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Abstract
A plethora of genes involved in murine B and T cell development have been identified, and developmental pathways within the primary lymphoid tissues have been well delineated. The generation of a functional, but non-self reacting lymphocyte repertoire results from the completion of several checkpoints during lymphocyte development and competition for survival factors in the periphery. Improved knowledge of these developmental checkpoints and homeostatic mechanisms is critical for understanding human immunodeficiency, leukaemia/lymphoma and autoimmunity, which are conditions where checkpoints and homeostasis are likely to be deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Miosge
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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52
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Call ME, Wucherpfennig KW. The T cell receptor: critical role of the membrane environment in receptor assembly and function. Annu Rev Immunol 2005; 23:101-25. [PMID: 15771567 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cell membranes provide a unique environment for protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that are critical for the assembly and function of the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. Highly specific polar interactions among transmembrane (TM) domains that are uniquely favorable in the lipid environment organize the association of the three signaling dimers with the TCR. Each of these three assembly steps depends on the formation of a three-helix interface between one basic and two acidic residues in the membrane environment. The same polar TM residues that drive assembly also play a central role in quality control and export by directing the retention and degradation of free subunits and partial complexes, while membrane proximal cytoplasmic signals control recycling and degradation of surface receptors. Recent studies also suggest that interactions between the membrane and the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 proteins may be important for receptor triggering.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/immunology
- Humans
- Membrane Lipids/metabolism
- Models, Immunological
- Models, Molecular
- Multiprotein Complexes
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Call
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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53
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Haks MC, Lefebvre JM, Lauritsen JPH, Carleton M, Rhodes M, Miyazaki T, Kappes DJ, Wiest DL. Attenuation of gammadeltaTCR signaling efficiently diverts thymocytes to the alphabeta lineage. Immunity 2005; 22:595-606. [PMID: 15894277 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of the T cell antigen receptor complex (TCR) in alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment remains controversial, in particular whether different TCR isoforms intrinsically favor adoption of a certain lineage. Here, we demonstrate that impairing the signaling capacity of a gammadeltaTCR complex enables it to efficiently direct thymocytes to the alphabeta lineage. In the presence of a ligand, a transgenic gammadeltaTCR mediates almost exclusive adoption of the gammadelta lineage, while in the absence of ligand, the same gammadeltaTCR promotes alphabeta lineage development with efficiency comparable to the pre-TCR. Importantly, attenuating gammadeltaTCR signaling through Lck deficiency causes reduced ERK1/2 activation and Egr expression and diverts thymocytes to the alphabeta lineage even in the presence of ligand. Conversely, ectopic Egr overexpression favors gammadelta T cell development. Our data support a model whereby gammadelta versus alphabeta lineage commitment is controlled by TCR signal strength, which depends critically on the ERK MAPK-Egr pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Early Growth Response Protein 1
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phosphorylation
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle C Haks
- Division of Basic Sciences, Immunobiology Working Group, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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54
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Szymczak AL, Workman CJ, Gil D, Dilioglou S, Vignali KM, Palmer E, Vignali DAA. The CD3ε Proline-Rich Sequence, and Its Interaction with Nck, Is Not Required for T Cell Development and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:270-5. [PMID: 15972658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The CD3epsilon proline-rich sequence (PRS) binds to the cytosolic adaptor molecule Nck after TCR ligation. It has been proposed that this interaction is essential for immunological synapse formation and T cell activation. To assess the physiological importance of the CD3epsilon PRS, we have generated mice that lack this motif (CD3epsilon.PRS(M)). Pull-down experiments demonstrated the inability of Nck to bind to the CD3epsilon PRS in thymocytes from mutant mice after TCR ligation. Surprisingly, no differences were observed in the number and percentage of T cell subsets in the thymus and spleen, and there was no apparent defect in positive or negative selection. Furthermore, the proliferative response of CD3epsilon.PRS(M) T cells to staphylococcal enterotoxin B and anti-CD3 Ab was normal. TCR surface expression, constitutive internalization, and Ag-induced down-modulation were also normal. These data suggest that the interaction between the CD3epsilon PRS and Nck, or any other Src homology 3 domain-containing molecule, is not essential for T cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Szymczak
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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55
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Roifman CM. Studies of patients' thymi aid in the discovery and characterization of immunodeficiency in humans. Immunol Rev 2005; 203:143-55. [PMID: 15661027 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studying the molecular and genetic bases of primary immunodeficiency is valuable at several levels. First, such information directly benefits patients in both short- and long-term management. Sophisticated diagnostic tools based on these studies can be used early and lead to appropriate treatment before potentially fatal infections and complications arise. Genotyping is also critical for future development and implementation of gene therapy. Secondly, investigating primary immunodeficiency helps understand the normal immune system in humans. As described in this report, the roles of zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa (Zap-70), CD25, and CD3delta are substantially different in humans when compared with the roles of homologous molecules in other species. Last, information obtained from these studies can be applied to other fields of investigation. Prominent examples for such applications include the intensive effort to design and produce specific inhibitors of Zap-70 and Janus kinase 3 as specific immunosuppressive agents. Most types of primary immunodeficiency in general and severe combined immunodeficiency in particular are rare and therefore cannot be easily studied by using traditional genetic methodology. Instead, biochemical methods were used to explore for candidate genes as was the case in the discovery of Zap-70 deficiency. Critical to the success of these discoveries was the careful analysis of patients' thymus glands. Detection of abnormalities in the thymus in these patients, which preceded identification of the genetic defect, aided in the assessment of the severity and nature of the immune disorder (primary versus secondary). Such assessment is critical before high-risk bone marrow transplantation. Equally important was the contribution of studies of the thymus to the description of novel phenotype of immunodeficiency as clearly demonstrated in defining CD8 lymphocytopenia, Zap-70 deficiency, and CD25 deficiency. Indeed, analysis of the thymus directly pointed to CD25 as candidate gene. Recently, the study of thymocyte-derived transcripts using DNA microarrays was key to discovering CD3delta deficiency. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of the thymus was critical in pinpointing the roles of Zap-70, CD25, and CD3delta in the development of human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim M Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, and Program of Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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56
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Badran BM, Kunstman K, Stanton J, Moschitta M, Zerghe A, Akl H, Burny A, Wolinsky SM, Willard-Gallo KE. Transcriptional Regulation of the HumanCD3γ Gene: The TATA-LessCD3γ Promoter Functions via an Initiator and Contiguous Sp-Binding Elements. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6238-49. [PMID: 15879122 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence that the CD3gamma gene is specifically targeted in some T cell diseases focused our attention on the need to identify and characterize the elusive elements involved in CD3gamma transcriptional control. In this study, we show that while the human CD3gamma and CD3delta genes are oriented head-to-head and separated by only 1.6 kb, the CD3gamma gene is transcribed from an independent but weak, lymphoid-specific TATA-less proximal promoter. Using RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we demonstrate that a cluster of transcription initiation sites is present in the vicinity of the primary core promoter, and the major start site is situated in a classical initiator sequence. A GT box immediately upstream of the initiator binds Sp family proteins and the general transcription machinery, with the activity of these adjacent elements enhanced by the presence of a second GC box 10 nt further upstream. The primary core promoter is limited to a sequence that extends upstream to -15 and contains the initiator and GT box. An identical GT box located approximately 50 nt from the initiator functions as a weak secondary core promoter and likely generates transcripts originating upstream from the +1. Finally, we show that two previously identified NFAT motifs in the proximal promoter positively (NFATgamma(1)) or negatively (NFATgamma(1) and NFATgamma(2)) regulate expression of the human CD3gamma gene by their differential binding of NFATc1 plus NF-kappaB p50 or NFATc2 containing complexes, respectively. These data elucidate some of the mechanisms controlling expression of the CD3gamma gene as a step toward furthering our understanding of how its transcription is targeted in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam M Badran
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Bordet Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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57
