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Garcia-Mauriño C, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Thomas J, Mertz S, Cohen DM, Ramilo O, Mejias A. Viral Load Dynamics and Clinical Disease Severity in Infants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1207-1215. [PMID: 30418604 PMCID: PMC6452299 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) loads and clinical outcomes in children remains to be defined. In most studies, viral loads (VL) were evaluated in hospitalized children and at a single time-point. We investigated the relationship between VLs and disease severity in both outpatients and inpatients with RSV infection. Methods We enrolled previously healthy children with RSV infection. Disease severity was defined by level of care (outpatients vs ward vs pediatric intensive care unit [PICU]), and a clinical disease severity score (CDSS). Nasopharyngeal VLs by polymerase chain reaction and CDSS were measured at enrollment and daily in inpatients. VL decay according to disease severity was analyzed using linear mixed modeling. Results From February 2015 to March 2017, we enrolled 150 infants: 39 outpatients and 111 inpatients. VLs were higher in outpatients than in age-matched inpatients. Among inpatients, initial VLs were comparable in ward and PICU patients, and preceded the peak CDSS. However, after excluding infants treated with steroids, those hospitalized in the ward had higher VLs than infants requiring PICU care (P < .001). Dynamic analyses showed that VL decay was delayed in PICU patients, especially in those treated with steroids. Conclusions Higher VLs at presentation and a faster and consistent VL decline were both associated with less severe RSV disease in children. Summary Infants with less severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease had higher viral loads (VL) at presentation, and faster and consistent VL decline. Conversely, VL decay and overall viral exposure were prolonged and higher in infants severe RSV disease receiving steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garcia-Mauriño
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Melissa Moore-Clingenpeel
- Biostatistics Core, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Jessica Thomas
- Department of Clinical Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Sara Mertz
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Daniel M Cohen
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
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Arriola CS, Kim L, Langley G, Anderson EJ, Openo K, Martin AM, Lynfield R, Bye E, Como-Sabetti K, Reingold A, Chai S, Daily P, Thomas A, Crawford C, Reed C, Garg S, Chaves SS. Estimated Burden of Community-Onset Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospitalizations Among Children Aged <2 Years in the United States, 2014-15. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2019; 9:587-595. [PMID: 31868913 PMCID: PMC7107566 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospitalizations in young children. We estimated the burden of community-onset RSV-associated hospitalizations among US children aged <2 years by extrapolating rates of RSV-confirmed hospitalizations in 4 surveillance states and using probabilistic multipliers to adjust for ascertainment biases. METHODS From October 2014 through April 2015, clinician-ordered RSV tests identified laboratory-confirmed RSV hospitalizations among children aged <2 years at 4 influenza hospitalization surveillance network sites. Surveillance populations were used to estimate age-specific rates of RSV-associated hospitalization, after adjusting for detection probabilities. We extrapolated these rates using US census data. RESULTS We identified 1554 RSV-associated hospitalizations in children aged <2 years. Of these, 27% were admitted to an intensive care unit, 6% needed mechanical ventilation, and 5 died. Most cases (1047/1554; 67%) had no underlying condition. Adjusted age-specific RSV hospitalization rates per 100 000 population were 1970 (95% confidence interval [CI],1787 to 2177), 897 (95% CI, 761 to 1073), 531 (95% CI, 459 to 624), and 358 (95% CI, 317 to 405) for ages 0-2, 3-5, 6-11, and 12-23 months, respectively. Extrapolating to the US population, an estimated 49 509-59 867 community-onset RSV-associated hospitalizations among children aged <2 years occurred during the 2014-2015 season. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of RSV as a cause of hospitalization, especially among children aged <2 months. Our approach to estimating RSV-related hospitalizations could be used to provide a US baseline for assessing the impact of future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Arriola
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lindsay Kim
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gayle Langley
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kyle Openo
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew M Martin
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erica Bye
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Arthur Reingold
- California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Shua Chai
- California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Pam Daily
- California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Ann Thomas
- Oregon Public Health Division, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - C Reed
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S Garg
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandra S Chaves
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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53
