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Zhang YH, Hao QQ, Wang XY, Chen X, Wang N, Zhu L, Li SY, Yu QT, Dong B. ACE2 activity was increased in atherosclerotic plaque by losartan: Possible relation to anti-atherosclerosis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:292-300. [PMID: 25070352 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314542829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of critical care Medicine, the Affiliated baoan Hospital of Nanfang Medical University, Shenzhen
| | - Qing Qing Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Departmentof Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shu Ying Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing tao Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of critical care Medicine, the Affiliated baoan Hospital of Nanfang Medical University, Shenzhen
- Departmentof Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Patel VB, Zhong JC, Fan D, Basu R, Morton JS, Parajuli N, McMurtry MS, Davidge ST, Kassiri Z, Oudit GY. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a critical determinant of angiotensin II-induced loss of vascular smooth muscle cells and adverse vascular remodeling. Hypertension 2014; 64:157-64. [PMID: 24799609 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is a key negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and metabolizes angiotensin II (Ang II) into Ang 1 to 7. Ang II is a vasoactive peptide, which plays an important role in vascular disease. The objective of the present study was to define the role of ACE2 in pathological vascular remodeling. We found upregulation of ACE2 in dilated human aorta with bicuspid aortic valve and in murine aorta in response to Ang II. Ex vivo pressure myography showed increased vascular stiffness in ACE2 knockout (KO) mesenteric arteries in response to Ang II (1.5 mg/kg per day) and with aging. Histological analyses revealed reduced media-to-lumen ratio in ACE2KO mesenteric arteries with loss of vascular smooth muscle cells. Aortic vascular smooth muscle cells from ACE2KO mice showed markedly increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in response to Ang II along with increased cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-8 levels in the ACE2KO aorta. Ang II type 1 receptor blockade and Ang 1 to 7 supplementation prevented the increase in Ang II-induced reactive oxygen species and apoptotic cell death. In the aorta, Ang II resulted in thoracic and abdominal aortic dilation with loss of vascular smooth muscle cell density in ACE2KO aorta as revealed by α-smooth muscle actin, calponin staining, and electron microscopy with increased promatrix metalloproteinase 2, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels. ACE2 is upregulated in vascular diseases, and ACE2 deficiency exacerbates Ang II-mediated vascular remodeling driven by increased reactive oxygen species and vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis. In conclusion, the key counter-regulatory role of ACE2 against an activated renin-angiotensin system provides novel insights into the role of ACE2 in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav B Patel
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.B.P., N.P., M.S.M., G.Y.O.), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (V.B.P., D.F., R.B., N.P., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), Department of Physiology (D.F., R.B., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.S.M., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Jiu-Chang Zhong
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.B.P., N.P., M.S.M., G.Y.O.), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (V.B.P., D.F., R.B., N.P., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), Department of Physiology (D.F., R.B., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.S.M., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Dong Fan
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.B.P., N.P., M.S.M., G.Y.O.), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (V.B.P., D.F., R.B., N.P., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), Department of Physiology (D.F., R.B., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.S.M., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Ratnadeep Basu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.B.P., N.P., M.S.M., G.Y.O.), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (V.B.P., D.F., R.B., N.P., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), Department of Physiology (D.F., R.B., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.S.M., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Jude S Morton
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.B.P., N.P., M.S.M., G.Y.O.), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (V.B.P., D.F., R.B., N.P., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), Department of Physiology (D.F., R.B., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.S.M., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Nirmal Parajuli
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.B.P., N.P., M.S.M., G.Y.O.), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (V.B.P., D.F., R.B., N.P., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), Department of Physiology (D.F., R.B., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.S.M., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Michael Sean McMurtry
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.B.P., N.P., M.S.M., G.Y.O.), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (V.B.P., D.F., R.B., N.P., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), Department of Physiology (D.F., R.B., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.S.M., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Sandra T Davidge
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.B.P., N.P., M.S.M., G.Y.O.), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (V.B.P., D.F., R.B., N.P., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), Department of Physiology (D.F., R.B., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.S.M., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.B.P., N.P., M.S.M., G.Y.O.), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (V.B.P., D.F., R.B., N.P., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), Department of Physiology (D.F., R.B., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.S.M., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.B.P., N.P., M.S.M., G.Y.O.), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (V.B.P., D.F., R.B., N.P., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), Department of Physiology (D.F., R.B., S.T.D., Z.K., G.Y.O.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.S.M., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China (J.-C.Z.).
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Jiang F, Yang J, Zhang Y, Dong M, Wang S, Zhang Q, Liu FF, Zhang K, Zhang C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1-7: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014; 11:413-26. [PMID: 24776703 PMCID: PMC7097196 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and its product angiotensin 1–7 are thought to have effects that counteract the adverse actions of other, better-known renin–angiotensin system (RAS) components Numerous experimental studies have suggested that ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 have notable protective effects in the heart and blood vessels ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the functional importance and signalling mechanisms of angiotensin-1–7-induced actions remain unclear New pharmacological interventions targeting ACE2 are expected to be useful in clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially those associated with overactivation of the conventional RAS More studies, especially randomized controlled clinical trials, are needed to clearly delineate the benefits of therapies targeting angiotensin 1–7 actions
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of the better-known members of the renin–angiotensin system and might, therefore, be useful therapeutic targets in patients with cardiovascular disease. Professor Jiang and colleagues review the evidence for the potential roles of these proteins in various cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has pivotal roles in the regulation of normal physiology and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of other, better known and understood, members of the RAS. The physiological and pathological importance of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 in the cardiovascular system are not completely understood, but numerous experimental studies have indicated that these components have protective effects in the heart and blood vessels. Here, we provide an overview on the basic properties of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 and a summary of the evidence from experimental and clinical studies of various pathological conditions, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes mellitus. ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the relevant functions and signalling mechanisms of actions induced by angiotensin 1–7 have not been conclusively determined. The ACE2–angiotensin 1–7 pathway, however, might provide a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially in patients with overactive RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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