51
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Chen W, Kong L, Connelly S, Dendle JM, Liu Y, Wilson IA, Powers ET, Kelly JW. Stabilizing the CH2 Domain of an Antibody by Engineering in an Enhanced Aromatic Sequon. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1852-61. [PMID: 27128252 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exhibiting highly selective binding to a protein target constitute a large and growing proportion of the therapeutics market. Aggregation of mAbs results in the loss of their therapeutic efficacy and can result in deleterious immune responses. The CH2 domain comprising part of the Fc portion of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is typically the least stable domain in IgG-type antibodies and therefore influences their aggregation propensity. We stabilized the CH2 domain by engineering an enhanced aromatic sequon (EAS) into the N-glycosylated C'E loop and observed a 4.8 °C increase in the melting temperature of the purified IgG1 Fc fragment. This EAS-stabilized CH2 domain also conferred enhanced stability against thermal and low pH induced aggregation in the context of a full-length monoclonal IgG1 antibody. The crystal structure of the EAS-stabilized (Q295F/Y296A) IgG1 Fc fragment confirms the design principle, i.e., the importance of the GlcNAc1•F295 interaction, and surprisingly reveals that the core fucose attached to GlcNAc1 also engages in an interaction with F295. Inhibition of core fucosylation confirms the contribution of the fucose-Phe interaction to the stabilization. The Q295F/Y296A mutations also modulate the binding affinity of the full-length antibody to Fc receptors by decreasing the binding to low affinity Fc gamma receptors (FcγRIIa, FcγRIIIa, and FcγRIIIb), while maintaining wild-type binding affinity to FcRn and FcγRI. Our results demonstrate that engineering an EAS into the N-glycosylated reverse turn on the C'E loop leads to stabilizing N-glycan-protein interactions in antibodies and that this modification modulates antibody-Fc receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Leopold Kong
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stephen Connelly
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julia M. Dendle
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
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52
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Dwyer CA, Esko JD. Glycan susceptibility factors in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:104-14. [PMID: 27418189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders with unknown etiology. An estimated 1:68 children in the U.S. are diagnosed with ASDs, making these disorders a substantial public health issue. Recent advances in genome sequencing have identified numerous genetic variants across the ASD patient population. Many genetic variants identified occur in genes that encode glycosylated extracellular proteins (proteoglycans or glycoproteins) or enzymes involved in glycosylation (glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases). It remains unknown whether "glycogene" variants cause changes in glycosylation and whether they contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of ASDs. Insights into glycan susceptibility factors are provided by studies in the normal brain and congenital disorders of glycosylation, which are often accompanied by ASD-like behaviors. The purpose of this review is to present evidence that supports a contribution of extracellular glycans and glycoconjugates to the etiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic ASDs and other types of pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissa A Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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53
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Villiger TK, Scibona E, Stettler M, Broly H, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Controlling the time evolution of mAb N-linked glycosylation - Part II: Model-based predictions. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1135-1148. [PMID: 27273889 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is known to be a crucial factor for the therapeutic efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and many other glycoproteins. The nontemplate process of glycosylation is influenced by external factors which have to be tightly controlled during the manufacturing process. In order to describe and predict mAb N-linked glycosylation patterns in a CHO-S cell fed-batch process, an existing dynamic mathematical model has been refined and coupled to an unstructured metabolic model. High-throughput cell culture experiments carried out in miniaturized bioreactors in combination with intracellular measurements of nucleotide sugars were used to tune the parameter configuration of the coupled models as a function of extracellular pH, manganese and galactose addition. The proposed modeling framework is able to predict the time evolution of N-linked glycosylation patterns during a fed-batch process as a function of time as well as the manipulated variables. A constant and varying mAb N-linked glycosylation pattern throughout the culture were chosen to demonstrate the predictive capability of the modeling framework, which is able to quantify the interconnected influence of media components and cell culture conditions. Such a model-based evaluation of feeding regimes using high-throughput tools and mathematical models gives rise to a more rational way to control and design cell culture processes with defined glycosylation patterns. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1135-1148, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Villiger
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Scibona
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, 1809, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, 1809, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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54
