert sex-specific effects on gene function and regulation of gene expression. To identify genetic loci that might have sex-specific effects, we studied pleiotropy between Parkinson's disease and sex-specific traits. Summary statistics from GWASs were acquired from large-scale consortia for Parkinson's disease (n cases = 13 708; n controls = 95 282), age at menarche (n = 368 888 females) and age at menopause (n = 69 360 females). We applied the conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate (FDR) method to identify shared loci between Parkinson's disease and these sex-specific traits. Next, we investigated sex-specific gene expression differences in the superior frontal cortex of both neuropathologically healthy individuals and Parkinson's disease patients (n cases = 61; n controls = 23). To provide biological insights to the genetic pleiotropy, we performed sex-specific expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis and sex-specific age-related differential expression analysis for genes mapped to Parkinson's disease risk loci. Through conditional/conjunctional FDR analysis we found 11 loci shared between Parkinson's disease and the sex-specific traits age at menarche and age at menopause. Gene-set and pathway analysis of the genes mapped to these loci highlighted the importance of the immune response in determining an increased disease incidence in the male population. Moreover, we highlighted a total of nine genes whose expression or age-related expression in the human brain is influenced by genetic variants in a sex-specific manner. With these analyses we demonstrated that the lack of clear sex-specific differences in allele frequencies for Parkinson's disease loci does not exclude a genetic contribution to differences in disease incidence. Moreover, further studies are needed to elucidate the role that the candidate genes identified here could have in determining a higher incidence of Parkinson's disease in the male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Nordengen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Chiara Cappelletti
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Shahram Bahrami
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Hanneke Geut
- Section of Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Section of Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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Tunold JA, Tan MMX, Toft M, Ross O, van de Berg WDJ, Pihlstrøm L. Lysosomal Polygenic Burden Drives Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease with Low Alzheimer Risk. Mov Disord 2024; 39:596-601. [PMID: 38124396 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetics influence cognitive progression in Parkinson's disease, possibly through mechanisms related to Lewy and Alzheimer's disease pathology. Lysosomal polygenic burden has recently been linked to more severe Lewy pathology post mortem. OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of lysosomal polygenic burden on cognitive progression in Parkinson's disease patients with low Alzheimer's disease risk. METHODS Using Cox regression we assessed association between lysosomal polygenic scores and time to Montreal Cognitive Assessment score ≤ 21 in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative cohort (n = 374), with replication in data from the Parkinson's Disease Biomarker Program (n = 777). Patients were stratified by Alzheimer's disease polygenic risk. RESULTS The lysosomal polygenic score was associated with faster progression of cognitive decline in patients with low Alzheimer's disease risk in both datasets (P = 0.0032 and P = 0.0054, respectively). CONCLUSION Our study supports complex interplay between genetics and neuropathology in Parkinson's disease-related cognitive impairment, emphasizing the role of lysosomal polygenic burden. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Anders Tunold
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Manuela M X Tan
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Owen Ross
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Faouzi J, Tan M, Casse F, Lesage S, Tesson C, Brice A, Mangone G, Mariani LL, Iwaki H, Colliot O, Pihlstrøm L, Corvol JC. Proxy-analysis of the genetics of cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease through polygenic scores. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:8. [PMID: 38177146 PMCID: PMC10767119 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and its genetic risk factors are not well known to date, besides variants in the GBA and APOE genes. However, variation in complex traits is caused by numerous variants and is usually studied with genome-wide association studies (GWAS), requiring a large sample size, which is difficult to achieve for outcome measures in PD. Taking an alternative approach, we computed 100 polygenic scores (PGS) related to cognitive, dementia, stroke, and brain anatomical phenotypes and investigated their association with cognitive decline in six longitudinal cohorts. The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, genetic ancestry, follow-up duration, GBA and APOE status. Then, we meta-analyzed five of these cohorts, comprising a total of 1702 PD participants with 6156 visits, using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a cognitive outcome measure. After correction for multiple comparisons, we found four PGS significantly associated with cognitive decline: intelligence (p = 5.26e-13), cognitive performance (p = 1.46e-12), educational attainment (p = 8.52e-10), and reasoning (p = 3.58e-5). Survival analyses highlighted an offset of several years between the first and last quartiles of PGS, with significant differences for the PGS of cognitive performance (5 years) and educational attainment (7 years). In conclusion, we found four PGS associated with cognitive decline in PD, all associated with general cognitive phenotypes. This study highlights the common genetic factors between cognitive decline in PD and the general population, and the importance of the participant's cognitive reserve for cognitive outcome in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Faouzi
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
- Univ Rennes, Ensai, CNRS, CREST-UMR 9194, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fanny Casse
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Tesson
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences, Département de Génétique, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Graziella Mangone
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, F-75013, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Division, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Louise-Laure Mariani
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, F-75013, Paris, France.
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Andersen MS, Leikfoss IS, Brorson IS, Cappelletti C, Bettencourt C, Toft M, Pihlstrøm L. Epigenome-wide association study of peripheral immune cell populations in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:149. [PMID: 37903812 PMCID: PMC10616224 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of immune mechanisms to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis is an important challenge, potentially of major therapeutic implications. To further elucidate the involvement of peripheral immune cells, we studied epigenome-wide DNA methylation in isolated populations of CD14+ monocytes, CD19+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells from Parkinson's disease patients and healthy control participants. We included 25 patients with a maximum five years of disease duration and 25 controls, and isolated four immune cell populations from each fresh blood sample. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation profiles were generated from 186 samples using the Illumina MethylationEpic array and association with disease status was tested using linear regression models. We identified six differentially methylated CpGs in CD14+ monocytes and one in CD8 + T cells. Four differentially methylated regions were identified in monocytes, including a region upstream of RAB32, a gene that has been linked to LRRK2. Methylation upstream of RAB32 correlated negatively with mRNA expression, and RAB32 expression was upregulated in Parkinson's disease both in our samples and in summary statistics from a previous study. Our epigenome-wide association study of early Parkinson's disease provides evidence for methylation changes across different peripheral immune cell types, highlighting monocytes and the RAB32 locus. The findings were predominantly cell-type-specific, demonstrating the value of isolating purified cell populations for genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Stolp Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Conceicao Bettencourt
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Tunold JA, Tan MMX, Koga S, Geut H, Rozemuller AJM, Valentino R, Sekiya H, Martin NB, Heckman MG, Bras J, Guerreiro R, Dickson DW, Toft M, van de Berg WDJ, Ross OA, Pihlstrøm L. Lysosomal polygenic risk is associated with the severity of neuropathology in Lewy body disease. Brain 2023; 146:4077-4087. [PMID: 37247383 PMCID: PMC10545498 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, often co-occurring with variable degrees of Alzheimer's disease related neuropathology. Genetic association studies have successfully identified common variants associated with disease risk and phenotypic traits in Lewy body disease, yet little is known about the genetic contribution to neuropathological heterogeneity. Using summary statistics from Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease genome-wide association studies, we calculated polygenic risk scores and investigated the relationship with Lewy, amyloid-β and tau pathology. Associations were nominated in neuropathologically defined samples with Lewy body disease from the Netherlands Brain Bank (n = 217) and followed up in an independent sample series from the Mayo Clinic Brain Bank (n = 394). We also generated stratified polygenic risk scores based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms annotated to eight functional pathways or cell types previously implicated in Parkinson's disease and assessed for association with Lewy pathology in subgroups with and without significant Alzheimer's disease co-pathology. In an ordinal logistic regression model, the Alzheimer's disease polygenic risk score was associated with concomitant amyloid-β and tau pathology in both cohorts. Moreover, both cohorts showed a significant association between lysosomal pathway polygenic risk and Lewy pathology, which was more consistent than the association with a general Parkinson's disease risk score and specific to the subset of samples without significant concomitant Alzheimer's disease related neuropathology. Our findings provide proof of principle that the specific risk alleles a patient carries for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease also influence key aspects of the underlying neuropathology in Lewy body disease. The interrelations between genetic architecture and neuropathology are complex, as our results implicate lysosomal risk loci specifically in the subset of samples without Alzheimer's disease co-pathology. Our findings hold promise that genetic profiling may help predict the vulnerability to specific neuropathologies in Lewy body disease, with potential relevance for the further development of precision medicine in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Anders Tunold
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Manuela M X Tan
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Hanneke Geut
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Valentino
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Hiroaki Sekiya
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nicholas B Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Cappelletti C, Henriksen SP, Geut H, Rozemuller AJM, van de Berg WDJ, Pihlstrøm L, Toft M. Transcriptomic profiling of Parkinson's disease brains reveals disease stage specific gene expression changes. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:227-244. [PMID: 37347276 PMCID: PMC10329075 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson´s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Aggravation of symptoms is mirrored by accumulation of protein aggregates mainly composed by alpha-synuclein in different brain regions, called Lewy bodies (LB). Previous studies have identified several molecular mechanisms as autophagy and inflammation playing a role in PD pathogenesis. Increased insights into mechanisms involved in early disease stages and driving the progression of the LB pathology are required for the development of disease-modifying strategies. Here, we aimed to elucidate disease stage-specific transcriptomic changes in brain tissue of well-characterized PD and control donors. We collected frontal cortex samples from 84 donors and sequenced both the coding and non-coding RNAs. We categorized our samples into groups based on their degree of LB pathology aiming to recapitulate a central aspect of disease progression. Using an analytical pipeline that corrected for sex, age at death, RNA quality, cell composition and unknown sources of variation, we found major disease stage-specific transcriptomic changes. Gene expression changes were most pronounced in donors at the disease stage when microscopic LB changes first occur in the sampled brain region. Additionally, we identified disease stage-specific enrichment of brain specific pathways and immune mechanisms. On the contrary, we showed that mitochondrial mechanisms are enriched throughout the disease course. Our data-driven approach also suggests a role for several poorly characterized lncRNAs in disease development and progression of PD. Finally, by combining genetic and epigenetic information, we highlighted two genes (MAP4K4 and PHYHIP) as candidate genes for future functional studies. Together our results indicate that transcriptomic dysregulation and associated functional changes are highly disease stage-specific, which has major implications for the study of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cappelletti
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Hanneke Geut
- Amsterdam UMC, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Brain Bank, Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Amsterdam UMC, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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7
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Sugier P, Lucotte EA, Domenighetti C, Law MH, Iles MM, Brown K, Amos C, McKay JD, Hung RJ, Karimi M, Bacq‐Daian D, Boland‐Augé A, Olaso R, Deleuze J, Lesueur F, Ostroumova E, Kesminiene A, de Vathaire F, Guénel P, Sreelatha AAK, Schulte C, Grover S, May P, Bobbili DR, Radivojkov‐Blagojevic M, Lichtner P, Singleton AB, Hernandez DG, Edsall C, Mellick GD, Zimprich A, Pirker W, Rogaeva E, Lang AE, Koks S, Taba P, Lesage S, Brice A, Corvol J, Chartier‐Harlin M, Mutez E, Brockmann K, Deutschländer AB, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Dardiotis E, Stefanis L, Simitsi AM, Valente EM, Petrucci S, Straniero L, Zecchinelli A, Pezzoli G, Brighina L, Ferrarese C, Annesi G, Quattrone A, Gagliardi M, Matsuo H, Nakayama A, Hattori N, Nishioka K, Chung SJ, Kim YJ, Kolber P, van de Warrenburg BP, Bloem BR, Aasly J, Toft M, Pihlstrøm L, Guedes LC, Ferreira JJ, Bardien S, Carr J, Tolosa E, Ezquerra M, Pastor P, Diez‐Fairen M, Wirdefeldt K, Pedersen N, Ran C, Belin AC, Puschmann A, Rödström EY, Clarke CE, Morrison KE, Tan M, Krainc D, Burbulla LF, Farrer MJ, Kruger R, Gasser T, Sharma M, Truong T, Elbaz A. Investigation of Shared Genetic Risk Factors Between Parkinson's Disease and Cancers. Mov Disord 2023; 38:604-615. [PMID: 36788297 PMCID: PMC10334300 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies that examined the association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and cancers led to inconsistent results, but they face a number of methodological difficulties. OBJECTIVE We used results from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to study the genetic correlation between PD and different cancers to identify common genetic risk factors. METHODS We used individual data for participants of European ancestry from the Courage-PD (Comprehensive Unbiased Risk Factor Assessment for Genetics and Environment in Parkinson's Disease; PD, N = 16,519) and EPITHYR (differentiated thyroid cancer, N = 3527) consortia and summary statistics of GWASs from iPDGC (International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium; PD, N = 482,730), Melanoma Meta-Analysis Consortium (MMAC), Breast Cancer Association Consortium (breast cancer), the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome (prostate cancer), International Lung Cancer Consortium (lung cancer), and Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (ovarian cancer) (N comprised between 36,017 and 228,951 for cancer GWASs). We estimated the genetic correlation between PD and cancers using linkage disequilibrium score regression. We studied the association between PD and polymorphisms associated with cancers, and vice versa, using cross-phenotypes polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses. RESULTS We confirmed a previously reported positive genetic correlation of PD with melanoma (Gcorr = 0.16 [0.04; 0.28]) and reported an additional significant positive correlation of PD with prostate cancer (Gcorr = 0.11 [0.03; 0.19]). There was a significant inverse association between the PRS for ovarian cancer and PD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.89 [0.84; 0.94]). Conversely, the PRS of PD was positively associated with breast cancer (OR = 1.08 [1.06; 1.10]) and inversely associated with ovarian cancer (OR = 0.95 [0.91; 0.99]). The association between PD and ovarian cancer was mostly driven by rs183211 located in an intron of the NSF gene (17q21.31). CONCLUSIONS We show evidence in favor of a contribution of pleiotropic genes to the association between PD and specific cancers. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Emmanuel Sugier
- Université Paris‐Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Team “Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health”, CESPVillejuifFrance
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et de leurs Applications de PauE2S UPPA, CNRSPauFrance
| | - Elise A. Lucotte
- Université Paris‐Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Team “Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health”, CESPVillejuifFrance
| | - Cloé Domenighetti