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Okazuka K, Wakabayashi Y, Kashihara M, Inoue J, Sato T, Yokoyama M, Aizawa S, Aizawa Y, Mishima Y, Kominami R. p53 prevents maturation of T cell development to the immature CD4-CD8+ stage in Bcl11b-/- mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:545-9. [PMID: 15694382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Signaling pathways such as the pre-TCR and Wnt pathways regulate alpha/beta T cell differentiation in thymus. Mice lacking an essential component of the pre-TCR exhibit arrest at the (CD4(-)CD8(-)) (CD44(-)CD25(+)) stage (DN3) of thymocyte development, and introduction of p53 deficiency into those mice abrogates this arrest, resulting in transition to the (CD4(+)CD8(+)) double-positive (DP) stage. This paper examines the effect of inactivation of p53 on thymocyte development in Bcl11b(-/-) mice that exhibit arrest at the DN3 or (CD4(-)CD8(+)) immature single-positive (ISP) stage. No DP thymocytes were detected in thymocytes of adoptive transfer experiments in scid mice that were derived from p53(-/-)Bcl11b(-/-) precursors but ISP thymocytes increased in the proportion and in the cell number approximately three times higher than those from Bcl11b(-/-) precursors. Consistently, the level of apoptosis decreased to the level of wild-type precursors. These results suggest that inactivation of p53 is sufficient for DN3 thymocytes to differentiate into the ISP, but not to DP, stage of thymocyte development in Bcl11b(-/-) mice. This provides evidence for a novel p53-mediated checkpoint that regulates the transition from the DN3 to ISP stage of thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okazuka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Asahimachi 1-757, Niigata 951-8122, Japan
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58
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Araki K, Suetake H, Kikuchi K, Suzuki Y. Characterization and expression analysis of CD3? and CD3?/? in fugu, Takifugu rubripes. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:158-63. [PMID: 15756549 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CD3 is an essential component of the CD3-TCR complex. In this report, we describe the cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of the CD3varepsilon and CD3gamma/delta chain genes from fugu, Takifugu rubripes. Two distinct CD3varepsilon homologue cDNAs, designated as CD3varepsilon-1 and CD3varepsilon-2, and a CD3gamma/delta homologue cDNA were isolated from the fugu thymus. The deduced amino acid sequences of these cDNAs exhibit conserved essential CD3 chain motifs and overall structures. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the CD3varepsilon and CD3gamma/delta genes were expressed in lymphoid organs (e.g. thymus, head kidney, trunk kidney and spleen), mucosal tissues (gill, skin, and intestine), and peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL). The CD3 and TCRalpha genes were expressed only in the surface IgM- population, which were separated from PBL using an anti-fugu IgM monoclonal antibody. In addition, in situ hybridization confirmed that CD3-expressing cells were distributed randomly in the head kidney, trunk kidney, and spleen, but in the thymus were restricted to the lymphoid outer zone and epithelioid inner zone only. Collectively, these results suggest that CD3 molecules are useful markers for the identification of T cells in teleost fish. The present study thus provides a critical step in identifying T cells in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Araki
- Fisheries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2971-4 Maisaka, Shizuoka, 431-0211, Japan
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59
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de Saint Basile G, Geissmann F, Flori E, Uring-Lambert B, Soudais C, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Durandy A, Jabado N, Fischer A, Le Deist F. Severe combined immunodeficiency caused by deficiency in either the delta or the epsilon subunit of CD3. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1512-7. [PMID: 15546002 PMCID: PMC525745 DOI: 10.1172/jci22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying a severe combined immunodeficiency characterized by the selective and complete absence of T cells. The condition was found in 5 patients and 2 fetuses from 3 consanguineous families. Linkage analysis performed on the 3 families revealed that the patients were carrying homozygous haplotypes within the 11q23 region, in which the genes encoding the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits of CD3 are located. Patients and affected fetuses from 2 families were homozygous for a mutation in the CD3D gene, and patients from the third family were homozygous for a mutation in the CD3E gene. The thymus from a CD3delta-deficient fetus was analyzed and revealed that T cell differentiation was blocked at entry into the double positive (CD4+CD8+) stage with the accumulation of intermediate CD4-single positive cells. This indicates that CD3delta plays an essential role in promoting progression of early thymocytes toward double-positive stage. Altogether, these findings extend the known molecular mechanisms underlying severe combined immunodeficiency to a new deficiency, i.e., CD3epsilon deficiency, and emphasize the essential roles played by the CD3epsilon and CD3delta subunits in human thymocyte development, since these subunits associate with both the pre-TCR and the TCR.
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60
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Sun ZYJ, Kim ST, Kim IC, Fahmy A, Reinherz EL, Wagner G. Solution structure of the CD3epsilondelta ectodomain and comparison with CD3epsilongamma as a basis for modeling T cell receptor topology and signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16867-72. [PMID: 15557001 PMCID: PMC534738 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407576101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant CD3 subunit dimers (CD3epsilongamma, CD3epsilondelta, and CD3zetazeta) are the signaling components of the alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR). The recently solved structure of murine CD3epsilongamma revealed a unique side-to-side interface and central beta-sheets conjoined between the two C2-set Ig-like ectodomains, with the pairing of the parallel G strands implying a potential concerted piston-type movement for signal transduction. Although CD3gamma and CD3delta each dimerize with CD3epsilon, there are differential CD3 subunit requirements for receptor assembly and signaling among T lineage subpopulations, presumably mandated by structural differences. Here we present the solution structure of the heterodimeric CD3epsilondelta complex. Whereas the CD3epsilon subunit conformation is virtually identical to that in CD3epsilongamma, the CD3delta ectodomain adopts a C1-set Ig fold, with a narrower GFC front face beta-sheet that is more parallel to the ABED back face than those beta-sheets in CD3epsilon and CD3gamma. The dimer interface between CD3delta and CD3epsilon is highly conserved among species and of similar character to that in CD3epsilongamma. Glycosylation sites in CD3delta are arranged such that the glycans may point away from the membrane, consistent with a model of TCR assembly that allows the CD3delta chain to be in close contact with the TCR alpha-chain. This and many other structural and biological features provide a basis for modeling putative TCR/CD3 extracellular domain associations. The fact that the two clusters of transmembrane helices, namely, the three CD3epsilon-CD3gamma-TCRbeta segments and the five CD3epsilon-CD3delta-TCRalpha-CD3zeta-CD3zeta segments, are presumably centered beneath the G strand-paired CD3 heterodimers has important implications for TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu J Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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61
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Basile GDS, Geissmann F, Flori E, Uring-Lambert B, Soudais C, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Durandy A, Jabado N, Fischer A, Deist FL. Severe combined immunodeficiency caused by deficiency in either the δ or the ε subunit of CD3. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200422588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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62
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Pan Q, Gollapudi AS, Dave VP. Biochemical evidence for the presence of a single CD3delta and CD3gamma chain in the surface T cell receptor/CD3 complex. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51068-74. [PMID: 15459203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) consists of an alphabeta heterodimer and associated invariant CD3gamma, delta, epsilon, and zeta chains (TCR/CD3 complex). The general stoichiometry of the receptor complex, which is believed to be one molecule each of TCRalpha, TCRbeta, CD3gamma, and CD3delta and two molecules each of CD3epsilon and CD3zeta, is not clearly understood. Although it has been shown that there are two chains of CD3epsilon and CD3zeta, the stoichiometry of CD3gamma or CD3delta chains in the surface antigen receptor complex has not been determined. In the present study, transgenic mice expressing an altered form of mouse CD3delta and CD3gamma were employed to show that the surface TCR complexes contain one molecule each of CD3delta and CD3gamma. Thymocytes from wild type and CD3 chain transgenic mice on the appropriate knockout background were surface-biotinylated and immunoprecipitated using a specific antibody. The immunoprecipitates were resolved in two dimensions under nonreducing/reducing conditions to determine the stoichiometry of CD3delta and CD3gamma in the surface antigen receptor complex. Our data clearly show the presence of one molecule each of CD3delta and CD3gamma in the surface TCR/CD3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Pan
- Institute de Recherche Clinique de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
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63
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Hagenbeek TJ, Naspetti M, Malergue F, Garçon F, Nunès JA, Cleutjens KBJM, Trapman J, Krimpenfort P, Spits H. The loss of PTEN allows TCR alphabeta lineage thymocytes to bypass IL-7 and Pre-TCR-mediated signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:883-94. [PMID: 15452180 PMCID: PMC2213281 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) negatively regulates cell survival and proliferation mediated by phosphoinositol 3 kinases. We have explored the role of the phosphoinositol(3,4,5)P3-phosphatase PTEN in T cell development by analyzing mice with a T cell-specific deletion of PTEN. Pten(flox/flox)Lck-Cre mice developed thymic lymphomas, but before the onset of tumors, they showed normal thymic cellularity. To reveal a regulatory role of PTEN in proliferation of developing T cells we have crossed PTEN-deficient mice with mice deficient for interleukin (IL)-7 receptor and pre-T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Analysis of mice deficient for Pten and CD3gamma; Pten and gammac; or Pten, gammac, and Rag2 revealed that deletion of PTEN can substitute for both IL-7 and pre-TCR signals. These double- and triple-deficient mice all develop normal levels of CD4CD8 double negative and double positive thymocytes. These data indicate that PTEN is an important regulator of proliferation of developing T cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs J Hagenbeek
