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Clark FE, Conte MA, Kocher TD. Genomic Characterization of a B Chromosome in Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E610. [PMID: 30563180 PMCID: PMC6316868 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) were discovered a century ago, and since then, most studies have focused on describing their distribution and abundance using traditional cytogenetics. Only recently have attempts been made to understand their structure and evolution at the level of DNA sequence. Many questions regarding the origin, structure, function, and evolution of B chromosomes remain unanswered. Here, we identify B chromosome sequences from several species of cichlid fish from Lake Malawi by examining the ratios of DNA sequence coverage in individuals with or without B chromosomes. We examined the efficiency of this method, and compared results using both Illumina and PacBio sequence data. The B chromosome sequences detected in 13 individuals from 7 species were compared to assess the rates of sequence replacement. B-specific sequence common to at least 12 of the 13 datasets were identified as the "Core" B chromosome. The location of B sequence homologs throughout the genome provides further support for theories of B chromosome evolution. Finally, we identified genes and gene fragments located on the B chromosome, some of which may regulate the segregation and maintenance of the B chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Matthew A Conte
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Thomas D Kocher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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52
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Hanlon SL, Miller DE, Eche S, Hawley RS. Origin, Composition, and Structure of the Supernumerary B Chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2018; 210:1197-1212. [PMID: 30249684 PMCID: PMC6283169 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of chromosomes carried by an individual species is one of its defining characteristics. Some species, however, can also carry supernumerary chromosomes referred to as B chromosomes. B chromosomes were recently identified in a laboratory stock of Drosophila melanogaster-an established model organism with a wealth of genetic and genomic resources-enabling us to subject them to extensive molecular analysis. We isolated the B chromosomes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and determined their composition through next-generation sequencing. Although these B chromosomes carry no known euchromatic sequence, they are rich in transposable elements and long arrays of short nucleotide repeats, the most abundant being the uncharacterized AAGAT satellite repeat. Fluorescent in situ hybridization on metaphase chromosome spreads revealed this repeat is located on chromosome 4, strongly suggesting the origin of the B chromosomes is chromosome 4 Cytological and quantitative comparisons of signal intensity between chromosome 4 and the B chromosomes supports the hypothesis that the structure of the B chromosome is an isochromosome. We also report the identification of a new B chromosome variant in a related laboratory stock. This B chromosome has a similar repeat signature as the original but is smaller and much less prevalent. We examined additional stocks with similar genotypes and did not find B chromosomes, but did find these stocks lacked the AAGAT satellite repeat. Our molecular characterization of D. melanogaster B chromosomes is the first step toward understanding how supernumerary chromosomes arise from essential chromosomes and what may be necessary for their stable inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Hanlon
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Danny E Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - Salam Eche
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - R Scott Hawley
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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53
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Marques A, Klemme S, Houben A. Evolution of Plant B Chromosome Enriched Sequences. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9100515. [PMID: 30360448 PMCID: PMC6210368 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes are supernumerary chromosomes found in addition to the normal standard chromosomes (A chromosomes). B chromosomes are well known to accumulate several distinct types of repeated DNA elements. Although the evolution of B chromosomes has been the subject of numerous studies, the mechanisms of accumulation and evolution of repetitive sequences are not fully understood. Recently, new genomic approaches have shed light on the origin and accumulation of different classes of repetitive sequences in the process of B chromosome formation and evolution. Here we discuss the impact of repetitive sequences accumulation on the evolution of plant B chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Marques
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Manoel Severino Barbosa, 57309-005 Arapiraca-AL, Brazil.
| | - Sonja Klemme
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Andreas Houben
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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54
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Jetybayev IY, Bugrov AG, Dzuybenko VV, Rubtsov NB. B Chromosomes in Grasshoppers: Different Origins and Pathways to the Modern B s. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9100509. [PMID: 30340429 PMCID: PMC6209997 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) were described in most taxa of eukaryotes and in around 11.9% of studied Orthopteran species. In some grasshopper species, their evolution has led to many B chromosome morphotypes. We studied the Bs in nine species (Nocaracris tardus, Nocaracris cyanipes, Aeropus sibiricus, Chorthippus jacobsoni, Chorthippus apricarius, Bryodema gebleri, Asiotmethis heptapotamicus songoricus, Podisma sapporensis, and Eyprepocnemis plorans), analyzing their possible origin and further development. The studied Bs consisted of C-positive or C-positive and C-negative regions. Analyzing new data and considering current hypotheses, we suggest that Bs in grasshoppers could arise through different mechanisms and from different chromosomes of the main set. We gave our special attention to the Bs with C-negative regions and suggest a new hypothesis of B chromosome formation from large or medium autosomes. This hypothesis includes dissemination of repetitive sequences and development of intercalary heterochromatic blocks in euchromatic chromosome arm followed by deletion of euchromatic regions located between them. The hypothesis is based on the findings of the Eyprepocnemis plorans specimens with autosome containing numerous intercalary repeat clusters, analysis of C-positive Bs in Eyprepocnemis plorans and Podisma sapporensis containing intercalary and terminal C-negative regions, and development of heterochromatic neo-Y chromosome in some Pamphagidae grasshoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Yerkinovich Jetybayev
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Lavrentjev Ave., 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Alexander Gennadievich Bugrov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov str., 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | | | - Nikolay Borisovich Rubtsov
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Lavrentjev Ave., 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov str., 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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55
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Sequence Composition and Evolution of Mammalian B Chromosomes. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9100490. [PMID: 30309007 PMCID: PMC6211034 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) revealed more than a hundred years ago remain to be some of the most mysterious elements of the eukaryotic genome. Their origin and evolution, DNA composition, transcriptional activity, impact on adaptiveness, behavior in meiosis, and transfer to the next generation require intensive investigations using modern methods. Over the past years, new experimental techniques have been applied and helped us gain a deeper insight into the nature of Bs. Here, we consider mammalian Bs, taking into account data on their DNA sequencing, transcriptional activity, positions in nuclei of somatic and meiotic cells, and impact on genome functioning. Comparative cytogenetics of Bs suggests the existence of different mechanisms of their formation and evolution. Due to the long and complicated evolvement of Bs, the similarity of their morphology could be explained by the similar mechanisms involved in their development while the difference between Bs even of the same origin could appear due to their positioning at different stages of their evolution. A complex analysis of their DNA composition and other features is required to clarify the origin and evolutionary history of Bs in the species studied. The intraspecific diversity of Bs makes this analysis a very important element of B chromosome studies.
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56
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Gammerdinger WJ, Kocher TD. Unusual Diversity of Sex Chromosomes in African Cichlid Fishes. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E480. [PMID: 30287777 PMCID: PMC6210639 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
African cichlids display a remarkable assortment of jaw morphologies, pigmentation patterns, and mating behaviors. In addition to this previously documented diversity, recent studies have documented a rich diversity of sex chromosomes within these fishes. Here we review the known sex-determination network within vertebrates, and the extraordinary number of sex chromosomes systems segregating in African cichlids. We also propose a model for understanding the unusual number of sex chromosome systems within this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Gammerdinger
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Thomas D Kocher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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57
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Komissarov A, Vij S, Yurchenko A, Trifonov V, Thevasagayam N, Saju J, Sridatta PSR, Purushothaman K, Graphodatsky A, Orbán L, Kuznetsova I. B Chromosomes of the Asian Seabass ( Lates calcarifer) Contribute to Genome Variations at the Level of Individuals and Populations. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E464. [PMID: 30241368 PMCID: PMC6211105 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is a bony fish from the Latidae family, which is widely distributed in the tropical Indo-West Pacific region. The karyotype of the Asian seabass contains 24 pairs of A chromosomes and a variable number of AT- and GC-rich B chromosomes (Bchrs or Bs). Dot-like shaped and nucleolus-associated AT-rich Bs were microdissected and sequenced earlier. Here we analyzed DNA fragments from Bs to determine their repeat and gene contents using the Asian seabass genome as a reference. Fragments of 75 genes, including an 18S rRNA gene, were found in the Bs; repeats represented 2% of the Bchr assembly. The 18S rDNA of the standard genome and Bs were similar and enriched with fragments of transposable elements. A higher nuclei DNA content in the male gonad and somatic tissue, compared to the female gonad, was demonstrated by flow cytometry. This variation in DNA content could be associated with the intra-individual variation in the number of Bs. A comparison between the copy number variation among the B-related fragments from whole genome resequencing data of Asian seabass individuals identified similar profiles between those from the South-East Asian/Philippines and Indian region but not the Australian ones. Our results suggest that Bs might cause variations in the genome among the individuals and populations of Asian seabass. A personalized copy number approach for segmental duplication detection offers a suitable tool for population-level analysis across specimens with low coverage genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Komissarov
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
| | - Shubha Vij
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic 9 Woodlands Avenue 9, Singapore 738964, Singapore.
| | - Andrey Yurchenko
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Vladimir Trifonov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Natascha Thevasagayam
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Jolly Saju
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | | | - Kathiresan Purushothaman
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Alexander Graphodatsky
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - László Orbán
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary.
