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Rahman Siregar A, Gärtner S, Götting J, Stegen P, Kaul A, Schulz TF, Pöhlmann S, Winkler M. A Recombinant System and Reporter Viruses for Papiine Alphaherpesvirus 2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010091. [PMID: 35062295 PMCID: PMC8778148 DOI: 10.3390/v14010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primate simplex viruses, including Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, form a group of closely related herpesviruses, which establish latent infections in neurons of their respective host species. While neuropathogenic infections in their natural hosts are rare, zoonotic transmission of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (McHV1) from macaques to humans is associated with severe disease. Human infections with baboon-derived Papiine alphaherpesvirus 2 (PaHV2) have not been reported, although PaHV2 and McHV1 share several biological properties, including neuropathogenicity in mice. The reasons for potential differences in PaHV2 and McHV1 pathogenicity are presently not understood, and answering these questions will require mutagenic analysis. Here, we report the development of a recombinant system, which allows rescue of recombinant PaHV2. In addition, we used recombineering to generate viruses carrying reporter genes (Gaussia luciferase or enhanced green fluorescent protein), which replicate with similar efficiency as wild-type PaHV2. We demonstrate that these viruses can be used to analyze susceptibility of cells to infection and inhibition of infection by neutralizing antibodies and antiviral compounds. In summary, we created a recombinant system for PaHV2, which in the future will be invaluable for molecular analyses of neuropathogenicity of PaHV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahman Siregar
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, 30073 Gottingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sabine Gärtner
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Jasper Götting
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (J.G.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Philipp Stegen
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Artur Kaul
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (J.G.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, 30073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Michael Winkler
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-551-3851383
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Ding Y, Li Y, Chhetri G, Peng X, Wu J, Wang Z, Zhao B, Zhao W, Li X. Parkinson's Disease Causative Mutation in Vps35 Disturbs Tetherin Trafficking to Cell Surfaces and Facilitates Virus Spread. Cells 2021; 10:746. [PMID: 33800686 PMCID: PMC8066283 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, intraneuronal deposition of misfolded proteins known as Lewy bodies, and chronic neuroinflammation. PD can arise from monogenic mutations, but in most cases, the etiology is unclear. Viral infection is gaining increasing attentions as a trigger of PD. In this study, we investigated whether the PD-causative 620 aspartate (D) to asparagine (N) mutation in the vacuolar protein sorting 35 ortholog (Vps35) precipitated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. We observed that ectopic expression of Vps35 significantly reduced the proliferation and release of HSV-1 virions; the D620N mutation rendered Vps35 a partial loss of such inhibitory effects. Tetherin is a host cell protein capable of restricting the spread of encapsulated viruses including HSV-1 and SARS-Cov-2, both of which are implicated in the development of parkinsonism. Compared with cells overexpressing wildtype Vps35, cells expressing mutant Vps35 with D620N had less Tetherin on cell surfaces. Real-time and static cell imaging revealed that Tetherin recycled through Vps35-positive endosomes. Expression of Vps35 with D620N reduced endosomal dynamics and frequency of motile Tetherin-containing vesicles, a sign of defective production of recycling carriers. Our study suggests that the D620N mutation in Vps35 hinders Tetherin trafficking to cell surfaces and facilitates virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhuo Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Gaurav Chhetri
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaoxin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zejian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xueyi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Karimi-Boroujeni M, Zahedi-Amiri A, Coombs KM. Embryonic Origins of Virus-Induced Hearing Loss: Overview of Molecular Etiology. Viruses 2021; 13:71. [PMID: 33419104 PMCID: PMC7825458 DOI: 10.3390/v13010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss, one of the most prevalent chronic health conditions, affects around half a billion people worldwide, including 34 million children. The World Health Organization estimates that the prevalence of disabling hearing loss will increase to over 900 million people by 2050. Many cases of congenital hearing loss are triggered by viral infections during different stages of pregnancy. However, the molecular mechanisms by which viruses induce hearing loss are not sufficiently explored, especially cases that are of embryonic origins. The present review first describes the cellular and molecular characteristics of the auditory system development at early stages of embryogenesis. These developmental hallmarks, which initiate upon axial specification of the otic placode as the primary root of the inner ear morphogenesis, involve the stage-specific regulation of several molecules and pathways, such as retinoic acid signaling, Sonic hedgehog, and Wnt. Different RNA and DNA viruses contributing to congenital and acquired hearing loss are then discussed in terms of their potential effects on the expression of molecules that control the formation of the auditory and vestibular compartments following otic vesicle differentiation. Among these viruses, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus appear to have the most effect upon initial molecular determinants of inner ear development. Moreover, of the molecules governing the inner ear development at initial stages, SOX2, FGFR3, and CDKN1B are more affected by viruses causing either congenital or acquired hearing loss. Abnormalities in the function or expression of these molecules influence processes like cochlear development and production of inner ear hair and supporting cells. Nevertheless, because most of such virus-host interactions were studied in unrelated tissues, further validations are needed to confirm whether these viruses can mediate the same effects in physiologically relevant models simulating otic vesicle specification and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi-Boroujeni
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Ali Zahedi-Amiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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Yadavalli T, Koganti R, Shukla D. Infection-Induced Porcine Ex Vivo Corneal Wound Model to Study the Efficacy of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Entry and Replication Inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2193:183-196. [PMID: 32808270 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0845-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Corneal infections by viruses and bacteria can result in ocular surface defects, ulcers, or wounds. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a human virus with global seroprevalence in the range of 60-90%. While the virus more commonly causes mucocutaneous lesions including ulcers on the face and mouth, it is also a leading cause of infection-associated blindness. In this chapter, we discuss an in-depth protocol required to evaluate corneal damage due to HSV-1 infection using porcine models of ex vivo infection. Our methods can be adapted to study similar infections caused by other viruses and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Mohan S, Elhassan Taha MM, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Al Bratty M, Sultana S, Ahsan W, Najmi A, Khalid A. Bioactive Natural Antivirals: An Updated Review of the Available Plants and Isolated Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:E4878. [PMID: 33105694 PMCID: PMC7659943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections and associated diseases are responsible for a substantial number of mortality and public health problems around the world. Each year, infectious diseases kill 3.5 million people worldwide. The current pandemic caused by COVID-19 has become the greatest health hazard to people in their lifetime. There are many antiviral drugs and vaccines available against viruses, but they have many disadvantages, too. There are numerous side effects for conventional drugs, and active mutation also creates drug resistance against various viruses. This has led scientists to search herbs as a source for the discovery of more efficient new antivirals. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 65% of the world population is in the practice of using plants and herbs as part of treatment modality. Additionally, plants have an advantage in drug discovery based on their long-term use by humans, and a reduced toxicity and abundance of bioactive compounds can be expected as a result. In this review, we have highlighted the important viruses, their drug targets, and their replication cycle. We provide in-depth and insightful information about the most favorable plant extracts and their derived phytochemicals against viral targets. Our major conclusion is that plant extracts and their isolated pure compounds are essential sources for the current viral infections and useful for future challenges.
