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Furusawa K, Emoto K. Scrap and Build for Functional Neural Circuits: Spatiotemporal Regulation of Dendrite Degeneration and Regeneration in Neural Development and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:613320. [PMID: 33505249 PMCID: PMC7829185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.613320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrites are cellular structures essential for the integration of neuronal information. These elegant but complex structures are highly patterned across the nervous system but vary tremendously in their size and fine architecture, each designed to best serve specific computations within their networks. Recent in vivo imaging studies reveal that the development of mature dendrite arbors in many cases involves extensive remodeling achieved through a precisely orchestrated interplay of growth, degeneration, and regeneration of dendritic branches. Both degeneration and regeneration of dendritic branches involve precise spatiotemporal regulation for the proper wiring of functional networks. In particular, dendrite degeneration must be targeted in a compartmentalized manner to avoid neuronal death. Dysregulation of these developmental processes, in particular dendrite degeneration, is associated with certain types of pathology, injury, and aging. In this article, we review recent progress in our understanding of dendrite degeneration and regeneration, focusing on molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal control of dendrite remodeling in neural development. We further discuss how developmental dendrite degeneration and regeneration are molecularly and functionally related to dendrite remodeling in pathology, disease, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Furusawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Wareham LK, Risner ML, Calkins DJ. Protect, Repair, and Regenerate: Towards Restoring Vision in Glaucoma. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 8:301-310. [PMID: 33269115 PMCID: PMC7686214 DOI: 10.1007/s40135-020-00259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize recent advances in strategies that aim to restore optic nerve function and vision in glaucoma through protective, reparative, and regenerative avenues. RECENT FINDINGS Neuroprotection relies on identification of early retinal ganglion cell dysfunction, which could prove challenging in the clinic. Cell replacement therapies show promise in restoring lost vision, but some hurdles remain in restoring visual circuitry in the retina and central connections in the brain. SUMMARY Identification and manipulation of intrinsic and extrinsic cellular mechanisms that promote axon regeneration in both resident and transplanted RGCs will drive future advances in vision restoration. Understanding the roles of multiple cell types in the retina that act in concert to promote RGC survival will aid efforts to promote neuronal health and restoration. Effective RGC transplantation, fine tuning axon guidance and growth, and synaptogenesis of transplanted and resident RGCs are still areas that require more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Wareham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and the Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, AA7100 MCN, 1161 21st Ave S., Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Michael L. Risner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and the Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, AA7100 MCN, 1161 21st Ave S., Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - David J. Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and the Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, AA7100 MCN, 1161 21st Ave S., Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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53
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Chen GH, Chiao CC. Mild stress culture conditions promote neurite outgrowth of retinal explants from postnatal mice. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147050. [PMID: 32781089 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in adult mammals fail to regenerate after injury. It has been suggested that some extrinsic factors, such as neural activity, may promote the regeneration process. The present study tested the hypothesis that environmental stress such as slightly elevated osmolarity and temperature can enhance neural activity and thus promote axon regeneration of RGCs in postnatal mice. Retinal explants from P9-11 mice were cultured for 5 days to study the capacity of RGC neurite outgrowth. The neural activity of retinal explants in these two stress conditions was examined using the multi-electrode array. We found that RGC neurite outgrowth from P9-P11 mouse explants was significantly enhanced when the concentration of the culture medium was increased by 1.25 fold, but not when increased by 1.5 fold. Similarly, retinal explants from P9-P11 mice grew longer neurites when the overall temperature was increased from 35 °C to 38 °C, 40 °C or 42 °C for one hour each day, but not when they were kept at 40 °C or 42 °C constantly for five days. We further showed that there was increased neural activity during these two mild stress conditions. It was found that short-term 42 °C heat stress increased the expression of heat shock proteins 27 and 70 in postnatal retinas and they were RGC neural activity dependent. The present study thus provides insights into the cellular mechanism of retinal axon regeneration under the mild stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Chen
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chin Chiao
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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54
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Seewoodhary J. Type 4 diabetes: a vision into precision medicine. PRACTICAL DIABETES 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Seewoodhary
- Dr Jason Seewoodhary, BSc (Hons), MBBCh (Hons), MRCP (UK), MSc (Dist), DRCOG (UK), MRCGP (UK), General Practitioner with a special interest in Diabetes & Endocrinology, NHS England
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55
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Kelada M, Hill D, Yap TE, Manzar H, Cordeiro MF. Innovations and revolutions in reducing retinal ganglion cell loss in glaucoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1835470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kelada
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
| | - Daniel Hill
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Timothy E. Yap
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, UK
| | - Haider Manzar
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, UK