- Université Paris‐Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Team “Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health”, CESPVillejuifFrance
| | - Matthew H. Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Mark M. Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and PathologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - Kevin Brown
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Christopher Amos
- Institute for Clinical and Translational ResearchBaylor Medical College of MedecineHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Rayjean J. Hung
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbuaum Research Institute, Sinai Health SystemTorontoOntarioCanada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Mojgan Karimi
- Université Paris‐Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Team “Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health”, CESPVillejuifFrance
| | - Delphine Bacq‐Daian
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François JacobEvryFrance
| | - Anne Boland‐Augé
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François JacobEvryFrance
| | - Robert Olaso
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François JacobEvryFrance
| | - Jean‐françois Deleuze
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François JacobEvryFrance
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- Inserm, U900, Institut Curie, PSL University, Mines ParisTechParisFrance
| | | | | | - Florent de Vathaire
- Université Paris‐Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, Team “Epidemiology of radiations,” CESPVillejuifFrance
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Université Paris‐Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Team “Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health”, CESPVillejuifFrance
| | | | - Ashwin Ashok Kumar Sreelatha
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied BiometryUniversity of TubingenTübingenGermany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TubingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingenGermany
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied BiometryUniversity of TubingenTübingenGermany
| | - Patrick May
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems BiomedicineUniversity of LuxembourgEsch‐BelvalLuxembourg
| | - Dheeraj R. Bobbili
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems BiomedicineUniversity of LuxembourgEsch‐BelvalLuxembourg
| | | | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
- Center For Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Connor Edsall
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - George D. Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityNathanAustralia
| | | | - Walter Pirker
- Department of NeurologyKlinik OttakringViennaAustria
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders ClinicToronto Western Hospital, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of NeurologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Krembil Brain InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Sulev Koks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityMurdochAustralia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceNedlandsAustralia
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
- Neurology Clinic, Tartu University HospitalTartuEstonia
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Department of NeurologySorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - Alexis Brice
- Department of NeurologySorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Christophe Corvol
- Department of NeurologySorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of NeurologyCIC NeurosciencesParisFrance
| | | | - Eugénie Mutez
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR‐S 1172, LilNCog, Centre de Recherche Lille Neurosciences & CognitionLilleFrance
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TubingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingenGermany
| | - Angela B. Deutschländer
- Department of NeurologyLudwig Maximilians University of MunichMunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyMax Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunichGermany
| | - Georges M. Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Thessaly, University Hospital of LarissaLarissaGreece
- Department of NeurologyMedical School, University of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Thessaly, University Hospital of LarissaLarissaGreece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational ResearchBiomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Athina Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Mondino FoundationPaviaItaly
| | - Simona Petrucci
- UOC Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell DiagnosticsS. Andrea University HospitalRomeItaly
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Anna Zecchinelli
- Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini/CTOMilanItaly
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute, Fontazione Grigioni–Via ZurettiMilanItaly
| | - Laura Brighina
- Department of NeurologySan Gerardo HospitalMonzaItaly
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Department of NeurologySan Gerardo HospitalMonzaItaly
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Grazia Annesi
- Institute for Biomedical Research and InnovationNational Research CouncilCosenzaItaly
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesMagna Graecia University of CatanzaroCatanzaroItaly
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Neuroscience Research CenterMagna Graecia UniversityCatanzaroItaly
| | - Monica Gagliardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Neuroscience Research CenterMagna Graecia UniversityCatanzaroItaly
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio‐Nano MedicineNational Defense Medical CollegeSaitamaJapan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio‐Nano MedicineNational Defense Medical CollegeSaitamaJapan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of NeurologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Pierre Kolber
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de LuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Bart P.C. van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical CentreDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R. Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical CentreDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan Aasly
- Department of NeurologySt. Olav's Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of NeurologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | | | - Leonor Correia Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Neurology, Hospital de Santa MariaCentro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN)LisbonPortugal
| | - Joaquim J. Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Neurology, Hospital de Santa MariaCentro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN)LisbonPortugal
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Germans Trias i PujolBarcelonaSpain
| | - Monica Diez‐Fairen
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua TerrassaBarcelonaSpain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Universitari Mutua de TerrassaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Nancy Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Caroline Ran
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Andrea C. Belin
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, NeurologyLundSweden
| | - Emil Ygland Rödström
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, NeurologyLundSweden
| | - Carl E. Clarke
- University of Birmingham and Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS TrustBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Morrison
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life SciencesQueens UniversityBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of NeurologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Lena F. Burbulla
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingenGermany
- Department of NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, Faculty of MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Matt J. Farrer
- Department of NeurologyMcKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Rejko Kruger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems BiomedicineUniversity of LuxembourgEsch‐BelvalLuxembourg
- NeurologyCentre Hospitalier de LuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourg
- Parkinson's Research ClinicCentre Hospitalier de LuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourg
- Transversal Translational MedicineLuxembourg Institute of HealthStrassenLuxembourg
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TubingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingenGermany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied BiometryUniversity of TubingenTübingenGermany
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TubingenTübingenGermany
| | | | - Thérèse Truong
- Université Paris‐Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Team “Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health”, CESPVillejuifFrance
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- Université Paris‐Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Team “Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health”, CESPVillejuifFrance
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Krohn L, Heilbron K, Blauwendraat C, Reynolds RH, Yu E, Senkevich K, Rudakou U, Estiar MA, Gustavsson EK, Brolin K, Ruskey JA, Freeman K, Asayesh F, Chia R, Arnulf I, Hu MTM, Montplaisir JY, Gagnon JF, Desautels A, Dauvilliers Y, Gigli GL, Valente M, Janes F, Bernardini A, Högl B, Stefani A, Ibrahim A, Šonka K, Kemlink D, Oertel W, Janzen A, Plazzi G, Biscarini F, Antelmi E, Figorilli M, Puligheddu M, Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C, Sixel-Döring F, Cochen De Cock V, Monaca CC, Heidbreder A, Ferini-Strambi L, Dijkstra F, Viaene M, Abril B, Boeve BF, Scholz SW, Ryten M, Bandres-Ciga S, Noyce A, Cannon P, Pihlstrøm L, Nalls MA, Singleton AB, Rouleau GA, Postuma RB, Gan-Or Z. Genome-wide association study of REM sleep behavior disorder identifies polygenic risk and brain expression effects. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7496. [PMID: 36470867 PMCID: PMC9722930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), enactment of dreams during REM sleep, is an early clinical symptom of alpha-synucleinopathies and defines a more severe subtype. The genetic background of RBD and its underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we perform a genome-wide association study of RBD, identifying five RBD risk loci near SNCA, GBA, TMEM175, INPP5F, and SCARB2. Expression analyses highlight SNCA-AS1 and potentially SCARB2 differential expression in different brain regions in RBD, with SNCA-AS1 further supported by colocalization analyses. Polygenic risk score, pathway analysis, and genetic correlations provide further insights into RBD genetics, highlighting RBD as a unique alpha-synucleinopathy subpopulation that will allow future early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Regina H Reynolds
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eric Yu
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Konstantin Senkevich
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Uladzislau Rudakou
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mehrdad A Estiar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emil K Gustavsson
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kajsa Brolin
- Lund University, Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennifer A Ruskey
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kathryn Freeman
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Farnaz Asayesh
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ruth Chia
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- Sleep Disorders Unit, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP-Sorbonne, Paris Brain Insitute and Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Michele T M Hu
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre (OPDC), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacques Y Montplaisir
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Gagnon
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alex Desautels
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Institute Neuroscience Montpellier Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Janes
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Bernardini
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Birgit Högl
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ambra Stefani
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Abubaker Ibrahim
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karel Šonka
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kemlink
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Janzen
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Modena, Italy
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Biscarini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Antelmi
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Figorilli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Sleep Disorder Research Center, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Puligheddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Sleep Disorder Research Center, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Sixel-Döring
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | - Valérie Cochen De Cock
- Sleep and Neurology Unit, Beau Soleil Clinic, Montpellier, France
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Charley Monaca
- University Lille North of France, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Sleep Center, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- Institute of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Femke Dijkstra
- Laboratory for Sleep Disorders, St. Dimpna Regional Hospital, Geel, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, St. Dimpna Regional Hospital, Geel, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Mineke Viaene
- Laboratory for Sleep Disorders, St. Dimpna Regional Hospital, Geel, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, St. Dimpna Regional Hospital, Geel, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Abril
- Sleep disorder Unit, Carémeau Hospital, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | | | | | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alastair Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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9
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Pihlstrøm L. Kavlipris til fire pionerer i nevrogenetikk. Tidsskriftet 2022; 142:22-0604. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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10
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Domenighetti C, Douillard V, Sugier PE, Sreelatha AAK, Schulte C, Grover S, May P, Bobbili DR, Radivojkov-Blagojevic M, Lichtner P, Singleton AB, Hernandez DG, Edsall C, Gourraud PA, Mellick GD, Zimprich A, Pirker W, Rogaeva E, Lang AE, Koks S, Taba P, Lesage S, Brice A, Corvol JC, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mutez E, Brockmann K, Deutschländer AB, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Dardiotis E, Stefanis L, Simitsi AM, Valente EM, Petrucci S, Duga S, Straniero L, Zecchinelli A, Pezzoli G, Brighina L, Ferrarese C, Annesi G, Quattrone A, Gagliardi M, Matsuo H, Nakayama A, Hattori N, Nishioka K, Chung SJ, Kim YJ, Kolber P, van de Warrenburg BPC, Bloem BR, Aasly J, Toft M, Pihlstrøm L, Guedes LC, Ferreira JJ, Bardien S, Carr J, Tolosa E, Ezquerra M, Pastor P, Diez-Fairen M, Wirdefeldt K, Pedersen NL, Ran C, Belin AC, Puschmann A, Rödström EY, Clarke CE, Morrison KE, Tan M, Krainc D, Burbulla LF, Farrer MJ, Krüger R, Gasser T, Sharma M, Vince N, Elbaz A. The Interaction between HLA-DRB1 and Smoking in Parkinson's Disease Revisited. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1929-1937. [PMID: 35810454 PMCID: PMC9597672 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two studies that examined the interaction between HLA-DRB1 and smoking in Parkinson's disease (PD) yielded findings in opposite directions. OBJECTIVE To perform a large-scale independent replication of the HLA-DRB1 × smoking interaction. METHODS We genotyped 182 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) associated with smoking initiation in 12 424 cases and 9480 controls to perform a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis in strata defined by HLA-DRB1. RESULTS At the amino acid level, a valine at position 11 (V11) in HLA-DRB1 displayed the strongest association with PD. MR showed an inverse association between genetically predicted smoking initiation and PD only in absence of V11 (odds ratio, 0.74, 95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.93, PInteraction = 0.028). In silico predictions of the influence of V11 and smoking-induced modifications of α-synuclein on binding affinity showed findings consistent with this interaction pattern. CONCLUSIONS Despite being one of the most robust findings in PD research, the mechanisms underlying the inverse association between smoking and PD remain unknown. Our findings may help better understand this association. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Domenighetti
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team “Exposome, heredity, cancer and health”, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Venceslas Douillard
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, F-4400 Nantes, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Sugier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team “Exposome, heredity, cancer and health”, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Ashwin Ashok Kumar Sreelatha
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Patrick May
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Dheeraj R. Bobbili
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | | | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center For Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Connor Edsall
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pierre-Antoine Gourraud
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, F-4400 Nantes, France
| | - George D. Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Walter Pirker