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Midulla F, Nenna R, Scagnolari C, Petrarca L, Frassanito A, Viscido A, Arima S, Antonelli G, Pierangeli A. How Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genotypes Influence the Clinical Course in Infants Hospitalized for Bronchiolitis. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:526-534. [PMID: 30204889 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to study respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) genotype distribution, clinical presentation, and disease severity in infants with bronchiolitis from RSV subtypes and new RSV genotypes. Methods We prospectively enrolled previously healthy term infants less than 1 year old hospitalized for bronchiolitis in an Italian university hospital over 12 epidemic seasons. In 312 nasopharyngeal washings positive for RSV, we sequenced the viral genotype and analyzed this according to patient data. Strain-specific RSV loads were quantified for 273 specimens. Results From 2005-2006 to 2011-2012, the RSV-A genotype NA1 predominated, and was replaced in 2012 by the novel ON1. All infants infected with RSV subtype B were genotype BA. Stratifying data according to genotypes NA1, ON1, and BA showed that NA1-infected infants were the youngest and had the most severe clinical course. Conversely, BA-infected infants had less severe symptoms and more frequently had eosinophilia and a family history of asthma. Infants with the ON1 genotype had a milder clinical course than those with NA1 and more risk factors for asthma, despite having the highest viral loads. Conclusion The disease course in infants hospitalized for acute RSV bronchiolitis may depend on the RSV genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Midulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Agnese Viscido
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Arima
- Department of Methods and Models in Economics, the Territory, and Finance, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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54
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Ciarlitto C, Vittucci AC, Antilici L, Concato C, Di Camillo C, Zangari P, Villani A. Respiratory Syncityal Virus A and B: three bronchiolitis seasons in a third level hospital in Italy. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:115. [PMID: 31462274 PMCID: PMC6712785 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of hospitalization for bronchiolitis among infants. RSV is classified into two subtypes, A and B, whose predominance alternates during different epidemic seasons. The clinical impact of viral factors is controversial and many evidences suggest a critical role for the immune host response. Premature children are at the highest risk for severe RSV infection. The main aim of this study is to identify the different RSV subtypes circulating in the last three epidemic seasons and to evaluate whether any of them was associated with poor prognosis in term and preterm infants. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records for all patients aged less than one year which were hospitalized during the winter season between November 2015 and April 2018 with clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis and nasopharyngeal aspirates positive for RSV. Results We enrolled 422 children, of which 50 were born preterm. During the analysis period, we observed a significant increase in the rates of oxygen supplementation and admission to intensive care unit. The evidence shows an alternating pattern in the prevalence of RSV subtypes among term born; in each epidemic season, the prevalent serotype is the cause of the majority of the cases requiring intensive care. Conversely, RSV-A is always prevalent in preterm children and caused most of the cases requiring intensive care. Conclusions During the 3 seasons analyzed, we observed an alternating prevalence of RSV A and B. While there are no differences in severity between RSV A and B in term population, RSV-A is prevalent and causes most of the severe cases in the premature group. Furthermore, an increase in RSV-related oxygen therapy and PICU admission has been documented not only in the premature population. Considering the absence of appropriate therapeutic strategies, our work emphasizes the importance of implementing prophylaxis measures against RSV and highlights the urgent need to gain knowledge about immune response to the virus, also in premature children. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13052-019-0704-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ciarlitto
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Academic Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù (OPBG), Rome, Italy.
| | - A C Vittucci
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù (OPBG), Rome, Italy
| | - L Antilici
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Concato
- Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (OPBG), Rome, Italy
| | - C Di Camillo
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù (OPBG), Rome, Italy
| | - P Zangari
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Immune and Infection Disease Division, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù (OPBG), Rome, Italy
| | - A Villani
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù (OPBG), Rome, Italy
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55
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San-Juan-Vergara H, Peeples ME. Importance of Virus Characteristics in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:321-334. [PMID: 31284923 PMCID: PMC6879194 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children is most frequently caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV infects the smallest airways, making breathing difficult and in some infants requiring medical support. Severity is affected by viral dose, infant age, virus genotype, and effectiveness of the innate/adaptive immune responses. Severe disease correlates with later wheezing and asthma in some children. The adaptive immune response is protective but wanes after each infection, likely due to the ability of the RSV NS1/NS2 proteins to inhibit the innate immune response. Several vaccine approaches and candidates are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homero San-Juan-Vergara
- Division of Health Sciences, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Universidad del Norte, Bloque de Salud, Cuarto Piso 4-25L4, Km 5. Via Puerto, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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56