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Antiviral Agents/classification
- Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Betacoronavirus/physiology
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Drug Discovery
- HIV/drug effects
- HIV/pathogenicity
- HIV/physiology
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/pathology
- HIV Infections/virology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepacivirus/physiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/pathology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae/drug effects
- Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity
- Orthomyxoviridae/physiology
- Pandemics
- Phytochemicals/chemistry
- Phytochemicals/classification
- Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
- Phytochemicals/therapeutic use
- Plants, Medicinal
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Simplexvirus/drug effects
- Simplexvirus/pathogenicity
- Simplexvirus/physiology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Shahnaz Sultana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
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Alimbarova LM, Kerimov TZ, Borzenok SA. [Study of the antiviral activity of the liquid corneal storage medium in relation to the herpes simplex virus in vitro]. Vopr Virusol 2020; 65:228-236. [PMID: 33533226 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-4-228-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of the study was to assess the antiviral activity of the 7 types of liquid corneal storage medium on an experimental model of herpesvirus infection in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study of antiviral activity of 7 samples of liquid corneal storage medium on a model of herpesvirus infection caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 in Vero-cell using virological and statistical research methods was carried out. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All the studied images of the corneal storage medium, including the Borzenka-Moroz base medium, did not have a cytotoxic effect on Vero cell culture. Out of of 7 samples of liquid corneal storage medium, 4 samples had reliable antiviral activity against HSV-1 when used under the therapeutic regimen (1 hour after infection) and under the preventive regimen (2 hours before infection). Antiviral activity was established in 2 samples containing the interferon inducer cycloferon at a concentration of 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg (sample 2, 3), in a sample containing the interferon inducer gamapren 15 mg/kg (sample 5), and in a sample containing a combination of drugs - 10 mg/kg cycloferon and an acyclic nucleoside analog-acyclovir 10 mg/kg (sample 6). According to the results of 2 test regimens, the maximum statistically significant inhibitory effect in relation to HSV-1 was detected in sample 6, containing a combination of drugs. Against the background of sample 6, the infectious activity of the test virus decreased by an average of 3.2 lg, the inhibition coefficient was 54.5%. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicate the prospects of using types of media with antiviral activity (samples 2, 3, 5, 6) for storing donor corneas in order to increase the effectiveness of keratoplasty in patients with ophthalmic herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Alimbarova
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - T Z Kerimov
- A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - S A Borzenok
- S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex Federal State Institution
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Harris L, Griem J, Gummery A, Marsh L, Defres S, Bhojak M, Das K, Easton A, Solomon T, Kopelman M. Neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes in encephalitis: A multi-centre case-control study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230436. [PMID: 32210460 PMCID: PMC7094865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Our aim was to compare neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes across three encephalitis aetiological groups: Herpes simplex virus (HSV), other infections or autoimmune causes (Other), and encephalitis of unknown cause (Unknown). Methods Patients recruited from NHS hospitals underwent neuropsychological and psychiatric assessment in the short-term (4 months post-discharge), medium-term (9–12 months after the first assessment), and long-term (>1-year). Healthy control subjects were recruited from the general population and completed the same assessments. Results Patients with HSV were most severely impaired on anterograde and retrograde memory tasks. In the short-term, they also showed executive, IQ, and naming deficits, which resolved in the long-term. Patients with Other or Unknown causes of encephalitis showed moderate memory impairments, but no significant impairment on executive tests. Memory impairment was associated with hippocampal/medial temporal damage on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and naming impairment with left temporal and left frontal abnormalities. Patients reported more subjective cognitive complaints than healthy controls, with tiredness a significant problem, and there were high rates of depression and anxiety in the HSV and the Other encephalitis groups. These subjective, self-reported complaints, depression, and anxiety persisted even after objectively measured neuropsychological performance had improved. Conclusions Neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes after encephalitis vary according to aetiology. Memory and naming are severely affected in HSV, and less so in other forms. Neuropsychological functioning improves over time, particularly in those with more severe short-term impairments, but subjective cognitive complaints, depression, and anxiety persist, and should be addressed in rehabilitation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Harris
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London (KCL), Camberwell, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Griem
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London (KCL), Camberwell, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Alison Gummery
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections and Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Marsh
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London (KCL), Camberwell, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylviane Defres
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections and Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maneesh Bhojak
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kumar Das
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ava Easton
- Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Solomon
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections and Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kopelman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London (KCL), Camberwell, London, United Kingdom
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Rovnak J, St. Clair LA, Lian E, McAlister C, Perera R, Cohrs RJ. The 19th Rocky Mountain Virology Association Meeting. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010085. [PMID: 31940824 PMCID: PMC7019928 DOI: 10.3390/v12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This autumn, 95 scientists and students from the Rocky Mountain area, along with invited speakers from Colorado, California, Montana, Florida, Louisiana, New York, Maryland, and India, attended the 19th annual meeting of the Rocky Mountain Virology Association that was held at the Colorado State University Mountain Campus located in the Rocky Mountains. The two-day gathering featured 30 talks and 13 posters—all of which focused on specific areas of current virology and prion protein research. The keynote presentation reviewed new tools for microbial discovery and diagnostics. This timely discussion described the opportunities new investigators have to expand the field of microbiology into chronic and acute diseases, the pitfalls of sensitive molecular methods for pathogen discovery, and ways in which microbiology help us understand disruptions in the social fabric that pose pandemic threats at least as real as Ebola or influenza. Other areas of interest included host factors that influence virus replication, in-depth analysis of virus transcription and its effect on host gene expression, and multiple discussions of virus pathology, epidemiology as well as new avenues of diagnosis and treatment. The meeting was held at the peak of fall Aspen colors, surrounded by five mountains >11,000 ft (3.3 km), where the secluded campus provided the ideal setting for extended discussions, outdoor exercise and stargazing. On behalf of the Rocky Mountain Virology Association, this report summarizes 43 selected presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rovnak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Laura A. St. Clair
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Elena Lian
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Carley McAlister
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Rushika Perera
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Randall J. Cohrs
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology/Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Jones ST, Cagno V, Janeček M, Ortiz D, Gasilova N, Piret J, Gasbarri M, Constant DA, Han Y, Vuković L, Král P, Kaiser L, Huang S, Constant S, Kirkegaard K, Boivin G, Stellacci F, Tapparel C. Modified cyclodextrins as broad-spectrum antivirals. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaax9318. [PMID: 32064341 PMCID: PMC6989148 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections kill millions of people and new antivirals are needed. Nontoxic drugs that irreversibly inhibit viruses (virucidal) are postulated to be ideal. Unfortunately, all virucidal molecules described to date are cytotoxic. We recently developed nontoxic, broad-spectrum virucidal gold nanoparticles. Here, we develop further the concept and describe cyclodextrins, modified with mercaptoundecane sulfonic acids, to mimic heparan sulfates and to provide the key nontoxic virucidal action. We show that the resulting macromolecules are broad-spectrum, biocompatible, and virucidal at micromolar concentrations in vitro against many viruses [including herpes simplex virus (HSV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), dengue virus, and Zika virus]. They are effective ex vivo against both laboratory and clinical strains of RSV and HSV-2 in respiratory and vaginal tissue culture models, respectively. Additionally, they are effective when administrated in mice before intravaginal HSV-2 inoculation. Lastly, they pass a mutation resistance test that the currently available anti-HSV drug (acyclovir) fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T. Jones
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Matej Janeček
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Gasilova
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- CHU of Québec-Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Matteo Gasbarri
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - David A. Constant
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanxiao Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Lela Vuković
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79966, USA
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Physics, and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Infectious diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Karla Kirkegaard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHU of Québec-Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Bionengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (C.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (C.T.); (F.S.)