- Department of Neurology, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sulev Koks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Neurology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog- Centre de Recherche Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Eugénie Mutez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog- Centre de Recherche Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Angela B. Deutschländer
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Georges M. Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Efthimos Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- UOC Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences - Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Straniero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences - Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Zecchinelli
- Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini/CTO, Milano
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute, Fontazione Grigioni - Via Zuretti, 35, Milan 20125 Italy
| | - Laura Brighina
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Grazia Annesi
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Monica Gagliardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pierre Kolber
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Bart PC van de Warrenburg
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R. Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St Olav’s Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonor Correia Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Neurology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J. Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson’s disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, ES-08036 Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea C. Belin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Getingevägen 4, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emil Ygland Rödström
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Getingevägen 4, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl E. Clarke
- University of Birmingham and Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Morrison
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Lena F. Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Matt J. Farrer
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Parkinson’s Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vince
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, F-4400 Nantes, France
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team “Exposome, heredity, cancer and health”, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France
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11
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Pihlstrøm L, Shireby G, Geut H, Henriksen SP, Rozemuller AJM, Tunold JA, Hannon E, Francis P, Thomas AJ, Love S, Mill J, van de Berg WDJ, Toft M. Epigenome-wide association study of human frontal cortex identifies differential methylation in Lewy body pathology. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4932. [PMID: 35995800 PMCID: PMC9395387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are closely related progressive disorders with no available disease-modifying therapy, neuropathologically characterized by intraneuronal aggregates of misfolded α-synuclein. To explore the role of DNA methylation changes in PD and DLB pathogenesis, we performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of 322 postmortem frontal cortex samples and replicated results in an independent set of 200 donors. We report novel differentially methylated replicating loci associated with Braak Lewy body stage near TMCC2, SFMBT2, AKAP6 and PHYHIP. Differentially methylated probes were independent of known PD genetic risk alleles. Meta-analysis provided suggestive evidence for a differentially methylated locus within the chromosomal region affected by the PD-associated 22q11.2 deletion. Our findings elucidate novel disease pathways in PD and DLB and generate hypotheses for future molecular studies of Lewy body pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gemma Shireby
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Hanneke Geut
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Brain Bank, Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jon-Anders Tunold
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eilis Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul Francis
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Stolp Andersen M, Tan M, Holtman IR, Hardy J, Pihlstrøm L. Dissecting the limited genetic overlap of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1289-1295. [PMID: 35684951 PMCID: PMC9380131 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease show overlapping features both clinically and neuropathologically and elucidating shared mechanisms could have important implications for therapeutic strategies. Evidence for genetic overlap is limited, although enrichment of heritability in genomic regions relevant to microglia has been demonstrated in both disorders. Using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies, we assessed genetic covariance stratified by cell types and local genetic correlation between Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Significant covariance was observed for neurons only (p = 0.00046), and local genetic correlation was significant only in the human leukocyte antigen region (p = 1.0e-05). Our findings support a minor genetic overlap between these two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Stolp Andersen
- Department of NeurologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of NeurologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Inge R. Holtman
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & SystemsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUK
- Reta Lila Weston InstituteUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- UCL Movement Disorders CentreUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Institute for Advanced StudyThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong SARChina
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13
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Domenighetti C, Sugier PE, Ashok Kumar Sreelatha A, Schulte C, Grover S, Mohamed O, Portugal B, May P, Bobbili DR, Radivojkov-Blagojevic M, Lichtner P, Singleton AB, Hernandez DG, Edsall C, Mellick GD, Zimprich A, Pirker W, Rogaeva E, Lang AE, Koks S, Taba P, Lesage S, Brice A, Corvol JC, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mutez E, Brockmann K, Deutschländer AB, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Dardiotis E, Stefanis L, Simitsi AM, Valente EM, Petrucci S, Duga S, Straniero L, Zecchinelli A, Pezzoli G, Brighina L, Ferrarese C, Annesi G, Quattrone A, Gagliardi M, Matsuo H, Kawamura Y, Hattori N, Nishioka K, Chung SJ, Kim YJ, Kolber P, van de Warrenburg BPC, Bloem BR, Aasly J, Toft M, Pihlstrøm L, Correia Guedes L, Ferreira JJ, Bardien S, Carr J, Tolosa E, Ezquerra M, Pastor P, Diez-Fairen M, Wirdefeldt K, Pedersen NL, Ran C, Belin AC, Puschmann A, Hellberg C, Clarke CE, Morrison KE, Tan M, Krainc D, Burbulla LF, Farrer MJ, Krüger R, Gasser T, Sharma M, Elbaz A. Dairy Intake and Parkinson's Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Mov Disord 2022; 37:857-864. [PMID: 34997937 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous prospective studies highlighted dairy intake as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in men. It is unclear whether this association is causal or explained by reverse causation or confounding. OBJECTIVE The aim is to examine the association between genetically predicted dairy intake and PD using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS We genotyped a well-established instrumental variable for dairy intake located in the lactase gene (rs4988235) within the Courage-PD consortium (23 studies; 9823 patients and 8376 controls of European ancestry). RESULTS Based on a dominant model, there was an association between genetic predisposition toward higher dairy intake and PD (odds ratio [OR] per one serving per day = 1.70, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-2.60, P = 0.013) that was restricted to men (OR = 2.50 [1.37-4.56], P = 0.003; P-difference with women = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Using MR, our findings provide further support for a causal relationship between dairy intake and higher PD risk, not biased by confounding or reverse causation. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Domenighetti
- UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health," CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Sugier
- UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health," CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Ashwin Ashok Kumar Sreelatha
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Océane Mohamed
- UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health," CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Berta Portugal
- UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health," CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrick May
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Dheeraj R Bobbili
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | | | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center For Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Connor Edsall
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Walter Pirker
- Department of Neurology, Wilhelminenspital, Wien, Austria
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sulev Koks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Neurology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Department of Neurologie, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Department of Neurologie, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Department of Neurologie, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Eugénie Mutez
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-LilNCog-Centre de Recherche Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Angela B Deutschländer
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, München, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Georges M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Efthimos Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Maria Simitsi
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- UOC Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Straniero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Zecchinelli
- Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini/CTO, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Brighina
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Annesi
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Monica Gagliardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pierre Kolber
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Bart P C van de Warrenburg
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonor Correia Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Neurology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea C Belin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Clara Hellberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl E Clarke
- University of Birmingham and Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Morrison
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Matt J Farrer
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg.,Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Parkinson's Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Strassen, Luxembourg.,Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health," CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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14
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Pihlstrøm L, Fan CC, Frei O, Blauwendraat C, Bandres-Ciga S, Dale AM, Seibert TM, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Seibert TM, Andreassen OA. Genetic Stratification of Age-Dependent Parkinson's Disease Risk by Polygenic Hazard Score. Mov Disord 2022; 37:62-69. [PMID: 34612543 PMCID: PMC9843635 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a highly age-related disorder, where common genetic risk variants affect both disease risk and age at onset. A statistical approach that integrates these effects across all common variants may be clinically useful for individual risk stratification. A polygenic hazard score methodology, leveraging a time-to-event framework, has recently been successfully applied in other age-related disorders. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop and validate a polygenic hazard score model in sporadic PD. METHODS Using a Cox regression framework, we modeled the polygenic hazard score in a training data set of 11,693 PD patients and 9841 controls. The score was then validated in an independent test data set of 5112 PD patients and 5372 controls and a small single-study sample of 360 patients and 160 controls. RESULTS A polygenic hazard score predicts the onset of PD with a hazard ratio of 3.78 (95% confidence interval 3.49-4.10) when comparing the highest to the lowest risk decile. Combined with epidemiological data on incidence rate, we apply the score to estimate genetically stratified instantaneous PD risk across age groups. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of a polygenic hazard approach in PD, integrating the genetic effects on disease risk and age at onset in a single model. In combination with other predictive biomarkers, the approach may hold promise for risk stratification in future clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies, which aim at postponing the onset of PD. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding authors at: Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. , NORMENT Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MY, USA
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MY, USA
| | | | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tyler M. Seibert
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tyler M Seibert
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Motazedi E, Cheng W, Thomassen JQ, Frei O, Rongve A, Athanasiu L, Bahrami S, Shadrin A, Ulstein I, Stordal E, Brækhus A, Saltvedt I, Sando SB, O’Connell KS, Hindley G, van der Meer D, Bergh S, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Bråthen G, Pihlstrøm L, Djurovic S, Frikke-Schmidt R, Fladby T, Aarsland D, Selbæk G, Seibert TM, Dale AM, Fan CC, Andreassen OA. Using Polygenic Hazard Scores to Predict Age at Onset of Alzheimer's Disease in Nordic Populations. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1533-1544. [PMID: 35848024 PMCID: PMC10022308 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygenic hazard scores (PHS) estimate age-dependent genetic risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there is limited information about the performance of PHS on real-world data where the population of interest differs from the model development population and part of the model genotypes are missing or need to be imputed. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to estimate age-dependent risk of late-onset AD using polygenic predictors in Nordic populations. METHODS We used Desikan PHS model, based on Cox proportional hazards assumption, to obtain age-dependent hazard scores for AD from individual genotypes in the Norwegian DemGene cohort (n = 2,772). We assessed the risk discrimination and calibration of Desikan model and extended it by adding new genotype markers (the Desikan Nordic model). Finally, we evaluated both Desikan and Desikan Nordic models in two independent Danish cohorts: The Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS) cohort (n = 7,643) and The Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS) cohort (n = 10,886). RESULTS We showed a robust prediction efficiency of Desikan model in stratifying AD risk groups in Nordic populations, even when some of the model SNPs were missing or imputed. We attempted to improve Desikan PHS model by adding new SNPs to it, but we still achieved similar risk discrimination and calibration with the extended model. CONCLUSION PHS modeling has the potential to guide the timing of treatment initiation based on individual risk profiles and can help enrich clinical trials with people at high risk to AD in Nordic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Motazedi
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Weiqiu Cheng
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jesper Q. Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, PO box 1080, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arvid Rongve
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Shahram Bahrami
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexey Shadrin
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingun Ulstein
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eystein Stordal
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), NTNU, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Namsos Hospital, 7801 Namsos, Norway
| | - Anne Brækhus
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Saltvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), NTNU, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of geriatric medicine, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim university hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid B. Sando
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), NTNU, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- University Hospital of Trondheim, Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Postboks 3250 Torgarden, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kevin S. O’Connell
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Guy Hindley
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AB
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Sverre Bergh
- Research center for Age-related Functional Decline and Disease, Innlandet Hospital Trust, 2381 Brumunddal, Norway
- Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev Gentofte, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), NTNU, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- University Hospital of Trondheim, Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Postboks 3250 Torgarden, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), NTNU, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Klinikk for indremedisin og lab fag (AHUSKIL), Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old-Age Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, PO Box P070, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO BOX 1078 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tyler M. Seibert
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chun C. Fan