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Walsh EE, Mariani TJ, Chu C, Grier A, Gill SR, Qiu X, Wang L, Holden-Wiltse J, Corbett A, Thakar J, Benoodt L, McCall MN, Topham DJ, Falsey AR, Caserta MT. Aims, Study Design, and Enrollment Results From the Assessing Predictors of Infant Respiratory Syncytial Virus Effects and Severity Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e12907. [PMID: 31199303 PMCID: PMC6595944 DOI: 10.2196/12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of infants hospitalized with primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection have no obvious risk factors for severe disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study (Assessing Predictors of Infant RSV Effects and Severity, AsPIRES) was to identify factors associated with severe disease in full-term healthy infants younger than 10 months with primary RSV infection. METHODS RSV infected infants were enrolled from 3 cohorts during consecutive winters from August 2012 to April 2016 in Rochester, New York. A birth cohort was prospectively enrolled and followed through their first winter for development of RSV infection. An outpatient supplemental cohort was enrolled in the emergency department or pediatric offices, and a hospital cohort was enrolled on admission with RSV infection. RSV was diagnosed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Demographic and clinical data were recorded and samples collected for assays: buccal swab (cytomegalovirus polymerase chain reaction, PCR), nasal swab (RSV qualitative PCR, complete viral gene sequence, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid [RNA] amplicon microbiota analysis), nasal wash (chemokine and cytokine assays), nasal brush (nasal respiratory epithelial cell gene expression using RNA sequencing [RNAseq]), and 2 to 3 ml of heparinized blood (flow cytometry, RNAseq analysis of purified cluster of differentiation [CD]4+, CD8+, B cells and natural killer cells, and RSV-specific antibody). Cord blood (RSV-specific antibody) was also collected for the birth cohort. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression will be used for analysis of data using a continuous Global Respiratory Severity Score (GRSS) as the outcome variable. Novel statistical methods will be developed for integration of the large complex datasets. RESULTS A total of 453 infants were enrolled into the 3 cohorts; 226 in the birth cohort, 60 in the supplemental cohort, and 78 in the hospital cohort. A total of 126 birth cohort infants remained in the study and were evaluated for 150 respiratory illnesses. Of the 60 RSV positive infants in the supplemental cohort, 42 completed the study, whereas all 78 of the RSV positive hospital cohort infants completed the study. A GRSS was calculated for each RSV-infected infant and is being used to analyze each of the complex datasets by correlation with disease severity in univariate and multivariate methods. CONCLUSIONS The AsPIRES study will provide insights into the complex pathogenesis of RSV infection in healthy full-term infants with primary RSV infection. The analysis will allow assessment of multiple factors potentially influencing the severity of RSV infection including the level of RSV specific antibodies, the innate immune response of nasal epithelial cells, the adaptive response by various lymphocyte subsets, the resident airway microbiota, and viral factors. Results of this study will inform disease interventions such as vaccines and antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E Walsh
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - ChinYi Chu
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Alex Grier
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Steven R Gill
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Xing Qiu
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jeanne Holden-Wiltse
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Anthony Corbett
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Juilee Thakar
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Lauren Benoodt
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Matthew N McCall
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - David J Topham
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ann R Falsey
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Mary T Caserta
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in children < 5 years of age worldwide. Among all respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the world's leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children. There are known populations at risk for severe disease but the majority of children who require hospitalization for RSV infection are previously healthy. Viral and host factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of RSV disease; however, the mechanisms that explain the wide variability in the clinical presentation are not completely understood. Recent studies suggest that the complex interaction between the respiratory microbiome, the host's immune response and the virus may have an impact on the pathogenesis and severity of RSV infection. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding the epidemiologic link, the mechanisms of viral-bacterial interactions, and the associations between the upper respiratory tract microbiome and RSV disease severity.
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58
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Abstract
Biomarkers have become an integral part of the clinical decision-making process of clinicians dealing with febrile children. C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and white blood cell count are probably the most studied ones. Crucial to using biomarkers is the understanding of how a test result will alter post-test probabilities and then impact on clinical decision making. Improved analytical and computational platforms have enabled the next generation of advanced biomarker discovery studies. Promising combinations of candidate biomarkers for a diverse spectrum of febrile illnesses, such as viral and bacterial infections, have been identified using proteomics, RNA gene expression and metabolomics.