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56
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Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Bernal-Garro JM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, de la Villa Polo P, Avilés-Trigueros M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Functional and morphological alterations in a glaucoma model of acute ocular hypertension. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:1-29. [PMID: 32958209 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To study short and long-term effects of acute ocular hypertension (AOHT) on inner and outer retinal layers, in adult Sprague-Dawley rats AOHT (87mmHg) was induced for 90min and the retinas were examined longitudinally in vivo with electroretinogram (ERG) recordings and optical coherent tomography (OCT) from 1 to 90 days (d). Ex vivo, the retinas were analyzed for rod (RBC) and cone (CBC) bipolar cells, with antibodies against protein kinase Cα and recoverin, respectively in cross sections, and for cones, horizontal (HZ) and ganglion (RGC) cells with antibodies against arrestin, calbindin and Brn3a, respectively in wholemounts. The inner retina thinned progressively up to 7d with no further changes, while the external retina had a normal thickness until 30d, with a 20% thinning between 30 and 90d. Functionally, the a-wave showed an initial reduction by 24h and a further reduction from 30 to 90d. All other main ERG waves were significantly reduced by 1d without significant recovery by 90d. Radial sections showed a normal population of RBCs but their terminals were reduced. The CBCs showed a progressive decrease with a loss of 56% by 30d. In wholemount retinas, RGCs diminished to 40% by 3d and to 16% by 30d without further loss. Cones diminished to 58% and 35% by 3 and 7d, respectively and further decreased between 30 and 90d. HZs showed normal values throughout the study. In conclusion, AOHT affects both the inner and outer retina, with a more pronounced degeneration of the cone than the rod pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel Bernal-Garro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa Polo
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
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Nieuwenhuis B, Barber AC, Evans RS, Pearson CS, Fuchs J, MacQueen AR, van Erp S, Haenzi B, Hulshof LA, Osborne A, Conceicao R, Khatib TZ, Deshpande SS, Cave J, Ffrench‐Constant C, Smith PD, Okkenhaug K, Eickholt BJ, Martin KR, Fawcett JW, Eva R. PI 3-kinase delta enhances axonal PIP 3 to support axon regeneration in the adult CNS. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11674. [PMID: 32558386 PMCID: PMC7411663 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons support axon regeneration into adulthood, whereas central nervous system (CNS) neurons lose regenerative ability after development. To better understand this decline whilst aiming to improve regeneration, we focused on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its product phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3 ). We demonstrate that adult PNS neurons utilise two catalytic subunits of PI3K for axon regeneration: p110α and p110δ. However, in the CNS, axonal PIP3 decreases with development at the time when axon transport declines and regenerative competence is lost. Overexpressing p110α in CNS neurons had no effect; however, expression of p110δ restored axonal PIP3 and increased regenerative axon transport. p110δ expression enhanced CNS regeneration in both rat and human neurons and in transgenic mice, functioning in the same way as the hyperactivating H1047R mutation of p110α. Furthermore, viral delivery of p110δ promoted robust regeneration after optic nerve injury. These findings establish a deficit of axonal PIP3 as a key reason for intrinsic regeneration failure and demonstrate that native p110δ facilitates axon regeneration by functioning in a hyperactive fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor SystemsNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Barber
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rachel S Evans
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Craig S Pearson
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Amy R MacQueen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteCambridgeUK
| | - Susan van Erp
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Barbara Haenzi
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lianne A Hulshof
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew Osborne
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Raquel Conceicao
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Tasneem Z Khatib
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sarita S Deshpande
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joshua Cave
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Keith R Martin
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaRoyal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalMelbourneVic.Australia
- OphthalmologyDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre of Reconstructive NeuroscienceInstitute of Experimental MedicineCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Richard Eva
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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58
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Retinal energy metabolism in health and glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100881. [PMID: 32712136 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Energy metabolism refers to the processes by which life transfers energy to do cellular work. The retina's relatively large energy demands make it vulnerable to energy insufficiency. In addition, evolutionary pressures to optimize human vision have been traded against retinal ganglion cell bioenergetic fragility. Details of the metabolic profiles of the different retinal cells remain poorly understood and are challenging to resolve. Detailed immunohistochemical mapping of the energy pathway enzymes and substrate transporters has provided some insights and highlighted interspecies differences. The different spatial metabolic patterns between the vascular and avascular retinas can account for some inconsistent data in the literature. There is a consilience of evidence that at least some individuals with glaucoma have impaired RGC energy metabolism, either due to impaired nutrient supply or intrinsic metabolic perturbations. Bioenergetic-based therapy for glaucoma has a compelling pathophysiological foundation and is supported by recent successes in animal models. Recent demonstrations of visual and electrophysiological neurorecovery in humans with glaucoma is highly encouraging and motivates longer duration trials investigating bioenergetic neuroprotection.