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
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16
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Domenighetti C, Sugier PE, Sreelatha AAK, Schulte C, Grover S, Mohamed O, Portugal B, May P, Bobbili DR, Radivojkov-Blagojevic M, Lichtner P, Singleton AB, Hernandez DG, Edsall C, Mellick GD, Zimprich A, Pirker W, Rogaeva E, Lang AE, Koks S, Taba P, Lesage S, Brice A, Corvol JC, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mutez E, Brockmann K, Deutschländer AB, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Dardiotis E, Stefanis L, Simitsi AM, Valente EM, Petrucci S, Duga S, Straniero L, Zecchinelli A, Pezzoli G, Brighina L, Ferrarese C, Annesi G, Quattrone A, Gagliardi M, Matsuo H, Kawamura Y, Hattori N, Nishioka K, Chung SJ, Kim YJ, Kolber P, van de Warrenburg BP, Bloem BR, Aasly J, Toft M, Pihlstrøm L, Guedes LC, Ferreira JJ, Bardien S, Carr J, Tolosa E, Ezquerra M, Pastor P, Diez-Fairen M, Wirdefeldt K, Pedersen NL, Ran C, Belin AC, Puschmann A, Hellberg C, Clarke CE, Morrison KE, Tan M, Krainc D, Burbulla LF, Farrer MJ, Krüger R, Gasser T, Sharma M, Elbaz A. Mendelian Randomisation Study of Smoking, Alcohol, and Coffee Drinking in Relation to Parkinson's Disease. J Parkinsons Dis 2021; 12:267-282. [PMID: 34633332 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that lifestyle behaviors (cigarette smoking, alcohol, coffee) are inversely associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The prodromal phase of PD raises the possibility that these associations may be explained by reverse causation. OBJECTIVE To examine associations of lifestyle behaviors with PD using two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) and the potential for survival and incidence-prevalence biases. METHODS We used summary statistics from publicly available studies to estimate the association of genetic polymorphisms with lifestyle behaviors, and from Courage-PD (7,369 cases, 7,018 controls; European ancestry) to estimate the association of these variants with PD. We used the inverse-variance weighted method to compute odds ratios (ORIVW) of PD and 95%confidence intervals (CI). Significance was determined using a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold (p = 0.017). RESULTS We found a significant inverse association between smoking initiation and PD (ORIVW per 1-SD increase in the prevalence of ever smoking = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.60-0.93, p = 0.009) without significant directional pleiotropy. Associations in participants ≤67 years old and cases with disease duration ≤7 years were of a similar size. No significant associations were observed for alcohol and coffee drinking. In reverse MR, genetic liability toward PD was not associated with smoking or coffee drinking but was positively associated with alcohol drinking. CONCLUSION Our findings are in favor of an inverse association between smoking and PD that is not explained by reverse causation, confounding, and survival or incidence-prevalence biases. Genetic liability toward PD was positively associated with alcohol drinking. Conclusions on the association of alcohol and coffee drinking with PD are hampered by insufficient statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Domenighetti
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, heredity, cancer and health", CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Sugier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, heredity, cancer and health", CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - Ashwin Ashok Kumar Sreelatha
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Océane Mohamed
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, heredity, cancer and health", CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - Berta Portugal
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, heredity, cancer and health", CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrick May
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Dheeraj R Bobbili
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg.,MeGeno S.A, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center For Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Connor Edsall
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sulev Koks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Estonia.,Neurology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | | | - Eugénie Mutez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog- Centre de Recherche Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Angela B Deutschländer
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Georges M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Efthimos Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- UOC Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences - Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Straniero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences - Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Zecchinelli
- Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini/CTO, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini/CTO, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Brighina
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Grazia Annesi
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Monica Gagliardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pierre Kolber
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Bart Pc van de Warrenburg
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonor Correia Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Neurology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson's disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea C Belin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Clara Hellberg
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl E Clarke
- University of Birmingham and Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Karen E Morrison
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matt J Farrer
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg.,Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Parkinson's Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany.,Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, heredity, cancer and health", CESP, Villejuif, France
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17
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Brolin K, Bandres-Ciga S, Leonard H, Makarious MB, Blauwendraat C, Mata IF, Foo JN, Pihlstrøm L, Swanberg M, Gan-Or Z, Tan MM. RIC3 variants are not associated with Parkinson's disease in large European, Latin American, or East Asian cohorts. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 109:264-268. [PMID: 34538707 PMCID: PMC9011339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder in which both rare and common genetic variants contribute to disease risk. Multiple genes have been reported to be linked to monogenic PD but these only explain a fraction of the observed familial aggregation. Rare variants in RIC3 have been suggested to be associated with PD in the Indian population. However, replication studies yielded inconsistent results. We further investigate the role of RIC3 variants in PD in European cohorts using individual-level genotyping data from 14,671 PD patients and 17,667 controls, as well as whole-genome sequencing data from 1,615 patients and 961 controls. We also investigated RIC3 using summary statistics from a Latin American cohort of 1,481 individuals, and from a cohort of 31,575 individuals of East Asian ancestry. We did not identify any association between RIC3 and PD in any of the cohorts. However, more studies of rare variants in non-European ancestry populations, in particular South Asian populations, are necessary to further evaluate the world-wide role of RIC3 in PD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Brolin
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hampton Leonard
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Mary B Makarious
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ignacio F Mata
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore; Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manuela Mx Tan
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | -
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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18
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Blauwendraat C, Iwaki H, Makarious MB, Bandres‐Ciga S, Leonard HL, Grenn FP, Lake J, Krohn L, Tan M, Kim JJ, Gibbs JR, Hernandez DG, Ruskey JA, Pihlstrøm L, Toft M, van Hilten JJ, Marinus J, Schulte C, Brockmann K, Sharma M, Siitonen A, Majamaa K, Eerola‐Rautio J, Tienari PJ, Grosset DG, Lesage S, Corvol J, Brice A, Wood N, Hardy J, Gan‐Or Z, Heutink P, Gasser T, Morris HR, Noyce AJ, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. Investigation of Autosomal Genetic Sex Differences in Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:35-42. [PMID: 33901317 PMCID: PMC8422907 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. Men are on average ~ 1.5 times more likely to develop PD compared to women with European ancestry. Over the years, genomewide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic risk factors for PD, however, it is unclear whether genetics contribute to disease etiology in a sex-specific manner. METHODS In an effort to study sex-specific genetic factors associated with PD, we explored 2 large genetic datasets from the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium and the UK Biobank consisting of 13,020 male PD cases, 7,936 paternal proxy cases, 89,660 male controls, 7,947 female PD cases, 5,473 maternal proxy cases, and 90,662 female controls. We performed GWAS meta-analyses to identify distinct patterns of genetic risk contributing to disease in male versus female PD cases. RESULTS In total, 19 genomewide significant regions were identified and no sex-specific effects were observed. A high genetic correlation between the male and female PD GWAS were identified (rg = 0.877) and heritability estimates were identical between male and female PD cases (~ 20%). INTERPRETATION We did not detect any significant genetic differences between male or female PD cases. Our study does not support the notion that common genetic variation on the autosomes could explain the difference in prevalence of PD between males and females cases at least when considering the current sample size under study. Further studies are warranted to investigate the genetic architecture of PD explained by X and Y chromosomes and further evaluate environmental effects that could potentially contribute to PD etiology in male versus female patients. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:41-48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related DementiasNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Data Tecnica InternationalGlen EchoMD
| | - Mary B. Makarious
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Sara Bandres‐Ciga
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Hampton L. Leonard
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related DementiasNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Data Tecnica InternationalGlen EchoMD
| | - Francis P. Grenn
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Julie Lake
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute‐Hospital)McGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of NeurologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Jonggeol J. Kim
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Jesse R. Gibbs
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Jennifer A. Ruskey
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute‐Hospital)McGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | | | - Mathias Toft
- Department of NeurologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | | | - Johan Marinus
- Department of NeurologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TuebingenGermany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TuebingenGermany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied BiometryUniversity of TubingenTubingenGermany
| | - Ari Siitonen
- Research Unit of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Department of Neurology and Medical Research CenterOulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Kari Majamaa
- Research Unit of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Department of Neurology and Medical Research CenterOulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Johanna Eerola‐Rautio
- Department of NeurologyHelsinki University Hospital, and Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pentti J. Tienari
- Department of NeurologyHelsinki University Hospital, and Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Donald G. Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological SciencesQueen Elizabeth University HospitalGlasgowScotlandUK
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Department of Neurology and GeneticsSorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute ‐ Institut du Cerveau ‐ ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Christophe Corvol
- Department of Neurology and GeneticsSorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute ‐ Institut du Cerveau ‐ ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Alexis Brice
- Department of Neurology and GeneticsSorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute ‐ Institut du Cerveau ‐ ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Nick Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Ziv Gan‐Or
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute‐Hospital)McGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Department of Neurology & NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Peter Heutink
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TuebingenGermany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TuebingenGermany
| | - Huw R. Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Alastair J. Noyce
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related DementiasNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Data Tecnica InternationalGlen EchoMD
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related DementiasNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
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19
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Andersen MS, Bandres-Ciga S, Reynolds RH, Hardy J, Ryten M, Krohn L, Gan-Or Z, Holtman IR, Pihlstrøm L. Heritability Enrichment Implicates Microglia in Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:942-951. [PMID: 33502028 PMCID: PMC9017316 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Understanding how different parts of the immune system contribute to pathogenesis in Parkinson’s disease is a burning challenge with important therapeutic implications. We studied enrichment of common variant heritability for Parkinson’s disease stratified by immune and brain cell types. Methods: We used summary statistics from the most recent meta-analysis of genomewide association studies in Parkinson’s disease and partitioned heritability using linkage disequilibrium score regression, stratified for specific cell types, as defined by open chromatin regions. We also validated enrichment results using a polygenic risk score approach and intersected disease-associated variants with epigenetic data and expression quantitative loci to nominate and explore a putative microglial locus. Results: We found significant enrichment of Parkinson’s disease risk heritability in open chromatin regions of microglia and monocytes. Genomic annotations overlapped substantially between these 2 cell types, and only the enrichment signal for microglia remained significant in a joint model. We present evidence suggesting P2RY12, a key microglial gene and target for the antithrombotic agent clopidogrel, as the likely driver of a significant Parkinson’s disease association signal on chromosome 3. Interpretation: Our results provide further support for the importance of immune mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis, highlight microglial dysregulation as a contributing etiological factor, and nominate a targetable microglial gene candidate as a pathogenic player. Immune processes can be modulated by therapy, with potentially important clinical implications for future treatment in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Stolp Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Regina H Reynolds
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Tunold JA, Geut H, Rozemuller JMA, Henriksen SP, Toft M, van de Berg WDJ, Pihlstrøm L. APOE and MAPT Are Associated With Dementia in Neuropathologically Confirmed Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:631145. [PMID: 33613437 PMCID: PMC7892776 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.631145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cognitive decline and dementia are common and debilitating non-motor phenotypic features of Parkinson's disease with a variable severity and time of onset. Common genetic variation of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and micro-tubule associated protein tau (MAPT) loci have been linked to cognitive decline and dementia in Parkinson's disease, although studies have yielded mixed results. To further elucidate the influence of APOE and MAPT variability on dementia in Parkinson's disease, we genotyped postmortem brain tissue samples of clinically and pathologically well-characterized Parkinson's donors and performed a survival analysis of time to dementia. Methods: We included a total of 152 neuropathologically confirmed Parkinson's disease donors with or without clinical dementia during life. We genotyped known risk variants tagging the APOE ε4 allele and MAPT H1/H2 inversion haplotype. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses adjusted for age at onset, sex and genetic principal components were performed to assess the association between the genetic variants and time from motor onset to onset of dementia. Results: We found that both the APOE ε4 allele (HR 1.82, 95 % CI 1.16–2.83, p = 0.009) and MAPT H1-haplotype (HR 1.71, 95 % CI 1.06–2.78, p = 0.03) were associated with earlier development of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Conclusion: Our results provide further support for the importance of APOE ε4 and MAPT H1-haplotype in the etiology of Parkinson's disease dementia, with potential future relevance for risk stratification and patient selection for clinical trials of therapies targeting cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Anders Tunold