- Center for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, 6150 Murdoch, Australia.
| | - Inna Kuznetsova
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
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58
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Kichigin IG, Lisachov AP, Giovannotti M, Makunin AI, Kabilov MR, O'Brien PCM, Ferguson-Smith MA, Graphodatsky AS, Trifonov VA. First report on B chromosome content in a reptilian species: the case of Anolis carolinensis. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 294:13-21. [PMID: 30146671 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supernumerary elements of the genome are often called B chromosomes. They usually consist of various autosomal sequences and, because of low selective pressure, are mostly pseudogenized and contain many repeats. There are numerous reports on B chromosomes in mammals, fish, invertebrates, plants, and fungi, but only a few of them have been studied using sequencing techniques. However, reptilian supernumerary chromosomes have been detected only cytogenetically and never sequenced or analyzed at the molecular level. One model squamate species with available genome sequence is Anolis carolinensis. The scope of the present article is to describe the genetic content of A. carolinensis supernumerary chromosomes. In this article, we confirm the presence of B chromosomes in this species by reverse painting and synaptonemal complex analysis. We applied low-pass high-throughput sequencing to analyze flow-sorted B chromosomes. Anole B chromosomes exhibit similar traits to other supernumerary chromosomes from different taxons: they contain two genes related to cell division control (INCENP and SPIRE2), are enriched in specific repeats, and show a high degree of pseudogenization. Therefore, the present study confirms that reptilian B chromosomes resemble supernumerary chromosomes of other taxons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya G Kichigin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Artem P Lisachov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Massimo Giovannotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alex I Makunin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Marsel R Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Patricia C M O'Brien
- Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Malcolm A Ferguson-Smith
- Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Alexander S Graphodatsky
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Trifonov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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59
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Sequencing of Supernumerary Chromosomes of Red Fox and Raccoon Dog Confirms a Non-Random Gene Acquisition by B Chromosomes. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080405. [PMID: 30103445 PMCID: PMC6116037 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) represent a variable addition to the main karyotype in some lineages of animals and plants. Bs accumulate through non-Mendelian inheritance and become widespread in populations. Despite the presence of multiple genes, most Bs lack specific phenotypic effects, although their influence on host genome epigenetic status and gene expression are recorded. Previously, using sequencing of isolated Bs of ruminants and rodents, we demonstrated that Bs originate as segmental duplications of specific genomic regions, and subsequently experience pseudogenization and repeat accumulation. Here, we used a similar approach to characterize Bs of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) and the Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides Gray). We confirm the previous findings of the KIT gene on Bs of both species, but demostrate an independent origin of Bs in these species, with two reused regions. Comparison of gene ensembles in Bs of canids, ruminants, and rodents once again indicates enrichment with cell-cycle genes, development-related genes, and genes functioning in the neuron synapse. The presence of B-chromosomal copies of genes involved in cell-cycle regulation and tissue differentiation may indicate importance of these genes for B chromosome establishment.
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60
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Coan RLB, Martins C. Landscape of Transposable Elements Focusing on the B Chromosome of the Cichlid Fish Astatotilapia latifasciata. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9060269. [PMID: 29882892 PMCID: PMC6027319 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) are supernumerary elements found in many taxonomic groups. Most B chromosomes are rich in heterochromatin and composed of abundant repetitive sequences, especially transposable elements (TEs). B origin is generally linked to the A-chromosome complement (A). The first report of a B chromosome in African cichlids was in Astatotilapia latifasciata, which can harbor 0, 1, or 2 Bs Classical cytogenetic studies found high a TE content on this B chromosome. In this study, we aimed to understand TE composition and expression in the A. latifasciata genome and its relation to the B chromosome. We used bioinformatics analysis to explore the genomic organization of TEs and their composition on the B chromosome. The bioinformatics findings were validated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and real-time PCR (qPCR). A. latifasciata has a TE content similar to that of other cichlid fishes and several expanded elements on its B chromosome. With RNA sequencing data (RNA-seq), we showed that all major TE classes are transcribed in the brain, muscle, and male and female gonads. An evaluation of TE transcription levels between B- and B+ individuals showed that few elements are differentially expressed between these groups and that the expanded B elements are not highly transcribed. Putative silencing mechanisms may act on the B chromosome of A. latifasciata to prevent the adverse consequences of repeat transcription and mobilization in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L B Coan
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cesar Martins
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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61
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Malimpensa GC, Traldi JB, Toyama D, Henrique-Silva F, Vicari MR, Moreira-Filho O. Chromosomal Mapping of Repeat DNA in Bergiaria westermanni (Pimelodidae, Siluriformes): Localization of 45S rDNA in B Chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 154:99-106. [PMID: 29635248 DOI: 10.1159/000487652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of repetitive DNA in autosomes and B chromosomes of Bergiaria westermanni was examined using conventional and molecular cytogenetic techniques. This species exhibited 2n = 56 chromosomes, with intra- and interindividual variation in the number of heterochromatic B chromosomes (from 0 to 4). The 5S rDNA was localized in pairs 1 and 5, and histone probes (H1, H3, and H4) and U2 small nuclear RNA were syntenic with 5S rDNA in pair 5. Histone sequences were also located in chromosome pair 14. The (GATA)n sequence was dispersed throughout the autosomes and B chromosomes, with clusters (microsatellite accumulation) in some chromosome regions. The telomeric probe revealed no signs of chromosomal rearrangements in the genome of B. westermanni. The 45S rDNA sites were detected in the terminal region of pair 27; these sites corresponded to a GC-rich heterochromatin block. In addition, 3 of the 4 B chromosomes also contained 45S rDNA copies. Silver nitrate staining in interphase nuclei provided indirect evidence of the expression of these rRNA genes in B chromosomes, indicating the probable origin of these elements. This report shows plasticity in the chromosomal localization of repeat DNA in B. westermanni and features a discussion of genomic diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovana C Malimpensa
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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62
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Soares AA, Castro JP, Balieiro P, Dornelles S, Degrandi TM, Sbalqueiro IJ, Ferreira Artoni R, Hass I. B Chromosome Diversity and Repetitive Sequence Distribution in an Isolated Population of Akodon montensis (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 154:79-85. [PMID: 29544219 DOI: 10.1159/000487471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes are supernumerary chromosomes found in the karyotypes of approximately 15% of all eukaryotic species. They present parasitic behavior and do not follow the standard Mendelian pattern of inheritance, resulting in an imbalance in gametogenesis. The evolutionary dynamics of B chromosomes is still unknown for many species, but studies indicate that the accumulation of repetitive sequences plays an important role in the differentiation of these elements. We analyzed morphology, frequency, and possible homologies amongst different B chromosomes found in an isolated Akodon montensis population in southern Brazil. Repetitive sequences (18S, 5S rDNA and telomeric sequences) were used to test for their accumulation on the supernumerary chromosomes and describe their localization in the species. The results indicate 4 different B chromosome morphotypes, and DNA libraries were generated for 3 of them. 18S rDNA was labelled polymorphically, except in the B chromosomes, whereas the 5S rDNA was located exclusively in an interstitial position on the long arm of chromosome 5. Chromosome painting with the B probes based on FISH revealed a homologous composition for all B chromosome morphotypes and no homology with the chromosomes in the A complement. B chromosomes found in this population may have a common origin and subsequently diversified in size and morphology.
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63
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Ferro JM, Cardozo DE, Suárez P, Boeris JM, Blasco-Zúñiga A, Barbero G, Gomes A, Gazoni T, Costa W, Nagamachi CY, Rivera M, Parise-Maltempi PP, Wiley JE, Pieczarka JC, Haddad CFB, Faivovich J, Baldo D. Chromosome evolution in Cophomantini (Amphibia, Anura, Hylinae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192861. [PMID: 29444174 PMCID: PMC5812657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hylid tribe Cophomantini is a diverse clade of Neotropical treefrogs composed of the genera Aplastodiscus, Boana, Bokermannohyla, Hyloscirtus, and Myersiohyla. The phylogenetic relationships of Cophomantini have been comprehensively reviewed in the literature, providing a suitable framework for the study of chromosome evolution. Employing different banding techniques, we studied the chromosomes of 25 species of Boana and 3 of Hyloscirtus; thus providing, for the first time, data for Hyloscirtus and for 15 species of Boana. Most species showed karyotypes with 2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes; some species of the B. albopunctata group have 2n = 2x = 22, and H. alytolylax has 2n = 2x = 20. Karyotypes are all bi-armed in most species presented, with the exception of H. larinopygion (FN = 46) and H. alytolylax (FN = 38), with karyotypes that have a single pair of small telocentric chromosomes. In most species of Boana, NORs are observed in a single pair of chromosomes, mostly in the small chromosomes, although in some species of the B. albopunctata, B. pulchella, and B. semilineata groups, this marker occurs on the larger pairs 8, 1, and 7, respectively. In Hyloscirtus, NOR position differs in the three studied species: H. alytolylax (4p), H. palmeri (4q), and H. larinopygion (1p). Heterochromatin is a variable marker that could provide valuable evidence, but it would be necesserary to understand the molecular composition of the C-bands that are observed in different species in order to test its putative homology. In H. alytolylax, a centromeric DAPI+ band was observed on one homologue of chromosome pair 2. The band was present in males but absent in females, providing evidence for an XX/XY sex determining system in this species. We review and discuss the importance of the different chromosome markers (NOR position, C-bands, and DAPI/CMA3 patterns) for their impact on the taxonomy and karyotype evolution in Cophomantini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Ferro
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Dario E. Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pablo Suárez
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Juan M. Boeris
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Ailin Blasco-Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gastón Barbero
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico, Universidad Maimónides, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anderson Gomes
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Abaetetuba, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gazoni
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - William Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP – Univ. Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Cleusa Y. Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Miryan Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricia P. Parise-Maltempi
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - John E. Wiley
- The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julio C. Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Celio F. B. Haddad
- Departamento de Zoologia e Centro de Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”—CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Baldo
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
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64
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Perazzo GX, Noleto RB, Vicari MR, Gava A, Cestari MM. B chromosome polymorphism in South American cichlid. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2018.1429164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Bueno Noleto
- Department of Biology, State University of Paraná, União da Vitória, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ricardo Vicari
- Department of Structural, Molecular and Genetical Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gava
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
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Low-pass single-chromosome sequencing of human small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) and Apodemus B chromosomes. Chromosoma 2018; 127:301-311. [PMID: 29380046 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-018-0662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Supernumerary chromosomes sporadically arise in many eukaryotic species as a result of genomic rearrangements. If present in a substantial part of species population, those are called B chromosomes, or Bs. This is the case for 70 mammalian species, most of which are rodents. In humans, the most common types of extra chromosomes, sSMCs (small supernumerary marker chromosomes), are diagnosed in approximately 1 of 2000 postnatal cases. Due to low frequency in population, human sSMCs are not considered B chromosomes. Genetic content of both B-chromosomes and sSMCs in most cases remains understudied. Here, we apply microdissection of single chromosomes with subsequent low-pass sequencing on Ion Torrent PGM and Illumina MiSeq to identify unique and repetitive DNA sequences present in a single human sSMC and several B chromosomes in mice Apodemus flavicollis and Apodemus peninsulae. The pipeline for sequencing data analysis was made available in Galaxy interface as an addition to previously published command-line version. Human sSMC was attributed to the proximal part of chromosome 15 long arm, and breakpoints leading to its formation were located into satellite DNA arrays. Genetic content of Apodemus B chromosomes was species-specific, and minor alterations were observed in both species. Common features of Bs in these Apodemus species were satellite DNA and ERV enrichment, as well as the presence of the vaccinia-related kinase gene Vrk1. Understanding of the non-essential genome elements content provides important insights into genome evolution in general.