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59
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Beykin G, Norcia AM, Srinivasan VJ, Dubra A, Goldberg JL. Discovery and clinical translation of novel glaucoma biomarkers. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100875. [PMID: 32659431 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma and other optic neuropathies are characterized by progressive dysfunction and loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Given the high prevalence of glaucoma-related blindness and the availability of treatment options, improving the diagnosis and precise monitoring of progression in these conditions is paramount. Here we review recent progress in the development of novel biomarkers for glaucoma in the context of disease pathophysiology and we propose future steps for the field, including integration of exploratory biomarker outcomes into prospective therapeutic trials. We anticipate that, when validated, some of the novel glaucoma biomarkers discussed here will prove useful for clinical diagnosis and prediction of progression, as well as monitoring of clinical responses to standard and investigational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gala Beykin
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
| | - Anthony M Norcia
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Vivek J Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 96817, USA.
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
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60
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Losiewicz MK, Elghazi L, Fingar DC, Rajala RVS, Lentz SI, Fort PE, Abcouwer SF, Gardner TW. mTORC1 and mTORC2 expression in inner retinal neurons and glial cells. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108131. [PMID: 32622801 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The retina is one of the most metabolically active tissues, yet the processes that control retinal metabolism remains poorly understood. The mTOR complex (mTORC) that drives protein and lipid biogenesis and autophagy has been studied extensively in regards to retinal development and responses to optic nerve injury but the processes that regulate homeostasis in the adult retina have not been determined. We previously demonstrated that normal adult retina has high rates of protein synthesis compared to skeletal muscle, associated with high levels of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase that forms multi-subunit complexes that sense and integrate diverse environmental cues to control cell and tissue physiology. This study was undertaken to: 1) quantify expression of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)- and mTORC2-specific partner proteins in normal adult rat retina, brain and liver; and 2) to localize these components in normal human, rat, and mouse retinas. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation studies revealed greater expression of raptor (exclusive to mTORC1) and rictor (exclusive for mTORC2) in normal rat retina relative to liver or brain, as well as the activating mTORC components, pSIN1 and pPRAS40. By contrast, liver exhibits greater amounts of the mTORC inhibitor, DEPTOR. Immunolocalization studies for all three species showed that mTOR, raptor, and rictor, as well as most other known components of mTORC1 and mTORC2, were primarily localized in the inner retina with mTORC1 primarily in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and mTORC2 primarily in glial cells. In addition, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6, a direct target of the mTORC1 substrate ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1), was readily detectable in RGCs, indicating active mTORC1 signaling, and was preserved in human donor eyes. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the inner retina expresses high levels of mTORC1 and mTORC2 and possesses active mTORC1 signaling that may provide cell- and tissue-specific regulation of homeostatic activity. These findings help to define the physiology of the inner retina, which is key for understanding the pathophysiology of optic neuropathies, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raju V S Rajala
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Stephen I Lentz
- Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, United States
| | - Patrice E Fort
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, United States; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, United States
| | | | - Thomas W Gardner
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, United States; Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, United States; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, United States.