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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64
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Lee MS, Hanspers K, Barker CS, Korn AP, McCune JM. Gene expression profiles during human CD4+ T cell differentiation. Int Immunol 2004; 16:1109-24. [PMID: 15210650 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a comprehensive catalogue of phenotypic and functional parameters of human CD4(+) T cell differentiation stages, we have performed microarray gene expression profiling on subpopulations of human thymocytes and circulating naive CD4(+) T cells, including CD3(-)CD4(+)CD8(-) intrathymic T progenitor cells, CD3(int)CD4(+)CD8(+) 'double positive' thymocytes, CD3(high)CD4(+)CD8(-) 'single positive' thymocytes, CD3(+)CD4(+)CD8(-) CD45RA(+)CD62L(+) naive T cells from cord blood and CD3(+)CD4(+)CD8(-) CD45RA(+)CD62L(+) naive T cells from adult blood. These subpopulations were sort-purified to >98% purity and their expressed RNAs were analyzed on Affymetrix Human Genome U133 arrays. Comparison of gene expression signals between these subpopulations and with early passage fetal thymic stromal cultures identify: (i) transcripts that are preferentially expressed in human CD4(+) T cell subpopulations and not in thymic stromal cells; (ii) major shifts in gene expression as progenitor T cells mature into progeny; (iii) preferential expression of transcripts at the progenitor cell stage with plausible relevance to the regulation of expansion and differentiation of these cells; and (iv) preferential expression of potential markers of recent thymic emigrants in naive-phenotype CD4(+) T cells from cord blood. Further evaluation of these findings may lead to a better definition of human thymopoiesis as well as to improved approaches to monitor and to augment the function of this important organ of T cell production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Sup Lee
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
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65
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Zapata DA, Schamel WWA, Torres PS, Alarcón B, Rossi NE, Navarro MN, Toribio ML, Regueiro JR. Biochemical Differences in the αβ T Cell Receptor·CD3 Surface Complex between CD8+ and CD4+ Human Mature T Lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:24485-92. [PMID: 15060077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311455200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported the existence of biochemical and conformational differences in the alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR) complex between CD4(+) and CD8(+) CD3gamma-deficient (gamma(-)) mature T cells. In the present study, we have furthered our understanding and extended the observations to primary T lymphocytes from normal (gamma(+)) individuals. Surface TCR.CD3 components from CD4(+) gamma(-) T cells, other than CD3gamma, were detectable and similar in size to CD4(+) gamma(+) controls. Their native TCR.CD3 complex was also similar to CD4(+) gamma(+) controls, except for an alphabeta(deltaepsilon)(2)zeta(2) instead of an alphabetagammaepsilondeltaepsilonzeta(2) stoichiometry. In contrast, the surface TCRalpha, TCRbeta, and CD3delta chains of CD8(+) gamma(-) T cells did not possess their usual sizes. Using confocal immunofluorescence, TCRalpha was hardly detectable in CD8(+) gamma(-) T cells. Blue native gels (BN-PAGE) demonstrated the existence of a heterogeneous population of TCR.CD3 in these cells. Using primary peripheral blood T lymphocytes from normal (gamma(+)) donors, we performed a broad epitopic scan. In contrast to all other TCR.CD3-specific monoclonal antibodies, RW2-8C8 stained CD8(+) better than it did CD4(+) T cells, and the difference was dependent on glycosylation of the TCR.CD3 complex but independent of T cell activation or differentiation. RW2-8C8 staining of CD8(+) T cells was shown to be more dependent on lipid raft integrity than that of CD4(+) T cells. Finally, immunoprecipitation studies on purified primary CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells revealed the existence of TCR glycosylation differences between the two. Collectively, these results are consistent with the existence of conformational or topological lineage-specific differences in the TCR.CD3 from CD4(+) and CD8(+) wild type T cells. The differences may be relevant for cis interactions during antigen recognition and signal transduction.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Flow Cytometry
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Phenotype
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Zapata
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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66
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Schrum AG, Turka LA, Palmer E. Surface T-cell antigen receptor expression and availability for long-term antigenic signaling. Immunol Rev 2003; 196:7-24. [PMID: 14617194 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-065x.2003.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is important to understand how T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement and signaling are regulated throughout an immune response. This review examines the dynamics of surface TCR expression and signaling capacity during thymic and effector T-cell development. Although the TCR can undergo vast changes in surface expression, T cells remain capable of sustaining TCR engagement for long periods of time. This may be achieved by a combination of mechanisms that involve (a) controlling the quantity of surface TCR available for ligand interaction and (b) controlling the quality of surface TCR expression during T-cell activation. TCR signaling itself appears to be one of the main quantitative modulators of surface TCR expression, and it can cause both downregulation and upregulation at different times of T-cell activation. Recent studies indicate that the degree of upregulation is tunable by the strength of antigenic stimulation. There is evidence that qualitatively distinct forms of the TCR exist, and their potential role in sustained antigenic signaling is also discussed. A goal of future studies will be to better characterize these modulations in surface TCR expression and to clarify their impact on the regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Schrum
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Research, University Hospital-Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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67
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Dadi HK, Simon AJ, Roifman CM. Effect of CD3delta deficiency on maturation of alpha/beta and gamma/delta T-cell lineages in severe combined immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1821-8. [PMID: 14602880 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa031178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harjit K Dadi
- Divisions of Immunology and Allergy and the Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair Program, the Research Institute and the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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68
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Weber A, Infante-Duarte C, Sawcer S, Setakis E, Bellmann-Strobl J, Hensiek A, Rueckert S, Schoenemann C, Benediktsson K, Compston A, Zipp F. A genome-wide German screen for linkage disequilibrium in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 143:79-83. [PMID: 14575919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report on a genome-wide screen for association with multiple sclerosis (MS) in the German population performed using 6000 microsatellite markers. These markers were typed in four DNA pools consisting of 234 MS patients (cases), 209 unrelated controls, 68 index patients from trio families and their 136 parents (related controls). Stringent analysis identified 11 markers showing apparent evidence for association. Five from regions previously identified in linkage studies and two from the MHC region on chromosome 6p21. These MHC markers are known to be in linkage disequilibrium with HLA class II alleles influencing susceptibility to MS. The identification of these markers serves as an important positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Weber
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Charitè University Hospital, 10098 Berlin, Germany
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69
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Kramer MF, Cook WJ, Roth FP, Zhu J, Holman H, Knipe DM, Coen DM. Latent herpes simplex virus infection of sensory neurons alters neuronal gene expression. J Virol 2003; 77:9533-41. [PMID: 12915567 PMCID: PMC187408 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.17.9533-9541.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the diseases that it causes in the human population can be attributed to the maintenance of a latent infection within neurons in sensory ganglia. Little is known about the effects of latent infection on the host neuron. We have addressed the question of whether latent HSV infection affects neuronal gene expression by using microarray transcript profiling of host gene expression in ganglia from latently infected versus mock-infected mouse trigeminal ganglia. (33)P-labeled cDNA probes from pooled ganglia harvested at 30 days postinfection or post-mock infection were hybridized to nylon arrays printed with 2,556 mouse genes. Signal intensities were acquired by phosphorimager. Mean intensities (n = 4 replicates in each of three independent experiments) of signals from mock-infected versus latently infected ganglia were compared by using a variant of Student's t test. We identified significant changes in the expression of mouse neuronal genes, including several with roles in gene expression, such as the Clk2 gene, and neurotransmission, such as genes encoding potassium voltage-gated channels and a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. We confirmed the neuronal localization of some of these transcripts by using in situ hybridization. To validate the microarray results, we performed real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analyses for a selection of the genes. These studies demonstrate that latent HSV infection can alter neuronal gene expression and might provide a new mechanism for how persistent viral infection can cause chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha F Kramer