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10
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Abstract
The story of heparanase (HPSE) in viral infection has roots in the longstanding connection between heparan sulfate (HS) and a large number of viruses. As a major viral attachment and entry receptor present on the cell surface, HS serves as the first point of contact between a virus particle and its target host cell. Likewise, direct regulation of HS levels on the cell surface by HPSE enzymatic activity dictates the extent of virus release after replication has occurred. Additionally, virus-induced HPSE activation and nuclear translocation results in higher expression of pro-inflammatory factors and delayed wound healing leading to worsened disease. In this chapter, using herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a prototype virus we provide a brief synopsis of important stages in viral infection, describe how these processes are governed by HS and HPSE, and discuss the recent discoveries that designate HPSE as a major host virulence factor and driver of pathogenesis for several different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Agelidis
- Ocular Virology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, E-704 Medical Sciences Building, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Ocular Virology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, E-704 Medical Sciences Building, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic relapsing inflammatory dermatosis characterized by pruritus, xerosis, and a close association with IgE mediated sensitization to aeroallergens and foods. More than 60% of children with AD are at risk to develop allergic rhinitis or asthma (the atopic march). The distribution of lesions varies by age. Infants tend to have lesions on the cheeks and scalp, and very young children typically have involvement over the extremities, cheeks, forehead, and neck. A rash in the diaper area of infants is rarely AD. Lesions in older children and adults are usually located in flexural areas, such as the antecubital and popliteal fossae, along with the head and neck. Acute lesions of AD begin as erythematous papules and serous exudates. Secondary lesions include excoriations and crusted erosions due to scratching. Subacute lesions appear as erythematous scaling papules and plaques. If the itch and rash progress uncontrolled, then chronic lichenified AD develops, which features accentuated skin markings with hyperpigmentation. Trigger avoidance, skin hydration, and topical steroids are the first steps for improvement. In acute lesions of AD, the T-helper type 2 cells produce interleukin (IL) 4, IL-13, and IL-31, which may potentiate barrier dysfunction and contribute to pruritus. In chronic lesions, the T-helper type 1 cells predominate and secrete interferon γ and IL-12. Barrier dysfunction from filaggrin predisposes patients to AD. Skin superinfection, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus, is common, and cultures of affected lesions help guide therapy. Eczema herpeticum from herpes simplex virus can be life threatening in patients with AD.
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12
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Abstract
Antibodies have been shown to hinder the movement of herpes simplex virus virions in cervicovaginal mucus, as well as other viruses in other mucus secretions. However, it has not been possible to directly observe the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, so the nature of virion-antibody-mucin interactions remain poorly understood. In this work, we analyzed thousands of virion traces from single particle tracking experiments to explicate how antibodies must cooperate to immobilize virions for relatively long time periods. First, using a clustering analysis, we observed a clear separation between two classes of virion behavior: freely diffusing and immobilized. While the proportion of freely diffusing virions decreased with antibody concentration, the magnitude of their diffusivity did not, implying an all-or-nothing dichotomy in the pathwise effect of the antibodies. Proceeding under the assumption that all binding events are reversible, we used a novel switch-point detection method to conclude that there are very few, if any, state switches on the experimental timescale of 20 s. To understand this slow state switching, we analyzed a recently proposed continuous-time Markov chain model for binding kinetics and virion movement. Model analysis implied that virion immobilization requires cooperation by multiple antibodies that are simultaneously bound to the virion and mucin matrix and that there is an entanglement phenomenon that accelerates antibody-mucin binding when a virion is immobilized. In addition to developing a widely applicable framework for analyzing multistate particle behavior, this work substantially enhances our mechanistic understanding of how antibodies can reinforce a mucus barrier against passive invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Jensen
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Gregory Forest
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott A McKinley
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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13
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Pachota M, Kłysik-Trzciańska K, Synowiec A, Yukioka S, Yusa SI, Zając M, Zawilinska B, Dzieciątkowski T, Szczubialka K, Pyrc K, Nowakowska M. Highly Effective and Safe Polymeric Inhibitors of Herpes Simplex Virus in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:26745-26752. [PMID: 31287654 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(3-(methacryloylamino)propyl trimethylammonium chloride) (PEG-b-PMAPTAC) water-soluble block copolymers consisting of PEG and PMPTAC were obtained by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and demonstrated to function as highly effective herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) inhibitors as shown by in vitro tests (Vero E6 cells) and in vivo experiments (mouse model). Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction to be 0.36 ± 0.08 μg/mL for the most effective polymer PEG45-b-PMAPTAC52 and 0.84 ± 1.24 μg/mL for the less effective one, PEG45-b-PMAPTAC74. The study performed on the mouse model showed that the polymers protect mice from lethal infection. The polymers are not toxic to the primary human skin fibroblast cells up to the concentration of 100 μg/mL and to the Vero E6 cells up to 500 μg/mL. No systemic or topical toxicity was observed in vivo, even with mice treated with concentrated formulation (100 mg/mL). The mechanistic studies indicated that polymers interacted with the cell and blocked the formation of the entry/fusion complex. Physicochemical and biological properties of PEGx-b-PMAPTACy make them promising drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shotaro Yukioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Hyogo , Himeji 671-2280 , Hyogo Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Hyogo , Himeji 671-2280 , Hyogo Japan
| | | | - Barbara Zawilinska
- Department of Virology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow 31-121 , Poland
| | - Tomasz Dzieciątkowski
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology , Warsaw Medical University , Warsaw 02-004 , Poland
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14
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Abstract
Brain granuloma occurs under certain conditions. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes granulomatous encephalitis in children; however, it has been rarely reported in adults. A 74-year-old man with a history of herpes simplex encephalitis suffered recurrent seizures. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass lesion and resection was performed. A polymerase chain reaction using a brain biopsy specimen was positive for HSV DNA; thus, the patient was diagnosed with HSV-associated granulomatous encephalitis. After administering acyclovir, the patient showed improvement. HSV can cause granulomatous encephalitis in adults, and acyclovir can be used for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Iwai
- Department of Neurology, Matsudo City General Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Matsudo City General Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Noro
- Department of Pathology, Matsudo City General Hospital, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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15
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Kakooza-Mwesige A, Tshala-Katumbay D, Juliano SL. Viral infections of the central nervous system in Africa. Brain Res Bull 2019; 145:2-17. [PMID: 30658129 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are a major cause of human central nervous system infection, and may be associated with significant mortality, and long-term sequelae. In Africa, the lack of effective therapies, limited diagnostic and human resource facilities are especially in dire need. Most viruses that affect the central nervous system are opportunistic or accidental pathogens. Some of these viruses were initially considered harmless, however they have now evolved to penetrate the nervous system efficiently and exploit neuronal cell biology thus resulting in severe illness. A number of potentially lethal neurotropic viruses have been discovered in Africa and over the course of time shown their ability to spread wider afield involving other continents leaving a devastating impact in their trail. In this review we discuss key viruses involved in central nervous system disease and of major public health concern with respect to Africa. These arise from the families of Flaviviridae, Filoviridae, Retroviridae, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Herpesviridae. In terms of the number of cases affected by these viruses, HIV (Retroviridae) tops the list for morbidity, mortality and long term disability, while the Rift Valley Fever virus (Bunyaviridae) is at the bottom of the list. The most deadly are the Ebola and Marburg viruses (Filoviridae). This review describes their epidemiology and key neurological manifestations as regards the central nervous system such as meningoencephalitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The potential pathogenic mechanisms adopted by these viruses are debated and research perspectives suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Neuropediatric Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - Desire Tshala-Katumbay
- Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kinshasa, and Institut National de Recherches Biomedicales, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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16
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Douglas AP, Atarod M, Prince HM. FDG-PET/CT findings, the vital clue to rare diagnosis of herpes simplex virus lymphadenitis simulating Richter transformation. Pathology 2018; 51:102-104. [PMID: 30471841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/virology
- Lymphadenitis/diagnosis
- Lymphadenitis/virology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/methods
- Simplexvirus/pathogenicity
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby P Douglas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; The National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| | - Mohammad Atarod
- Anatomical Pathology, Melbourne Pathology, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - H Miles Prince
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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17