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61
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Romeo-Guitart D, Leiva-Rodríguez T, Casas C. SIRT2 Inhibition Improves Functional Motor Recovery After Peripheral Nerve Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1197-1211. [PMID: 32323205 PMCID: PMC7609484 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin-2 (Sirt2) is a member of the NAD (+)-dependent protein deacetylase family involved in neuroprotection, cellular metabolism, homeostasis, and stress responses after injury of the nervous system. So far, no data have been published describing the role of SIRT2 in motor functional recovery after damage. We found that SIRT2 expression and deacetylase activity were increased within motoneurons after axotomy. To shed light onto the biological relevance of this change, we combined in vitro and in vivo models with pharmacological and genetic ablation approaches. We found that SIRT2 KO (knockout) mice exhibited improved functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush. SIRT2 activity blockage, using AK7, increased neurite outgrowth and length in organotypic spinal cord cultures and human cell line models. SIRT2 blockage enhanced the acetyltransferase activity of p300, which in turn increased the levels of an acetylated form of p53 (Ac-p53 k373), histone 3 (Ac-H3K9), and expression of GAP43, a downstream marker of regeneration. Lastly, we verified that p300 acetyltransferase activity is essential for these effects. Our results suggest that bolstering an epigenetic shift that promotes SIRT2 inhibition can be an effective therapy to increase functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Romeo-Guitart
- Institut de Neurociències (INc) and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tatiana Leiva-Rodríguez
- Institut de Neurociències (INc) and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caty Casas
- Institut de Neurociències (INc) and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Unitat de Fisiologia Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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62
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VanderWall KB, Huang KC, Pan Y, Lavekar SS, Fligor CM, Allsop AR, Lentsch KA, Dang P, Zhang C, Tseng HC, Cummins TR, Meyer JS. Retinal Ganglion Cells With a Glaucoma OPTN(E50K) Mutation Exhibit Neurodegenerative Phenotypes when Derived from Three-Dimensional Retinal Organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:52-66. [PMID: 32531194 PMCID: PMC7363877 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) serve as the connection between the eye and the brain, with this connection disrupted in glaucoma. Numerous cellular mechanisms have been associated with glaucomatous neurodegeneration, and useful cellular models of glaucoma allow for the precise analysis of degenerative phenotypes. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) serve as powerful tools for studying human disease, particularly cellular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Thus, efforts focused upon hPSCs with an E50K mutation in the Optineurin (OPTN) gene, a leading cause of inherited forms of glaucoma. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing introduced the OPTN(E50K) mutation into existing lines of hPSCs, as well as generating isogenic controls from patient-derived lines. RGCs differentiated from OPTN(E50K) hPSCs exhibited numerous neurodegenerative deficits, including neurite retraction, autophagy dysfunction, apoptosis, and increased excitability. These results demonstrate the utility of OPTN(E50K) RGCs as an in vitro model of neurodegeneration, with the opportunity to develop novel therapeutic approaches for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin B VanderWall
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kang-Chieh Huang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yanling Pan
- Indiana BioMedical Gateway Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sailee S Lavekar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Clarisse M Fligor
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anna R Allsop
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kelly A Lentsch
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pengtao Dang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Henry C Tseng
- Duke Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Theodore R Cummins
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jason S Meyer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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63
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Liu HH, Jan YN. Mechanisms of neurite repair. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 63:53-58. [PMID: 32278210 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Upon receiving injury signals, neurons can activate various pathways to reduce harm, initiate neuroprotection, and repair damaged neurite without cell death. Here, we review recent progresses in the study of neurite repair focusing on neuronal cell-autonomous mechanisms, including new findings on ion channels that serve as key regulators to initiate neurite repair and intrinsic signaling pathways and transcriptional and post-transcriptional factors that facilitate neurite repair. We also touch upon reports on how dendrites may be affected upon axotomy and how the regeneration potential in injured neurites might be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsuan Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Luo J, Ting CY, Li Y, McQueen P, Lin TY, Hsu CP, Lee CH. Antagonistic regulation by insulin-like peptide and activin ensures the elaboration of appropriate