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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70
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Abstract
A functional immune system requires the selection of T lymphocytes expressing receptors that are major histocompatibility complex restricted but tolerant to self-antigens. This selection occurs predominantly in the thymus, where lymphocyte precursors first assemble a surface receptor. In this review we summarize the current state of the field regarding the natural ligands and molecular factors required for positive and negative selection and discuss a model for how these disparate outcomes can be signaled via the same receptor. We also discuss emerging data on the selection of regulatory T cells. Such cells require a high-affinity interaction with self-antigens, yet differentiate into regulatory cells instead of being eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Starr
- Center for Immunology and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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71
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Torres PS, Alcover A, Zapata DA, Arnaud J, Pacheco A, Martín-Fernández JM, Villasevil EM, Sanal O, Regueiro JR. TCR dynamics in human mature T lymphocytes lacking CD3 gamma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5947-55. [PMID: 12794121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.5947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of CD3gamma to the surface expression, internalization, and intracellular trafficking of the TCR/CD3 complex (TCR) has not been completely defined. However, CD3gamma is believed to be crucial for constitutive as well as for phorbol ester-induced internalization. We have explored TCR dynamics in resting and stimulated mature T lymphocytes derived from two unrelated human congenital CD3gamma-deficient (gamma(-)) individuals. In contrast to gamma(-) mutants of the human T cell line Jurkat, which were selected for their lack of membrane TCR and are therefore constitutively surface TCR negative, these natural gamma(-) T cells constitutively expressed surface TCR, mainly through biosynthesis of new chains other than CD3gamma. However, surface (but not intracellular) TCR expression in these cells was less than wild-type cells, and normal surface expression was clearly CD3gamma-dependent, as it was restored by retroviral transduction of CD3gamma. The reduced surface TCR expression was likely caused by an impaired assembly or membrane transport step during recycling, whereas constitutive internalization and degradation were apparently normal. Ab binding to the mutant TCR, but not phorbol ester treatment, caused its down-modulation from the cell surface, albeit at a slower rate than in normal controls. Kinetic confocal analysis indicated that early ligand-induced endocytosis was impaired. After its complete down-modulation, TCR re-expression was also delayed. The results suggest that CD3gamma contributes to, but is not absolutely required for, the regulation of TCR trafficking in resting and Ag-stimulated mature T lymphocytes. The results also indicate that TCR internalization is regulated differently in each case.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Superantigens/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar S Torres
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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72
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Wakabayashi Y, Watanabe H, Inoue J, Takeda N, Sakata J, Mishima Y, Hitomi J, Yamamoto T, Utsuyama M, Niwa O, Aizawa S, Kominami R. Bcl11b is required for differentiation and survival of alphabeta T lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:533-9. [PMID: 12717433 DOI: 10.1038/ni927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2002] [Accepted: 03/19/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The gene Bcl11b, which encodes zinc finger proteins, and its paralog, Bcl11a, are associated with immune-system malignancies. We have generated Bcl11b-deficient mice that show a block at the CD4-CD8- double-negative stage of thymocyte development without any impairment in cells of B- or gammadelta T cell lineages. The Bcl11b-/- thymocytes showed unsuccessful recombination of V(beta) to D(beta) and lacked the pre-T cell receptor (TCR) complex on the cell surface, owing to the absence of Tcrb mRNA expression. In addition, we saw profound apoptosis in the thymus of neonatal Bcl11b-/- mice. These results suggest that Bcl11b is a key regulator of both differentiation and survival during thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Asahimachi 1-757, Niigata 951-8122, Japan
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73
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Haks MC, Belkowski SM, Ciofani M, Rhodes M, Lefebvre JM, Trop S, Hugo P, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Wiest DL. Low activation threshold as a mechanism for ligand-independent signaling in pre-T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2853-61. [PMID: 12626535 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pre-TCR complexes are thought to signal in a ligand-independent manner because they are constitutively targeted to lipid rafts. We report that ligand-independent signaling is not a unique capability of the pre-TCR complex. Indeed, the TCR alpha subunit restores development of pT alpha-deficient thymocytes to the CD4(+)CD8(+) stage even in the absence of conventional MHC class I and class II ligands. Moreover, we found that pre-TCR and alpha beta TCR complexes exhibit no appreciable difference in their association with lipid rafts, suggesting that ligand-independence is a function of the CD4(-)CD8(-) (DN) thymocytes in which pre-TCR signaling occurs. In agreement, we found that only CD44(-)CD25(+) DN thymocytes (DN3) enabled activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases by the pre-TCR complex. DN thymocytes also exhibited a lower signaling threshold relative to CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, which was associated with both the markedly elevated lipid raft content of their plasma membranes and more robust capacitative Ca(2+) entry. Taken together these data suggest that cell-autonomous, ligand-independent signaling is primarily a property of the thymocytes in which pre-TCR signaling occurs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Membrane Microdomains/immunology
- Membrane Microdomains/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Stem Cells/enzymology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/enzymology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle C Haks
- Division of Basic Sciences, Immunobiology Working Group, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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74
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Abstract
Immature double positive (DP) thymocytes bearing a T cell receptor (TCR) that interacts with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules receive signals that induce either their differentiation (positive selection) or apoptosis (negative selection). Furthermore, those cells that are positively selected develop into two different lineages, CD4 or CD8, depending on whether their TCRs bind to MHC class II or I, respectively. Positive selection therefore involves rescue from the default fate (death), lineage commitment, and progression to the single positive (SP) stage. These are probably temporally distinct events that may require both unique and overlapping signals. Work in the past several years has started to unravel the signaling networks that control these processes. One of the first pathways identified as important for positive selection was Ras and its downstream effector, the Erk mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. In this review we examine the factors that connect the TCR to the Ras/Erk cascade in DP thymocytes, as well as what we know about the downstream effectors of the Ras/Erk cascade important for positive selection. We also consider the possible role of this cascade in CD4/CD8 lineage development, and the possible interactions of the Ras/Erk cascade with Notch during these cell fate determination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberola-Ila
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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75
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Abstract
The number of possible T cell activation outcomes resulting from T cell receptor (TCR) engagement suggests that the TCR is able to differentially activate a myriad of signaling pathways depending on the nature of the stimulus. The complex structural organization of the TCR itself could underlie this diversity of responses. Assembly and stoichiometric studies have helped us to shed some light on the initiation of TCR signaling. The TCR is composed of TCR and CD3 dimers. Changes in the interaction between CD3 subunits within the CD3 dimers and in the interaction of these dimers with the TCR heterodimer could be the triggering mechanism that initiates the first activation events. One of the hallmarks of these early changes in TCR conformation is the induced recruitment of the adapter protein Nck to a proline-rich sequence of the cytoplasmic tail of CD3epsilon, but there may be others. According to our most recent observations, the TCR is organized in pre-existing clusters within plasma membrane microdomains, exhibiting a complexity above and beyond that of dimer composition complexity. How the presence of TCR in clusters influences TCR avidity and propagation of TCR signals is something that has yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbino Alarcón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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76
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Hayes SM, Shores EW, Love PE. An architectural perspective on signaling by the pre-, alphabeta and gammadelta T cell receptors. Immunol Rev 2003; 191:28-37. [PMID: 12614349 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multimeric complex composed of an antigen-binding clonotypic heterodimer and a signal transducing complex consisting of the CD3 dimers (CD3gammaepsilon and CD3deltaepsilon) and a TCR-zeta homodimer. In all jawed vertebrates there are two T cell lineages, alphabeta and gammadelta, distinguished by the clonotypic subunits contained within their TCRs (TCR-alpha and -beta or TCR-gamma and -delta, respectively). A third receptor complex, the preTCR, is only expressed on immature T cells. The preTCR, which contains the invariant pre-Talpha (pTalpha) chain in lieu of TCR-alpha, plays a critical role in the early development of alphabeta lineage cells. The subunit composition of the signal transducing complexes of the pre-, alphabeta- and gammadeltaTCRs was previously thought to be identical. However, recent data demonstrate that there are significant differences in the signal transducing complexes of these three TCRs. For example, alphabetaTCRs contain both CD3gammaepsilon and CD3deltaepsilon dimers, whereas gammadeltaTCRs contain only CD3gammaepsilon dimers. Moreover, preTCR function appears to be unaffected in the absence of CD3delta, suggesting that CD3deltaepsilon dimers are dispensable for pre-TCR assembly. In this review, we summarize current data relating to the subunit composition of the pre-, alphabeta- and gammadeltaTCRs and discuss how these structural differences may impact receptor signaling and alphabeta/gammadelta lineage determination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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77