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanneke Geut
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J M Annemieke Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Iwaki H, Blauwendraat C, Leonard HL, Makarious MB, Kim JJ, Liu G, Maple-Grødem J, Corvol JC, Pihlstrøm L, van Nimwegen M, Smolensky L, Amondikar N, Hutten SJ, Frasier M, Nguyen KDH, Rick J, Eberly S, Faghri F, Auinger P, Scott KM, Wijeyekoon R, Van Deerlin VM, Hernandez DG, Gibbs RJ, Day-Williams AG, Brice A, Alves G, Noyce AJ, Tysnes OB, Evans JR, Breen DP, Estrada K, Wegel CE, Danjou F, Simon DK, Andreassen OA, Ravina B, Toft M, Heutink P, Bloem BR, Weintraub D, Barker RA, Williams-Gray CH, van de Warrenburg BP, Van Hilten JJ, Scherzer CR, Singleton AB, Nalls MA. Differences in the Presentation and Progression of Parkinson's Disease by Sex. Mov Disord 2020; 36:106-117. [PMID: 33002231 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies reported various symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with sex. Some were conflicting or confirmed in only one study. OBJECTIVES We examined sex associations to PD phenotypes cross-sectionally and longitudinally in large-scale data. METHODS We tested 40 clinical phenotypes, using longitudinal, clinic-based patient cohorts, consisting of 5946 patients, with a median follow-up of 3.1 years. For continuous outcomes, we used linear regressions at baseline to test sex-associated differences in presentation, and linear mixed-effects models to test sex-associated differences in progression. For binomial outcomes, we used logistic regression models at baseline and Cox regression models for survival analyses. We adjusted for age, disease duration, and medication use. In the secondary analyses, data from 17 719 PD patients and 7588 non-PD participants from an online-only, self-assessment PD cohort were cross-sectionally evaluated to determine whether the sex-associated differences identified in the primary analyses were consistent and unique to PD. RESULTS Female PD patients had a higher risk of developing dyskinesia early during the follow-up period, with a slower progression in activities of daily living difficulties, and a lower risk of developing cognitive impairments compared with male patients. The findings in the longitudinal, clinic-based cohorts were mostly consistent with the results of the online-only cohort. CONCLUSIONS We observed sex-associated contributions to PD heterogeneity. These results highlight the necessity of future research to determine the underlying mechanisms and importance of personalized clinical management. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hampton L Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary B Makarious
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonggeol J Kim
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ganqiang Liu
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Advanced Center for Parkinson's Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University in Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marlies van Nimwegen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luba Smolensky
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ninad Amondikar
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Frasier
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Rick
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shirley Eberly
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peggy Auinger
- Department of Neurology, Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kirsten M Scott
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruwani Wijeyekoon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Raphael J Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron G Day-Williams
- Flagship Labs 60 Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Statistical Genetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université SU, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1127, Paris, France
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University in Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonathan R Evans
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - David P Breen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karol Estrada
- Translational Genome Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire E Wegel
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Fabrice Danjou
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM, Paris, France
| | - David K Simon
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernard Ravina
- Voyager Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,HIH Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacobus J Van Hilten
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Advanced Center for Parkinson's Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
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22
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Blauwendraat C, Reed X, Krohn L, Heilbron K, Bandres-Ciga S, Tan M, Gibbs JR, Hernandez DG, Kumaran R, Langston R, Bonet-Ponce L, Alcalay RN, Hassin-Baer S, Greenbaum L, Iwaki H, Leonard HL, Grenn FP, Ruskey JA, Sabir M, Ahmed S, Makarious MB, Pihlstrøm L, Toft M, van Hilten JJ, Marinus J, Schulte C, Brockmann K, Sharma M, Siitonen A, Majamaa K, Eerola-Rautio J, Tienari PJ, Pantelyat A, Hillis AE, Dawson TM, Rosenthal LS, Albert MS, Resnick SM, Ferrucci L, Morris CM, Pletnikova O, Troncoso J, Grosset D, Lesage S, Corvol JC, Brice A, Noyce AJ, Masliah E, Wood N, Hardy J, Shulman LM, Jankovic J, Shulman JM, Heutink P, Gasser T, Cannon P, Scholz SW, Morris H, Cookson MR, Nalls MA, Gan-Or Z, Singleton AB. Genetic modifiers of risk and age at onset in GBA associated Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. Brain 2020; 143:234-248. [PMID: 31755958 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a genetically complex disorder. Multiple genes have been shown to contribute to the risk of Parkinson's disease, and currently 90 independent risk variants have been identified by genome-wide association studies. Thus far, a number of genes (including SNCA, LRRK2, and GBA) have been shown to contain variability across a spectrum of frequency and effect, from rare, highly penetrant variants to common risk alleles with small effect sizes. Variants in GBA, encoding the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, are associated with Lewy body diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. These variants, which reduce or abolish enzymatic activity, confer a spectrum of disease risk, from 1.4- to >10-fold. An outstanding question in the field is what other genetic factors that influence GBA-associated risk for disease, and whether these overlap with known Parkinson's disease risk variants. Using multiple, large case-control datasets, totalling 217 165 individuals (22 757 Parkinson's disease cases, 13 431 Parkinson's disease proxy cases, 622 Lewy body dementia cases and 180 355 controls), we identified 1691 Parkinson's disease cases, 81 Lewy body dementia cases, 711 proxy cases and 7624 controls with a GBA variant (p.E326K, p.T369M or p.N370S). We performed a genome-wide association study and analysed the most recent Parkinson's disease-associated genetic risk score to detect genetic influences on GBA risk and age at onset. We attempted to replicate our findings in two independent datasets, including the personal genetics company 23andMe, Inc. and whole-genome sequencing data. Our analysis showed that the overall Parkinson's disease genetic risk score modifies risk for disease and decreases age at onset in carriers of GBA variants. Notably, this effect was consistent across all tested GBA risk variants. Dissecting this signal demonstrated that variants in close proximity to SNCA and CTSB (encoding cathepsin B) are the most significant contributors. Risk variants in the CTSB locus were identified to decrease mRNA expression of CTSB. Additional analyses suggest a possible genetic interaction between GBA and CTSB and GBA p.N370S induced pluripotent cell-derived neurons were shown to have decreased cathepsin B expression compared to controls. These data provide a genetic basis for modification of GBA-associated Parkinson's disease risk and age at onset, although the total contribution of common genetics variants is not large. We further demonstrate that common variability at genes implicated in lysosomal function exerts the largest effect on GBA associated risk for disease. Further, these results have implications for selection of GBA carriers for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xylena Reed
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebekah Langston
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharon Hassin-Baer
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Movement Disorders Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Lior Greenbaum
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hampton L Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francis P Grenn
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A Ruskey
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marya Sabir
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary B Makarious
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacobus J van Hilten
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Marinus
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Ari Siitonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari Majamaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Eerola-Rautio
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Alexander Pantelyat
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Argye E Hillis
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology (Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nick Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lisa M Shulman
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Peter Heutink
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huw Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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23
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Makarious MB, Diez-Fairen M, Krohn L, Blauwendraat C, Bandres-Ciga S, Ding J, Pihlstrøm L, Houlden H, Scholz SW, Gan-Or Z. ARSA variants in α-synucleinopathies. Brain 2020; 142:e70. [PMID: 31670782 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Makarious
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa 08221, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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24
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Krohn L, Wu RYJ, Heilbron K, Ruskey JA, Laurent SB, Blauwendraat C, Alam A, Arnulf I, Hu MTM, Dauvilliers Y, Högl B, Toft M, Bjørnarå KA, Stefani A, Holzknecht E, Monaca CC, Abril B, Plazzi G, Antelmi E, Ferini-Strambi L, Young P, Heidbreder A, Cochen De Cock V, Mollenhauer B, Sixel-Döring F, Trenkwalder C, Sonka K, Kemlink D, Figorilli M, Puligheddu M, Dijkstra F, Viaene M, Oertel W, Toffoli M, Gigli GL, Valente M, Gagnon JF, Nalls MA, Singleton AB, Desautels A, Montplaisir JY, Cannon P, Ross OA, Boeve BF, Dupré N, Fon EA, Postuma RB, Pihlstrøm L, Rouleau GA, Gan-Or Z. Fine-Mapping of SNCA in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder and Overt Synucleinopathies. Ann Neurol 2020; 87:584-598. [PMID: 31976583 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a prodromal synucleinopathy, as >80% will eventually convert to overt synucleinopathy. We performed an in-depth analysis of the SNCA locus to identify RBD-specific risk variants. METHODS Full sequencing and genotyping of SNCA was performed in isolated/idiopathic RBD (iRBD, n = 1,076), Parkinson disease (PD, n = 1,013), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n = 415), and control subjects (n = 6,155). The iRBD cases were diagnosed with RBD prior to neurodegeneration, although some have since converted. A replication cohort from 23andMe of PD patients with probable RBD (pRBD) was also analyzed (n = 1,782 cases; n = 131,250 controls). Adjusted logistic regression models and meta-analyses were performed. Effects on conversion rate were analyzed in 432 RBD patients with available data using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS A 5'-region SNCA variant (rs10005233) was associated with iRBD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.43, p = 1.1E-08), which was replicated in pRBD. This variant is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with other 5' risk variants across the different synucleinopathies. An independent iRBD-specific suggestive association (rs11732740) was detected at the 3' of SNCA (OR = 1.32, p = 4.7E-04, not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction). Homozygous carriers of both iRBD-specific SNPs were at highly increased risk for iRBD (OR = 5.74, p = 2E-06). The known top PD-associated variant (3' variant rs356182) had an opposite direction of effect in iRBD compared to PD. INTERPRETATION There is a distinct pattern of association at the SNCA locus in RBD as compared to PD, with an opposite direction of effect at the 3' of SNCA. Several 5' SNCA variants are associated with iRBD and with pRBD in overt synucleinopathies. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:584-598.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Y J Wu
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jennifer A Ruskey
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sandra B Laurent
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Armaghan Alam
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- Sleep Disorders Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Institute for Brain and Spinal Cord, and Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Michele T M Hu
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University Hospital of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Birgit Högl
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institue of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ambra Stefani
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Evi Holzknecht
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christelle Charley Monaca
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Sleep Center, University Hospital of Lille, University of Lille North of France, Lille, France
| | - Beatriz Abril
- Sleep Disorder Unit, Carémeau Hospital, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Antelmi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Young
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Valérie Cochen De Cock
- Sleep and Neurology Unit, Beau Soleil Clinic, Montpellier, France.,EuroMov, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus Elena Clinic, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Sixel-Döring
- Paracelsus Elena Clinic, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus Elena Clinic, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karel Sonka
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kemlink
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michela Figorilli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Sleep Disorder Research Center, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Puligheddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Sleep Disorder Research Center, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Femke Dijkstra
- Laboratory for Sleep Disorders, St Dimpna Regional Hospital, Geel, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, St Dimpna Regional Hospital, Geel, Belgium
| | - Mineke Viaene
- Laboratory for Sleep Disorders, St Dimpna Regional Hospital, Geel, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, St Dimpna Regional Hospital, Geel, Belgium
| | - Wolfang Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Toffoli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Department of Mathematics, Informatics, and Physics, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Jean-François Gagnon
- Center for Advanced Studies in Sleep Medicine, Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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- 23andMe, Mountain View, CA
| | - Alex Desautels
- Center for Advanced Studies in Sleep Medicine, Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Y Montplaisir
- Center for Advanced Studies in Sleep Medicine, Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Departments of Neuroscience and Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Nicolas Dupré
- Division of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Advanced Studies in Sleep Medicine, Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Iwaki H, Blauwendraat C, Leonard HL, Kim JJ, Liu G, Maple-Grødem J, Corvol JC, Pihlstrøm L, van Nimwegen M, Hutten SJ, Nguyen KDH, Rick J, Eberly S, Faghri F, Auinger P, Scott KM, Wijeyekoon R, Van Deerlin VM, Hernandez DG, Gibbs JR, Chitrala KN, Day-Williams AG, Brice A, Alves G, Noyce AJ, Tysnes OB, Evans JR, Breen DP, Estrada K, Wegel CE, Danjou F, Simon DK, Andreassen O, Ravina B, Toft M, Heutink P, Bloem BR, Weintraub D, Barker RA, Williams-Gray CH, van de Warrenburg BP, Van Hilten JJ, Scherzer CR, Singleton AB, Nalls MA. Genomewide association study of Parkinson's disease clinical biomarkers in 12 longitudinal patients' cohorts. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1839-1850. [PMID: 31505070 PMCID: PMC7017876 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports have identified different patterns of Parkinson's disease progression in individuals carrying missense variants in GBA or LRRK2 genes. The overall contribution of genetic factors to the severity and progression of Parkinson's disease, however, has not been well studied. OBJECTIVES To test the association between genetic variants and the clinical features of Parkinson's disease on a genomewide scale. METHODS We accumulated individual data from 12 longitudinal cohorts in a total of 4093 patients with 22,307 observations for a median of 3.81 years. Genomewide associations were evaluated for 25 cross-sectional and longitudinal phenotypes. Specific variants of interest, including 90 recently identified disease-risk variants, were also investigated post hoc for candidate associations with these phenotypes. RESULTS Two variants were genomewide significant. Rs382940(T>A), within the intron of SLC44A1, was associated with reaching Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 or higher faster (hazard ratio 2.04 [1.58-2.62]; P value = 3.46E-8). Rs61863020(G>A), an intergenic variant and expression quantitative trait loci for α-2A adrenergic receptor, was associated with a lower prevalence of insomnia at baseline (odds ratio 0.63 [0.52-0.75]; P value = 4.74E-8). In the targeted analysis, we found 9 associations between known Parkinson's risk variants and more severe motor/cognitive symptoms. Also, we replicated previous reports of GBA coding variants (rs2230288: p.E365K; rs75548401: p.T408M) being associated with greater motor and cognitive decline over time, and an APOE E4 tagging variant (rs429358) being associated with greater cognitive deficits in patients. CONCLUSIONS We identified novel genetic factors associated with heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease. The results can be used for validation or hypothesis tests regarding Parkinson's disease. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hampton L. Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonggeol J. Kim