dendritic field sizes of amacrine neurons. eLife 2020; 9:50568. [PMID: 32175842 PMCID: PMC7075694 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing appropriate sizes and shapes of dendritic arbors is critical for proper wiring of the central nervous system. Here we report that Insulin-like Peptide 2 (DILP2) locally activates transiently expressed insulin receptors in the central dendrites of Drosophila Dm8 amacrine neurons to positively regulate dendritic field elaboration. We found DILP2 was expressed in L5 lamina neurons, which have axonal terminals abutting Dm8 dendrites. Proper Dm8 dendrite morphogenesis and synapse formation required insulin signaling through TOR (target of rapamycin) and SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein), acting in parallel with previously identified negative regulation by Activin signaling to provide robust control of Dm8 dendrite elaboration. A simulation of dendritic growth revealed trade-offs between dendritic field size and robustness when branching and terminating kinetic parameters were constant, but dynamic modulation of the parameters could mitigate these trade-offs. We suggest that antagonistic DILP2 and Activin signals from different afferents appropriately size Dm8 dendritic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Luo
- Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Chun-Yuan Ting
- Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Philip McQueen
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Tzu-Yang Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Hon Lee
- Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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65
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Nye DMR, Albertson RM, Weiner AT, Hertzler JI, Shorey M, Goberdhan DCI, Wilson C, Janes KA, Rolls MM. The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror is required for dendrite regeneration in Drosophila neurons. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000657. [PMID: 32163406 PMCID: PMC7067388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While many regulators of axon regeneration have been identified, very little is known about mechanisms that allow dendrites to regenerate after injury. Using a Drosophila model of dendrite regeneration, we performed a candidate screen of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and found a requirement for RTK-like orphan receptor (Ror). We confirmed that Ror was required for regeneration in two different neuron types using RNA interference (RNAi) and mutants. Ror was not required for axon regeneration or normal dendrite development, suggesting a specific role in dendrite regeneration. Ror can act as a Wnt coreceptor with frizzleds (fzs) in other contexts, so we tested the involvement of Wnt signaling proteins in dendrite regeneration. We found that knockdown of fz, dishevelled (dsh), Axin, and gilgamesh (gish) also reduced dendrite regeneration. Moreover, Ror was required to position dsh and Axin in dendrites. We recently found that Wnt signaling proteins, including dsh and Axin, localize microtubule nucleation machinery in dendrites. We therefore hypothesized that Ror may act by regulating microtubule nucleation at baseline and during dendrite regeneration. Consistent with this hypothesis, localization of the core nucleation protein γTubulin was reduced in Ror RNAi neurons, and this effect was strongest during dendrite regeneration. In addition, dendrite regeneration was sensitive to partial reduction of γTubulin. We conclude that Ror promotes dendrite regeneration as part of a Wnt signaling pathway that regulates dendritic microtubule nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. R. Nye
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Albertson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexis T. Weiner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Ian Hertzler
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Clive Wilson
- Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Janes
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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66
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67
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Mak HK, Ng SH, Ren T, Ye C, Leung CKS. Impact of PTEN/SOCS3 deletion on amelioration of dendritic shrinkage of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve injury. Exp Eye Res 2020; 192:107938. [PMID: 31972211 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, leading to irreversible blindness in chronic optic neuropathies, commonly begins with dendritic shrinkage followed by axon degeneration. Although limited axon regeneration in the optic nerve is possible with a genetic deletion of PTEN/SOCS3 after optic nerve injury, the roles of PTEN/SOCS3 on dendritic preservation and regeneration remain unclear. This study investigated the effect of PTEN/SOCS3 genetic deletion on the structural integrity of RGC dendrites and axons in the retina following optic nerve crush. Using time-lapse, in vivo confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to serially image dendritic and axonal arborizations of RGCs over six months after injury, RGC dendrites and axons were only preserved in Thy-1-YFP/PTEN-/- and Thy-1-YFP/PTEN-/-SOCS3-/- mice, and axons in the retina regenerated at a rate of 21.1 μm/day and 15.5 μm/day, respectively. By contrast, dendritic complexity significantly decreased in Thy-1-YFP-SOCS3-/- and control mice at a rate of 7.0 %/day and 7.1 %/day, respectively, and no axon regeneration in the retina was observed. RGC survival probability was higher in Thy-1-YFP/PTEN-/- and Thy-1-YFP/PTEN-/-SOCS3-/- mice compared with Thy-1-YFP-SOCS3-/- and control