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Doucey MA, Goffin L, Naeher D, Michielin O, Baumgärtner P, Guillaume P, Palmer E, Luescher IF. CD3 delta establishes a functional link between the T cell receptor and CD8. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:3257-64. [PMID: 12215456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208119200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing T cell receptor (TCR) complexes that lack CD3 delta, either due to deletion of the CD3 delta gene, or by replacement of the connecting peptide of the TCR alpha chain, exhibit severely impaired positive selection and TCR-mediated activation of CD8 single-positive T cells. Because the same defects have been observed in mice expressing no CD8 beta or tailless CD8 beta, we examined whether CD3 delta serves to couple TCR.CD3 with CD8. To this end we used T cell hybridomas and transgenic mice expressing the T1 TCR, which recognizes a photoreactive derivative of the PbCS 252-260 peptide in the context of H-2K(d). We report that, in thymocytes and hybridomas expressing the T1 TCR.CD3 complex, CD8 alpha beta associates with the TCR. This association was not observed on T1 hybridomas expressing only CD8 alpha alpha or a CD3 delta(-) variant of the T1 TCR. CD3 delta was selectively co-immunoprecipitated with anti-CD8 antibodies, indicating an avid association of CD8 with CD3 delta. Because CD8 alpha beta is a raft constituent, due to this association a fraction of TCR.CD3 is raft-associated. Cross-linking of these TCR-CD8 adducts results in extensive TCR aggregate formation and intracellular calcium mobilization. Thus, CD3 delta couples TCR.CD3 with raft-associated CD8, which is required for effective activation and positive selection of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Doucey
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
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78
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Abstract
The specificity of the adaptive immune response is, in part, dependent on the clonal expression of the mature T cell receptor (TCR) on T lymphocytes. One mechanism regulating the clonality of the TCR occurs at the level of TCR-beta gene rearrangements during lymphocyte development. Expression of a nascent TCR-beta chain together with pre-Talpha (pTalpha) and CD3 molecules to form the pre-TCR complex, represents a critical checkpoint in T cell differentiation known as beta-selection. Indeed, failure to generate a functionally rearranged TCR-beta chain at this stage of development results in apoptosis. Signals derived from the pre-TCR complex trigger a maturation program within developing thymocytes that includes: rescue from apoptosis; inhibition of further DNA recombination at the TCR-beta gene locus (allowing for the clonality of antigen receptor expression; allelic exclusion); and induction of proliferation and differentiation. The signaling mechanisms that control this developmental program remain largely undefined. Here, we discuss recent evidence investigating the molecular mechanisms that regulate thymocyte differentiation downstream of pre-TCR formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Michie
- Department of Immunology and Bacteriology, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G11 6NT, UK
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79
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Haks MC, Pépin E, van den Brakel JHN, Smeele SAA, Belkowski SM, Kessels HWHG, Krimpenfort P, Kruisbeek AM. Contributions of the T cell receptor-associated CD3gamma-ITAM to thymocyte selection. J Exp Med 2002; 196:1-13. [PMID: 12093866 PMCID: PMC2194018 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in the CD3 chains associated with the T cell receptor (TCR) are crucial for TCR signaling. To probe the role of the CD3gamma-ITAM in T cell development, we created knock-in mice in which the CD3gamma chain of the TCR complex is replaced by a mutant signaling-deficient CD3gamma chain, lacking the CD3gamma-ITAM. This mutation results in considerable impairment in positive selection in the polyclonal TCR repertoire. When CD3gamma-deltaITAM mice are crossed to mice expressing transgenic F5 TCRs, their thymocytes are completely unable to perform positive selection in vivo in response to intrathymic ligands. Also, the in vitro positive selection response of double-positive (DP) thymocytes with F5-CD3gamma-deltaITAM mutant receptors to their agonist ligand and many of its variants is severely impaired or abrogated. Yet, the binding and dissociation constants of agonist ligands for the F5 receptor are not affected by the CD3gamma-deltaITAM mutation. Furthermore, DP thymocytes with mutant receptors can respond to agonist ligand with normal antigen sensitivity and to normal levels, as shown by their ability to induce CD69 up-regulation, TCR down-regulation, negative selection, and ZAP70 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation. In sharp contrast, induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and linker for activation of T cells (LAT) phosphorylation are severely impaired in these cells. Together, these findings underscore that intrinsic properties of the TCR-CD3 complex regulate selection at the DP checkpoint. More importantly, this analysis provides the first direct genetic evidence for a role of the CD3gamma-ITAM in TCR-driven thymocyte selection.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amino Acid Motifs/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Flow Cytometry
- In Vitro Techniques
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Lectins, C-Type
- Ligands
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mutation
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle C Haks
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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80
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Panigada M, Porcellini S, Barbier E, Hoeflinger S, Cazenave PA, Gu H, Band H, von Boehmer H, Grassi F. Constitutive endocytosis and degradation of the pre-T cell receptor. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1585-97. [PMID: 12070286 PMCID: PMC2193560 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pre-T cell receptor (TCR) signals constitutively in the absence of putative ligands on thymic stroma and signal transduction correlates with translocation of the pre-TCR into glycolipid-enriched microdomains (rafts) in the plasma membrane. Here, we show that the pre-TCR is constitutively routed to lysosomes after reaching the cell surface. The cell-autonomous down-regulation of the pre-TCR requires activation of the src-like kinase p56(lck), actin polymerization, and dynamin. Constitutive signaling and degradation represents a feature of the pre-TCR because the gammadeltaTCR expressed in the same cell line does not exhibit these features. This is also evident by the observation that the protein adaptor/ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl is phosphorylated and selectively translocated into rafts in pre-TCR- but not gammadeltaTCR-expressing cells. A role of c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitination in pre-TCR degradation is supported by the reduction of degradation through pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome and through a dominant-negative c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase as well as by increased pre-TCR surface expression on immature thymocytes in c-Cbl-deficient mice. The pre-TCR internalization contributes significantly to the low surface level of the receptor on developing T cells, and may in fact be a requirement for optimal pre-TCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Panigada
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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81
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Sasada T, Touma M, Chang HC, Clayton LK, Wang JH, Reinherz EL. Involvement of the TCR Cbeta FG loop in thymic selection and T cell function. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1419-31. [PMID: 12045240 PMCID: PMC2193539 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2002] [Revised: 03/29/2002] [Accepted: 04/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric disposition of T cell receptor (TCR) Cbeta and Calpha ectodomains creates a cavity with a side-wall formed by the rigid Cbeta FG loop. To investigate the significance of this conserved structure, we generated loop deletion (betaDeltaFG) and betawt transgenic (tg) mice using the TCR beta subunit of the N15 CTL. N15betawt and N15betaDeltaFG H-2(b) animals have comparable numbers of thymocytes in S phase and manifest developmental progression through the CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) compartment. N15betaDeltaFG facilitates transition from DN to CD4(+)8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes in recombinase activating gene (RAG)-2(-/-) mice, showing that pre-TCR function remains. N15betaDeltaFG animals possess approximately twofold more CD8(+) single-positive (SP) thymocytes and lymph node T cells, consistent with enhanced positive selection. As an altered Valpha repertoire observed in N15betaDeltaFG mice may confound the deletion's effect, we crossed N15alphabeta TCR tg RAG-2(-/-) with N15betaDeltaFG tg RAG-2(-/-) H-2(b) mice to generate N15alphabeta RAG-2(-/-) and N15alphabeta.betaDeltaFG RAG-2(-/-) littermates. N15alphabeta.betaDeltaFG RAG-2(-/-) mice show an 8-10-fold increase in DP thymocytes due to reduced negative selection, as evidenced by diminished constitutive and cognate peptide-induced apoptosis. Compared with N15alphabeta, N15alphabeta.betaDeltaFG T cells respond poorly to cognate antigens and weak agonists. Thus, the Cbeta FG loop facilitates negative selection of thymocytes and activation of T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cattle
- Cell Division
- Cell Lineage
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dogs
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Sasada
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
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82
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Abstract