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ganqiang Liu
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Advanced Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University in Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marlies van Nimwegen
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour; Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha J. Hutten
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Rick
- Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shirley Eberly
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Peggy Auinger
- Department of Neurology, Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kirsten M. Scott
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruwani Wijeyekoon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vivianna M. Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron G. Day-Williams
- Flagship Labs 60 Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Statistical Genetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université SU, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR1127, Paris, France
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University in Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Alastair J. Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonathan R. Evans
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Breen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Karol Estrada
- Translational Genome Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire E. Wegel
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Fabrice Danjou
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM, Paris, France
| | - David K. Simon
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ole Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, Norway
| | - Bernard Ravina
- Voyager Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- HIH Tuebingen, Tubingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bastiaan R. Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour; Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roger A. Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bart P. van de Warrenburg
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour; Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clemens R. Scherzer
- Advanced Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
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26
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Nalls MA, Blauwendraat C, Vallerga CL, Heilbron K, Bandres-Ciga S, Chang D, Tan M, Kia DA, Noyce AJ, Xue A, Bras J, Young E, von Coelln R, Simón-Sánchez J, Schulte C, Sharma M, Krohn L, Pihlstrøm L, Siitonen A, Iwaki H, Leonard H, Faghri F, Gibbs JR, Hernandez DG, Scholz SW, Botia JA, Martinez M, Corvol JC, Lesage S, Jankovic J, Shulman LM, Sutherland M, Tienari P, Majamaa K, Toft M, Andreassen OA, Bangale T, Brice A, Yang J, Gan-Or Z, Gasser T, Heutink P, Shulman JM, Wood NW, Hinds DA, Hardy JA, Morris HR, Gratten J, Visscher PM, Graham RR, Singleton AB. Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:1091-1102. [PMID: 31701892 PMCID: PMC8422160 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1080] [Impact Index Per Article: 216.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Parkinson's disease have increased the scope of biological knowledge about the disease over the past decade. We aimed to use the largest aggregate of GWAS data to identify novel risk loci and gain further insight into the causes of Parkinson's disease. METHODS We did a meta-analysis of 17 datasets from Parkinson's disease GWAS available from European ancestry samples to nominate novel loci for disease risk. These datasets incorporated all available data. We then used these data to estimate heritable risk and develop predictive models of this heritability. We also used large gene expression and methylation resources to examine possible functional consequences as well as tissue, cell type, and biological pathway enrichments for the identified risk factors. Additionally, we examined shared genetic risk between Parkinson's disease and other phenotypes of interest via genetic correlations followed by Mendelian randomisation. FINDINGS Between Oct 1, 2017, and Aug 9, 2018, we analysed 7·8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms in 37 688 cases, 18 618 UK Biobank proxy-cases (ie, individuals who do not have Parkinson's disease but have a first degree relative that does), and 1·4 million controls. We identified 90 independent genome-wide significant risk signals across 78 genomic regions, including 38 novel independent risk signals in 37 loci. These 90 variants explained 16-36% of the heritable risk of Parkinson's disease depending on prevalence. Integrating methylation and expression data within a Mendelian randomisation framework identified putatively associated genes at 70 risk signals underlying GWAS loci for follow-up functional studies. Tissue-specific expression enrichment analyses suggested Parkinson's disease loci were heavily brain-enriched, with specific neuronal cell types being implicated from single cell data. We found significant genetic correlations with brain volumes (false discovery rate-adjusted p=0·0035 for intracranial volume, p=0·024 for putamen volume), smoking status (p=0·024), and educational attainment (p=0·038). Mendelian randomisation between cognitive performance and Parkinson's disease risk showed a robust association (p=8·00 × 10-7). INTERPRETATION These data provide the most comprehensive survey of genetic risk within Parkinson's disease to date, to the best of our knowledge, by revealing many additional Parkinson's disease risk loci, providing a biological context for these risk factors, and showing that a considerable genetic component of this disease remains unidentified. These associations derived from European ancestry datasets will need to be followed-up with more diverse data. FUNDING The National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health (USA), The Michael J Fox Foundation, and The Parkinson's Foundation (see appendix for full list of funding sources).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA.
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Costanza L Vallerga
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diana Chang
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Demis A Kia
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Angli Xue
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Emily Young
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rainer von Coelln
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Javier Simón-Sánchez
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ari Siitonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA; The Michael J Fox Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hampton Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan A Botia
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Martinez
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale Unité mixte de recherche 1220, Toulouse, France; Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université centre national de la recherche médicale, unité mixte de recherche 1127, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université centre national de la recherche médicale, unité mixte de recherche 1127, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisa M Shulman
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret Sutherland
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pentti Tienari
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Majamaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tushar Bangale
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université centre national de la recherche médicale, unité mixte de recherche 1127, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Heutink
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - John A Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert R Graham
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Mæland JG, Pihlstrøm L, Skagen KM, Kvåle G. Doctors demand climate action now! Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2019; 139:19-0657. [PMID: 31746170 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.19.0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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28
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Rongve A, Witoelar A, Ruiz A, Athanasiu L, Abdelnour C, Clarimon J, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Hernández I, Moreno-Grau S, de Rojas I, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Fladby T, Sando SB, Bråthen G, Blanc F, Bousiges O, Lemstra AW, van Steenoven I, Londos E, Almdahl IS, Pålhaugen L, Eriksen JA, Djurovic S, Stordal E, Saltvedt I, Ulstein ID, Bettella F, Desikan RS, Idland AV, Toft M, Pihlstrøm L, Snaedal J, Tárraga L, Boada M, Lleó A, Stefánsson H, Stefánsson K, Ramírez A, Aarsland D, Andreassen OA. Author Correction: GBA and APOE ε4 associate with sporadic dementia with Lewy bodies in European genome wide association study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15168. [PMID: 31619746 PMCID: PMC6795898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Rongve
- Haugesund Hospital, Helse Fonna, Department of Research and Innovation, Haugesund, Norway. .,The University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Medicine (K1), Bergen, Norway.
| | - Aree Witoelar
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Memory Clinic and Research Center of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carla Abdelnour
- Memory Clinic and Research Center of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Department of Neurology, II B Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid and Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Memory Clinic and Research Center of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Moreno-Grau
- Memory Clinic and Research Center of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Memory Clinic and Research Center of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Department of Neurology, II B Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid and Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,University of Oslo, AHUS Campus, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid B Sando
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- University Hospital of Strasbourg, CMRR (Memory Resources and Research Centre), Geriatrics Department, Strasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg and CN RS, ICube laboratory and FMTS, team IMIS/Neurocrypto, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Bousiges
- University Hospital of Strasbourg, CMRR (Memory Resources and Research Centre), Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Strasbourg, France
| | - Afina W Lemstra
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR7364, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Alzheimercenter & Department of Neurology VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inger van Steenoven
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR7364, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Alzheimercenter & Department of Neurology VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabet Londos
- Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ina S Almdahl
- University of Oslo, AHUS Campus, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Pålhaugen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,University of Oslo, AHUS Campus, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon A Eriksen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eystein Stordal
- Department of Psychiatry, Namsos Hospital, Namsos, Norway.,Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingvild Saltvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Geriatrics, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingun D Ulstein
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Bettella
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rahul S Desikan
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neurology and Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, USA
| | - Ane-Victoria Idland
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Snaedal
- Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lluís Tárraga
- Memory Clinic and Research Center of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Memory Clinic and Research Center of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Department of Neurology, II B Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid and Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Alfredo Ramírez
- Division for Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. .,Center for Age-Related Diseases, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Blauwendraat C, Reed X, Kia DA, Gan-Or Z, Lesage S, Pihlstrøm L, Guerreiro R, Gibbs JR, Sabir M, Ahmed S, Ding J, Alcalay RN, Hassin-Baer S, Pittman AM, Brooks J, Edsall C, Hernandez DG, Chung SJ, Goldwurm S, Toft M, Schulte C, Bras J, Wood NW, Brice A, Morris HR, Scholz SW, Nalls MA, Singleton AB, Cookson MR. Frequency of Loss of Function Variants in LRRK2 in Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:1416-1422. [PMID: 30039155 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Importance Pathogenic variants in LRRK2 are a relatively common genetic cause of Parkinson disease (PD). Currently, the molecular mechanism underlying disease is unknown, and gain and loss of function (LOF) models of pathogenesis have been postulated. LRRK2 variants are reported to result in enhanced phosphorylation of substrates and increased cell death. However, the double knockout of Lrrk2 and its homologue Lrrk1 results in neurodegeneration in a mouse model, suggesting that disease may occur by LOF. Because LRRK2 inhibitors are currently in development as potential disease-modifying treatments in PD, it is critical to determine whether LOF variants in LRRK2 increase or decrease the risk of PD. Objective To determine whether LRRK1 and LRRK2 LOF variants contribute to the risk of developing PD. Design, Setting, and Participants To determine the prevailing mechanism of LRRK2-mediated disease in human populations, next-generation sequencing data from a large case-control cohort (>23 000 individuals) was analyzed for LOF variants in LRRK1 and LRRK2. Data were generated at 5 different sites and 5 different data sets, including cases with clinically diagnosed PD and neurologically normal control individuals. Data were collected from 2012 through 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Frequencies of LRRK1 and LRRK2 LOF variants present in the general population and compared between cases and controls. Results Among 11 095 cases with PD and 12 615 controls, LRRK1 LOF variants were identified in 0.205% of cases and 0.139% of controls (odds ratio, 1.48; SE, 0.571; 95% CI, 0.45-4.44; P = .49) and LRRK2 LOF variants were found in 0.117% of cases and 0.087% of controls (odds ratio, 1.48; SE, 0.431; 95% CI, 0.63-3.50; P = .36). All association tests suggested lack of association between LRRK1 or LRRK2 variants and PD. Further analysis of lymphoblastoid cell lines from several heterozygous LOF variant carriers found that, as expected, LRRK2 protein levels are reduced by approximately half compared with wild-type alleles. Conclusions and Relevance Together these findings indicate that haploinsufficiency of LRRK1 or LRRK2 is neither a cause of nor protective against PD. Furthermore, these results suggest that kinase inhibition or allele-specific targeting of mutant LRRK2 remain viable therapeutic strategies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xylena Reed
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Demis A Kia
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherché (UMR) 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, University of Paris 06, UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Dementia Research Institute, UCL, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Sciences and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marya Sabir
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sharon Hassin-Baer
- Movement Disorders Institute, Department of Neurology and Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alan M Pittman
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Brooks
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Connor Edsall
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Stefano Goldwurm
- Parkinson Institute of Milan, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Gaetano Pini/CTO, Milano, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mathias Toft
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jose Bras
- Dementia Research Institute, UCL, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Sciences and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherché (UMR) 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, University of Paris 06, UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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30