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59
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Kombe IK, Munywoki PK, Baguelin M, Nokes DJ, Medley GF. Model-based estimates of transmission of respiratory syncytial virus within households. Epidemics 2019; 27:1-11. [PMID: 30591267 PMCID: PMC6543068 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes a significant respiratory disease burden in the under 5 population. The transmission pathway to young children is not fully quantified in low-income settings, and this information is required to design interventions. METHODS We used an individual level transmission model to infer transmission parameters using data collected from 493 individuals distributed across 47 households over a period of 6 months spanning the 2009/2010 RSV season. A total of 208 episodes of RSV were observed from 179 individuals. We model competing transmission risk from within household exposure and community exposure while making a distinction between RSV groups A and B. RESULTS We find that 32-53% of all RSV transmissions are between members of the same household; the rate of pair-wise transmission is 58% (95% CrI: 30-74%) lower in larger households (≥8 occupants) than smaller households; symptomatic individuals are 2-7 times more infectious than asymptomatic individuals i.e. 2.48 (95% CrI: 1.22-5.57) among symptomatic individuals with low viral load and 6.7(95% CrI: 2.56-16) among symptomatic individuals with high viral load; previous infection reduces susceptibility to re-infection within the same epidemic by 47% (95% CrI: 17%-68%) for homologous RSV group and 39% (95%CrI: -8%-69%) for heterologous group; RSV B is more frequently introduced into the household, and RSV A is more rapidly transmitted once in the household. DISCUSSION Our analysis presents the first transmission modelling of cohort data for RSV and we find that it is important to consider the household social structuring and household size when modelling transmission. The increased infectiousness of symptomatic individuals implies that a vaccine against RSV related disease would also have an impact on infection transmission. Together, the weak cross immunity between RSV groups and the possibility of different transmission niches could form part of the explanation for the group co-existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy K Kombe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, KEMRI Center for Geographical Medical Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease and Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | - Patrick K Munywoki
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, KEMRI Center for Geographical Medical Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Marc Baguelin
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease and Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - D James Nokes
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, KEMRI Center for Geographical Medical Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya; School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Graham F Medley
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease and Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
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A Contemporary View of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Biology and Strain-Specific Differences. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020067. [PMID: 31117229 PMCID: PMC6631838 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a human respiratory pathogen which remains a leading viral cause of hospitalizations and mortality among infants in their first year of life. Here, we review the biology of RSV, the primary laboratory isolates or strains which have been used to best characterize the virus since its discovery in 1956, and discuss the implications for genetic and functional variations between the established laboratory strains and the recently identified clinical isolates.
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61
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Genotyping of Type A Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Based on Direct F Gene Sequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050169. [PMID: 31137571 PMCID: PMC6571984 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is among the important respiratory pathogens affecting children. Genotype-specific attachment (G) gene sequencing is usually used to determine the virus genotype. The reliability of the fusion (F) gene vs. G gene genotype-specific sequencing was screened. Materials and Methods: Archival RNA from Saudi children who tested positive for hRSV-A were used. Samples were subjected to a conventional one-step RT-PCR for both F and G genes and direct gene sequencing of the amplicons using the same primer sets. Phylogeny and mutational analysis of the obtained sequences were conducted. Results: The generic primer set succeeded to amplify target gene sequences. The phylogenetic tree based on partial F gene sequencing resulted in an efficient genotyping of hRSV-A strains equivalent to the partial G gene genotyping method. NA1, ON1, and GA5 genotypes were detected in the clinical samples. The latter was detected for the first time in Saudi Arabia. Different mutations in both conserved and escape-mutant domains were detected in both F and G. Conclusion: It was concluded that a partial F gene sequence can be used efficiently for hRSV-A genotyping.