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Fink SL, Jayewickreme TR, Molony RD, Iwawaki T, Landis CS, Lindenbach BD, Iwasaki A. IRE1α promotes viral infection by conferring resistance to apoptosis. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaai7814. [PMID: 28588082 PMCID: PMC5535312 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai7814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an ancient cellular pathway that detects and alleviates protein-folding stresses. The UPR components X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) promote type I interferon (IFN) responses. We found that Xbp1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts and macrophages had impaired antiviral resistance. However, this was not because of a defect in type I IFN responses but rather an inability of Xbp1-deficient cells to undergo viral-induced apoptosis. The ability to undergo apoptosis limited infection in wild-type cells. Xbp1-deficient cells were generally resistant to the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis through an indirect mechanism involving activation of the nuclease IRE1α. We observed an IRE1α-dependent reduction in the abundance of the proapoptotic microRNA miR-125a and a corresponding increase in the amounts of the members of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family. The activation of IRE1α by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein NS4B in XBP1-proficient cells also conferred apoptosis resistance and promoted viral replication. Furthermore, we found evidence of IRE1α activation and decreased miR-125a abundance in liver biopsies from patients infected with HCV compared to those in the livers of healthy controls. Our results reveal a prosurvival role for IRE1α in virally infected cells and suggest a possible target for IFN-independent antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Fink
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Ryan D Molony
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Charles S Landis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brett D Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20814, USA
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18
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Alimbarova LM, Lazarenko AA, Lvov ND, Barinsky IF. [THE SPECTRUM OF MARKERS OF HERPES VIRAL INFECTIONS AND ALGORITHM OF THEIR LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC IN CHILDREN WITH INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES OF UPPER RESPIRATORY WAYS AND ENT-ORGANS]. Klin Lab Diagn 2017; 62:182-188. [PMID: 30620536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of study is to explore markers of persistent herpes viral infections in children with inflammatory processes of upper respiratory ways and ENT-organs. The sampling included 118 examined patients aged from 1 month to 17 years. The complex of standardized viral, immunological, molecular genetic methods was applied to detect (to exclude) herpes infection: cytomegalovirus infection, Epstein-Barre virus infection, simplex herpes virus infection. The diagnostic algorithm of examination of children with diseases of upper respiratory ways for herpes infection is presented. The dominating significance of simplex herpes virus and Epstein-Barre virus and also Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus haemolyticus-β group A at the analysis of microbial landscape. In 83.9% of children with diseases of upper respiratory ways chronic infections of simplex herpes virus, Epstein-Barre virus, cytomegalovirus; in39.39% - mixed-infection; in 41.03% - combination of simplex herpes virus and Epstein-Barre virus infections; in 33.33% - combination of simplex herpes virus and cytomegalovirus infections; in 7.69% - combination of simplex herpes virus and Epstein-Barre virus and cytomegalovirus infections; in 17.94% - combination of Epstein-Barre virus and cytomegalovirus infections; The particularity of course of persistent herpes infection in children had to do with absence of specific symptoms of nosologic form in 59.2% of cases. The results of analysis of smears from nasopharynx of children infected with herpes viruses permitted to detect: Staphylococcus aureus in 36.36%; Streptococcus haemolyticus-β in 32.32%; Streptococcus haemolyticus-α in 11.11%; Candida albicans of mucous membranes in 4.04% of children. The viral bacterial mixed-infection was detected in 44.44%. The laboratory signs of activity of immune inflammation were detected: increasing of content of TNАα and decreasing of level of IFNγ. The results of study substantiate necessity of individual approach to therapy of children with diseases of upper respiratory ways and ENT-organs and with implementation of complex of curative rehabilitating activities.The purpose of study is to explore markers of persistent herpes viral infections in children with inflammatory processes of upper respiratory ways and ENT-organs. The sampling included 118 examined patients aged from 1 month to 17 years. The complex of standardized viral, immunological, molecular genetic methods was applied to detect (to exclude) herpes infection: cytomegalovirus infection, Epstein-Barre virus infection, simplex herpes virus infection. The diagnostic algorithm of examination of children with diseases of upper respiratory ways for herpes infection is presented. The dominating significance of simplex herpes virus and Epstein-Barre virus and also Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus haemolyticus-β group A at the analysis of microbial landscape. In 83.9% of children with diseases of upper respiratory ways chronic infections of simplex herpes virus, Epstein-Barre virus, cytomegalovirus; in39.39% - mixed-infection; in 41.03% - combination of simplex herpes virus and Epstein-Barre virus infections; in 33.33% - combination of simplex herpes virus and cytomegalovirus infections; in 7.69% - combination of simplex herpes virus and Epstein-Barre virus and cytomegalovirus infections; in 17.94% - combination of Epstein-Barre virus and cytomegalovirus infections; The particularity of course of persistent herpes infection in children had to do with absence of specific symptoms of nosologic form in 59.2% of cases. The results of analysis of smears from nasopharynx of children infected with herpes viruses permitted to detect: Staphylococcus aureus in 36.36%; Streptococcus haemolyticus-β in 32.32%; Streptococcus haemolyticus-α in 11.11%; Candida albicans of mucous membranes in 4.04% of children. The viral bacterial mixed-infection was detected in 44.44%. The laboratory signs of activity of immune inflammation were detected: increasing of content of TNАα and decreasing of level of IFNγ. The results of study substantiate necessity of individual approach to therapy of children with diseases of upper respiratory ways and ENT-organs and with implementation of complex of curative rehabilitating activities.
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19
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Defres S, Keller SS, Das K, Vidyasagar R, Parkes LM, Burnside G, Griffiths M, Kopelman M, Roberts N, Solomon T. A Feasibility Study of Quantifying Longitudinal Brain Changes in Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Encephalitis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Stereology. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170215. [PMID: 28125598 PMCID: PMC5268482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether it is feasible to quantify acute change in temporal lobe volume and total oedema volumes in herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis as a preliminary to a trial of corticosteroid therapy. METHODS The study analysed serially acquired magnetic resonance images (MRI), of patients with acute HSV encephalitis who had neuroimaging repeated within four weeks of the first scan. We performed volumetric measurements of the left and right temporal lobes and of cerebral oedema visible on T2 weighted Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) images using stereology in conjunction with point counting. RESULTS Temporal lobe volumes increased on average by 1.6% (standard deviation (SD 11%) in five patients who had not received corticosteroid therapy and decreased in two patients who had received corticosteroids by 8.5%. FLAIR hyperintensity volumes increased by 9% in patients not receiving treatment with corticosteroids and decreased by 29% in the two patients that had received corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown it is feasible to quantify acute change in temporal lobe and total oedema volumes in HSV encephalitis and suggests a potential resolution of swelling in response to corticosteroid therapy. These techniques could be used as part of a randomized control trial to investigate the efficacy of corticosteroids for treating HSV encephalitis in conjunction with assessing clinical outcomes and could be of potential value in helping to predict the clinical outcomes of patients with HSV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Defres
- Clinical Infection, microbiology and immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Tropical and Infectious diseases Unit, Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Institute of infection and Global Health, Waterhouse Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon S. Keller
- The Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Department of Neuroradiology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kumar Das
- The Department of Neuroradiology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rishma Vidyasagar
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and mental health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura M. Parkes
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Girvan Burnside
- The department of Biostatistics, Institute of translational medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Griffiths
- Clinical Infection, microbiology and immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kopelman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Roberts
- Medical Physics and Imaging Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Solomon
- Clinical Infection, microbiology and immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Institute of infection and Global Health, Waterhouse Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Department of Neuroradiology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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20
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Retamal-Díaz AR, Suazo PA, Garrido I, Kalergis AM, González PA. [Immune evasion by herpes simplex viruses]. Rev Chilena Infectol 2016; 32:58-70. [PMID: 25860047 DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182015000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses and humans have co-existed for tens of thousands of years. This long relationship has translated into the evolution and selection of viral determinants to evade the host immune response and reciprocally the evolution and selection of host immune components for limiting virus infection and damage. Currently there are no vaccines available to avoid infection with these viruses or therapies to cure them. Herpes simplex viruses are neurotropic and reside latently in neurons at the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia, occasionally reactivating. Most viral recurrences are subclinical and thus, unnoticed. Here, we discuss the initial steps of infection by herpes simplex viruses and the molecular mechanisms they have developed to evade innate and adaptive immunity. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms evolved by these viruses to evade host immunity should help us envision novel vaccine strategies and therapies that limit infection and dissemination.