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66
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Transcription of a B chromosome CAP-G pseudogene does not influence normal Condensin Complex genes in a grasshopper. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17650. [PMID: 29247237 PMCID: PMC5732253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic B chromosomes invade and persist in natural populations through several mechanisms for transmission advantage (drive). They may contain gene-derived sequences which, in some cases, are actively transcribed. A further interesting question is whether B-derived transcripts become functional products. In the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans, one of the gene-derived sequences located on the B chromosome shows homology with the gene coding for the CAP-G subunit of condensin I. We show here, by means of fluorescent in situ hybridization coupled with tyramide signal amplification (FISH-TSA), that this gene is located in the distal region of the B24 chromosome variant. The DNA sequence located in the B chromosome is a pseudogenic version of the CAP-G gene (B-CAP-G). In two Spanish populations, we found active transcription of B-CAP-G, but it did not influence the expression of CAP-D2 and CAP-D3 genes coding for corresponding condensin I and II subunits, respectively. Our results indicate that the transcriptional regulation of the B-CAP-G pseudogene is uncoupled from the standard regulation of the genes that constitute the condensin complex, and suggest that some of the B chromosome known effects may be related with its gene content and transcriptional activity, thus opening new exciting avenues for research.
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67
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Ruban A, Schmutzer T, Scholz U, Houben A. How Next-Generation Sequencing Has Aided Our Understanding of the Sequence Composition and Origin of B Chromosomes. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E294. [PMID: 29068386 PMCID: PMC5704207 DOI: 10.3390/genes8110294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accessory, supernumerary, or-most simply-B chromosomes, are found in many eukaryotic karyotypes. These small chromosomes do not follow the usual pattern of segregation, but rather are transmitted in a higher than expected frequency. As increasingly being demonstrated by next-generation sequencing (NGS), their structure comprises fragments of standard (A) chromosomes, although in some plant species, their sequence also includes contributions from organellar genomes. Transcriptomic analyses of various animal and plant species have revealed that, contrary to what used to be the common belief, some of the B chromosome DNA is protein-encoding. This review summarizes the progress in understanding B chromosome biology enabled by the application of next-generation sequencing technology and state-of-the-art bioinformatics. In particular, a contrast is drawn between a direct sequencing approach and a strategy based on a comparative genomics as alternative routes that can be taken towards the identification of B chromosome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alevtina Ruban
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schmutzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - Andreas Houben
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
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High-throughput analysis unveils a highly shared satellite DNA library among three species of fish genus Astyanax. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12726. [PMID: 29018237 PMCID: PMC5635008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-throughput analysis of satellite DNA (satDNA) content, by means of Illumina sequencing, unveiled 45 satDNA families in the genome of Astyanax paranae, with repeat unit length (RUL) ranging from 6 to 365 bp and marked predominance of short satellites (median length = 59 bp). The analysis of chromosomal location of 35 satDNAs in A. paranae, A. fasciatus and A. bockmanni revealed that most satellites are shared between the three species and show highly similar patterns of chromosome distribution. The high similarity in satellite DNA content between these species is most likely due to their recent common descent. Among the few differences found, the ApaSat44-21 satellite was present only on the B chromosome of A. paranae, but not on the A or B chromosomes of the two other species. Likewise, the ApaSat20-18 satellite was B-specific in A. paranae but was however present on A and B chromosomes of A. fasciatus and A. bockmanni. The isochromosome nature of B chromosomes in these species was evidenced by the symmetric location of many satDNAs on both B chromosome arms, and the lower symmetry observed in the A. fasciatus BfMa chromosome suggests that it is older than those analyzed in A. paranae and A. bockmanni.
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69
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Garrido-Ramos MA. Satellite DNA: An Evolving Topic. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8090230. [PMID: 28926993 PMCID: PMC5615363 DOI: 10.3390/genes8090230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite DNA represents one of the most fascinating parts of the repetitive fraction of the eukaryotic genome. Since the discovery of highly repetitive tandem DNA in the 1960s, a lot of literature has extensively covered various topics related to the structure, organization, function, and evolution of such sequences. Today, with the advent of genomic tools, the study of satellite DNA has regained a great interest. Thus, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), together with high-throughput in silico analysis of the information contained in NGS reads, has revolutionized the analysis of the repetitive fraction of the eukaryotic genomes. The whole of the historical and current approaches to the topic gives us a broad view of the function and evolution of satellite DNA and its role in chromosomal evolution. Currently, we have extensive information on the molecular, chromosomal, biological, and population factors that affect the evolutionary fate of satellite DNA, knowledge that gives rise to a series of hypotheses that get on well with each other about the origin, spreading, and evolution of satellite DNA. In this paper, I review these hypotheses from a methodological, conceptual, and historical perspective and frame them in the context of chromosomal organization and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Garrido-Ramos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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70
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Ruiz-Ruano FJ, Cabrero J, López-León MD, Sánchez A, Camacho JPM. Quantitative sequence characterization for repetitive DNA content in the supernumerary chromosome of the migratory locust. Chromosoma 2017; 127:45-57. [PMID: 28868580 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive DNA is a major component in most eukaryotic genomes but is ignored in most genome sequencing projects. Here, we report the quantitative composition in repetitive DNA for a supernumerary (B) chromosome, in the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), by Illumina sequencing of genomic DNA from B-carrying and B-lacking individuals and DNA obtained from a microdissected B chromosome, as well as the physical mapping of some elements. B chromosome DNA of 94.9% was repetitive, in high contrast with the 64.1% of standard (A) chromosomes. B chromosomes are enriched in satellite DNA (satDNA) (65.2% of B-DNA), with a single satellite (LmiSat02-176) comprising 55% of the B. Six satDNAs were visualized by FISH on the B chromosome, and the only A chromosome carrying all these satellites was autosome 9, pointing to this chromosome, along with autosome 8 (which shares histone genes with the B) as putative ancestors of the B chromosome. We found several transposable elements (TEs) showing nucleotidic variation specific to B-carrying individuals, which was also present in B-carrying transcriptomes. Remarkably, an interstitial region of the B chromosome included a 17 kb chimera composed of 29 different TEs, suggesting reiterative TE insertion in this B chromosome region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Ruiz-Ruano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Josefa Cabrero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-León
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro M Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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71
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Milani D, Ramos É, Loreto V, Martí DA, Cardoso AL, de Moraes KCM, Martins C, Cabral-de-Mello DC. The satellite DNA AflaSAT-1 in the A and B chromosomes of the grasshopper Abracris flavolineata. BMC Genet 2017; 18:81. [PMID: 28851268 PMCID: PMC5575873 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Satellite DNAs (satDNAs) are organized in repetitions directly contiguous to one another, forming long arrays and composing a large portion of eukaryote genomes. These sequences evolve according to the concerted evolution model, and homogenization of repeats is observed at the intragenomic level. Satellite DNAs are the primary component of heterochromatin, located primarily in centromeres and telomeres. Moreover, satDNA enrichment in specific chromosomes has been observed, such as in B chromosomes, that can provide clues about composition, origin and evolution of this chromosome. In this study, we isolated and characterized a satDNA in A and B chromosomes of Abracris flavolineata by integrating cytogenetic, molecular and genomics approaches at intra- and inter-population levels, with the aim to understand the evolution of satDNA and composition of B chromosomes. RESULTS AflaSAT-1 satDNA was shared with other species and in A. flavolineata, was associated with another satDNA, AflaSAT-2. Chromosomal mapping revealed centromeric blocks variable in size in almost all chromosomes (except pair 11) of A complement for both satDNAs, whereas for B chromosome, only a small centromeric signal occurred. In distinct populations, variable number of AflaSAT-1 chromosomal sites correlated with variability in copy number. Instead of such variability, low sequence diversity was observed in A complement, but monomers from B chromosome were more variable, presenting also exclusive mutations. AflaSAT-1 was transcribed in five tissues of adults in distinct life cycle phases. CONCLUSIONS The sharing of AflaSAT-1 with other species is consistent with the library hypothesis and indicates common origin in a common ancestor; however, AflaSAT-1 was highly amplified in the genome of A. flavolineata. At the population level, homogenization of repeats in distinct populations was documented, but dynamic expansion or elimination of repeats was also observed. Concerning the B chromosome, our data provided new information on the composition in A. flavolineata. Together with previous results, the sequences of heterochromatic nature were not likely highly amplified in the entire B chromosome. Finally, the constitutive transcriptional activity suggests a possible unknown functional role, which should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Milani
- Departamento de Biologia, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/IB, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Érica Ramos
- Departamento de Morfologia, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/IB, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vilma Loreto
- Departamento de Genética, UFPE - Univ Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências/CB, Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
| | | | - Adauto Lima Cardoso
- Departamento de Morfologia, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/IB, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Cesar Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/IB, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Diogo Cavalcanti Cabral-de-Mello
- Departamento de Biologia, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/IB, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP 13506-900 Brazil
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Dion-Côté AM, Barbash DA. Beyond speciation genes: an overview of genome stability in evolution and speciation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 47:17-23. [PMID: 28830007 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome stability ensures individual fitness and reliable transmission of genetic information. Hybridization between diverging lineages can trigger genome instability, highlighting its potential role in post-zygotic reproductive isolation. We argue that genome instability is not merely one of several types of hybrid incompatibility, but rather that genome stability is one of the very first and most fundamental traits that can break down when two diverged genomes are combined. Future work will reveal how frequent and predictable genome instability is in hybrids, how it affects hybrid fitness, and whether it is a direct cause or consequence of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Dion-Côté
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Daniel A Barbash
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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73
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Unique sequence organization and small RNA expression of a "selfish" B chromosome. Chromosoma 2017; 126:753-768. [PMID: 28780664 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