Alpha beta and gamma delta T cells are distinguished by the clonotypic subunits contained within their TCRs. Although the alpha beta TCR has been well characterized, much less is known about the gamma delta TCR. Here, we report that, unlike alpha beta T CRs, most gamma delta TCRs expressed on ex vivo gamma delta T cells lack CD3 delta. Despite this structural difference, signal transduction by the gamma delta TCR is superior to that of the alpha beta TCR, as measured by its ability to induce calcium mobilization, ERK activation, and cellular proliferation. Additionally, the TCR complexes expressed on primary gamma delta T cells contain only zeta zeta homodimers; however, following activation and expansion, Fc epsilon R1 gamma is expressed and is included in the gamma delta TCR complex. These results reveal fundamental differences in the primary structure and signaling potential of the alpha beta- and gamma delta TCR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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83
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Allison TJ, Garboczi DN. Structure of gammadelta T cell receptors and their recognition of non-peptide antigens. Mol Immunol 2002; 38:1051-61. [PMID: 11955597 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The gammadelta T cell receptors (TCRs) and alphabeta TCRs are similar in both sequence and structure; however, gammadelta+ and alphabeta+ T cells are not merely similar lymphocytes with subtly different receptors. These cell types differ in several ways, including the types of antigens recognized, the mechanism of antigen presentation and recognition and the mechanism and kinetics of downstream signaling events. gammadelta TCRs can directly recognize antigens in the form of intact proteins or non-peptidic compounds, unlike alphabeta TCRs which recognize peptide antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC). One of the major classes of human gammadelta+ T cells expresses Vgamma9Vdelta2 TCRs which recognize pyrophosphomonoester, alkylamine and aminobisphosphonate antigens. This review focuses on the recently determined structure of a Vgamma9Vdelta2 TCR, with emphasis on antigen recognition and receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Allison
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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84
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von Essen M, Menné C, Nielsen BL, Lauritsen JPH, Dietrich J, Andersen PS, Karjalainen K, Ødum N, Geisler C. The CD3 gamma leucine-based receptor-sorting motif is required for efficient ligand-mediated TCR down-regulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4519-23. [PMID: 11970997 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
TCR down-regulation plays an important role in modulating T cell responses both during T cell development and in mature T cells. At least two distinct pathways exist for down-regulation of the TCR. One pathway is activated following TCR ligation and is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation. The other pathway is dependent on protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated activation of the CD3 gamma di-leucine-based receptor-sorting motif. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate a connection between ligand- and PKC-induced TCR down-regulation. Thus, although an apparent paradox, the dogma has been that ligand- and PKC-induced TCR down-regulations are not interrelated. By analyses of a newly developed CD3 gamma-negative T cell variant, freshly isolated and PHA-activated PBMC, and a mouse T cell line, we challenged this dogma and demonstrate in this work that PKC activation and the CD3 gamma di-leucine-based motif are indeed required for efficient ligand-induced TCR down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina von Essen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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85
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Law CL, Hayden-Ledbetter M, Buckwalter S, McNeill L, Nguyen H, Habecker P, Thorne BA, Dua R, Ledbetter JA. Expression and characterization of recombinant soluble human CD3 molecules: presentation of antigenic epitopes defined on the native TCR-CD3 complex. Int Immunol 2002; 14:389-400. [PMID: 11934875 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/14.4.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The TCR-CD3 complex consists of the clonotypic disulfide-linked TCRalphabeta or TCRdeltagamma heterodimers, and the invariant CD3delta, epsilon, gamma and zeta chains. We generated plasmid constructs expressing the extracellular domains of the CD3delta, epsilon or gamma subunits fused to human IgG1 Fc. Recombinant fusion proteins consisting of individual CD3delta, epsilon or gamma subunits reacted poorly with anti-CD3 mAb including G19-4, BC3, OKT3 and 64.1. Co-expression of the CD3epsilon-Ig with either the CD3delta-Ig (CD3epsilondelta-Ig) or the CD3gamma-Ig (CD3epsilongamma-Ig) resulted in fusion proteins with much increased binding to G19-4. A brief acid treatment of the purified CD3epsilondelta-Ig fusion protein substantially improved its binding to BC3, OKT3 and 64.1. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that the dissociation constants for CD3epsilondelta-Ig and anti-CD3 mAb ranged from 10(-8) to 10(-9) M. Based on these results, a single-chain (sc) construct encoding the CD3delta chain linked to the CD3epsilon chain with a flexible linker followed by human IgG1 Fc was expressed. The sc CD3deltaepsilon-scIg reacted with anti-CD3 mAb without requiring acid treatment. Moreover, anti-CD3 mAb bound CD3epsilondelta-Ig at a higher affinity than CD3epsilongamma-Ig, suggesting potential structural differences between the CD3epsilondelta and CD3epsilongamma subunits. In summary, we report the expression of soluble recombinant CD3 proteins that demonstrate structural characteristics of the native CD3 complex expressed on the T cell surface. These CD3 fusion proteins can be used to further analyze the structure of the TCR-CD3 complex, and to identify molecules that can interfere with TCR-CD3-mediated signal transduction by disrupting the interaction between CD3 and TCR subunits.
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86
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Carleton M, Haks MC, Smeele SAA, Jones A, Belkowski SM, Berger MA, Linsley P, Kruisbeek AM, Wiest DL. Early growth response transcription factors are required for development of CD4(-)CD8(-) thymocytes to the CD4(+)CD8(+) stage. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1649-58. [PMID: 11823493 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Progression of immature CD4(-)CD8(-) thymocytes beyond the beta-selection checkpoint to the CD4(+)CD8(+) stage requires activation of the pre-TCR complex; however, few of the DNA-binding proteins that serve as molecular effectors of those pre-TCR signals have been identified. We demonstrate in this study that members of the early growth response (Egr) family of transcription factors are critical effectors of the signals that promote this developmental transition. Specifically, the induction of three Egr family members (Egr1, 2, and 3) correlates with pre-TCR activation and development of CD4(-)CD8(-) thymocytes beyond the beta-selection checkpoint. Enforced expression of each of these Egr factors is able to bypass the block in thymocyte development associated with defective pre-TCR function. However, Egr family members may play somewhat distinct roles in promoting thymocyte development, because there are differences in the genes modulated by enforced expression of particular Egr factors. Finally, interfering with Egr function using dominant-negative proteins disrupts thymocyte development from the CD4(-)CD8(-) to the CD4(+)CD8(+) stage. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the Egr proteins play an essential role in executing the differentiation program initiated by pre-TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carleton
- Immunobiology Working Group, Division of Basic Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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87
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Spain LM, Liu P. TCRbeta transmembrane tyrosines are required for pre-TCR function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:127-33. [PMID: 11751955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pre-TCR promotes thymocyte development in the alphabeta lineage. Productive rearrangement of the TCRbeta locus triggers the assembly of the pre-TCR, which includes the pTalpha chain and CD3 epsilongammadeltazeta subunits. This complex receptor signals the up-regulation of CD4 and CD8 expression, thymocyte proliferation/survival, and the cessation of TCRbeta rearrangements (allelic exclusion). In this study, we investigate the function of two conserved tyrosine residues located in the TCRbeta chain transmembrane region of the pre-TCR. We show that replacement of both tyrosines with alanine and expression of the mutant receptor in RAG-1(null) thymocytes prevents surface expression and abolishes pre-TCR function relative to wild-type receptor. Replacement of both tyrosines with phenylalanines (YF double mutant) generates a complex phenotype in which thymocyte survival and proliferation are severely disrupted, differentiation is moderately disrupted, and allelic exclusion is unaffected. We further show that the YF double mutant receptor is expressed on the cell surface and associates with pTalpha and CD3epsilon at the same level as does wild-type TCRbeta, while association of the YF double mutant with CD3zeta is slightly reduced relative to wild type. These data demonstrate that pre-TCR signaling pathways leading to proliferation and survival, differentiation, and allelic exclusion are differently sensitive to subtle mutation-induced alterations in pre-TCR structure.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Survival
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, RAG-1
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Tyrosine/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Spain
- Jerome H. Holland Laboratory for Biomedical Research, American Red Cross, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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88
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Kim D, Xu M, Nie L, Peng XC, Jimi E, Voll RE, Nguyen T, Ghosh S, Sun XH. Helix-loop-helix proteins regulate pre-TCR and TCR signaling through modulation of Rel/NF-kappaB activities. Immunity 2002; 16:9-21. [PMID: 11825562 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
