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Blauwendraat C, Iwaki H, Makarious MB, Bandres‐Ciga S, Leonard HL, Grenn FP, Lake J, Krohn L, Tan M, Kim JJ, Gibbs JR, Hernandez DG, Ruskey JA, Pihlstrøm L, Toft M, van Hilten JJ, Marinus J, Schulte C, Brockmann K, Sharma M, Siitonen A, Majamaa K, Eerola‐Rautio J, Tienari PJ, Grosset DG, Lesage S, Corvol J, Brice A, Wood N, Hardy J, Gan‐Or Z, Heutink P, Gasser T, Morris HR, Noyce AJ, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. Investigation of Autosomal Genetic Sex Differences in Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:35-42. [PMID: 33901317 PMCID: PMC8422907 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. Men are on average ~ 1.5 times more likely to develop PD compared to women with European ancestry. Over the years, genomewide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic risk factors for PD, however, it is unclear whether genetics contribute to disease etiology in a sex-specific manner. METHODS In an effort to study sex-specific genetic factors associated with PD, we explored 2 large genetic datasets from the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium and the UK Biobank consisting of 13,020 male PD cases, 7,936 paternal proxy cases, 89,660 male controls, 7,947 female PD cases, 5,473 maternal proxy cases, and 90,662 female controls. We performed GWAS meta-analyses to identify distinct patterns of genetic risk contributing to disease in male versus female PD cases. RESULTS In total, 19 genomewide significant regions were identified and no sex-specific effects were observed. A high genetic correlation between the male and female PD GWAS were identified (rg = 0.877) and heritability estimates were identical between male and female PD cases (~ 20%). INTERPRETATION We did not detect any significant genetic differences between male or female PD cases. Our study does not support the notion that common genetic variation on the autosomes could explain the difference in prevalence of PD between males and females cases at least when considering the current sample size under study. Further studies are warranted to investigate the genetic architecture of PD explained by X and Y chromosomes and further evaluate environmental effects that could potentially contribute to PD etiology in male versus female patients. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:41-48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related DementiasNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Data Tecnica InternationalGlen EchoMD
| | - Mary B. Makarious
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Sara Bandres‐Ciga
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Hampton L. Leonard
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related DementiasNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Data Tecnica InternationalGlen EchoMD
| | - Francis P. Grenn
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Julie Lake
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute‐Hospital)McGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of NeurologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Jonggeol J. Kim
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Jesse R. Gibbs
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Jennifer A. Ruskey
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute‐Hospital)McGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | | | - Mathias Toft
- Department of NeurologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | | | - Johan Marinus
- Department of NeurologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TuebingenGermany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TuebingenGermany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied BiometryUniversity of TubingenTubingenGermany
| | - Ari Siitonen
- Research Unit of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Department of Neurology and Medical Research CenterOulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Kari Majamaa
- Research Unit of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Department of Neurology and Medical Research CenterOulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Johanna Eerola‐Rautio
- Department of NeurologyHelsinki University Hospital, and Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pentti J. Tienari
- Department of NeurologyHelsinki University Hospital, and Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Donald G. Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological SciencesQueen Elizabeth University HospitalGlasgowScotlandUK
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Department of Neurology and GeneticsSorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute ‐ Institut du Cerveau ‐ ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Christophe Corvol
- Department of Neurology and GeneticsSorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute ‐ Institut du Cerveau ‐ ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Alexis Brice
- Department of Neurology and GeneticsSorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute ‐ Institut du Cerveau ‐ ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Nick Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Ziv Gan‐Or
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute‐Hospital)McGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Department of Neurology & NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Peter Heutink
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TuebingenGermany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TuebingenGermany
| | - Huw R. Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Alastair J. Noyce
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related DementiasNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Data Tecnica InternationalGlen EchoMD
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related DementiasNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
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