B chromosomes are found in numerous plants and animals. These nonessential, supernumerary chromosomes are often composed primarily of noncoding DNA repeats similar to those found within transcriptionally "silenced" heterochromatin. In order to persist within their resident genomes, many B chromosomes exhibit exceptional cellular behaviors, including asymmetric segregation into gametes and induction of genome elimination during early development. An important goal in understanding these behaviors is to identify unique B chromosome sequences and characterize their transcriptional contributions. We investigated these properties by examining a paternally transmitted B chromosome known as paternal sex ratio (PSR), which is present in natural populations of the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis. To facilitate its own transmission, PSR severely biases the sex ratio by disrupting early chromatin remodeling processes. Through cytological mapping and other approaches, we identified multiple DNA repeats unique to PSR, as well as those found on the A chromosomes, suggesting that PSR arose through a merger of sequences from both within and outside the N. vitripennis genome. The majority of PSR-specific repeats are interspersed among each other across PSR's long arm, in contrast with the distinct "blocks" observed in other organisms' heterochromatin. Through transcriptional profiling, we identified a subset of repeat-associated, small RNAs expressed by PSR, most of which map to a single PSR-specific repeat. These RNAs are expressed at much higher levels than those arising from A chromosome-linked repeats, suggesting that in addition to its sequence organization, PSR's transcriptional properties differ substantially from the pericentromeric regions of the normal chromosomes.
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74
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Vanzela ALL, de Paula AA, Quintas CC, Fernandes T, Baldissera JNDC, de Souza TB. Cestrum strigilatum (Ruiz & Pavón, 1799) B chromosome shares repetitive DNA sequences with A chromosomes of different Cestrum (Linnaeus, 1753) species. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:511-524. [PMID: 29118929 PMCID: PMC5672077 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Species of Cestrum (Linnaeus, 1753) have shown large diversity in the accumulation and distribution of repetitive DNA families, and B chromosomes have been described in seven species. Some types of repetitive DNA were identified in A and B chromosomes in species of this plant group, such as AT-rich SSR, 35S and 5S rDNA, C-Giemsa and C-CMA/DAPI bands and retrotransposons. To increase our understanding of the relationships of A and B chromosomes, the B of C. strigilatum Ruiz & Pavón, 1799 was microdissected, amplified and hybridized in situ against chromosomes of this species, and in six other species of this genus. FISH signals were observed in whole the B of C. strigilatum, including stretches of A chromosomes, as well as in some A chromosomes of all tested species. A strong FISH signal was seen adjacent to the 5S rDNA in the proximal region of pair 8 of all species and, due to this, we have searched for 5S rDNA fragments in the microdissected B chromosome. PCR and sequencing data evidenced 5S rDNA deletion along evolutionary pathways of the B of C. strigilatum. Although A and B chromosomes displayed redundancy in the repetitive DNA families in different species, the B of C. strigilatum seemed to differ from those Bs of other Cestrum species by the loss of rDNA fractions. A possible origin of Bs in Cestrum was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luís Laforga Vanzela
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity, Center for Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adriano Alves de Paula
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity, Center for Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carolina Cristina Quintas
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity, Center for Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago Fernandes
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity, Center for Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Joana Neres da Cruz Baldissera
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity, Center for Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thaíssa Boldieri de Souza
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity, Center for Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
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75
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Carmello BO, Coan RLB, Cardoso AL, Ramos E, Fantinatti BEA, Marques DF, Oliveira RA, Valente GT, Martins C. The hnRNP Q-like gene is retroinserted into the B chromosomes of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia latifasciata. Chromosome Res 2017; 25:277-290. [PMID: 28776210 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-017-9561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
B chromosomes are dispensable elements observed in many eukaryotic species, including the African cichlid Astatotilapia latifasciata, which might have one or two B chromosomes. Although there have been many studies focused on the biology of these chromosomes, questions about the evolution, maintenance, and potential effects of these chromosomes remain. Here, we identified a variant form of the hnRNP Q-like gene inserted into the B chromosome of A. latifasciata that is characterized by a high copy number and intron-less structure. The absence of introns and presence of transposable elements with a reverse transcriptase domain flanking hnRNP Q-like sequences suggest that this gene was retroinserted into the B chromosome. RNA-Seq analysis did not show that the B variant retroinserted copies are transcriptionally active. However, RT-qPCR results showed variations in the canonical hnRNP Q-like copy expression levels among exons, tissues, sex, and B presence/absence. Although the patterns of transcription are not well understood, the exons of the B retrocopies were overexpressed, and a bias for female B+ expression was also observed. These results suggest that retroinsertion is an additional and important mechanism contributing to B chromosome formation. Furthermore, these findings indicate a bias towards female differential expression of B chromosome sequences, suggesting that B chromosomes and sex determination are somehow associated in cichlids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca O Carmello
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Morphology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Rafael L B Coan
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Morphology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Adauto L Cardoso
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Morphology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Erica Ramos
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Morphology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Bruno E A Fantinatti
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Morphology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Diego F Marques
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Morphology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Rogério A Oliveira
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Biostatistics, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Guilherme T Valente
- Institute of Biosciences, Agronomic Science School, Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18610-307, Brazil
| | - Cesar Martins
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Morphology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil.
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Li XY, Liu XL, Ding M, Li Z, Zhou L, Zhang XJ, Gui JF. A novel male-specific SET domain-containing gene setdm identified from extra microchromosomes of gibel carp males. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:528-536. [PMID: 36659360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Various genes have been screened on extra chromosomes, but their molecular characterization, expression pattern and biological function are still unclear. Here, we utilized a male-specific sequence of polyploid gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) to identify a novel male-specific SET (Su(var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste, Trithorax) domain-containing gene setdm on extra microchromosomes of gibel carp males. And setdm was characterized in molecule and expression aspects, in which its expression was specific to testis, and had relative high transcription during middle/late stages of testis development. Moreover, prominent expression of Setdm in spermatogenic cells was observed in testis through immunofluorescence co-localization analysis. These results suggest that biological function of setdm might be related to testis development and spermatogenesis of gibel carp. Additionally, the homeologous gene setdmf of setdm, was also characterized, and its expression was gonad-specific, in which its expressed product was detected to mainly distribute in gametogenic cells of testis and ovary, and to have dynamic expression pattern similar to that of setdm. Based on the current results, we propose that the novel male-specific setdm on extra microchromosomes might be functional divergence gene of the gonad-specific setdmf. Therefore, these findings will help us to further understand evolutionary fate and functional role of genes on extra microchromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Miao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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77
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Navarro-Domínguez B, Ruiz-Ruano FJ, Cabrero J, Corral JM, López-León MD, Sharbel TF, Camacho JPM. Protein-coding genes in B chromosomes of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45200. [PMID: 28367986 PMCID: PMC5377258 DOI: 10.1038/srep45200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, parasitic B chromosomes have been considered genetically inert elements. Here we show the presence of ten protein-coding genes in the B chromosome of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Four of these genes (CIP2A, GTPB6, KIF20A, and MTG1) were complete in the B chromosome whereas the six remaining (CKAP2, CAP-G, HYI, MYCB2, SLIT and TOP2A) were truncated. Five of these genes (CIP2A, CKAP2, CAP-G, KIF20A, and MYCB2) were significantly up-regulated in B-carrying individuals, as expected if they were actively transcribed from the B chromosome. This conclusion is supported by three truncated genes (CKAP2, CAP-G and MYCB2) which showed up-regulation only in the regions being present in the B chromosome. Our results indicate that B chromosomes are not so silenced as was hitherto believed. Interestingly, the five active genes in the B chromosome code for functions related with cell division, which is the main arena where B chromosome destiny is played. This suggests that B chromosome evolutionary success can lie on its gene content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco J. Ruiz-Ruano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa Cabrero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José María Corral
- Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Department of Bioanalytics, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | | | - Timothy F. Sharbel
- Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Global Institute for Food Security, 110 Gymnasium Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Juan Pedro M. Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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78
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Rajičić M, Romanenko SA, Karamysheva TV, Blagojević J, Adnađević T, Budinski I, Bogdanov AS, Trifonov VA, Rubtsov NB, Vujošević M. The origin of B chromosomes in yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis)-Break rules but keep playing the game. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172704. [PMID: 28329013 PMCID: PMC5362141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) are known for more than hundred years but their origin, structure and pattern of evolution are not well understood. In the past few years new methodological approaches, involving isolation of Bs followed by whole DNA amplification, DNA probe generation, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or the B chromosome DNA sequencing, has allowed detailed analysis of their origin and molecular structure in different species. In this study we explored the origin of Bs in the yellow-necked wood mouse, Apodemus flavicollis, using generation of microdissected DNA probes followed by FISH on metaphase chromosomes. Bs of A. flavicollis were successfully isolated and DNA was used as the template for B-specific probes for the first time. We revealed homology of DNA derived from the analyzed B chromosomes to the pericentromeric region (PR) of sex chromosomes and subtelomeric region of two pairs of small autosomes, but lower homology to the rest of the Y chromosome. Moreover, all analysed Bs had the same structure regardless of their number per individual or the great geographic distance between examined populations from the Balkan Peninsula (Serbia) and Eastern Europe (south region of Russia and central Belarus). Therefore, it was suggested that B chromosomes in A. flavicollis have a unique common origin from the PR of sex chromosomes, and/or similar evolutionary pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rajičić
- Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia
| | - S A Romanenko
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk Russia
| | - T V Karamysheva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk Russia
| | - J Blagojević
- Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia
| | - T Adnađević
- Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia
| | - I Budinski
- Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia
| | - A S Bogdanov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, RAS, Moscow Russia
| | - V A Trifonov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk Russia
| | - N B Rubtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk Russia
| | - M Vujošević
- Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia
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79
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Houben A. B Chromosomes - A Matter of Chromosome Drive. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:210. [PMID: 28261259 PMCID: PMC5309253 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
B chromosomes are supernumerary chromosomes which are often preferentially inherited, deviating from usual Mendelian segregation. The balance between the so-called chromosome drive and the negative effects that the presence of Bs applies on the fitness of their host determines the frequency of Bs in a particular population. Drive is the key for understanding most B chromosomes. Drive occurs in many ways at pre-meiotic, meiotic or post-meiotic divisions, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The cellular mechanism of drive is reviewed based on the findings obtained for the B chromosomes of rye, maize and other species. How novel analytical tools will expand our ability to uncover the biology of B chromosome drive is discussed.