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Hijano DR, Vu LD, Kauvar LM, Tripp RA, Polack FP, Cormier SA. Role of Type I Interferon (IFN) in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immune Response and Disease Severity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:566. [PMID: 30972063 PMCID: PMC6443902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children <2 years of age. Increased morbidity and mortality have been reported in high-risk patients, such as premature infants, patients with cardiac disease, and severely immune compromised patients. Severe disease is associated with the virulence of the virus as well as host factors specifically including the innate immune response. The role of type I interferons (IFNs) in the response to RSV infection is important in regulating the rate of virus clearance and in directing the character of the immune response, which is normally associated with protection and less severe disease. Two RSV non-structural proteins, NS1 and NS2, as well as the envelope G glycoprotein are known to suppress type I IFN production and a robust type I IFN response to RSV does not occur in human infants or neonatal mouse models of RSV infection. Additionally, presence of type I IFNs are associated with mild symptoms in infants and administration of IFN-α prior to infection of neonatal mice with RSV reduces immunopathology. This evidence has driven RSV prophylaxis and therapeutic efforts to consider strategies for enhancing type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Hijano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Luan D Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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63
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Bougarn S, Boughorbel S, Chaussabel D, Marr N. A curated transcriptome dataset collection to investigate the blood transcriptional response to viral respiratory tract infection and vaccination. F1000Res 2019; 8:284. [PMID: 31231515 PMCID: PMC6567289 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18533.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune defense mechanisms and factors associated with good versus poor health outcomes following viral respiratory tract infections (VRTI), as well as correlates of protection following vaccination against respiratory viruses, remain incompletely understood. To shed further light into these mechanisms, a number of systems-scale studies have been conducted to measure transcriptional changes in blood leukocytes of either naturally or experimentally infected individuals, or in individual’s post-vaccination. Here we are making available a public repository, for research investigators for interpretation, a collection of transcriptome datasets obtained from human whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to investigate the transcriptional responses following viral respiratory tract infection or vaccination against respiratory viruses. In total, Thirty one31 datasets, associated to viral respiratory tract infections and their related vaccination studies, were identified and retrieved from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and loaded in a custom web application designed for interactive query and visualization of integrated large-scale data. Quality control checks, using relevant biological markers, were performed. Multiple sample groupings and rank lists were created to facilitate dataset query and interpretation. Via this interface, users can generate web links to customized graphical views, which may be subsequently inserted into manuscripts to report novel findings. The GXB tool enables browsing of a single gene across projects, providing new perspectives on the role of a given molecule across biological systems in the diagnostic and prognostic following VRTI but also in identifying new correlates of protection. This dataset collection is available at:
http://vri1.gxbsidra.org/dm3/geneBrowser/list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Bougarn
- Systems Biology and Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabri Boughorbel
- Systems Biology and Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Systems Biology and Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nico Marr
- Systems Biology and Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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Distinct transcriptional modules in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells response to human respiratory syncytial virus or to human rhinovirus in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213501. [PMID: 30845274 PMCID: PMC6405118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the main cause of bronchiolitis during the first year of life, when infections by other viruses, such as rhinovirus, also occur and are clinically indistinguishable from those caused by HRSV. In hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis, the analysis of gene expression profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) may be useful for the rapid identification of etiological factors, as well as for developing diagnostic tests, and elucidating pathogenic mechanisms triggered by different viral agents. In this study we conducted a comparative global gene expression analysis of PBMC obtained from two groups of infants with acute viral bronchiolitis who were infected by HRSV (HRSV group) or by HRV (HRV group). We employed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) which allows the identification of transcriptional modules and their correlations with HRSV or HRV groups. This approach permitted the identification of distinct transcription modules for the HRSV and HRV groups. According to these data, the immune response to HRSV infection—comparatively to HRV infection—was more associated to the activation of the interferon gamma signaling pathways and less related to neutrophil activation mechanisms. Moreover, we also identified host-response molecular markers that could be used for etiopathogenic diagnosis. These results may contribute to the development of new tests for respiratory virus identification. The finding that distinct transcriptional profiles are associated to specific host responses to HRSV or to HRV may also contribute to the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms triggered by different respiratory viruses, paving the way for new therapeutic strategies.
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65
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Vos LM, Oosterheert JJ, Kuil SD, Viveen M, Bont LJ, Hoepelman AIM, Coenjaerts FEJ. High epidemic burden of RSV disease coinciding with genetic alterations causing amino acid substitutions in the RSV G-protein during the 2016/2017 season in The Netherlands. J Clin Virol 2019; 112:20-26. [PMID: 30708281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We found amino acid substitutions in the Gglycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A during the 2016/2017 epidemic in The Netherlands. OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether these alterations led to increased RSV incidence and disease burden. STUDY DESIGN We sequenced the gene encoding the G-protein of prospectively collected clinical specimens from secondary care adult patients testing positive for RSV during the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 epidemic RSV season. We evaluated associations between genetic, clinical and epidemiological data. RESULTS We included 49 RSV strains. In 2016/2017 28 strains were included, 20 community acquired RSV-A, 5 hospital acquired RSV-A and 3 community acquired RSV-B. In 2017/2018 21 strains were included, 8 community acquired RSV-A and 13 community acquired RSV-B. G-proteins of 10 out of the 20 community acquired 2016/2017 RSV-A strains shared a set of eight novel amino acid substitutions of which seven in mucin-like regions 1 and 2 and one in the heparin binding domain. This genetic variant was no longer detected among 2017/2018 RSV-A strains. Among patients carrying the novel RSV-A strain-type, 30% died. CONCLUSIONS A set of eight amino acid substitutions was found in 50% of the 2016/2017 community acquired RSV-A G-proteins. This combination of substitutions was globally never observed before. The appearance of this new strain-type coincided with an increased RSV peak in The Netherlands and was associated with higher disease severity. The transient character of this epidemic strain-type suggests rapid clearance of this lineage in our study community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Vos