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21
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Zhu C, Li F, Wong MCM, Feng XP, Lu HX, Xu W. Association between Herpesviruses and Chronic Periodontitis: A Meta-Analysis Based on Case-Control Studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144319. [PMID: 26666412 PMCID: PMC4677929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have investigated the associations between herpesviruses and chronic periodontitis; however, the results remain controversial. To derive a more precise estimation, a meta-analysis on all available studies was performed to identify the association between herpesviruses and chronic periodontitis. METHODS A computerized literature search was conducted in December 2014 to identify eligible case-control studies from the PUBMED and EMBASE databases according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the association between herpesviruses and risk of chronic periodontitis. A fixed or random effects model was determined based on a heterogeneity test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate stability and reliability. Publication bias was investigated using the Begg rank correlation test and Egger's funnel plot. RESULTS Ten eligible studies were included to investigate the association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and chronic periodontitis. The results showed that EBV has a significant association with chronic periodontitis compared with periodontally healthy group (OR = 5.74, 95% CI = 2.53-13.00, P<0.001). The association between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and chronic periodontitis was analyzed in 10 studies. The pooled result showed that HCMV also has a significant association with chronic periodontitis (OR = 3.59, 95% CI = 1.41-9.16, P = 0.007). Similar results were found in the sensitivity analyses. No significant publication bias was observed. Two eligible studies were included to investigate the association between herpes simplex virus (HSV) and chronic periodontitis risk. The association between HSV and chronic periodontitis was inconclusive (OR = 2.81 95% CI = 0.95-8.27, P = 0.06). Only one included study investigated the association between human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) and chronic periodontitis risk (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.21-4.86). CONCLUSION The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that two members of the herpesvirus family, EBV and HCMV, are significantly associated with chronic periodontitis. There is insufficient evidence to support associations between HSV, HHV-7 and chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - May. Chun. Mei Wong
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xi-Ping Feng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Xia Lu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (HXL); (WX)
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Municipal Hospital for Oral Health, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (HXL); (WX)
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Koblosh ND. [FEATURES MICROECOLOGY GENITAL TRACT IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE WITH BENIGN CERVICAL PATHOLOGY]. Lik Sprava 2015:98-104. [PMID: 27491159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the article we may see the results of microbiological investigation of secretion from genital tracts in women with the benign pathology of uterus cervix. The outcomes specify the disorders of microecology of genital tracts in these women following the proliferation of conditionally pathogenic flora, the increase of viral infection and the increase in the frequency of diagnostic of sexually transmitted infections.
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Choi B, Kim HA, Suh CH, Byun HO, Jung JY, Sohn S. The relevance of miRNA-21 in HSV-induced inflammation in a mouse model. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7413-27. [PMID: 25849652 PMCID: PMC4425025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation between microRNA-21 (miR-21) expression and inflammation in a herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced Behçet’s Disease (BD) mouse model. miR-21 was compared between BD patients and healthy controls in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). For miR-21 inhibition, miR-21 antagomir was applied to BD mice. The change of symptoms was monitored. The levels of cytokines and related molecules were determined by ELISA and real time qPCR. Treatment with colchicine or pentoxifylline down-regulated the level of miR-21 with improved symptoms in mice. miR-21 inhibition was accompanied by down-regulated serum levels of IL-17 and IL-6. The expression levels of PDCD4, RhoB, PD-1, IL-12p35, and toll-like receptor-4 were also regulated by miR-21 inhibition. miR-21 was correlated with HSV-induced BD-like inflammation in mice and BD patients. The expression of miR-21 was regulated by antagomir in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunsoon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Hyoun-Ah Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Hae Ok Byun
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Ju-Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Seonghyang Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
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Thompson RL, Williams RW, Kotb M, Sawtell NM. A forward phenotypically driven unbiased genetic analysis of host genes that moderate herpes simplex virus virulence and stromal keratitis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92342. [PMID: 24651695 PMCID: PMC3961320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both viral and host genetics affect the outcome of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in humans and experimental models. Little is known about specific host gene variants and molecular networks that influence herpetic disease progression, severity, and episodic reactivation. To identify such host gene variants we have initiated a forward genetic analysis using the expanded family of BXD strains, all derived from crosses between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains of mice. One parent is highly resistant and one highly susceptible to HSV-1. Both strains have also been fully sequenced, greatly facilitating the search for genetic modifiers that contribute to differences in HSV-1 infection. We monitored diverse disease phenotypes following infection with HSV-1 strain 17syn+ including percent mortality (herpes simplex encephalitis, HSE), body weight loss, severity of herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), spleen weight, serum neutralizing antibody titers, and viral titers in tear films in BXD strains. A significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome (Chr) 16 was found to associate with both percent mortality and HSK severity. Importantly, this QTL maps close to a human QTL and the gene proposed to be associated with the frequency of recurrent herpetic labialis (cold sores). This suggests that a single host locus may influence these seemingly diverse HSV-1 pathogenic phenotypes by as yet unknown mechanisms. Additional suggestive QTLs for percent mortality were identified—one on Chr X that is epistatically associated with that on Chr 16. As would be anticipated the Chr 16 QTL also modulated weight loss, reaching significance in females. A second significant QTL for maximum weight loss in male and female mice was mapped to Chr 12. To our knowledge this is the first report of a host genetic locus that modulates the severity of both herpetic disease in the nervous system and herpetic stromal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLT); (NMS)
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Malak Kotb
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nancy M. Sawtell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLT); (NMS)
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26
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Ishak RS, Abbas O. Recurrent vesicular eruption on the right hand. J Fam Pract 2014; 63:33-35. [PMID: 24475465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rim S Ishak
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon.
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Zhou W, Lin F, Teng L, Li H, Hou J, Tong R, Zheng C, Lou Y, Tan W. Prevalence of herpes and respiratory viruses in induced sputum among hospitalized children with non typical bacterial community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79477. [PMID: 24260230 PMCID: PMC3832587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Few comprehensive studies have searched for viruses in infants and young children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of human herpes viruses (HHVs) and other respiratory viruses in CAP not caused by typical bacterial infection and to determine their prevalence and clinical significance. Methods Induced sputum (IS) samples were collected from 354 hospitalised patients (infants, n = 205; children, n = 149) with respiratory illness (CAP or non-CAP) admitted to Wenling Hospital of China. We tested for HHVs and respiratory viruses using PCR-based assays. The epidemiological profiles were also analysed. Results High rate of virus detection (more than 98%) and co-infection (more than 80%) were found among IS samples from 354 hospitalised infants and children with respiratory illness in this study. Of 273 CAP samples tested, CMV (91.6%), HHV-6 (50.9%), RSV (37.4%), EBV (35.5%), HBoV (28.2%), HHV-7 (18.3%) and rhinovirus (17.2%) were the most commonly detected viruses. Of 81 non- CAP samples tested, CMV (63%), RSV (49.4%), HHV-6 (42%), EBV (24.7%), HHV-7 (13.6%) and HBoV (8.6%) were the dominant viruses detected. The prevalence of several viral agents (rhinovirus, bocavirus, adenovirus and CMV) among IS samples of CAP were significantly higher than that of non-CAP control group. We also found the prevalence of RSV coinfection with HHVs was also higher among CAP group than that of non-CAP control. Conclusions With sensitive molecular detection techniques and IS samples, high rates of viral identification were achieved in infants and young children with respiratory illness in a rural area of China. The clinical significance of rhinovirus, bocavirus, adenovirus and HHV (especially CMV) infections should receive greater attention in future treatment and prevention studies of CAP in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Wenling Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingfang Teng
- Wenling Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wenling Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianyi Hou
- Wenling Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Tong
- Institute of Medical Virology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changhua Zheng
- Wenling Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Institute of Medical Virology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
- Institute of Medical Virology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Murata T, Yamamoto M, Kore-eda S, Azuma T, Kabashima K, Morita K. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus in a case of thymoma-associated graft-versus-host disease-like erythroderma. Acta Derm Venereol 2013; 93:761-2. [PMID: 23463125 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teruasa Murata
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Borovaia TG, Shevliagina NV, Ivanova AM, Narovlianskiĭ AN, Kalmykova NV, Tret'iakov OI, Didenko LV. [Structural changes of the adrenal cortex in experimental genital herpes virus infection]. Morfologiia 2013; 144:52-57. [PMID: 24707741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The reactive changes in the adrenal gland cortex were studied in mature female guinea pigs (n=5) in an experimental model of acute genital herpes virus infection. The methods of light and transmission electron microscopy were used. To confirm the presence of viral antigen in the corticosterocytes (CSC), the methods of immunfluorescence and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry were used. It was shown that at day 7 of an acute process, focal CSC reactive changes appeared in the glomerular zone - at the light microscopic level, CSC had intact nuclei and optically empty cytoplasm, while at the electron microscopic level, these CSC demonstrated the damaged membranous organelles, and various membranous structures which were not found in the normal cells. The aggregates of hypertrophied CSC were found in the fasciculate zone. The changes described were reversible, as they practically disappeared by the onset of spontaneous recovery (day 21 after inoculation). The regeneration of CSC of glomerular and fasciculate zones of the adrenal cortex involves both intracellular and cellular mechanisms.