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80
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Serrano ÉA, Utsunomia R, Scudeller PS, Oliveira C, Foresti F. Origin of B chromosomes in Characidium alipioi (Characiformes, Crenuchidae) and its relationship with supernumerary chromosomes in other Characidium species. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:81-95. [PMID: 28919951 PMCID: PMC5599694 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i1.10886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
B chromosomes are apparently dispensable components found in the genomes of many species that are mainly composed of repetitive DNA sequences. Among the numerous questions concerning B chromosomes, the origin of these elements has been widely studied. To date, supernumerary chromosomes have been identified in approximately 60 species of fish, including species of the genus Characidium Reinhardt, 1867 in which these elements appear to have independently originated. In this study, we used molecular cytogenetic techniques to investigate the origin of B chromosomes in a population of Characidium alipioi Travassos, 1955 and determine their relationship with the extra chromosomes of other species of the genus. The results showed that the B chromosomes of Characidium alipioi had an intraspecific origin, apparently originated independently in relation to the B chromosomes of Characidium gomesi Travassos, 1956 Characidium pterostictum Gomes, 1947 and Characidium oiticicai Travassos, 1967, since they do not share specific DNA sequences, as well as their possible ancestral chromosomes and belong to different phylogenetic clades. The shared sequences between the supernumerary chromosomes and the autosommal sm pair indicate the origin of these chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Alves Serrano
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Utsunomia
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sobrinho Scudeller
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Foresti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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81
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Ma W, Gabriel TS, Martis MM, Gursinsky T, Schubert V, Vrána J, Doležel J, Grundlach H, Altschmied L, Scholz U, Himmelbach A, Behrens SE, Banaei-Moghaddam AM, Houben A. Rye B chromosomes encode a functional Argonaute-like protein with in vitro slicer activities similar to its A chromosome paralog. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:916-928. [PMID: 27468091 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) are supernumerary, dispensable parts of the nuclear genome, which appear in many different species of eukaryote. So far, Bs have been considered to be genetically inert elements without any functional genes. Our comparative transcriptome analysis and the detection of active RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) in the proximity of B chromatin demonstrate that the Bs of rye (Secale cereale) contribute to the transcriptome. In total, 1954 and 1218 B-derived transcripts with an open reading frame were expressed in generative and vegetative tissues, respectively. In addition to B-derived transposable element transcripts, a high percentage of short transcripts without detectable similarity to known proteins and gene fragments from A chromosomes (As) were found, suggesting an ongoing gene erosion process. In vitro analysis of the A- and B-encoded AGO4B protein variants demonstrated that both possess RNA slicer activity. These data demonstrate unambiguously the presence of a functional AGO4B gene on Bs and that these Bs carry both functional protein coding genes and pseudogene copies. Thus, B-encoded genes may provide an additional level of gene control and complexity in combination with their related A-located genes. Hence, physiological effects, associated with the presence of Bs, may partly be explained by the activity of B-located (pseudo)genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Tobias Sebastian Gabriel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Mihaela Maria Martis
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology/Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-558185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Torsten Gursinsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Jan Vrána
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Center of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Center of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Heidrun Grundlach
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology/Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Sven-Erik Behrens
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ali Mohammad Banaei-Moghaddam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, PO Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andreas Houben
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
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82
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Clark FE, Conte MA, Ferreira-Bravo IA, Poletto AB, Martins C, Kocher TD. Dynamic Sequence Evolution of a Sex-Associated B Chromosome in Lake Malawi Cichlid Fish. J Hered 2016; 108:53-62. [PMID: 27630131 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes are extra chromosomes found in many species of plants, animals, and fungi. B chromosomes often manipulate common cellular processes to increase their frequency, sometimes to the detriment of organismal fitness. Here, we characterize B chromosomes in several species of Lake Malawi cichlid fish. Whole genome sequencing of Metriaclima zebra "Boadzulu" individuals revealed blocks of sequence with unusually high sequence coverage, indicative of increased copy number of those sequences. These regions of high sequence coverage were found only in females. SNPs unique to the high copy number sequences permitted the design of specific amplification primers. These primers amplified fragments only in Metriaclima lombardoi individuals that carried a cytologically identified B chromosome (B-carriers), indicating these extra copies are located on the B chromosome. These same primers were used to identify B-carrying individuals in additional species from Lake Malawi. Across 7 species, a total of 43 B-carriers were identified among 323 females. B-carriers were exclusively female; no B chromosomes were observed in the 317 males surveyed from these species. Quantitative analysis of the copy number variation of B-specific sequence blocks suggests that B-carriers possess a single B chromosome, consistent with previous karyotyping of M. lombardoi A single B chromosome in B-carriers is consistent with 2 potential drive mechanisms: one involving nondisjunction and preferential segregation in a mitotic division prior to the germ-line, and the other involving preferential segregation during meiosis I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Clark
- From the Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Clark, Conte, and Kocher); Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Ferreira-Bravo); and Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Poletto and Martins)
| | - Matthew A Conte
- From the Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Clark, Conte, and Kocher); Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Ferreira-Bravo); and Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Poletto and Martins)
| | - Irani A Ferreira-Bravo
- From the Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Clark, Conte, and Kocher); Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Ferreira-Bravo); and Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Poletto and Martins)
| | - Andreia B Poletto
- From the Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Clark, Conte, and Kocher); Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Ferreira-Bravo); and Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Poletto and Martins)
| | - Cesar Martins
- From the Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Clark, Conte, and Kocher); Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Ferreira-Bravo); and Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Poletto and Martins)
| | - Thomas D Kocher
- From the Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Clark, Conte, and Kocher); Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Ferreira-Bravo); and Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Poletto and Martins).