E2A and HEB are basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors essential for T cell development. Complete inhibition of their activities through transgenic overexpression of their inhibitors Id1 and Tal1 leads to a dramatic loss of thymocytes. Here, we suggest that bHLH proteins play important roles in establishing thresholds for pre-TCR and TCR signaling. Inhibition of their function allows double-negative cells to differentiate without a functional pre-TCR, while anti-CD3 stimulation downregulates bHLH activities. We also find that the transcription factor NF-kappaB becomes activated in transgenic thymocytes. Further activation of NF-kappaB exacerbates the loss of thymocytes, whereas inhibition of NF-kappaB leads to the rescue of double-positive thymocytes. Therefore, we propose that E2A and HEB negatively regulate pre-TCR and TCR signaling and their removal causes hyperactivation and apoptosis of thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsoo Kim
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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89
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Mancini SJ, Candéias SM, Di Santo JP, Ferrier P, Marche PN, Jouvin-Marche E. TCRA gene rearrangement in immature thymocytes in absence of CD3, pre-TCR, and TCR signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4485-93. [PMID: 11591775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During thymocyte differentiation, TCRA genes are massively rearranged only after productively rearranged TCRB genes are expressed in association with pTalpha and CD3 complex molecules within a pre-TCR. Signaling from the pre-TCR via the CD3 complex is thought to be required to promote TCRA gene accessibility and recombination. However, alphabeta(+) thymocytes do develop in pTalpha-deficient mice, showing that TCRalpha-chain genes are rearranged, either in CD4(-)CD8(-) or CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, in the absence of pre-TCR expression. In this study, we analyzed the TCRA gene recombination status of early immature thymocytes in mutant mice with arrested thymocyte development, deficient for either CD3 or pTalpha and gammac expression. ADV genes belonging to different families were found rearranged to multiple AJ segments in both cases. Thus, TCRA gene rearrangement is independent of CD3 and gammac signaling. However, CD3 expression was found to play a role in transcription of rearranged TCRalpha-chain genes in CD4(-)CD8(-) thymocytes. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the molecular control of early T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Mancini
- Laboratoire d'Immunochimie, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U548, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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90
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Alibaud L, Arnaud J, Llobera R, Rubin B. On the role of CD3delta chains in TCRgammadelta/CD3 complexes during assembly and membrane expression. Scand J Immunol 2001; 54:155-62. [PMID: 11439162 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed in order to analyze whether T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 assembly, intracellular transport and surface expression are carried in a similar way in alphabeta-and gammadelta-T cells. By means of optimal immunoprecipitation conditions with 35S-methionine/cysteine- or biotin-labelled TCR/CD3 proteins from alphabeta- or gammadelta-T-lymphoma-cell lines, as well as TCRgammadelta cDNA transfectants, it was found that CD3delta chains associate less strongly with TCRgammadelta heterodimers compared to TCRalphabeta heterodimers. This preferential reactivity of CD3delta chains appears to be structural and not owing to differences in gammadelta- versus alphabeta-T-cell intracellular environments. Our results are in accordance firstly, with data from CD3delta-deficient mice, which have gammadelta-T cells but no alphabeta-T cells, secondly with the suggested role of CD3delta chains in the positive selection of alphabeta-T cells, a process apparently not followed by gammadelta-T cells, and lastly with the differential roles of CD3delta chains versus CD3gamma chains, explaining the maintenance of two CD3delta and CD3gamma genes after the duplication from a CD3delta/gamma gene present in avians. The impaired reactivity of CD3delta chains with TCRgammadelta heterodimers seems to be owing to a less efficient association with TCRgamma chains. In contrast, CD3delta chains interact as strongly with TCRdelta chains as do CD3gamma chains with both TCRgamma and TCRdelta chains. These data may explain, at the molecular levels, why surface TCR/CD3 expression levels are impaired in gammadelta-T cells from CD3gamma-deficient mice but not from CD3delta-deficient mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alibaud
- Unité de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (UPCM), CNRS-UPR 2163, Institut Claude de Preval, IFR 30, CHU de Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
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91
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Huynh T, Würch A, Bruyns E, Korinek V, Schraven B, Eichmann K. Developmentally regulated expression of the transmembrane adaptor protein trim in fetal and adult T cells. Scand J Immunol 2001; 54:146-54. [PMID: 11439161 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
TRIM is a recently identified transmembrane adaptor protein which is exclusively expressed in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. In peripheral blood T cells TRIM has been reported to coprecipitate, comodulate, and cocap with the T-cell receptor (TCR), suggesting that it is an integral component of the TCR/CD3/zeta complex. Here we investigate the expression of TRIM mRNAs and proteins in developing thymocytes. Two splicing isoforms with open reading frames are observed, namely a full length (TRIM) and a truncated version (DeltaTM-TRIM). The latter lacks the extracellular and transmembrane domains as well as the first 10 cytoplasmic aminoacids and is significantly expressed only as mRNA in early fetal thymocytes. TRIM mRNA is detected in all mainstream thymocyte subsets in adult mice. TRIM protein, in contrast, first appears in the DN2 (CD44+ CD25+) subset of adult double negative (DN) cells. In fetal thymocyte development, TRIM mRNA is seen from dg 14.5 onwards whereas TRIM protein appears first on dg 16.5. In contrast to the adult, the TRIM protein was seen in a subset of fetal DN1 cells. In fetal and adult thymocytes, TRIM protein expression was highest in DN2, DN3 (CD44-25+) and in DP cells, compatible with a functional role at or around phases of thymic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Huynh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, D-79108 Freiburg, Immunomodulation Laboratory, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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92
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Sun ZJ, Kim KS, Wagner G, Reinherz EL. Mechanisms contributing to T cell receptor signaling and assembly revealed by the solution structure of an ectodomain fragment of the CD3 epsilon gamma heterodimer. Cell 2001; 105:913-23. [PMID: 11439187 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) consists of genetically diverse disulfide-linked alpha and beta chains in noncovalent association with the invariant CD3 subunits. CD3 epsilon and CD3 gamma are integral components of both the TCR and pre-TCR. Here, we present the solution structure of a heterodimeric CD3 epsilon gamma ectodomain complex. A unique side-to-side hydrophobic interface between the two C2-set immunoglobulin-like domains and parallel pairing of their respective C-terminal beta strands are revealed. Mutational analysis confirms the importance of the distinctive linkage as well as the membrane proximal stalk motif (RxCxxCxE) for domain-domain association. These biochemical and structural analyses offer insights into the modular pairwise association of CD3 invariant chains. More importantly, the findings suggest how the rigidified CD3 elements participate in TCR-based signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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93
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Carrasco YR, Ramiro AR, Trigueros C, de Yébenes VG, García-Peydró M, Toribio ML. An endoplasmic reticulum retention function for the cytoplasmic tail of the human pre-T cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain: potential role in the regulation of cell surface pre-TCR expression levels. J Exp Med 2001; 193:1045-58. [PMID: 11342589 PMCID: PMC2193431 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.9.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-T cell receptor (TCR), which consists of a TCR-beta chain paired with pre-TCR-alpha (pTalpha) and associated with CD3/zeta components, is a critical regulator of T cell development. For unknown reasons, extremely low pre-TCR levels reach the plasma membrane of pre-T cells. By transfecting chimeric TCR-alpha-pTalpha proteins into pre-T and mature T cell lines, we show here that the low surface expression of the human pre-TCR is pTalpha chain dependent. Particularly, the cytoplasmic domain of pTalpha is sufficient to reduce surface expression of a conventional TCR-alpha/beta to pre-TCR expression levels. Such reduced expression cannot be attributed to qualitative differences in the biochemical composition of the CD3/zeta modules associated with pre-TCR and TCR surface complexes. Rather, evidence is provided that the pTalpha cytoplasmic tail also causes a reduced surface expression of individual membrane molecules such as CD25 and CD4, which are shown to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Native pTalpha is also observed to be predominantly ER localized. Finally, sequential truncations along the pTalpha cytoplasmic domain revealed that removal of the COOH-terminal 48 residues is sufficient to release a CD4-pTalpha chimera from ER retention, and to restore native CD4 surface expression levels. As such a truncation in pTalpha also correlates with enhanced pre-TCR expression, the observed pTalpha ER retention function may contribute to the regulation of surface pre-TCR expression on pre-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda R. Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena R. Ramiro
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Trigueros
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia G. de Yébenes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina García-Peydró
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L. Toribio
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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94