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Poissy J, Champenois K, Dewilde A, Melliez H, Georges H, Senneville E, Yazdanpanah Y. Impact of Herpes simplex virus load and red blood cells in cerebrospinal fluid upon herpes simplex meningo-encephalitis outcome. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:356. [PMID: 23245564 PMCID: PMC3560250 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) often leads to severe disability or death. Factors usually associated with outcome include Simplified Acute Physiology Score, age and delay of initiation of acyclovir treatment.Our aim was to determine the impact of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) load in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) upon HSE outcome. METHODS We retrospectively determined HSV load in the CSF of 43 patients with confirmed HSE, hospitalized in northern France from 1998 to 2005, using CSF samples collected the day of hospital admission and stored at -20°C. We analyzed the association between HSV load and mortality/morbidity by the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon's test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The M/F sex ratio was 1.7 and median patient age was 61 years. Median HSV load in CSF was 2.0 log copies/μL (IQR 25-75=1.2-2.6). The mortality rate was 32.6% six months after HSE diagnosis. Higher age was associated with mortality (p=0.03). Longer delay in acyclovir initiation tended to be associated with higher mortality but did not reach statistical significance (p=0.08). Severe disability and death due to HSV were associated with a higher Knaus score (p=0.004), later acyclovir initiation (p=0.006), older age (p=0.04) and presence of red blood cells in CSF (p=0.05). HSV load in CSF was neither associated with mortality (p=1.00) nor with morbidity (p=0.90). CONCLUSION In this study, HSV load in CSF was not found to be associated with poor outcome in patients with HSE. These data do not support measurement of HSV load at admission in patients with HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Poissy
- Service universitaire de Maladies infectieuses et du Voyageur, Centre hospitalier de Tourcoing, France
| | - Karen Champenois
- Equipe ATIP/Avenir INSERM U995, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | | | - Hugues Melliez
- Service universitaire de Maladies infectieuses et du Voyageur, Centre hospitalier de Tourcoing, France
| | - Hugues Georges
- Service de Réanimation polyvalente et des Maladies infectieuses, Centre hospitalier de Tourcoing, France
| | - Eric Senneville
- Service universitaire de Maladies infectieuses et du Voyageur, Centre hospitalier de Tourcoing, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Service universitaire de Maladies infectieuses et du Voyageur, Centre hospitalier de Tourcoing, France
- Equipe ATIP/Avenir INSERM U995, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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Hooper PL, Hightower LE, Hooper PL. Loss of stress response as a consequence of viral infection: implications for disease and therapy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:647-55. [PMID: 22797944 PMCID: PMC3468676 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we propose that viral infection can induce a deficient cell stress response and thereby impairs stress tolerance and makes tissues vulnerable to damage. Having a valid paradigm to address the pathological impacts of viral infections could lead to effective new therapies for diseases that have previously been unresponsive to intervention. Host response to viral infections can also lead to autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes. In the case of Newcastle disease virus, the effects of viral infection on heat shock proteins may be leveraged as a therapy for cancer. Finally, the search for a specific virus being responsible for a condition like chronic fatigue syndrome may not be worthwhile if the disease is simply a nonspecific response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Hooper
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Tiwari V, Maus E, Sigar IM, Ramsey KH, Shukla D. Role of heparan sulfate in sexually transmitted infections. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1402-12. [PMID: 22773448 PMCID: PMC3481906 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS), a polysaccharide composed of alternating uronic acid and glucosamine residues, represents a common link that many sexually transmitted infections (STIs) require for infection. Variable modifications within the monomeric units of HS chains together with their unique structural conformations generate heterogeneity, which expands the ability of HS to bind a diverse array of host and microbial proteins. Recent advances made in the field of glycobiology have critically enhanced our understanding of HS and its interactions with microbes and their significance in important human diseases. The role of HS has been elaborated for several STIs to include those caused by herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, and Chlamydia. In addition, gonorrhea, syphilis, and yeast infections are also dependent on the presence of HS on human target cells. Critical steps such as pathogen adhesion or binding to host cells followed by internalization to enhance intracellular survival and possible spread to other cells are mediated by HS. In addition, HS guided cell signaling plays a role in the development of angiogenesis and inflammation associated with many STIs. Past and ongoing investigations are providing new push for the development of HS-mimetics and analogs as novel prevention strategies against many different STIs. This review article summarizes the significance of HS in STIs and describes how emerging new products that target HS can be used to control the spread of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | - Erika Maus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Ira M Sigar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Mamedov MK, Safarova SM, Dadasheva AE. [Impact of thymosin-alpha1 on reproduction of herpes simplex virus in cell system and on course of acute experimental infection in mice]. Georgian Med News 2012:71-75. [PMID: 23131988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The article contains results of laboratory and experimental investigation carried out for comparative estimation of antiviral activity of thymosin-alpha1 (Ta1) against herpes simplex virus (HSV). It was demonstrated that administration of tymosin-alpha1 in cultivated in vitro cellular system had been inoculated with HSV provided inhibition of HSV reproduction and defense of cells of HSV cytopathogenic action. Moreover Ta1 ability to inhibit HSV reproduction in cell was comparable with the same ability of human alpha-interferon. Besides it was demonstrated that Ta1 parenteral administration to mice infected with HSV leaded to reduce of mice morbidity percent and prolonged of their survival rate. Ta1 ability to depress experimental viral infection development was higher than same ability of acyclovir.
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Speranskaia EV, Mazepa VN, Efimov EI, Brusnigina NF. [Study of prevalence of rare and difficult to cultivate causative agents of inflammatory diseases of respiratory organs]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:3-7. [PMID: 23163026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex I/II virus (HSV I/II) in individuals of various age groups with varying inflammatory broncho-pulmonary diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS 384 adults and 1001 children with clinically confirmed diagnoses were examined by PCR method: community-acquired pneumonia, acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, ARD/ARVD, as well as 127 healthy children and 52 healthy adults. Sputum, smears from posterior fornix of pharynx, blood, saliva from children of the first year of life were used as material for the study. RESULTS Wide prevalence of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae among adults and M. pneumoniae among children older than 1 year with inflammatory diseases of respiratory organs was established. C. psittaci, L. pneumophila, M. catarrhalis occurred in isolated cases in both adults and children. Active replication of herpes group viruses was detected in patients of all age groups with inflammatory broncho-pulmonary diseases, and in children Cytomegalovirus replication predominated, in adults--HSV I/II. CONCLUSION High frequency of prevalence of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae in inflammatory diseases of respiratory tract was established, giving evidence of reasonability and necessity of examination of patients with various nosologic forms of diseases for these species of microorganisms with the aim of effective etiotropic therapy.