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83
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Dion-Côté AM, Symonová R, Lamaze FC, Pelikánová Š, Ráb P, Bernatchez L. Standing chromosomal variation in Lake Whitefish species pairs: the role of historical contingency and relevance for speciation. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:178-192. [PMID: 27545583 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of chromosome changes in speciation remains a debated topic, although demographic conditions associated with divergence should promote their appearance. We tested a potential relationship between chromosome changes and speciation by studying two Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) lineages that recently colonized postglacial lakes following allopatry. A dwarf limnetic species evolved repeatedly from the normal benthic species, becoming reproductively isolated. Lake Whitefish hybrids experience mitotic and meiotic instability, which may result from structurally divergent chromosomes. Motivated by this observation, we test the hypothesis that chromosome organization differs between Lake Whitefish species pairs using cytogenetics. While chromosome and fundamental numbers are conserved between the species (2n = 80, NF = 98), we observe extensive polymorphism of subtle karyotype traits. We describe intrachromosomal differences associated with heterochromatin and repetitive DNA, and test for parallelism among three sympatric species pairs. Multivariate analyses support the hypothesis that differentiation at the level of subchromosomal markers mostly appeared during allopatry. Yet we find no evidence for parallelism between species pairs among lakes, consistent with colonization effect or postcolonization differentiation. The reported intrachromosomal polymorphisms do not appear to play a central role in driving adaptive divergence between normal and dwarf Lake Whitefish. We discuss how chromosomal differentiation in the Lake Whitefish system may contribute to the destabilization of mitotic and meiotic chromosome segregation in hybrids, as documented previously. The chromosome structures detected here are still difficult to sequence and assemble, demonstrating the value of cytogenetics as a complementary approach to understand the genomic bases of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Dion-Côté
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, 1030, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Radka Symonová
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestraße 9, A-5310, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Fabien C Lamaze
- Ontario Institut for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3
| | - Šárka Pelikánová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, AS CR, vvi, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, AS CR, vvi, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, 1030, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
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84
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Valente GT, Nakajima RT, Fantinatti BEA, Marques DF, Almeida RO, Simões RP, Martins C. B chromosomes: from cytogenetics to systems biology. Chromosoma 2016; 126:73-81. [PMID: 27558128 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Though hundreds to thousands of reports have described the distribution of B chromosomes among diverse eukaryote groups, a comprehensive theory of their biological role has not yet clearly emerged. B chromosomes are classically understood as a sea of repetitive DNA sequences that are poor in genes and are maintained by a parasitic-drive mechanism during cell division. Recent developments in high-throughput DNA/RNA analyses have increased the resolution of B chromosome biology beyond those of classical and molecular cytogenetic methods; B chromosomes contain many transcriptionally active sequences, including genes, and can modulate the activity of autosomal genes. Furthermore, the most recent knowledge obtained from omics analyses, which is associated with a systemic view, has demonstrated that B chromosomes can influence cell biology in a complex way, possibly favoring their own maintenance and perpetuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme T Valente
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Agronomic Science School, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, 18610-307, Brazil
| | - Rafael T Nakajima
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Botucatu, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Bruno E A Fantinatti
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Botucatu, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Diego F Marques
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Botucatu, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O Almeida
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Agronomic Science School, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, 18610-307, Brazil
| | - Rafael P Simões
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Agronomic Science School, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, 18610-307, Brazil
| | - Cesar Martins
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Botucatu, 18618-689, Brazil.
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85
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Exploring Supernumeraries - A New Marker for Screening of B-Chromosomes Presence in the Yellow Necked Mouse Apodemus flavicollis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160946. [PMID: 27551940 PMCID: PMC4994964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the density of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) may vary between different chromosomes of the same species in eukaryotic genomes, we screened SSRs of the whole genome of the yellow necked mouse, Apodemus flavicollis, in order to reveal SSR profiles specific for animals carrying B chromosomes. We found that the 2200 bp band was amplified by primer (CAG)4AC to a highly increased level in samples with B chromosomes. This quantitative difference (B-marker) between animals with (+B) and without (0B) B chromosomes was used to screen 20 populations (387 animals). The presence/absence of Bs was confirmed in 96.5% of 342 non mosaic individuals, which recommends this method for noninvasive B-presence detection. A group of 45 animals with mosaic and micro B (μB) karyotypes was considered separately and showed 55.6% of overall congruence between karyotyping and molecular screening results. Relative quantification by qPCR of two different targeted sequences from B-marker indicated that these B-specific fragments are multiplied on B chromosomes. It also confirms our assumption that different types of Bs with variable molecular composition may exist in the same individual and between individuals of this species. Our results substantiate the origin of Bs from the standard chromosomal complement. The B-marker showed 98% sequence identity with the serine/threonine protein kinase VRK1 gene, similarly to findings reported for Bs from phylogenetically highly distant mammalian species. Evolutionarily conserved protein-coding genes found in Bs, including this one in A. flavicollis, could suggest a common evolutionary pathway.
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86
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Fantinatti BEA, Martins C. Development of chromosomal markers based on next-generation sequencing: the B chromosome of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia latifasciata as a model. BMC Genet 2016; 17:119. [PMID: 27539214 PMCID: PMC4991083 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B chromosomes (Bs) are additional chromosomal elements found in a wide range of eukaryotes including fungi, plants and animals. B chromosomes are still enigmatic despite being the subject of hundreds, even thousands of reports. As yet there is no comprehensive theory for the biological role of B chromsomes thus, new studies are needed. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) holds promise for investigating classical issues in chromosome biology. NGS uses a large-scale approach that is required for advancing classical cytogenetic studies. Based on 454 sequencing data of a microdissected B chromosome and Illumina whole-genome sequencing data generated for 0B, 1B and 2B animals, we developed PCR- and qPCR-based markers for the B chromosomes of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia latifasciata (that possess 0, 1 or 2 B chromosomes). RESULTS Specific PCR primers were designed to produce two amplified fragments for B-positive samples and the control fragment for B-negative samples. Thus, PCR markers detected the presence/absence of Bs but did not provide information about the number of Bs. However, quantitative PCR (qPCR) markers clearly discriminated between 1B and 2B samples. The high copy number of the marker identified in the B chromosomes was confirmed by chromosome mapping. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of chromosome polymorphisms based on a NGS approach is a powerful strategy to obtain markers that detect the presence/absence of extra chromosomes or the gain or loss of genomic blocks. Further, qPCR can also provide information regarding the relative copy number of specific DNA fragments. These methods are useful to investigate various chromosome polymorphisms, including B and sex chromosomes, as well as chromosomal duplications and deletions. NGS data provide a detailed analysis of the composition of genomic regions that are thought to be present in B chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno E A Fantinatti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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87
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Makunin AI, Kichigin IG, Larkin DM, O’Brien PCM, Ferguson-Smith MA, Yang F, Proskuryakova AA, Vorobieva NV, Chernyaeva EN, O’Brien SJ, Graphodatsky AS, Trifonov VA. Contrasting origin of B chromosomes in two cervids (Siberian roe deer and grey brocket deer) unravelled by chromosome-specific DNA sequencing. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:618. [PMID: 27516089 PMCID: PMC4982142 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B chromosomes are dispensable and variable karyotypic elements found in some species of animals, plants and fungi. They often originate from duplications and translocations of host genomic regions or result from hybridization. In most species, little is known about their DNA content. Here we perform high-throughput sequencing and analysis of B chromosomes of roe deer and brocket deer, the only representatives of Cetartiodactyla known to have B chromosomes. RESULTS In this study we developed an approach to identify genomic regions present on chromosomes by high-throughput sequencing of DNA generated from flow-sorted chromosomes using degenerate-oligonucleotide-primed PCR. Application of this method on small cattle autosomes revealed a previously described KIT gene region translocation associated with colour sidedness. Implementing this approach to B chromosomes from two cervid species, Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and grey brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira), revealed dramatically different genetic content: roe deer B chromosomes consisted of two duplicated genomic regions (a total of 1.42-1.98 Mbp) involving three genes, while grey brocket deer B chromosomes contained 26 duplicated regions (a total of 8.28-9.31 Mbp) with 34 complete and 21 partial genes, including KIT and RET protooncogenes, previously found on supernumerary chromosomes in canids. Sequence variation analysis of roe deer B chromosomes revealed a high frequency of mutations and increased heterozygosity due to either amplification within B chromosomes or divergence between different Bs. In contrast, grey brocket deer B chromosomes were found to be more homogeneous and resembled autosomes in patterns of sequence variation. Similar tendencies were observed in repetitive DNA composition. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate independent origins of B chromosomes in the grey brocket and roe deer. We hypothesize that the B chromosomes of these two cervid species represent different stages of B chromosome sequences evolution: probably nascent and similar to autosomal copies in brocket deer, highly derived in roe deer. Based on the presence of the same orthologous protooncogenes in canids and brocket deer Bs we argue that genomic regions involved in B chromosome formation are not random. In addition, our approach is also applicable to the characterization of other evolutionary and clinical rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey I. Makunin
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Patricia C. M. O’Brien
- Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith
- Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ekaterina N. Chernyaeva
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stephen J. O’Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Graphodatsky
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Trifonov
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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88
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Kumke K, Macas J, Fuchs J, Altschmied L, Kour J, Dhar MK, Houben A. Plantago lagopus B Chromosome Is Enriched in 5S rDNA-Derived Satellite DNA. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:68-73. [PMID: 27173804 DOI: 10.1159/000444873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes are supernumerary dispensable parts of the karyotype which appear in some individuals of some populations in some species. Using advanced sequencing technology, we in silico characterized the high-copy DNA composition of Plantago lagopus with and without B chromosomes. The nuclear genome (2.46 pg/2C) was found to be relatively rich in repetitive sequences, with highly and moderately repeated elements making up 68% of the genome. Besides a centromere-specific marker, we identified a B-specific satellite and a repeat enriched in polymorphic A chromosome segments. The B-specific tandem repeat PLsatB originated from sequence amplification including 5S rDNA fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kumke
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
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89