mice. The differential responses between the transgenic mice demonstrate that although a genetic deletion of PTEN, SOCS3, or PTEN/SOCS3 allows partial axon regeneration in the optic nerve after optic nerve crush, a deletion of PTEN, but not SOCS3, ameliorates RGC dendritic shrinkage. This shows that the signaling pathways involved in promoting axon regeneration do not equally contribute to the preservation of dendrites, which is crucial to the translational application of neuroregenerative therapies for visual restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Mak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shuk Han Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tianmin Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Cong Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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68
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Tran NM, Shekhar K, Whitney IE, Jacobi A, Benhar I, Hong G, Yan W, Adiconis X, Arnold ME, Lee JM, Levin JZ, Lin D, Wang C, Lieber CM, Regev A, He Z, Sanes JR. Single-Cell Profiles of Retinal Ganglion Cells Differing in Resilience to Injury Reveal Neuroprotective Genes. Neuron 2019; 104:1039-1055.e12. [PMID: 31784286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal types in the central nervous system differ dramatically in their resilience to injury or other insults. Here we studied the selective resilience of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve crush (ONC), which severs their axons and leads to death of ∼80% of RGCs within 2 weeks. To identify expression programs associated with differential resilience, we first used single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to generate a comprehensive molecular atlas of 46 RGC types in adult retina. We then tracked their survival after ONC; characterized transcriptomic, physiological, and morphological changes that preceded degeneration; and identified genes selectively expressed by each type. Finally, using loss- and gain-of-function assays in vivo, we showed that manipulating some of these genes improved neuronal survival and axon regeneration following ONC. This study provides a systematic framework for parsing type-specific responses to injury and demonstrates that differential gene expression can be used to reveal molecular targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Tran
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Irene E Whitney
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne Jacobi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Inbal Benhar
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Material Science and Engineering and Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xian Adiconis
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - McKinzie E Arnold
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joshua Z Levin
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dingchang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles M Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA and Department of Biology and Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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69
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Faiq MA, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Chan KC. Cholinergic nervous system and glaucoma: From basic science to clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 72:100767. [PMID: 31242454 PMCID: PMC6739176 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic system has a crucial role to play in visual function. Although cholinergic drugs have been a focus of attention as glaucoma medications for reducing eye pressure, little is known about the potential modality for neuronal survival and/or enhancement in visual impairments. Citicoline, a naturally occurring compound and FDA approved dietary supplement, is a nootropic agent that is recently demonstrated to be effective in ameliorating ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular diseases, memory disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in both humans and animal models. The mechanisms of its action appear to be multifarious including (i) preservation of cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, and arachidonic acid contents of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, (ii) restoration of phosphatidylcholine, (iii) stimulation of glutathione synthesis, (iv) lowering glutamate concentrations and preventing glutamate excitotoxicity, (v) rescuing mitochondrial function thereby preventing oxidative damage and onset of neuronal apoptosis, (vi) synthesis of myelin leading to improvement in neuronal membrane integrity, (vii) improving acetylcholine synthesis and thereby reducing the effects of mental stress and (viii) preventing endothelial dysfunction. Such effects have vouched for citicoline as a neuroprotective, neurorestorative and neuroregenerative agent. Retinal ganglion cells are neurons with long myelinated axons which provide a strong rationale for citicoline use in visual pathway disorders. Since glaucoma is a form of neurodegeneration involving retinal ganglion cells, citicoline may help ameliorate glaucomatous damages in multiple facets. Additionally, trans-synaptic degeneration has been identified in humans and experimental models of glaucoma suggesting the cholinergic system as a new brain target for glaucoma management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb A Faiq
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin C Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Radiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Center for Neural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States.