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Ligaard J, Sannæs J, Pihlstrøm L. Deep brain stimulation and genetic variability in Parkinson's disease: a review of the literature. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2019; 5:18. [PMID: 31508488 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-0190091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation is offered as symptomatic treatment in advanced Parkinson's disease, depending on a clinical assessment of the individual patient's risk-benefit profile. Genetics contribute to phenotypic variability in Parkinson's disease, suggesting that genetic testing could have clinical relevance for personalized therapy. Aiming to review current evidence linking genetic variation to deep brain stimulation treatment and outcomes in Parkinson's disease we performed systematic searches in the Embase and PubMed databases to identify relevant publications and summarized the findings. We identified 39 publications of interest. Genetic screening studies indicate that monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease and high-risk variants of GBA may be more common in cohorts treated with deep brain stimulation. Studies assessing deep brain stimulation outcomes in patients carrying mutations in specific genes are limited in size. There are reports suggesting that the phenotype associated with parkin mutations could be suitable for early surgery. In patients with LRRK2 mutations, outcomes of deep brain stimulation seem at least as good as in mutation-negative patients, whereas less favorable outcomes are seen in patients carrying mutations in GBA. Careful assessment of clinical symptoms remains the primary basis for clinical decisions associated with deep brain stimulation surgery in Parkinson's disease, although genetic information could arguably be taken into account in special cases. Current evidence is scarce, but highlights a promising development where genetic profiling may be increasingly relevant for clinicians tailoring personalized medical or surgical therapy to Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Sannæs
- 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- 2Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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31
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Iwaki H, Blauwendraat C, Leonard HL, Liu G, Maple-Grødem J, Corvol JC, Pihlstrøm L, van Nimwegen M, Hutten SJ, Nguyen KDH, Rick J, Eberly S, Faghri F, Auinger P, Scott KM, Wijeyekoon R, Van Deerlin VM, Hernandez DG, Day-Williams AG, Brice A, Alves G, Noyce AJ, Tysnes OB, Evans JR, Breen DP, Estrada K, Wegel CE, Danjou F, Simon DK, Ravina B, Toft M, Heutink P, Bloem BR, Weintraub D, Barker RA, Williams-Gray CH, van de Warrenburg BP, Van Hilten JJ, Scherzer CR, Singleton AB, Nalls MA. Genetic risk of Parkinson disease and progression:: An analysis of 13 longitudinal cohorts. Neurol Genet 2019; 5:e348. [PMID: 31404238 PMCID: PMC6659137 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if any association between previously identified alleles that confer risk for Parkinson disease and variables measuring disease progression. METHODS We evaluated the association between 31 risk variants and variables measuring disease progression. A total of 23,423 visits by 4,307 patients of European ancestry from 13 longitudinal cohorts in Europe, North America, and Australia were analyzed. RESULTS We confirmed the importance of GBA on phenotypes. GBA variants were associated with the development of daytime sleepiness (p.N370S: hazard ratio [HR] 3.28 [1.69-6.34]) and possible REM sleep behavior (p.T408M: odds ratio 6.48 [2.04-20.60]). We also replicated previously reported associations of GBA variants with motor/cognitive declines. The other genotype-phenotype associations include an intergenic variant near LRRK2 and the faster development of motor symptom (Hoehn and Yahr scale 3.0 HR 1.33 [1.16-1.52] for the C allele of rs76904798) and an intronic variant in PMVK and the development of wearing-off effects (HR 1.66 [1.19-2.31] for the C allele of rs114138760). Age at onset was associated with TMEM175 variant p.M393T (-0.72 [-1.21 to -0.23] in years), the C allele of rs199347 (intronic region of GPNMB, 0.70 [0.27-1.14]), and G allele of rs1106180 (intronic region of CCDC62, 0.62 [0.21-1.03]). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that alleles associated with Parkinson disease risk, in particular GBA variants, also contribute to the heterogeneity of multiple motor and nonmotor aspects. Accounting for genetic variability will be a useful factor in understanding disease course and in minimizing heterogeneity in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Hampton L Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ganqiang Liu
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies van Nimwegen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Khanh-Dung H Nguyen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Rick
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Shirley Eberly
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy Auinger
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten M Scott
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ruwani Wijeyekoon
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron G Day-Williams
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Brice
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Alves
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan R Evans
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - David P Breen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Karol Estrada
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Claire E Wegel
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Danjou
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - David K Simon
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Ravina
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Toft
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heutink
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A Barker
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus J Van Hilten
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Pihlstrøm L, Schottlaender L, Chelban V, Meissner WG, Federoff M, Singleton A, Houlden H. Lysosomal storage disorder gene variants in multiple system atrophy. Brain 2019; 141:e53. [PMID: 29741613 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.,Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucia Schottlaender
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.,Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Viorica Chelban
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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33
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Iqbal Z, Koht J, Pihlstrøm L, Henriksen SP, Cappelletti C, Russel MB, Norberto de Souza O, Skogseid IM, Toft M. Missense mutations in DYT-TOR1A dystonia. Neurol Genet 2019; 5:e343. [PMID: 31321303 PMCID: PMC6563516 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Neurology (Z.I., L.P., S.P.H., C.C,. I.M.S,. M.T), Oslo University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.K., M.T), University of Oslo; Department of Neurology (J.K), Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust; Head and Neck Research Group, Research Center (M.B.R), Akershus University Hospital; Campus Akershus University Hospital (M.B.R), University of Oslo, Norway; and Faculty of Informatics, Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Modelling & Simulation of Biosystems (O.N.D.S), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeanette Koht
- Department of Neurology (Z.I., L.P., S.P.H., C.C,. I.M.S,. M.T), Oslo University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.K., M.T), University of Oslo; Department of Neurology (J.K), Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust; Head and Neck Research Group, Research Center (M.B.R), Akershus University Hospital; Campus Akershus University Hospital (M.B.R), University of Oslo, Norway; and Faculty of Informatics, Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Modelling & Simulation of Biosystems (O.N.D.S), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology (Z.I., L.P., S.P.H., C.C,. I.M.S,. M.T), Oslo University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.K., M.T), University of Oslo; Department of Neurology (J.K), Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust; Head and Neck Research Group, Research Center (M.B.R), Akershus University Hospital; Campus Akershus University Hospital (M.B.R), University of Oslo, Norway; and Faculty of Informatics, Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Modelling & Simulation of Biosystems (O.N.D.S), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandra P Henriksen
- Department of Neurology (Z.I., L.P., S.P.H., C.C,. I.M.S,. M.T), Oslo University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.K., M.T), University of Oslo; Department of Neurology (J.K), Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust; Head and Neck Research Group, Research Center (M.B.R), Akershus University Hospital; Campus Akershus University Hospital (M.B.R), University of Oslo, Norway; and Faculty of Informatics, Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Modelling & Simulation of Biosystems (O.N.D.S), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Chiara Cappelletti
- Department of Neurology (Z.I., L.P., S.P.H., C.C,. I.M.S,. M.T), Oslo University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.K., M.T), University of Oslo; Department of Neurology (J.K), Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust; Head and Neck Research Group, Research Center (M.B.R), Akershus University Hospital; Campus Akershus University Hospital (M.B.R), University of Oslo, Norway; and Faculty of Informatics, Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Modelling & Simulation of Biosystems (O.N.D.S), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Bjørn Russel
- Department of Neurology (Z.I., L.P., S.P.H., C.C,. I.M.S,. M.T), Oslo University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.K., M.T), University of Oslo; Department of Neurology (J.K), Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust; Head and Neck Research Group, Research Center (M.B.R), Akershus University Hospital; Campus Akershus University Hospital (M.B.R), University of Oslo, Norway; and Faculty of Informatics, Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Modelling & Simulation of Biosystems (O.N.D.S), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Osmar Norberto de Souza
- Department of Neurology (Z.I., L.P., S.P.H., C.C,. I.M.S,. M.T), Oslo University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.K., M.T), University of Oslo; Department of Neurology (J.K), Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust; Head and Neck Research Group, Research Center (M.B.R), Akershus University Hospital; Campus Akershus University Hospital (M.B.R), University of Oslo, Norway; and Faculty of Informatics, Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Modelling & Simulation of Biosystems (O.N.D.S), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Inger Marie Skogseid
- Department of Neurology (Z.I., L.P., S.P.H., C.C,. I.M.S,. M.T), Oslo University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.K., M.T), University of Oslo; Department of Neurology (J.K), Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust; Head and Neck Research Group, Research Center (M.B.R), Akershus University Hospital; Campus Akershus University Hospital (M.B.R), University of Oslo, Norway; and Faculty of Informatics, Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Modelling & Simulation of Biosystems (O.N.D.S), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology (Z.I., L.P., S.P.H., C.C,. I.M.S,. M.T), Oslo University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.K., M.T), University of Oslo; Department of Neurology (J.K), Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust; Head and Neck Research Group, Research Center (M.B.R), Akershus University Hospital; Campus Akershus University Hospital (M.B.R), University of Oslo, Norway; and Faculty of Informatics, Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Modelling & Simulation of Biosystems (O.N.D.S), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Blauwendraat C, Heilbron K, Vallerga CL, Bandres-Ciga S, von Coelln R, Pihlstrøm L, Simón-Sánchez J, Schulte C, Sharma M, Krohn L, Siitonen A, Iwaki H, Leonard H, Noyce AJ, Tan M, Gibbs JR, Hernandez DG, Scholz SW, Jankovic J, Shulman LM, Lesage S, Corvol JC, Brice A, van Hilten JJ, Marinus J, Tienari P, Majamaa K, Toft M, Grosset DG, Gasser T, Heutink P, Shulman JM, Wood N, Hardy J, Morris HR, Hinds DA, Gratten J, Visscher PM, Gan-Or Z, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. Parkinson's disease age at onset genome-wide association study: Defining heritability, genetic loci, and α-synuclein mechanisms. Mov Disord 2019; 34:866-875. [PMID: 30957308 PMCID: PMC6579628 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence supports an extensive and complex genetic contribution to PD. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shed light on the genetic basis of risk for this disease. However, the genetic determinants of PD age at onset are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES To identify the genetic determinants of PD age at onset. METHODS Using genetic data of 28,568 PD cases, we performed a genome-wide association study based on PD age at onset. RESULTS We estimated that the heritability of PD age at onset attributed to common genetic variation was ∼0.11, lower than the overall heritability of risk for PD (∼0.27), likely, in part, because of the subjective nature of this measure. We found two genome-wide significant association signals, one at SNCA and the other a protein-coding variant in TMEM175, both of which are known PD risk loci and a Bonferroni-corrected significant effect at other known PD risk loci, GBA, INPP5F/BAG3, FAM47E/SCARB2, and MCCC1. Notably, SNCA, TMEM175, SCARB2, BAG3, and GBA have all been shown to be implicated in α-synuclein aggregation pathways. Remarkably, other well-established PD risk loci, such as GCH1 and MAPT, did not show a significant effect on age at onset of PD. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we have performed the largest age at onset of PD genome-wide association studies to date, and our results show that not all PD risk loci influence age at onset with significant differences between risk alleles for age at onset. This provides a compelling picture, both within the context of functional characterization of disease-linked genetic variability and in defining differences between risk alleles for age at onset, or frank risk for disease. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karl Heilbron
- 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Costanza L. Vallerga
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rainer von Coelln
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Javier Simón-Sánchez
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ari Siitonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, NY, USA
| | - Hampton Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alastair J. Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja W. Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M. Shulman
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | | | - Johan Marinus
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pentti Tienari
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari Majamaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Donald G. Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Heutink
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Departments of Molecular & Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Nicolas Wood
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - John Hardy
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London UK
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David A. Hinds
- 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Bandres-Ciga S, Saez-Atienzar S, Bonet-Ponce L, Billingsley K, Vitale D, Blauwendraat C, Gibbs JR, Pihlstrøm L, Gan-Or Z, Cookson MR, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. The endocytic membrane trafficking pathway plays a major role in the risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:460-468. [PMID: 30675927 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD is a complex polygenic disorder. In recent years, several genes from the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway have been suggested to contribute to disease etiology. However, a systematic analysis of pathway-specific genetic risk factors is yet to be performed. OBJECTIVES To comprehensively study the role of the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway in the risk of PD. METHODS Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to estimate PD heritability explained by 252 genes involved in the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway including genome-wide association studies data from 18,869 cases and 22,452 controls. We used pathway-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms to construct a polygenic risk score reflecting the cumulative risk of common variants. To prioritize genes for follow-up functional studies, summary-data based Mendelian randomization analyses were applied to explore possible functional genomic associations with expression or methylation quantitative trait loci. RESULTS The heritability estimate attributed to endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway was 3.58% (standard error = 1.17). Excluding previously nominated PD endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway genes, the missing heritability was 2.21% (standard error = 0.42). Random heritability simulations were estimated to be 1.44% (standard deviation = 0.54), indicating that the unbiased total heritability explained by the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway was 2.14%. Polygenic risk score based on endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway showed a 1.25 times increase of PD risk per standard deviation of genetic risk. Finally, Mendelian randomization identified 11 endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway genes showing functional consequence associated to PD risk. CONCLUSIONS We provide compelling genetic evidence that the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway plays a relevant role in disease etiology. Further research on this pathway is warranted given that critical effort should be made to identify potential avenues within this biological process suitable for therapeutic interventions. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberley Billingsley
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dan Vitale
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesse Raphael Gibbs
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Pihlstrøm L, Schottlaender L, Chelban V, Houlden H, Al-Sarraj S, Arzberger T, Bettencourt C, Bhatia K, Dickson DW, Federoff M, Gelpi E, Gentleman S, Hardy J, Holton J, Huitinga I, Levey A, Mann D, Meissner W, Morris H, Morris C, Pittman A, Rascol O, Riederer P, Rogaeva E, Ross O, Scholtz S, Singleton AB, Trojanowski J, Vandrovcova J, Warner T, Wood N. LRP10 in α-synucleinopathies. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:1033-1034. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kristiansen M, Maple-Grødem J, Alves G, Arepalli S, Hernandez DG, Iwaki H, Nalls MA, Singleton A, Tysnes OB, Toft M, Pihlstrøm L. A paradoxical relationship between family history, onset age, and genetic risk in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2018; 34:298-299. [PMID: 30484896 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- The Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,The Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Founder/Consultant with Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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38