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Ramos É, Cardoso AL, Brown J, Marques DF, Fantinatti BEA, Cabral-de-Mello DC, Oliveira RA, O'Neill RJ, Martins C. The repetitive DNA element BncDNA, enriched in the B chromosome of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia latifasciata, transcribes a potentially noncoding RNA. Chromosoma 2016; 126:313-323. [PMID: 27169573 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Supernumerary chromosomes have been studied in many species of eukaryotes, including the cichlid fish, Astatotilapia latifasciata. However, there are many unanswered questions about the maintenance, inheritance, and functional aspects of supernumerary chromosomes. The cichlid family has been highlighted as a model for evolutionary studies, including those that focus on mechanisms of chromosome evolution. Individuals of A. latifasciata are known to carry up to two B heterochromatic isochromosomes that are enriched in repetitive DNA and contain few intact gene sequences. We isolated and characterized a transcriptionally active repeated DNA, called B chromosome noncoding DNA (BncDNA), highly represented across all B chromosomes of A. latifasciata. BncDNA transcripts are differentially processed among six different tissues, including the production of smaller transcripts, indicating transcriptional variation may be linked to B chromosome presence and sexual phenotype. The transcript lengths and lack of similarity with known protein/gene sequences indicate BncRNA might represent a novel long noncoding RNA family (lncRNA). The potential for interaction between BncRNA and known miRNAs were computationally predicted, resulting in the identification of possible binding of this sequence in upregulated miRNAs related to the presence of B chromosomes. In conclusion, Bnc is a transcriptionally active repetitive DNA enriched in B chromosomes with potential action over B chromosome maintenance in somatic cells and meiotic drive in gametic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Ramos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Adauto L Cardoso
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Judith Brown
- Allied Health Sciences Department and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 06269, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Diego F Marques
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno E A Fantinatti
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo C Cabral-de-Mello
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogério A Oliveira
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rachel J O'Neill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 06269, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Cesar Martins
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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90
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Silva FAD, Carvalho NDM, Schneider CH, Terencio ML, Feldberg E, Gross MC. Comparative Cytotaxonomy of Two Species of Fish from the Genus Satanoperca Reveals the Presence of a B Chromosome. Zebrafish 2016; 13:354-9. [PMID: 27158927 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy of Satanoperca spp. is still unresolved, especially because coloring, one of the main diagnostic characters, is variable among species of this genus. Thus, the aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the genome and the organization of the chromosome in two Satanoperca species. Our main goal was to develop a method to better differentiate taxa and understand the evolution of Satanoperca jurupari and Satanoperca lilith karyotypes, which we analyzed with classical and molecular cytogenetics. Both species have the same diploid number (2n) of 48 and location of 5S rDNA sites on pair 5. Nonetheless, the distribution of heterochromatin and 18S rDNA sites followed a species-specific pattern. The interstitial telomeric sites were not highlighted in either species. Regardless, a single B chromosome was identified in some metaphases of S. lilith. These data show that Satanoperca species harbor chromosomal features that can be used to identify the two species of Satanoperca studied here, allowing for the use of cytogenetic markers to make taxonomic inferences within the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francijara Araújo da Silva
- 1 Laboratório de Citogenômica Animal, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Natália Dayane Moura Carvalho
- 1 Laboratório de Citogenômica Animal, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Schneider
- 1 Laboratório de Citogenômica Animal, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Leandra Terencio
- 2 Instituto de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Integração Latino Americana , Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- 3 Laboratório de Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia , Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Gross
- 2 Instituto de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Integração Latino Americana , Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
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91
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Huang W, Du Y, Zhao X, Jin W. B chromosome contains active genes and impacts the transcription of A chromosomes in maize (Zea mays L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:88. [PMID: 27083560 PMCID: PMC4833949 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dispensable maize (Zea mays L.) B chromosome is highly heterochromatic and widely believed to be devoid of functional genes. Although low-copy B chromosome causes no obvious phenotype variation, its existence might influence A genome gene expression. Previous studies suggested that B chromosomes are evolved from standard chromosomes; therefore, they might contain genic regions showing homology with A chromosome sequences. RESULTS Our data suggested that maize B chromosome influences the A-genome transcription with stronger effect associated with an increase in copy number of B chromosome. In total 130 differently expressed genes were detected in comparison between with and without B chromosome lines. These differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in cell metabolism and nucleotide binding. Using Starter + B, we amplified ten B chromosome loci with high sequence similarity to A-genome genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed that at least four ~5 kb-sized genes are located on the B chromosome. In addition, through de novo assembly of the reads not unmapped to maize B73 reference genome together with PCR validation, we found three B-located LTR; in particular, one of them, the 3.2 kb comp75688, is expressed in a B-dosage dependent manner. CONCLUSION We found that in the presence of maize B chromosome, the transcription of A genome genes was altered, with more impact by the increase of the B chromosome number. The B-located transcriptionally active genes showed high similarity to their A-genome homologues, and retrotransposons on B chromosome also have partial homologous to A genome sequences. Our data shed more lights on the genome structure and evolution of the maize B chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yan Du
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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92
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Anjos A, Loreto V, Cabral-de-Mello DC. Organization of some repetitive DNAs and B chromosomes in the grasshopper Eumastusia koebelei koebelei (Rehn, 1909) (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Leptysminae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2016; 10:219-28. [PMID: 27551344 PMCID: PMC4977798 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v10i2.7609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
B chromosomes occur in approximately 15% of eukaryotes and are usually heterochromatic and rich in repetitive DNAs. Here we describe characteristics of a B chromosome in the grasshopper Eumastusia koebelei koebelei (Rehn, 1909) through classical cytogenetic methods and mapping of some repetitive DNAs, including multigene families, telomeric repeats and a DNA fraction enriched with repetitive DNAs obtained from DOP-PCR. Eumastusia koebelei koebelei presented 2n=23, X0 and, in one individual, two copies of the same variant of a B chromosome were noticed, which are associated during meiosis. The C-positive blocks were located in the pericentromeric regions of the standard complement and along the entire length of the B chromosomes. Some G+C-rich heterochromatic blocks were noticed, including conspicuous blocks in the B chromosomes. The mapping of 18S rDNA and U2 snDNA revealed only autosomal clusters, and the telomeric probe hybridized in terminal regions. Finally, the DOP-PCR probe obtained from an individual without a B chromosome revealed signals in the heterochromatic regions, including the entire length of the B chromosome. The possible intraspecific origin of the B chromosomes, due to the shared pool of repetitive DNAs between the A and B chromosomes and the possible consequences of their association are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Anjos
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, CEP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Vilma Loreto
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, 50732-970, Brazil
| | - Diogo C. Cabral-de-Mello
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, CEP 13506-900, Brazil
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93
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Vij S, Kuhl H, Kuznetsova IS, Komissarov A, Yurchenko AA, Van Heusden P, Singh S, Thevasagayam NM, Prakki SRS, Purushothaman K, Saju JM, Jiang J, Mbandi SK, Jonas M, Hin Yan Tong A, Mwangi S, Lau D, Ngoh SY, Liew WC, Shen X, Hon LS, Drake JP, Boitano M, Hall R, Chin CS, Lachumanan R, Korlach J, Trifonov V, Kabilov M, Tupikin A, Green D, Moxon S, Garvin T, Sedlazeck FJ, Vurture GW, Gopalapillai G, Kumar Katneni V, Noble TH, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S, Jerry DR, O'Brien SJ, Schatz MC, Dalmay T, Turner SW, Lok S, Christoffels A, Orbán L. Chromosomal-Level Assembly of the Asian Seabass Genome Using Long Sequence Reads and Multi-layered Scaffolding. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005954. [PMID: 27082250 PMCID: PMC4833346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the ~670 Mb genome assembly of the Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), a tropical marine teleost. We used long-read sequencing augmented by transcriptomics, optical and genetic mapping along with shared synteny from closely related fish species to derive a chromosome-level assembly with a contig N50 size over 1 Mb and scaffold N50 size over 25 Mb that span ~90% of the genome. The population structure of L. calcarifer species complex was analyzed by re-sequencing 61 individuals representing various regions across the species' native range. SNP analyses identified high levels of genetic diversity and confirmed earlier indications of a population stratification comprising three clades with signs of admixture apparent in the South-East Asian population. The quality of the Asian seabass genome assembly far exceeds that of any other fish species, and will serve as a new standard for fish genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Vij
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Heiner Kuhl
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inna S. Kuznetsova
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
- Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Cytology and Histology, Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksey Komissarov
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Yurchenko
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Peter Van Heusden
- South African MRC Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Siddharth Singh
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Jolly M. Saju
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Junhui Jiang
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Stanley Kimbung Mbandi
- South African MRC Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Mario Jonas
- South African MRC Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Amy Hin Yan Tong
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Mwangi
- South African MRC Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Doreen Lau
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Si Yan Ngoh
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Woei Chang Liew
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Xueyan Shen
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Lawrence S. Hon
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - James P. Drake
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Boitano
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Hall
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Chen-Shan Chin
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | | | - Jonas Korlach
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Trifonov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Marsel Kabilov
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey Tupikin
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Darrell Green
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Moxon
- The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tyler Garvin
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Fritz J. Sedlazeck
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Vurture
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Gopikrishna Gopalapillai
- Nutrition, Genetics & Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinaya Kumar Katneni
- Nutrition, Genetics & Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tansyn H. Noble
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences and Center for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Dean R. Jerry
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences and Center for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J. O'Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University Ft. Lauderdale, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Schatz
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tamás Dalmay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W. Turner
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Si Lok
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan Christoffels
