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Chekuri A, Zientara‐Rytter K, Soto‐Hermida A, Borooah S, Voronchikhina M, Biswas P, Kumar V, Goodsell D, Hayward C, Shaw P, Stanton C, Garland D, Subramani S, Ayyagari R. Late-onset retinal degeneration pathology due to mutations in CTRP5 is mediated through HTRA1. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13011. [PMID: 31385385 PMCID: PMC6826137 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset retinal degeneration (L-ORD) is an autosomal dominant macular degeneration characterized by the formation of sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deposits and neuroretinal atrophy. L-ORD results from mutations in the C1q-tumor necrosis factor-5 protein (CTRP5), encoded by the CTRP5/C1QTNF5 gene. To understand the mechanism underlying L-ORD pathology, we used a human cDNA library yeast two-hybrid screen to identify interacting partners of CTRP5. Additionally, we analyzed the Bruch's membrane/choroid (BM-Ch) from wild-type (Wt), heterozygous S163R Ctrp5 mutation knock-in (Ctrp5S163R/wt ), and homozygous knock-in (Ctrp5S163R/S163R ) mice using mass spectrometry. Both approaches showed an association between CTRP5 and HTRA1 via its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif, stimulation of the HTRA1 protease activity by CTRP5, and CTRP5 serving as an HTRA1 substrate. The S163R-CTRP5 protein also binds to HTRA1 but is resistant to HTRA1-mediated cleavage. Immunohistochemistry and proteomic analysis showed significant accumulation of CTRP5 and HTRA1 in BM-Ch of Ctrp5S163R/S163R and Ctrp5S163R/wt mice compared with Wt. Additional extracellular matrix (ECM) components that are HTRA1 substrates also accumulated in these mice. These results implicate HTRA1 and its interaction with CTRP5 in L-ORD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Chekuri
- Shiley Eye InstituteUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | | | | | - Shyamanga Borooah
- Shiley Eye InstituteUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | | | - Pooja Biswas
- Shiley Eye InstituteUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Virender Kumar
- Shiley Eye InstituteUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - David Goodsell
- Integrative Structural and Computational Biology (ISCB)Scripps Research InstituteSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Peter Shaw
- Shiley Eye InstituteUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Chloe Stanton
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Donita Garland
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Suresh Subramani
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Shiley Eye InstituteUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
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Wei Y, Liu Y, Sun T, Chen W, Ding Y. Gene-based association analysis for bivariate time-to-event data through functional regression with copula models. Biometrics 2019; 76:619-629. [PMID: 31625595 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several gene-based association tests for time-to-event traits have been proposed recently to detect whether a gene region (containing multiple variants), as a set, is associated with the survival outcome. However, for bivariate survival outcomes, to the best of our knowledge, there is no statistical method that can be directly applied for gene-based association analysis. Motivated by a genetic study to discover the gene regions associated with the progression of a bilateral eye disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), we implement a novel functional regression (FR) method under the copula framework. Specifically, the effects of variants within a gene region are modeled through a functional linear model, which then contributes to the marginal survival functions within the copula. Generalized score test statistics are derived to test for the association between bivariate survival traits and the genetic region. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the type I error control and power performance of the proposed approach, with comparisons to several existing methods for a single survival trait, as well as the marginal Cox FR model using the robust sandwich estimator for bivariate survival traits. Finally, we apply our method to a large AMD study, the Age-related Eye Disease Study, and to identify the gene regions that are associated with AMD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Sun T, Ding Y. Copula-based semiparametric regression method for bivariate data under general interval censoring. Biostatistics 2019; 22:315-330. [PMID: 31506682 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This research is motivated by discovering and underpinning genetic causes for the progression of a bilateral eye disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), of which the primary outcomes, progression times to late-AMD, are bivariate and interval-censored due to intermittent assessment times. We propose a novel class of copula-based semiparametric transformation models for bivariate data under general interval censoring, which includes the case 1 interval censoring (current status data) and case 2 interval censoring. Specifically, the joint likelihood is modeled through a two-parameter Archimedean copula, which can flexibly characterize the dependence between the two margins in both tails. The marginal distributions are modeled through semiparametric transformation models using sieves, with the proportional hazards or odds model being a special case. We develop a computationally efficient sieve maximum likelihood estimation procedure for the unknown parameters, together with a generalized score test for the regression parameter(s). For the proposed sieve estimators of finite-dimensional parameters, we establish their asymptotic normality and efficiency. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method in finite samples. Finally, we apply our method to a genome-wide analysis of AMD progression using the Age-Related Eye Disease Study data, to successfully identify novel risk variants associated with the disease progression. We also produce predicted joint and conditional progression-free probabilities, for patients with different genetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Wu Y, Wei Q, Yu J. The cGAS/STING pathway: a sensor of senescence-associated DNA damage and trigger of inflammation in early age-related macular degeneration. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:1277-1283. [PMID: 31371933 PMCID: PMC6628971 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s200637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness among the elderly. Considering the relatively limited effect of therapy on early AMD, it is important to focus on the pathogenesis of AMD, especially early AMD. Ageing is one of the strongest risk factors for AMD, and analysis of the impact of ageing on AMD development is valuable. Among all the ageing hallmarks, increased DNA damage accumulation is regarded as the beginning of cellular senescence and is related to abnormal expression of inflammatory cytokines, which is called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The exact pathway for DNA damage that triggers senescence-associated hallmarks is poorly understood. Recently, mounting evidence has shown that the cGAS/STING pathway is an important DNA sensor related to proinflammatory factor secretion and is associated with another hallmark of ageing, SASP. Thus, we hypothesized that the cGAS/STING pathway is a vital signalling pathway for early AMD development and that inhibition of STING might be a potential therapeutic strategy for AMD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingquan Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ninghai First Hospital, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Sun T, Liu Y, Cook RJ, Chen W, Ding Y. Copula-based score test for bivariate time-to-event data, with application to a genetic study of AMD progression. LIFETIME DATA ANALYSIS 2019; 25:546-568. [PMID: 30560439 PMCID: PMC6559827 DOI: 10.1007/s10985-018-09459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by a genome-wide association study to discover risk variants for the progression of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), we develop a computationally efficient copula-based score test, in which the dependence between bivariate progression times is taken into account. Specifically, a two-step estimation approach with numerical derivatives to approximate the score function and observed information matrix is proposed. Both parametric and weakly parametric marginal distributions under the proportional hazards assumption are considered. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the Type I error control and power performance of the proposed method. Finally, we apply our method to a large randomized trial data, the Age-related Eye Disease Study, to identify susceptible risk variants for AMD progression. The top variants identified on Chromosome 10 show significantly differential progression profiles for different genetic groups, which are critical in characterizing and predicting the risk of progression-to-late-AMD for patients with mild to moderate AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard J. Cook
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, Tel.: (+1) 519-888-4567,
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A, Tel.: (+1) 412-692-6241,
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A, Tel.: (+1) 412-624-9407,
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Yiğit M, Güneş A, Uğuz C, Yalçın TÖ, Tök L, Öz A, Nazıroğlu M. Effects of astaxanthin on antioxidant parameters in ARPE-19 cells on oxidative stress model. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:930-935. [PMID: 31236348 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.06.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the protective effect of astaxanthin (AST) against hydroquinone (HQ) mediated cell death in the apoptotic cascade and evaluate intracellular Ca2+ release, caspase-3, and -9 activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in ARPE-19 cells. METHODS We cultured ARPE-19 cells in special mediums and performed MTT tests to determine protective effect of AST, before exposing the cells to HQ in an incubator. We analyzed intracellular Ca2+ release experiments, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and ROS experiments, and apoptosis assay. RESULTS ROS production ranges depend on the amount of cell death. We computed the correlation between ROS ranges and cell death by 20,70-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, and Ca2+ levels by Fura-2-AM. HQ-induced cell death found out to rise ranges of caspase-3 and -9, and mitochondrial depolarization. These three steps were delayed by AST management. CONCLUSION ARPE-19 cells are avoided from HQ-induced ROS production and caspase-3 and -9 activation by AST. AST may limit the range of caspase synthesis, Ca2+ release and excess production of ROS with antiapoptotic effect. This study proposes a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Yiğit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Süleyman Demirel University Research and Education Hospital, Çünür-Isparta 32200, Turkey
| | - Alime Güneş
- Department of Ophthalmology, Süleyman Demirel University Research and Education Hospital, Çünür-Isparta 32200, Turkey
| | - Cihangir Uğuz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University Research and Education Hospital, Çünür-Isparta 32200, Turkey
| | - Tök Özlem Yalçın
- Department of Ophthalmology, Süleyman Demirel University Research and Education Hospital, Çünür-Isparta 32200, Turkey
| | - Levent Tök
- Department of Ophthalmology, Süleyman Demirel University Research and Education Hospital, Çünür-Isparta 32200, Turkey
| | - Ahmi Öz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University Research and Education Hospital, Çünür-Isparta 32200, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University Research and Education Hospital, Çünür-Isparta 32200, Turkey