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70
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Berry M, Ahmed Z, Logan A. Return of function after CNS axon regeneration: Lessons from injury-responsive intrinsically photosensitive and alpha retinal ganglion cells. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 71:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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71
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Saragovi HU, Galan A, Levin LA. Neuroprotection: Pro-survival and Anti-neurotoxic Mechanisms as Therapeutic Strategies in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:231. [PMID: 31244606 PMCID: PMC6563757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are a subset of the neurotrophic factor family. These growth factors were originally named based on the nerve growth functional assays used to identify them. NTs act as paracrine or autocrine factors for cells expressing NT receptors. The receptors and their function have been studied primarily in cells of the nervous system, but are also present in the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems, as well as in many neoplastic cells. The signals activated by NTs can be varied, depending on cellular stage and context, healthy or disease states, and depending on whether the specific NTs and their receptors are expressed in the relevant cells. In the healthy central and peripheral adult nervous systems, NTs drive neuronal survival, phenotype, synaptic maintenance, and function. Deficiencies of the NT/NT receptor axis are causally associated with disease onset or disease progression. Paradoxically, NTs can also drive synaptic loss and neuronal death. In the embryonic stage this activity is essential for proper developmental pruning of the nervous system, but in the adult it can be associated with neurodegenerative disease. Given their key role in neuronal survival and death, NTs and NT receptors have long been considered therapeutic targets to achieve neuroprotection. The first neuroprotective approaches consisted of enhancing neuronal survival signals using NTs. Later strategies selectively targeted receptors to induce survival signals specifically, while avoiding activation of death signals. Recently, the concept of selectively targeting receptors to reduce neuronal death signals has emerged. Here, we review the rationale of each neuroprotective strategy with respect to the complex cell biology and pharmacology of each target receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alba Galan
- Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leonard A Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Mcgill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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72
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Beckers A, Moons L. Dendritic shrinkage after injury: a cellular killer or a necessity for axonal regeneration? Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1313-1316. [PMID: 30860164 PMCID: PMC6524513 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.253505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrites form an essential component of the neuronal circuit have been largely overlooked in regenerative research. Nevertheless, subtle changes in the dendritic arbors of neurons are one of the first stages of various neurodegenerative diseases, leading to dysfunctional neuronal networks and ultimately cellular death. Maintaining dendrites is therefore considered an essential neuroprotective strategy. This mini-review aims to discuss an intriguing hypothesis, which postulates that dendritic shrinkage is an important stimulant to boost axonal regeneration, and thus that preserving dendrites might not be the ideal therapeutic method to regain a full functional network upon central nervous system damage. Indeed, our study in zebrafish, a versatile animal model with robust regenerative capacity recently unraveled that dendritic retraction is evoked prior to axonal regrowth after optic nerve injury. Strikingly, inhibiting dendritic pruning upon damage perturbed axonal regeneration. This constraining effect of dendrites on axonal regrowth has sporadically been proposed in literature, as summarized in this short narrative. In addition, the review discusses a plausible underlying mechanism for the observed antagonistic axon-dendrite interplay, which is based on energy restriction inside neurons. Axonal injury indeed leads to a high local energy demand in which efficient axonal energy supply is fundamental to ensure regrowth. At the same time, axonal lesion is known to induce mitochondrial depolarization, causing energy depletion in the axonal compartment of damaged neurons. Mitochondria, however, become mostly stationary after development, which has been proposed as a potential underlying reason for the low regenerative capacity of adult mammals. Per contra, upon reduced neuronal activity, mitochondrial mobility enhances. In this view, dendritic shrinkage after axonal injury in zebrafish could result in less synaptic input and hence, a release of mitochondria within the soma-dendrite compartment that then translocate to the axonal growth cone to stimulate axonal regeneration. If this hypothesis proofs to be correct, i.e. dendritic remodeling serving as fuel for axonal regeneration, we envision a major shift in the research focus within the neuroregenerative field and in the potential uncovering of various novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Beckers
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Varadarajan SG, Huberman AD. Assembly and repair of eye-to-brain connections. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:198-209. [PMID: 30339988 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vision is the sense humans rely on most to navigate the world and survive. A tremendous amount of research has focused on understanding the neural circuits for vision and the developmental mechanisms that establish them. The eye-to-brain, or 'retinofugal' pathway remains a particularly important model in these contexts because it is essential for sight, its overt anatomical features relate to distinct functional attributes and those features develop in a tractable sequence. Much progress has been made in understanding the growth of retinal axons out of the eye, their selection of targets in the brain, the development of laminar and cell type-specific connectivity within those targets, and also dendritic connectivity within the retina itself. Moreover, because the retinofugal pathway is prone to degeneration in many common blinding diseases, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that establish connectivity early in life stands to provide valuable insights into approaches that re-wire this pathway after damage or loss. Here we review recent progress in understanding the development of retinofugal pathways and how this information is important for improving visual circuit regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supraja G Varadarajan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Andrew D Huberman
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States; BioX, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States; Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.
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74
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Peterson SL, Benowitz LI. Mammalian dendritic regrowth: a new perspective on neural repair. Brain 2018; 141:1891-1894. [PMID: 30053179 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Peterson
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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