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Hsu CH, Park S, Mortenson DE, Foley BL, Wang X, Woods RJ, Case DA, Powers ET, Wong CH, Dyson HJ, Kelly JW. The Dependence of Carbohydrate-Aromatic Interaction Strengths on the Structure of the Carbohydrate. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7636-48. [PMID: 27249581 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between proteins and carbohydrates are ubiquitous in biology. Therefore, understanding the factors that determine their affinity and selectivity are correspondingly important. Herein, we have determined the relative strengths of intramolecular interactions between a series of monosaccharides and an aromatic ring close to the glycosylation site in an N-glycoprotein host. We employed the enhanced aromatic sequon, a structural motif found in the reverse turns of some N-glycoproteins, to facilitate face-to-face monosaccharide-aromatic interactions. A protein host was used because the dependence of the folding energetics on the identity of the monosaccharide can be accurately measured to assess the strength of the carbohydrate-aromatic interaction. Our data demonstrate that the carbohydrate-aromatic interaction strengths are moderately affected by changes in the stereochemistry and identity of the substituents on the pyranose rings of the sugars. Galactose seems to make the weakest and allose the strongest sugar-aromatic interactions, with glucose, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and mannose in between. The NMR solution structures of several of the monosaccharide-containing N-glycoproteins were solved to further understand the origins of the similarities and differences between the monosaccharide-aromatic interaction energies. Peracetylation of the monosaccharides substantially increases the strength of the sugar-aromatic interaction in the context of our N-glycoprotein host. Finally, we discuss our results in light of recent literature regarding the contribution of electrostatics to CH-π interactions and speculate on what our observations imply about the absolute conservation of GlcNAc as the monosaccharide through which N-linked glycans are attached to glycoproteins in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsiung Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sangho Park
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - David E Mortenson
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - B Lachele Foley
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David A Case
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Evan T Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - H Jane Dyson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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55
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Khatri K, Klein JA, White MR, Grant OC, Leymarie N, Woods RJ, Hartshorn KL, Zaia J. Integrated Omics and Computational Glycobiology Reveal Structural Basis for Influenza A Virus Glycan Microheterogeneity and Host Interactions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1895-912. [PMID: 26984886 PMCID: PMC5083086 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.058016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite sustained biomedical research effort, influenza A virus remains an imminent threat to the world population and a major healthcare burden. The challenge in developing vaccines against influenza is the ability of the virus to mutate rapidly in response to selective immune pressure. Hemagglutinin is the predominant surface glycoprotein and the primary determinant of antigenicity, virulence and zoonotic potential. Mutations leading to changes in the number of HA glycosylation sites are often reported. Such genetic sequencing studies predict at best the disruption or creation of sequons for N-linked glycosylation; they do not reflect actual phenotypic changes in HA structure. Therefore, combined analysis of glycan micro and macro-heterogeneity and bioassays will better define the relationships among glycosylation, viral bioactivity and evolution. We present a study that integrates proteomics, glycomics and glycoproteomics of HA before and after adaptation to innate immune system pressure. We combined this information with glycan array and immune lectin binding data to correlate the phenotypic changes with biological activity. Underprocessed glycoforms predominated at the glycosylation sites found to be involved in viral evolution in response to selection pressures and interactions with innate immune-lectins. To understand the structural basis for site-specific glycan microheterogeneity at these sites, we performed structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. We observed that the presence of immature, high-mannose type glycans at a particular site correlated with reduced accessibility to glycan remodeling enzymes. Further, the high mannose glycans at sites implicated in immune lectin recognition were predicted to be capable of forming trimeric interactions with the immune-lectin surfactant protein-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Khatri
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Joshua A Klein
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; §Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Mitchell R White
- ¶Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Oliver C Grant
- ‖Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Nancy Leymarie
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Robert J Woods
- ‖Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- ¶Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Joseph Zaia
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; §Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;
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56
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Springer SA, Gagneux P. Glycomics: revealing the dynamic ecology and evolution of sugar molecules. J Proteomics 2015; 135:90-100. [PMID: 26626628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are the most functionally and structurally diverse molecules in the biological world. Glycan structures range from tiny single monosaccharide units to giant chains thousands of units long. Some glycans are branched, their monosaccharides linked together in many different combinations and orientations. Some exist as solitary molecules; others are conjugated to proteins and lipids and alter their collective functional properties. In addition to structural and storage roles, glycan molecules participate in and actively regulate physiological and developmental processes. Glycans also mediate cellular interactions within and between individuals. Their roles in ecology and evolution are pivotal, but not well studied because glycan biochemistry requires different methods than standard molecular biology practice. The properties of glycans are in some ways convenient, and in others challenging. Glycans vary on organismal timescales, and in direct response to physiological and ecological conditions. Their mature structures are physical records of both genetic and environmental influences during maturation. We describe the scope of natural glycan variation and discuss how studying glycans will allow researchers to further integrate the fields of ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan A Springer
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
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