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Basson MA, Zamoyska R. Insights into T-cell development from studies using transgenic and knockout mice. Mol Biotechnol 2001; 18:11-23. [PMID: 11439696 DOI: 10.1385/mb:18:1:11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of immunocompetent lymphocytes is a complex process that utilizes a multitude of cell surface receptors and intracellular signaling pathways. Moreover, specific cell-cell interactions and specialized microenvironments are required, so that purely in vitro experimental systems are limited in their ability to explain the complexity of T-cell development. In vivo models have been used extensively in the study of T-cell development. In the present review we summarize but a few of the seminal discoveries that have been made in this field using transgenic and knockout mouse models. In addition to demonstrating the wealth of information that can be gained, we also discuss some of the present limitations of this technology. Novel advances that allow the conditional and inducible modification of the genome and knock-in mutations promise to lead to an even more rapid advancement in our knowledge of T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Basson
- Derald H. Ruttenberg Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Schol of Medicine, Box 1130, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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95
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Haks MC, Cordaro TA, van den Brakel JH, Haanen JB, de Vries EF, Borst J, Krimpenfort P, Kruisbeek AM. A redundant role of the CD3 gamma-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif in mature T cell function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2576-88. [PMID: 11160319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At least four different CD3 polypeptide chains are contained within the mature TCR complex, each encompassing one (CD3gamma, CD3delta, and CD3epsilon) or three (CD3zeta) immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) within their cytoplasmic domains. Why so many ITAMs are required is unresolved: it has been speculated that the different ITAMs function in signal specification, but they may also serve in signal amplification. Because the CD3zeta chains do not contribute unique signaling functions to the TCR, and because the ITAMs of the CD3-gammadeltaepsilon module alone can endow the TCR with normal signaling capacity, it thus becomes important to examine how the CD3gamma-, delta-, and epsilon-ITAMs regulate TCR signaling. We here report on the role of the CD3gamma chain and the CD3gamma-ITAM in peripheral T cell activation and differentiation to effector function. All T cell responses were reduced or abrogated in T cells derived from CD3gamma null-mutant mice, probably because of decreased expression levels of the mature TCR complex lacking CD3gamma. Consistent with this explanation, T cell responses proceed undisturbed in the absence of a functional CD3gamma-ITAM. Loss of integrity of the CD3gamma-ITAM only slightly impaired the regulation of expression of activation markers, suggesting a quantitative contribution of the CD3gamma-ITAM in this process. Nevertheless, the induction of an in vivo T cell response in influenza A virus-infected CD3gamma-ITAM-deficient mice proceeds normally. Therefore, if ITAMs can function in signal specification, it is likely that either the CD3delta and/or the CD3epsilon chains endow the TCR with qualitatively unique signaling functions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Haks
- Division of Immunology, Division of Cellular Biochemistry, and Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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96
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Sasada T, Reinherz EL. A critical role for CD2 in both thymic selection events and mature T cell function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2394-403. [PMID: 11160298 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To examine the function of CD2 in vivo, N15 TCR transgenic (tg) RAG-2(-/-) H-2(b) mice bearing a single TCR specific for the vesicular stomatitis virus octapeptide bound to the H-2K(b) molecule were compared on a wild-type or CD2(-/-) background. In N15tg RAG-2(-/-) CD2(-/-) mice, thymic dysfunction is evident by 6 wk with a pre-TCR block in the CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative thymocytes at the CD25(+)CD44(-) stage. Moreover, mature N15tg RAG-2(-/-) CD2(-/-) T cells are approximately 100-fold less responsive to vesicular stomatitis virus octapeptide and unresponsive to weak peptide agonists, as judged by IFN-gamma production. Repertoire analysis shows substantial differences in Valpha usage between non-tg C57BL/6 (B6) and B6 CD2(-/-) mice. Collectively, these findings show that CD2 plays a role in pre-TCR function in double-negative thymocytes, TCR selection events during thymocyte development, and TCR-stimulated cytokine production in mature T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD2 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD2 Antigens/genetics
- CD2 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasada
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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97
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Reichlin A, Hu Y, Meffre E, Nagaoka H, Gong S, Kraus M, Rajewsky K, Nussenzweig MC. B cell development is arrested at the immature B cell stage in mice carrying a mutation in the cytoplasmic domain of immunoglobulin beta. J Exp Med 2001; 193:13-23. [PMID: 11136817 PMCID: PMC2195879 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The B cell receptor (BCR) regulates B cell development and function through immunoglobulin (Ig)alpha and Ig beta, a pair of membrane-bound Ig superfamily proteins, each of which contains a single cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif (ITAM). To determine the function of Ig beta, we produced mice that carry a deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of Ig beta (Ig beta Delta C mice) and compared them to mice that carry a similar mutation in Ig alpha (MB1 Delta C, herein referred to as Ig alpha Delta C mice). Ig beta Delta C mice differ from Ig alpha Delta C mice in that they show little impairment in early B cell development and they produce immature B cells that respond normally to BCR cross-linking as determined by Ca(2+) flux. However, Ig beta Delta C B cells are arrested at the immature stage of B cell development in the bone marrow and die by apoptosis. We conclude that the cytoplasmic domain Ig beta is required for B cell development beyond the immature B cell stage and that Ig alpha and Ig beta have distinct biologic activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Reichlin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Yun Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Eric Meffre
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Hitoshi Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Shiaoching Gong
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Manfred Kraus
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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98
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Kruisbeek AM, Haks MC, Carleton M, Michie AM, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Wiest DL. Branching out to gain control: how the pre-TCR is linked to multiple functions. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:637-44. [PMID: 11114425 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
How is signaling specificity achieved by the pre-TCR during selection of T-cell fate? Like the TCR, this receptor controls many functions, and recent studies define which pathways couple the pre-TCR to the molecular events controlling survival, proliferation, allelic exclusion at the TCRbeta locus, and further differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kruisbeek
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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99
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Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing a T-cell-specific dominant interfering allele (MEnT) of the c-Myb transcription factor have a pronounced block in CD4(-)CD8(-) (DN) development. In this study we show that differentiation of DN MEnT thymocytes is blocked due to the failure of cells to enter the cell cycle following beta-selection, the process by which productive rearrangement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain permits maturation of cells into CD4(+)CD8(+) (DP) thymocytes. c-myb mRNA continues to be expressed in DN cells in mice lacking a functional pre-TCR signalling pathway, implying that its transcriptional regulation is independent of the signalling events regulating beta-selection. It is also expressed in the absence of cytokine signalling. However, we show that c-Myb protein is required for the function in beta-selection of its known upstream activator, the serine/threonine kinase Pim1: MEnT expression inhibits the cell cycle in Pim1 transgenic DN thymocytes and prevents Pim1-mediated rescue of a RAG1(-/-) developmental block. Super activation of c-Myb by Pim1 may therefore be required for beta-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pearson
- CRC Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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100
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Berger MA, Carleton M, Rhodes M, Sauder JM, Trop S, Dunbrack RL, Hugo P, Wiest DL. Identification of a novel pre-TCR isoform in which the accessibility of the TCR beta subunit is determined by occupancy of the 'missing' V domain of pre-T alpha. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1579-91. [PMID: 11058578 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.11.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel pre-TCR isoform that is structurally distinct from conventional pre-TCR complexes and whose TCR beta chains are inaccessible to anti-TCR beta antibodies. We term this pre-TCR isoform the MB (masked beta)-pre-TCR. Pre-T alpha (pT alpha) subunits of MB-pre-TCR complexes have a larger apparent mol. wt due to extensive modification with O:-linked carbohydrates; however, preventing addition of O-glycans does not restore antibody recognition of the TCR beta subunits of MB-pre-TCR complexes. Importantly, accessibility of TCR beta chains in MB-pre-TCR complexes is restored by filling in the 'missing' variable (V) domain of pT alpha with a V domain from TCR alpha. Moreover, the proportion of pre-TCR complexes in which the TCR beta subunits are accessible to anti-TCR beta antibody varies with the cellular context, suggesting that TCR beta accessibility is controlled by a trans-acting factor. The way in which this factor might control TCR beta accessibility as well as the physiologic relevance of TCR beta masking for pre-TCR function are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Dimerization
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Glycosylation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/deficiency
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/isolation & purification
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/isolation & purification
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Berger
- Immunobiology Working Group, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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