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Young BM, Jones K, Massengill MT, Walsh E, Li H, Lewin AS, Ildefonso CJ. Expression of a CARD Slows the Retinal Degeneration of a Geographic Atrophy Mouse Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:113-125. [PMID: 31334304 PMCID: PMC6624323 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been linked to oxidative damage and para-inflammation, an activation of inflammasome signaling in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the underlying choriocapillaris. Herein, we tested the efficacy of a gene-delivered caspase-1 inhibitor in controlling the retinal degeneration observed in two models of RPE-choroid oxidative damage. In an acute model of oxidative stress (NaIO3 injection), eyes pre-treated with the sGFP-TatCARD (trans-activator of transcription; caspase activation and recruitment domain) vector demonstrated a recovery of retinal function and partial protection of RPE structure 1 month after damage, in contrast with control-treated eyes. In a model of chronic oxidative stress (RPE-specific deletion of Sod2), eyes treated with the sGFP-TatCARD vector after the onset of degeneration had a significantly slower decline in retinal function when compared to control-treated eyes. Earlier treatment of this model with the same adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector resulted in a greater protection of RPE function in eyes treated with the TatCARD when compared to control-treated eyes. Our results demonstrate that intravitreal delivery of sGFP-TatCARD reduces inflammation and can protect the retina from both acute and sustained oxidative damage within the RPE and choroid. Therefore, gene therapy with a cell-penetrating inflammasome inhibitor such as CARD may stem the progression of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Kyle Jones
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael T Massengill
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erin Walsh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alfred S Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cristhian J Ildefonso
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Owen LA, Shakoor A, Morgan DJ, Hejazi AA, McEntire MW, Brown JJ, Farrer LA, Kim I, Vitale A, DeAngelis MM. The Utah Protocol for Postmortem Eye Phenotyping and Molecular Biochemical Analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1204-1212. [PMID: 30924847 PMCID: PMC6440527 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Current understanding of local disease pathophysiology in AMD is limited. Analysis of the human disease-affected tissue is most informative, as gene expression, expressed quantitative trait loci, microenvironmental, and epigenetic changes can be tissue, cell type, and location specific. Development of a novel translational treatment and prevention strategies particularly for earlier forms of AMD are needed, although access to human ocular tissue analysis is challenging. We present a standardized protocol to study rapidly processed postmortem donor eyes for molecular biochemical and genomic studies. Methods We partnered with the Utah Lions Eye Bank to obtain donor human eyes, blood, and vitreous, within 6 hours postmortem. Phenotypic analysis was performed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and color fundus photography. Macular and extramacular tissues were immediately isolated, and the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid from each specimen were separated and preserved. Ocular disease phenotype was analyzed using clinically relevant grading criteria by a group of four ophthalmologists incorporating data from SD-OCT retinal images, fundus photographs, and medical records. Results The use of multimodal imaging leads to greater resolution of retinal pathology, allowing greater phenotypic rigor for both interobserver phenotype and known clinical diagnoses. Further, our analysis resulted in excellent quality RNA, which demonstrated appropriate tissue segregation. Conclusions The Utah protocol is a standardized methodology for analysis of disease mechanisms in AMD. It uniquely allows for simultaneous rigorous phenotypic, molecular biochemical, and genomic analysis of both systemic and local tissues. This better enables the development of disease biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A. Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Akbar Shakoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Denise J. Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Andre A. Hejazi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | | | - Jared J. Brown
- Utah Lions Eye Bank, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ivana Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Albert Vitale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Schmidt-Erfurth U, Sadeghipour A, Gerendas BS, Waldstein SM, Bogunović H. Artificial intelligence in retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 67:1-29. [PMID: 30076935 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Major advances in diagnostic technologies are offering unprecedented insight into the condition of the retina and beyond ocular disease. Digital images providing millions of morphological datasets can fast and non-invasively be analyzed in a comprehensive manner using artificial intelligence (AI). Methods based on machine learning (ML) and particularly deep learning (DL) are able to identify, localize and quantify pathological features in almost every macular and retinal disease. Convolutional neural networks thereby mimic the path of the human brain for object recognition through learning of pathological features from training sets, supervised ML, or even extrapolation from patterns recognized independently, unsupervised ML. The methods of AI-based retinal analyses are diverse and differ widely in their applicability, interpretability and reliability in different datasets and diseases. Fully automated AI-based systems have recently been approved for screening of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The overall potential of ML/DL includes screening, diagnostic grading as well as guidance of therapy with automated detection of disease activity, recurrences, quantification of therapeutic effects and identification of relevant targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Prediction and prognostic conclusions further expand the potential benefit of AI in retina which will enable personalized health care as well as large scale management and will empower the ophthalmologist to provide high quality diagnosis/therapy and successfully deal with the complexity of 21st century ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Vienna Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Amir Sadeghipour
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Vienna Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bianca S Gerendas
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Vienna Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian M Waldstein
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Vienna Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hrvoje Bogunović
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Vienna Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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