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Jelrik Oosterheert
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha D Kuil
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Viveen
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Department of Medical Microbiology, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Louis J Bont
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Utrecht 3584 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Frank E J Coenjaerts
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Department of Medical Microbiology, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
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66
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Tahamtan A, Askari FS, Bont L, Salimi V. Disease severity in respiratory syncytial virus infection: Role of host genetic variation. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2026. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tahamtan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine; Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Gorgan Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Gorgan Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sana Askari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine; Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Gorgan Iran
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital; University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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67
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Hussain SRA, Mejias A, Ramilo O, Peeples ME, Grayson MH. Post-viral atopic airway disease: pathogenesis and potential avenues for intervention. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 15:49-58. [PMID: 30370798 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1541737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In early childhood, wheezing due to lower respiratory tract illness is often associated with infection by commonly known respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (RV). How respiratory viral infections lead to wheeze and/or asthma is an area of active research. Areas covered: This review provides an updated summary of the published information on the development of post-viral induced atopy and asthma and the mechanisms involved. We focus on the contribution of animal models in identifying pathways that may contribute to atopy and asthma following respiratory virus infection, different polymorphisms that have been associated with asthma development, and current options for disease management and potential future interventions. Expert commentary: Currently there are no prophylactic therapies that prevent infants infected with respiratory viruses from developing asthma or atopy. Neither are there curative therapies for patients with asthma. Therefore, a better understanding of genetic factors and other associated biomarkers in respiratory viral induced pathogenesis is important for developing effective personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed-Rehan A Hussain
- a Division of Allergy and Immunology , Nationwide Children's Hospital - The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,b Center for Clinical and Translational Research , Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA.,c Department of Pediatrics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- c Department of Pediatrics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,d Division of Infectious Diseases , Nationwide Children's Hospital - The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,e Center for Vaccines and Immunity , Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- c Department of Pediatrics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,d Division of Infectious Diseases , Nationwide Children's Hospital - The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,e Center for Vaccines and Immunity , Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- c Department of Pediatrics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,e Center for Vaccines and Immunity , Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Mitchell H Grayson
- a Division of Allergy and Immunology , Nationwide Children's Hospital - The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,b Center for Clinical and Translational Research , Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA.,c Department of Pediatrics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA
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68
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Evolution of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) over Multiple Seasons in New South Wales, Australia. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090476. [PMID: 30200580 PMCID: PMC6164696 DOI: 10.3390/v10090476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing global pandemic of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection that results in substantial annual morbidity and mortality. In Australia, RSV is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI). Nevertheless, little is known about the extent and origins of the genetic diversity of RSV in Australia, nor the factors that shape this diversity. We have conducted a genome-scale analysis of RSV infections in New South Wales (NSW). RSV genomes were successfully sequenced for 144 specimens collected between 2010⁻2016. Of these, 64 belonged to the RSVA and 80 to the RSVB subtype. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a wide diversity of RSV lineages within NSW and that both subtypes evolved rapidly in a strongly clock-like manner, with mean rates of approximately 6⁻8 × 10-4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. There was only weak evidence for geographic clustering of sequences, indicative of fluid patterns of transmission within the infected population and no evidence of any clustering by patient age such that viruses in the same lineages circulate through the entire host population. Importantly, we show that both subtypes circulated concurrently in NSW with multiple introductions into the Australian population in each year and only limited evidence for multi-year persistence.
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69
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González-Parra G, Dobrovolny HM. A quantitative assessment of dynamical differences of RSV infections in vitro and in vivo. Virology 2018; 523:129-139. [PMID: 30144786 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental results in vitro and in animal models are used to guide researchers in testing vaccines or treatment in humans. However, viral kinetics are different in vitro, in animals, and in humans, so it is sometimes difficult to translate results from one system to another. In this study, we use a mathematical model to fit experimental data from multiple cycle respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in vitro, in african green monkey (AGM), and in humans in order to quantitatively compare viral kinetics in the different systems. We find that there are differences in viral clearance rate, productively infectious cell lifespan, and eclipse phase duration between in vitro and in vivo systems and among different in vivo systems. We show that these differences in viral kinetics lead to different estimates of drug effectiveness of fusion inhibitors in vitro and in AGM than in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States.
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