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Kishore A, Ashok Kumar Sreelatha A, Sturm M, von-Zweydorf F, Pihlstrøm L, Raimondi F, Russell R, Lichtner P, Banerjee M, Krishnan S, Rajan R, Puthenveedu DK, Chung SJ, Bauer P, Riess O, Gloeckner CJ, Kruger R, Gasser T, Sharma M. Understanding the role of genetic variability in LRRK2 in Indian population. Mov Disord 2018; 34:496-505. [PMID: 30485545 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variability in LRRK2 has been unequivocally established as a major risk factor for familial and sporadic forms of PD in ethnically diverse populations. OBJECTIVES To resolve the role of LRRK2 in the Indian population. METHODS We performed targeted resequencing of the LRRK2 locus in 288 cases and 298 controls and resolved the haplotypic structure of LRRK2 in a combined cohort of 800 cases and 402 controls in the Indian population. We assessed the frequency of novel missense variants in the white and East Asian population by leveraging exome sequencing and densely genotype data, respectively. We did computational modeling and biochemical approach to infer the potential role of novel variants impacting the LRRK2 protein function. Finally, we assessed the phosphorylation activity of identified novel coding variants in the LRRK2 gene. RESULTS We identified four novel missense variants with frequency ranging from 0.0008% to 0.002% specific for the Indian population, encompassing armadillo and kinase domains of the LRRK2 protein. A common genetic variability within LRRK2 may contribute to increased risk, but it was nonsignificant after correcting for multiple testing, because of small cohort size. The computational modeling showed destabilizing effect on the LRRK2 function. In comparison to the wild-type, the kinase domain variant showed 4-fold increase in the kinase activity. CONCLUSIONS Our study, for the first time, identified novel missense variants for LRRK2, specific for the Indian population, and showed that a novel missense variant in the kinase domain modifies kinase activity in vitro. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kishore
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Kumar Sreelatha
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Sturm
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix von-Zweydorf
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rob Russell
- Cell Networks, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Syam Krishnan
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Roopa Rajan
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Kerala, India.,All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rejko Kruger
- Center of Neurology, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,LCSB, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biology, University of Luxembourg, and Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Center of Neurology, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Berge-Seidl V, Pihlstrøm L, Wszolek ZK, Ross OA, Toft M. No evidence for DNM3 as genetic modifier of age at onset in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 74:236.e1-236.e5. [PMID: 30340792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disorder with highly variable clinical phenotype. The identification of genetic variants modifying age at onset and other traits is of great interest because it may provide insight into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. A variant in the DNM3 gene (rs2421947) has been reported as a genetic modifier of age at onset in LRRK2-associated PD. To test the possible effect of genetic variation in DNM3 on age at onset in idiopathic PD, we examined rs2421947 in a total of 5918 patients with PD from seven data sets. We also assessed the potential effect of all common variants in the DNM3 locus. There was no significant association between rs2421947 and age at onset in any of the individual studies. Meta-analysis of the seven studies was nonsignificant and the between-study heterogeneity was minimal. No other common variants within the DNM3 locus affected age at onset. In conclusion, we find no evidence of an association between DNM3 variants and age at onset in idiopathic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Berge-Seidl
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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40
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Pihlstrøm L, Blauwendraat C, Cappelletti C, Berge-Seidl V, Langmyhr M, Henriksen SP, van de Berg WDJ, Gibbs JR, Cookson MR, Singleton AB, Nalls MA, Toft M. A comprehensive analysis of SNCA-related genetic risk in sporadic parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:117-129. [PMID: 30146727 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to refine our understanding of disease risk attributable to common genetic variation in SNCA, a major locus in Parkinson disease, with potential implications for clinical trials targeting α-synuclein. We aimed to dissect the multiple independent association signals, stratify individuals by SNCA-specific risk profiles, and explore expression quantitative trait loci. METHODS We analyzed participant-level data from 12,503 patients and 12,502 controls, optimizing a risk model and assessing SNCA-specific risk scores and haplotypes as predictors of individual risk. We also explored hypotheses about functional mechanisms and correlated risk variants to gene expression in human brain and protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS We report and replicate a novel, third independent association signal at genome-wide significance level downstream of SNCA (rs2870004, p = 3.0*10-8 , odds ratio [OR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.84-0.92). SNCA risk score stratification showed a 2-fold difference in disease susceptibility between top and bottom quintiles (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.78-2.23). Contrary to previous reports, we provide evidence supporting top variant rs356182 as functional in itself and associated with a specific SNCA 5' untranslated region transcript isoform in frontal cortex. INTERPRETATION The SNCA locus harbors a minimum of 3 independent association signals for Parkinson disease. We demonstrate a fine-grained stratification of α-synuclein-related genetic burden in individual patients of potential future clinical relevance. Further efforts to pinpoint the functional mechanisms are warranted, including studies of the likely causal top variant rs356182 and its role in regulating levels of specific SNCA mRNA transcript variants. Ann Neurol 2018;83:117-129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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41
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Bjørnarå KA, Pihlstrøm L, Dietrichs E, Toft M. Risk variants of the α-synuclein locus and REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: a genetic association study. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:20. [PMID: 29466944 PMCID: PMC5822630 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is a heterogeneous disorder where genetic factors may underlie clinical variability. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia strongly linked to synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease. We hypothesized that SNCA variants conferring risk of Parkinson's disease would also predispose to an RBD phenotype. METHODS We assessed possible RBD (pRBD) status using the RBD screening questionnaire and investigated known susceptibility variants for Parkinson's disease located in the α-synuclein (SNCA) and tau (MAPT) gene loci in 325 Parkinson's disease patients. Associations between genetic risk variants and RBD were investigated by logistic regression, and an independent dataset of 382 patients from the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) study was used for replication. RESULTS pRBD was associated with rs3756063 located in the 5' region of SNCA (two-sided p = 0.018, odds ratio 1.44). We replicated this finding in the PPMI dataset (one-sided p = 0.036, odds ratio 1.35) and meta-analyzed the results (two-sided p = 0.0032, odds ratio 1.40). The Parkinson's disease risk variant in the 3' region of SNCA and the MAPT variant showed no association with pRBD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide proof of principle that a largely stable, dichotomous clinical feature of Parkinson's disease can be linked to a specific genetic susceptibility profile. Indirectly, it also supports the hypothesis of RBD as relevant marker for a distinct subtype of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Anne Bjørnarå
- Department of Neurology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Dronninggata 21, 3004, Drammen, Norway.
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Dietrichs
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Genetic factors are central to the etiology of neurodegeneration, both as monogenic causes of heritable disease and as modifiers of susceptibility to complex, sporadic disorders. Over the last two decades, the identification of disease genes and risk loci has led to some of the greatest advances in medicine and invaluable insights into pathogenic mechanisms and disease pathways. Large-scale research efforts, novel study designs, and advances in methodology are rapidly expanding our understanding of the genome and the genetic architecture of neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review major developments in the field to date, highlighting overarching historic trends and general insights. Monogenic neurodegenerative diseases are discussed from the perspectives of both rare Mendelian forms of common disorders, such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, and heterogeneous heritable conditions, including ataxias and spastic paraplegias. Next, we summarize the experiences from investigations of complex neurodegenerative disorders, including genomewide association studies. In the final section, we reflect upon the limitations of current findings and outline important future directions. Genetics plays an essential role in translational research, ultimately aiming to develop novel disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. We anticipate that individual genetic profiling will also be increasingly relevant in a clinical context, with implications for patient care in line with the proposed ideal of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henry Houlden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
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43
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Blauwendraat C, Kia DA, Pihlstrøm L, Gan-Or Z, Lesage S, Gibbs JR, Ding J, Alcalay RN, Hassin-Baer S, Pittman AM, Brooks J, Edsall C, Chung SJ, Goldwurm S, Toft M, Schulte C, Hernandez D, Singleton AB, Nalls MA, Brice A, Scholz SW, Wood NW. Insufficient evidence for pathogenicity of SNCA His50Gln (H50Q) in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 64:159.e5-159.e8. [PMID: 29398121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
SNCA missense mutations are a rare cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). To date, 6 missense mutations in SNCA have been nominated as causal. Here, we assess the frequency of these 6 mutations in public population databases and PD case-control data sets to determine their true pathogenicity. We found that 1 of the 6 reported SNCA mutations, His50Gln, was consistently identified in large population databases, and no enrichment was evident in PD cases compared to controls. These results suggest that His50Gln is probably not a pathogenic variant. This information is important to provide counseling for His50Gln carriers and has implications for the interpretation of His50Gln α-synuclein functional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Demis A Kia
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharon Hassin-Baer
- Department of Neurology and Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Movement Disorders Institute, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alan M Pittman
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janet Brooks
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Connor Edsall
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Stefano Goldwurm
- Parkinson Institute of Milan, ASST "Gaetano Pini/CTO", Milano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Italy
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Founder/Consultant with Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Iqbal Z, Rydning SL, Wedding IM, Koht J, Pihlstrøm L, Rengmark AH, Henriksen SP, Tallaksen CME, Toft M. Correction: Targeted high throughput sequencing in hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186571. [PMID: 29023604 PMCID: PMC5638532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Berge-Seidl V, Pihlstrøm L, Maple-Grødem J, Forsgren L, Linder J, Larsen JP, Tysnes OB, Toft M. The GBA variant E326K is associated with Parkinson's disease and explains a genome-wide association signal. Neurosci Lett 2017; 658:48-52. [PMID: 28830825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coding variants in the GBA gene have been identified as the numerically most important genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified associations with PD in the SYT11-GBA region on chromosome 1q22, but the relationship to GBA coding variants have remained unclear. The aim of this study was to sequence the complete GBA gene in a clinical cohort and to investigate whether coding variants within the GBA gene may be driving reported association signals. METHODS We analyzed high-throughput sequencing data of all coding exons of GBA in 366 patients with PD. The identified low-frequency coding variants were genotyped in three Scandinavian case-controls series (786 patients and 713 controls). Previously reported risk variants from two independent association signals within the SYT11-GBA locus on chromosome 1 were also genotyped in the same samples. We performed association analyses and evaluated linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the variants. RESULTS We identified six rare mutations (1.6%) and two low-frequency coding variants in GBA. E326K (rs2230288) was significantly more frequent in PD patients compared to controls (OR 1.65, p=0.03). There was no clear association of T369M (rs75548401) with disease (OR 1.43, p=0.24). Genotyping the two GWAS hits rs35749011 and rs114138760 in the same sample set, we replicated the association between rs35749011 and disease status (OR 1.67, p=0.03), while rs114138760 was found to have similar allele frequencies in patients and controls. Analyses revealed that E326K and rs35749011 are in very high LD (r2 0.95). CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that the GBA variant E326K is a susceptibility allele for PD. The results suggest that E326K may fully account for the primary association signal observed at chromosome 1q22 in previous GWAS of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Berge-Seidl
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; The Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jan Linder
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jan Petter Larsen
- Network for Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Iqbal Z, Rydning SL, Wedding IM, Koht J, Pihlstrøm L, Rengmark AH, Henriksen SP, Tallaksen CME, Toft M. Targeted high throughput sequencing in hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174667. [PMID: 28362824 PMCID: PMC5375131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia are heterogeneous monogenic neurodegenerative disorders. To date, a large number of individuals with such disorders remain undiagnosed. Here, we have assessed molecular diagnosis by gene panel sequencing in 105 early and late-onset hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia probands, in whom extensive previous investigations had failed to identify the genetic cause of disease. Pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants were identified in 20 probands (19%) and variants of uncertain significance in ten probands (10%). Together these accounted for 30 probands (29%) and involved 18 different genes. Among several interesting findings, dominantly inherited KIF1A variants, p.(Val8Met) and p.(Ile27Thr) segregated in two independent families, both presenting with a pure spastic paraplegia phenotype. Two homozygous missense variants, p.(Gly4230Ser) and p.(Leu4221Val) were found in SACS in one consanguineous family, presenting with spastic ataxia and isolated cerebellar atrophy. The average disease duration in probands with pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants was 31 years, ranging from 4 to 51 years. In conclusion, this study confirmed and expanded the clinical phenotypes associated with known disease genes. The results demonstrate that gene panel sequencing and similar sequencing approaches can serve as efficient diagnostic tools for different heterogeneous disorders. Early use of such strategies may help to reduce both costs and time of the diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Siri L. Rydning
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iselin M. Wedding
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeanette Koht
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Chantal M. E. Tallaksen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Fagan ES, Pihlstrøm L. Genetic risk factors for cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease: a review of the literature. Eur J Neurol 2017; 24:561-e20. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Fagan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - L. Pihlstrøm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Neurology; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
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Ezat B, Pihlstrøm L, Aasly J, Tysnes OB, Egge A, Dietrichs E. Bruk av avansert behandling ved Parkinsons sykdom i Norge. Tidsskriftet 2017; 137:619-623. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Pihlstrøm L. Dr. Watson og vi. Tidsskriftet 2017; 137:388. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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