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is associated with a variety of ocular diseases, including epithelial and stromal keratitis. HSV can cause stromal opacification and is believed to be the leading cause of infectious blindness in the developed world. An improved understanding of the global burden of HSV keratitis, including the incidence of severe vision loss, could have a significant effect on prevention and treatment and place it in perspective among causes of corneal ulceration. We found that the global incidence of HSV keratitis is roughly 1.5 million, including 40,000 new cases of severe monocular visual impairment or blindness each year. We also discuss relevant epidemiologic issues regarding HSV epithelial and stromal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim V. Farooq
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Kawaguchi Y. [Molecular mechanisms of herpes simplex virus infection]. Seikagaku 2012; 84:343-351. [PMID: 22746056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Infection and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Song J, Zhou W, Wang Y, Cui Y, Huang XX, Zhang BY, Wu GZ, Han J, Dong XP. Contamination of live virus during tissue homogenizing by ultrasonic processor and tissue disperser. Biomed Environ Sci 2012; 25:167-171. [PMID: 22998823 DOI: 10.3967/0895-3988.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively evaluate the contamination area and risk of a live pathogen during tissue homogenization by either ultrasonic processor or tissue disperser. METHODS A recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus (rHSV) containing GFP gene was used as the index virus, and fresh liver tissue from healthy mice was used as simulated specimen. After 10% liver homogenate was mixed with rHSV (100 TCID50/0.1 mL) in a 5 mL tube, the stability of rHSV in liver homogenate and influences of an ultrasonic processor and a tissue disperser on viral infectivity were determined by GFP expressions in cell cultures. The contaminating areas of live viruses during homogenization were evaluated by a cell culture-based sedimentary. The contamination radii were counted by measurement of the distance between the operator and the farthest GFP positive well. RESULTS The infectivity of rHSV in 10% liver homogenate maintained almost unchanged after it was incubated at room temperature for 30 min. Treatment with an ultrasonic processor clearly dropped down the virus infectivity, while a disperser not. Obvious spills and slashes of live viruses were observed in processes of homogenization with those two apparatuses. The contamination radii are positively related with sample volume, output energy of operator and handling time. CONCLUSION Homogenizing infectious samples with an ultrasonic processor and a tissue disperser at commonly used conditions caused obvious spills and splashes of live viruses, which possesses high risk to induce Laboratory acquired infections (LAIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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Martínez-Girón R. Degenerate herpes cells in bronchial secretions mimicking malignancy. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 40:1035-6. [PMID: 22021217 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gonzalez-Dosal R, Horan KA, Rahbek SH, Ichijo H, Chen ZJ, Mieyal JJ, Hartmann R, Paludan SR. HSV infection induces production of ROS, which potentiate signaling from pattern recognition receptors: role for S-glutathionylation of TRAF3 and 6. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002250. [PMID: 21949653 PMCID: PMC3174249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response constitutes the first line of defense against infections. Pattern recognition receptors recognize pathogen structures and trigger intracellular signaling pathways leading to cytokine and chemokine expression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as an important regulator of some of these pathways. ROS directly interact with signaling components or induce other post-translational modifications such as S-glutathionylation, thereby altering target function. Applying live microscopy, we have demonstrated that herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection induces early production of ROS that are required for the activation of NF-κB and IRF-3 pathways and the production of type I IFNs and ISGs. All the known receptors involved in the recognition of HSV were shown to be dependent on the cellular redox levels for successful signaling. In addition, we provide biochemical evidence suggesting S-glutathionylation of TRAF family proteins to be important. In particular, by performing mutational studies we show that S-glutathionylation of a conserved cysteine residue of TRAF3 and TRAF6 is important for ROS-dependent activation of innate immune pathways. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that ROS are essential for effective activation of signaling pathways leading to a successful innate immune response against HSV infection. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 are important human pathogens, which can give rise to severe diseases during both primary and recurrent infections. In addition to activating “classical” innate and adaptive immune responses, many infections stimulate other cellular activities such as and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, there is little knowledge on the cross-talk between ROS and the innate antiviral response. In this article we show that HSV infection leads to production of ROS, and that ROS play a critical role in activation of innate immune responses to these viruses. At the mechanistic level, we show that ROS stimulate glutathionylation (a protein modification) of the signaling molecules TRAF3 and 6, which promotes redox-sensitive signaling. Our data support the idea that the innate immune system not only detects specific HSV molecules but also senses the cellular oxidative stress level, and integrates this into the innate immune response to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristy A. Horan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stine H. Rahbek
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Center of Excellence Program, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - John J. Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- The Louis B. Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R. Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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40
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Novikova IA, Zlotnikova MV. [Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense in patients with severe herpetic infection]. Klin Lab Diagn 2011:16-19. [PMID: 21735673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense were studied in 42 patients with severe herpetic infection. The higher plasma and red blood cell levels of intermediate (trienic conjugates) and end (Schiff's bases) lipid peroxidation products were revealed during remission and disease recurrences. At the same time, there were increases in the content of ceruloplasmin in the plasma and in that of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the red blood cells. In the patients with herpetic infection, there were different correlations between the values of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense, which were absent in the group of donors. There was a direct correlation between the level of oxidation of intermediate products (ketodienes) of neutral lipids in the plasma and the concentrations of ceruloplasmin and negative correlations with red blood cell superoxide dismutase in patients in remission. There were negative correlations between the red blood cell level of oxidation of intermediate phospholipid peroxidation products and the concentration of ceruloplasmin.
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41
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Remmelts HHF, van den Brink JW, Laan R, Bac DJ. Herpes simplex virus oesophagitis in a pregnant woman. Neth J Med 2011; 69:76-78. [PMID: 21411844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) oesophagitis is well described in immunocompromised patients. In immunocompetent individuals HSV oesophagitis is rare. We present a case of HSV oesophagitis in a pregnant woman. A possible explanation for HSV oesophagitis during pregnancy is the decreased cellular immunity, leading to an increased frequency and severity of viral infections. Antiviral therapy is advocated in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H F Remmelts
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, the Netherlands.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Weller
- Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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43
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Asano K, Sameshima T, Shirasawa H, Hisamitsu T. Attenuating effect of mexiletine hydrochloride on herpetic pain in mice infected with herpes simplex virus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1365-70. [PMID: 14607018 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The influence of mexiletine hydrochloride on herpes-related pain responses was examined using mice infected with herpes virus. BALB/c mice were inoculated with herpes simplex virus (HSV; 1 times 106 plaque-forming units) on the right hind paw, and the contralateral hind paw was without inoculation. The changes in nociceptive threshold were examined using electric von fray meter. BALB/c mice inoculated with HSV showed a decrease in nociceptive threshold. Intraperitoneal administration of mexiletine prevented the decrease in nociceptive threshold dose-dependently in HSV-inoculated mice, which was firstly observed at a dose of 15.0 mg kg−1, and peaked at doses more than 17.5 mg kg−1. This antinociceptive effect of mexiletine attained peaks at 60–90 min after administration and declined gradually to non-treated levels by 150 min. Intraperitoneal administration of mexiletine at a dose of 17.5 mg kg−1 (but not 10.0 mg kg−1) caused significant increase in β-endorphin levels in the mid brain and hypothalamus of HSV-inoculated mice. However, mexiletine scarcely affected noradrenaline (norepinephrine) levels in the pons and medulla oblongata, even when HSV-inoculated mice were treated with 17.5 mg kg−1 mexiletine. These results strongly suggested that mexiletine exerts antinociceptive effects on herpes-related pain through enhancement of β-endorphin levels in the central nervous system in HSV-inoculated mice. It is also suggested that mexiletine will be a good candidate for an antinociceptive drug in the treatment of acute herpetic pain in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Asano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Hatanodai, Tokyo, Japan.