- South African MRC Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - László Orbán
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
- Department of Animal Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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94
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Jang T, Parker JS, Weiss‐Schneeweiss H. Structural polymorphisms and distinct genomic composition suggest recurrent origin and ongoing evolution of B chromosomes in the Prospero autumnale complex (Hyacinthaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:669-79. [PMID: 26643365 PMCID: PMC4949986 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Supernumerary B chromosomes (Bs) are genomic parasitic components, originating from the A complement via chromosomal rearrangements, which follow their own evolutionary trajectories. They often contain repetitive DNAs, some shared with regular chromosomes and some newly evolved. Genomic composition, origin and evolution of Bs have been analysed in the chromosomally variable Prospero autumnale complex. Two rDNAs and a satellite DNA (PaB6) from regular chromosomes were mapped to Bs of 26 plants from three diploid cytotypes, their hybrids and polyploid derivatives. In homoploid diploid hybrids, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) allowed B painting with the parental DNAs. Bs were structurally variable and highly enriched in 5S rDNA and satDNA PaB6, and rarely in 35S rDNA. Eleven combinations of rDNA and PaB6 localization were observed. The quantities of PaB6 in Bs and regular chromosomes were not correlated, suggesting amplification mechanisms other than recombination. PaB6 and 5S rDNA amounts increased with increasing ploidy level. GISH revealed two independent origins of Bs. The structural variation, repeat content, repeat-type fluctuations and differing genomic affinities of Bs in different cytotypes suggest that they represent young proto-B chromosomes. Bs in P. autumnale probably form recurrently as by-products of the extensive genome restructuring within this chromosomally variable species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae‐Soo Jang
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14A‐1030ViennaAustria
| | | | - Hanna Weiss‐Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14A‐1030ViennaAustria
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95
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de A Silva DMZ, Daniel SN, Camacho JPM, Utsunomia R, Ruiz-Ruano FJ, Penitente M, Pansonato-Alves JC, Hashimoto DT, Oliveira C, Porto-Foresti F, Foresti F. Origin of B chromosomes in the genus Astyanax (Characiformes, Characidae) and the limits of chromosome painting. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1407-18. [PMID: 26984341 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryote genomes are frequently burdened with the presence of supernumerary (B) chromosomes. Their origin is frequently investigated by chromosome painting, under the hypothesis that sharing the repetitive DNA sequences contained in the painting probes is a sign of common descent. However, the intragenomic mobility of many anonymous DNA sequences contained in these probes (e.g., transposable elements) adds high uncertainty to this conclusion. Here we test the validity of chromosome painting to investigate B chromosome origin by comparing its results for seven B chromosome types in two fish species genus Astyanax, with those obtained (1) by means of the physical mapping of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), H1 histone genes, the As51 satellite DNA and the (AC)15 microsatellite, and (2) by comparing the nucleotide sequence of one of these families (ITS regions from ribosomal DNA) between genomic DNA from B-lacking individuals in both species and the microdissected DNA from two metacentric B chromosomes found in these same species. Intra- and inter-specific painting suggested that all B chromosomes that were assayed shared homologous DNA sequences among them, as well as with a variable number of A chromosomes in each species. This finding would be consistent with a common origin for all seven B chromosomes analyzed. By contrast, the physical mapping of repetitive DNA sequences failed to give support to this hypothesis, as no more than two B-types shared a given repetitive DNA. Finally, sequence analysis of the ITS regions suggested that at least some of the B chromosomes could have had a common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duílio M Z de A Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Sandro Natal Daniel
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Bauru., Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Utsunomia
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | | | - Manolo Penitente
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Bauru., Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Pansonato-Alves
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Diogo Teruo Hashimoto
- CAUNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Claudio Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio Porto-Foresti
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Bauru., Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Fausto Foresti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
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96
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Utsunomia R, Silva DMZDA, Ruiz-Ruano FJ, Araya-Jaime C, Pansonato-Alves JC, Scacchetti PC, Hashimoto DT, Oliveira C, Trifonov VA, Porto-Foresti F, Camacho JPM, Foresti F. Uncovering the Ancestry of B Chromosomes in Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Teleostei, Characidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150573. [PMID: 26934481 PMCID: PMC4775049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes constitute a heterogeneous mixture of genomic parasites that are sometimes derived intraspecifically from the standard genome of the host species, but result from interspecific hybridization in other cases. The mode of origin determines the DNA content, with the B chromosomes showing high similarity with the A genome in the first case, but presenting higher similarity with a different species in the second. The characid fish Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae harbours highly invasive B chromosomes, which are present in all populations analyzed to date in the Parana and Tietê rivers. To investigate the origin of these B chromosomes, we analyzed two natural populations: one carrying B chromosomes and the other lacking them, using a combination of molecular cytogenetic techniques, nucleotide sequence analysis and high-throughput sequencing (Illumina HiSeq2000). Our results showed that i) B chromosomes have not yet reached the Paranapanema River basin; ii) B chromosomes are mitotically unstable; iii) there are two types of B chromosomes, the most frequent of which is lightly C-banded (similar to euchromatin in A chromosomes) (B1), while the other is darkly C-banded (heterochromatin-like) (B2); iv) the two B types contain the same tandem repeat DNA sequences (18S ribosomal DNA, H3 histone genes, MS3 and MS7 satellite DNA), with a higher content of 18S rDNA in the heterochromatic variant; v) all of these repetitive DNAs are present together only in the paracentromeric region of autosome pair no. 6, suggesting that the B chromosomes are derived from this A chromosome; vi) the two B chromosome variants show MS3 sequences that are highly divergent from each other and from the 0B genome, although the B2-derived sequences exhibit higher similarity with the 0B genome (this suggests an independent origin of the two B variants, with the less frequent, B2 type presumably being younger); and vii) the dN/dS ratio for the H3.2 histone gene is almost 4–6 times higher for B chromosomes than for A chromosome sequences, suggesting that purifying selection is relaxed for the DNA sequences located on the B chromosomes, presumably because they are mostly inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Utsunomia
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Cristian Araya-Jaime
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Pansonato-Alves
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Cardim Scacchetti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Porto-Foresti
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fausto Foresti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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97
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Ruiz-Estévez M, Ruiz-Ruano FJ, Cabrero J, Bakkali M, Perfectti F, López-León MD, Camacho JPM. Non-random expression of ribosomal DNA units in a grasshopper showing high intragenomic variation for the ITS2 region. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:319-330. [PMID: 25565136 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We analyse intragenomic variation of the ITS2 internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans, by means of tagged PCR 454 amplicon sequencing performed on both genomic DNA (gDNA) and RNA-derived complementary DNA (cDNA), using part of the ITS2 flanking coding regions (5.8S and 28S rDNA) as an internal control for sequencing errors. Six different ITS2 haplotypes (i.e. variants for at least one nucleotide in the complete ITS2 sequence) were found in a single population, one of them (Hap4) being specific to a supernumerary (B) chromosome. The analysis of both gDNA and cDNA from the same individuals provided an estimate of the expression efficiency of the different haplotypes. We found random expression (i.e. about similar recovery in gDNA and cDNA) for three haplotypes (Hap1, Hap2 and Hap5), but significant underexpression for three others (Hap3, Hap4 and Hap6). Hap4 was the most extremely underexpressed and, remarkably, it showed the lowest sequence conservation for the flanking 5.8-28S coding regions in the gDNA reads but the highest conservation (100%) in the cDNA ones, suggesting the preferential expression of mutation-free rDNA units carrying this ITS2 haplotype. These results indicate that the ITS2 region of rDNA is far from complete homogenization in this species, and that the different rDNA units are not expressed at random, with some of them being severely downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruiz-Estévez
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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98
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Sampaio TR, Gouveia JG, da Silva CRM, Dias AL, da Rosa R. Molecular Analysis of the B Microchromosome in Steindachnerina insculpta (Characiformes: Curimatidae) by Microdissection. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 146:51-7. [PMID: 25999244 DOI: 10.1159/000381932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes are additional elements to standard karyotypes observed in different species of fishes, especially in Curimatidae. However, despite studies demonstrating the occurrence of Bs, little is known about their origin and evolution. To better understand the genomic composition and evolutionary processes involving B chromosomes, microdissection of B microchromosomes in Steindachnerina insculpta was conducted. Chromosome painting revealed the totally hybridized B and markings on A chromosomes both in S. in sculpta and in Cyphocharax spilotus, demonstrating a strong homology between these different species. In specimens of C. modestus, which do not have Bs, the signals were observed on A chromosomes. Cloning and sequencing of some B fragments revealed that the B microchromosome in S. insculpta is composed of repetitive elements, homologous to the DIRS-4 LTR retrotransposon of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis. FISH with clone pSi48 with the DIRS-4 retroelement revealed signals on all A chromosomes in the 2 species and also on the B, suggesting the insertion of repetitive elements in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane R Sampaio
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
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99
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High similarity of U2 snDNA sequence between A and B chromosomes in the grasshopper Abracris flavolineata. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1787-92. [PMID: 25846962 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
B chromosomes are frequently enriched for a wide variety of repetitive DNAs. Among grasshoppers in the species Abracris flavolineata (Ommatolampidinae) the B chromosomes are submetacentric, C-negative and harbor repetitive DNAs such as, U2 snDNA, C 0 t-1 DNA, two Mariner-like elements and some microsatellites. Here, we provide evidence showing the intragenome similarity between the B chromosome and the A complement in A. flavolineata, combining analysis of microdissection and chromosome painting and B chromosome-specific amplification through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of U2 snDNA. Chromosome painting revealed signals spread through the C-negative regions, including the A and B chromosomes. Moreover, significant clustered signals forming bands were observed in some A chromosomes, and for the B chromosome, significant signals were located on both arms, which could be caused by accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences. The C-positive regions did not reveal any signals. Sequence comparison of U2 snDNA between that obtained from a genome without the B chromosome and that from µB-DNA revealed high similarity with the occurrence of four shared haplotypes, one of them (i.e., Hap1) being highly prevalent and putatively ancestral. The highest divergence from Hap1 was observed for Hap3, which was caused by only six mutational steps. These data support an intraspecific origin of the B chromosome in A. flavolineata that is highly similar with the A complement, and the low U2 snDNA sequence diversity observed in the B chromosome could be related to its recent origin, besides intrachromosomal concerted evolution for U2 snDNA repeats in the B chromosome.
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100
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Banaei-Moghaddam AM, Martis MM, Macas J, Gundlach H, Himmelbach A, Altschmied L, Mayer KF, Houben A. Genes on B chromosomes: Old questions revisited with new tools. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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