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44
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Boguniewicz M, Leung DYM. Recent insights into atopic dermatitis and implications for management of infectious complications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:4-13; quiz 14-5. [PMID: 20109729 PMCID: PMC2814072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common complex disease that frequently follows a chronic relapsing course and affects the quality of life of patients and families in a significant manner. New insights into the pathophysiology of AD point to an important role of structural abnormalities in the epidermis combined with immune dysregulation. Patients with AD have a unique predisposition to colonization or infection by a number of microbial organisms, most notably Staphylococcus aureus and herpes simplex virus. A multipronged approach directed at healing or protecting the skin barrier and addressing the immune dysregulation is necessary to improve the likelihood of successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Boguniewicz
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1400 Jackson St, Rm J310, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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45
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Lycke E, Hermodsson S, Kristensson K, Roos BE. The herpes simplex virus encephalitis in mice at different environmental temperatures. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol 2009; 79:502-10. [PMID: 4330247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb03801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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46
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Abstract
Consequences of human herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection include the induction of apoptosis and the concomitant synthesis of proteins which act to block this process from killing the infected cell. Recent data has clarified our current understanding of the mechanisms of induction and prevention of apoptosis by HSV. These findings emphasize the fact that modulation of apoptosis by HSV during infection is a multicomponent phenomenon. We review recent evidence showing how this important human pathogen modulates the fundamental cell death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot L Goodkin
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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47
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Ushijima Y, Nishiyama Y. [Replication mechanisms and molecular pathogenesis of herpes simplex viruses]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2009; 54:953-960. [PMID: 21089523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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48
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Rogers KM, Deatheridge M, Breshears MA, Chapman S, Black D, Ritchey JW, Payton M, Eberle R. Type I IFN response to Papiine herpesvirus 2 (Herpesvirus papio 2; HVP2) determines neuropathogenicity in mice. Virology 2009; 386:280-9. [PMID: 19215952 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Isolates of baboon alpha-herpesvirus Papiine herpesvirus 2 (HVP2) exhibit one of two distinct phenotypes in mice: extremely neurovirulent or apathogenic. Previous studies implicated the type I interferon (IFN) response as being a major factor in controlling infection by apathogenic isolates. To further investigate the possibility that the host IFN-beta response underlies the pathogenicity of the two HVP2 subtypes, the susceptibility of mice lacking the IFN-beta receptor (IFNAR(-/-)) to infection was examined. Apathogenic isolates of HVP2 (HVP2ap) replicated in IFNAR(-/-) primary mouse dermal fibroblast (PMDF) cultures as well as neurovirulent (HVP2nv) isolates. IFNAR(-/-) mice were also susceptible to lethal infection by HVP2ap isolates. Unlike Balb/c or parental 129 mice, LD(50) and ID(50) values for HVP2ap were the same in IFNAR(-/-) mice indicating that in these mice infection always progressed to death. HVP2ap replicated in the skin at the site of inoculation and invaded dorsal root ganglia as efficiently as HVP2nv in IFNAR(-/-) mice. Since the virion host shutoff (vhs) protein encoded by the UL41 gene of herpes simplex virus has been implicated in circumventing the host IFN-beta response and the phenotype of UL41 deletion mutants of HSV is very similar to that of HVP2ap isolates, the UL41 gene was deleted from HVP2nv (Delta 41) and replaced with the UL41 ORF from HVP2ap (Delta 41C). Like the parental HVP2nv virus, the Delta 41C recombinant replicated efficiently in Balb/c PMDFs and did not induce a strong IFN-beta response. The neuropathogenicity of the Delta 41C recombinant was also the same as the parental HVP2nv virus in Balb/c mice, indicating that the vhs protein does not underlie the different neuropathogenic phenotype of HVP2ap and HVP2nv. In contrast, the Delta 41 deletion virus induced a strong IFN-beta response but was still able to undergo multiple rounds of replication in PMDF cultures, albeit at a slower pace than the parental HVP2nv. This was reflected in vivo as the Delta 41 mutant had an LD(50) equivalent to that of the parental HVP2nv virus although the time to death was longer. These results indicate that while the vhs protein is involved in preventing and/or suppressing an IFN-beta response, it is not responsible for the ability of HVP2nv to overcome IFN-beta induced resistance of uninfected cells and does not underlie the divergent pathogenicity of the two HVP2 subtypes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Rogers
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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49
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Elmore D, Eberle R. Monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1). Comp Med 2008; 58:11-21. [PMID: 19793452 PMCID: PMC2703160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Macaques are a particularly valuable nonhuman primate model for a wide variety of biomedical research endeavors. B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1; BV) is an alpha-herpesvirus that naturally infects conventional populations of macaques. Serious disease due to BV is rare in macaques, but when transmitted to humans, BV has a propensity to invade the central nervous system and has a fatality rate greater than 70% if not treated promptly. The severe consequences of human BV infections led to the inclusion of BV in the original NIH list of target viruses for elimination by development of specific pathogen-free rhesus colonies. In macaques and especially in humans, diagnosis of BV infection is not straightforward. Furthermore, development and maintenance of true BV specific pathogen-free macaque colonies has proven dif cult. In this overview we review the natural history of BV in macaques, summarize what is known about the virus at the molecular level, and relate this information to problems associated with diagnosis of BV infections and development of BV-free macaque colonies.
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Key Words
- bsl, biosafety level
- bv, b virus (cercopithecine herpesvirus 1)
- chhv, chimpanzee herpesvirus
- hsv, herpes simplex virus
- hvp2, herpesvirus papio 2 (cercopithecine herpesvirus 16)
- hvs1, herpesvirus saimiri 1
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- orf, open reading frame
- rl, long repeat region
- rs, short repeat region
- sa8, simian agent 8 (cercopithecine herpesvirus 2)
- spf, specific pathogen free
- cns, central nervous system
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK
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50
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Westmoreland SV, Mansfield KG. Comparative pathobiology of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and related primate rhadinoviruses. Comp Med 2008; 58:31-42. [PMID: 19793454 PMCID: PMC2703163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of the AIDS epidemic over the last 2 decades and the more recent identification of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, Human herpesvirus 8), the genera of rhadinoviruses have gained importance as a family of viruses with oncogenic potential. First recognized in New World primates more than 30 y ago, the rhadinoviruses Saimiriine herpesvirus 2 and Ateline herpesvirus 2 have well-described transforming capabilities. Recently several new species-specific rhadinoviruses of Old World primates have been described, including retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus and rhesus rhadinovirus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 17). Molecular analysis of these viruses has elucidated several functionally conserved genes and properties shared with KSHV involved in cellular proliferation, transformation, and immune evasion that facilitate the oncogenic potential of these viruses. This review examines the comparative pathobiology of KSHV, discusses the role of macaque rhadinoviruses as models of human disease, and outlines the derivation of specific pathogen-free animals.
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Key Words
- ccl, cellular chemokine ligand
- irf, interferon regulatory factors
- kshv, kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
- lana, latent nuclear antigen
- mcd, multicentric castleman disease
- mcp1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1
- mirna, microrna
- orf, open reading frame
- pel, primary effusion lymphoma
- rfhv, retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus
- rvv, rhesus rhadinovirus
- sahv2, saimiriine herpesvirus 2
- spf, specific pathogen-free
- srv2, simian retrovirus type 2
- thbs1, thrombospondin
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