51
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Wada-Kiyama Y, Kiyama R. Periodicity of DNA bend sites in human epsilon-globin gene region. Possibility of sequence-directed nucleosome phasing. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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52
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Winichagoon P, Fucharoen S, Wilairat P, Chihara K, Fukumaki Y. Nondeletional type of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin: molecular characterization of three unrelated Thai HPFH. Br J Haematol 1994; 87:797-804. [PMID: 7527242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb06740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The beta-globin gene clusters of three unrelated Thai families with a nondeletional type of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH) were studied using polymerase chain reaction-related techniques. All appeared to have normal nucleotide sequences from the Cap site to position -400 of both the G gamma- and A gamma-globin genes. Two individuals suspected of having a beta-thalassaemia gene linked to the high HbF condition also had a normal beta-globin gene sequence, spanning from position -108 from the Cap site to the polyadenylation site. Deletion of four nucleotides, AGCA, at positions -225 to -222 of one A gamma-globin allele was detected in one subject and was confirmed by dot-blot hybridization. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the beta-globin gene cluster showed that the 5' haplotype (-+-++) and the presence (+) of an Xmm 1 polymorphic site at -158 of the G gamma-globin gene are associated with the high F phenotype in these families. Direct sequencing of the 5' hypersensitive-2 (5' HS-2) site of the locus control region (LCR) showed that this Xmn 1 (+) site is also linked to a specific rearrangement of TA repeats (TA)9CACATATACG(TA)10, in HS-2 segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Winichagoon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Thailand
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53
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Chen Y, Hu Y, Qian R. Identification of the development stage-specific factors in mouse fetal liver binding to the human β-globin gene promoter. Cell Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1038/cr.1994.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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54
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Efremov DG, Dimovski AJ, Baysal E, Ye Z, Adekile AD, Ribeiro ML, Schiliro G, Altay C, Gürgey A, Efremov GD. Possible factors influencing the haemoglobin and fetal haemoglobin levels in patients with beta-thalassaemia due to a homozygosity for the IVS-I-6 (T-->C) mutation. Br J Haematol 1994; 86:824-30. [PMID: 7522523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb04837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have collected haematological, haemoglobin (Hb) and DNA sequence data for 29 patients with a homozygosity for the IVS-I-6 (T-->C) mutation with the intention of identifying factors contributing to the observed variability in the severity of the disease. None of the patients had received blood transfusion therapy for at least 6 months prior to the study. Hb levels varied from 5.0 to 9.9 g/dl. Patients with high Hb F (more than 1.5 g/dl or > 20%) had high total Hb levels (7.5-9.7 g/dl) but some with low Hb F also had high total Hb levels; two had a concomitant alpha-thalassaemia-2 (alpha-thal-2) heterozygosity. An inverse correlation between the Hb F and Hb A2 levels was observed. The majority of the patients were homozygous for haplotype VI (49/58 chromosomes) but haplotypes IV (2/58) and VII (7/58) were also present. The only haplotype IV homozygote had high Hb F levels with high G gamma values and the C-->T mutation at position -158 in the G gamma promoter, while both high and low Hb F levels were observed among patients with haplotypes VI and VII. Analysis of sequence variations in regulatory regions included the 5' hypersensitive sites (HS) 4. 3 and 2 of the locus control region (LCR), the G gamma and A gamma 5' flanking regions, the second intervening sequence (IVS-II), and the 5' beta-globin gene region in two patients with high Hb F (one homozygote each for haplotypes VI and IV), and in two patients with low Hb F levels (one homozygote each for haplotypes VI and VII). Haplotype specific differences were observed in the LCR 5' HS-2 and in the G gamma and A gamma flanking and IVS-II regions; however, no differences were present between the low and high Hb F-producing haplotype VI chromosomes, suggesting a major role for factors which are not linked to the beta-globin gene cluster in mediating gamma-globin gene expression in patients with this type of beta-thal.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Efremov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2100
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55
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Zeng FY, Rodgers GP, Huang SZ, Schechter AN, Salamah M, Perrine S, Berg PE. Sequence of the -530 region of the beta-globin gene of sickle cell anemia patients with the Arabian haplotype. Hum Mutat 1994; 3:163-5. [PMID: 8199597 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Y Zeng
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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56
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Dimovski AJ, Adekile AD, Divoky V, Baysal E, Huisman TH. Polymorphic pattern of the (AT)X(T)Y motif at -530 5' to the beta-globin gene in over 40 patients homozygous for various beta-thalassemia mutations. Am J Hematol 1994; 45:51-7. [PMID: 7504400 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830450108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5' beta-globin gene flanking region has been carried out for numerous homozygous beta-thalassemia patients with different mutations and of various ethnic backgrounds. Four different rearrangements were found associated with numerous beta-thalassemia mutations. The (AT)X(T)Y repeat motif at -530 showed polymorphic patterns among these patients as follows: All ten IVS-II-1 (G-->A) chromosomes and the two with the -87 (C-->G) mutation are associated with the (AT)9(T)5 rearrangement, while the 30 IVS-I-6 (T-->C), the 16 codon 39 (C-->T), the six codon 8 (-AA) chromosomes, and 12 chromosomes with different promoter mutations had the (AT)7(T)7 motif. Six chromosomes with the promoter mutation at position -29 (A-->G) had the (AT)8(T)6 motif, while an (AT)8(T)4 motif appears characteristic for two IVS-I-5 (G-->A and G-->T). No direct association between any of the (AT)X(T)Y arrangements and an increased gamma gene expression [G gamma and fetal hemoglobin (Hb F)] levels could be demonstrated, suggesting that variations in the (AT)X(T)Y motif are common polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Dimovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2100
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57
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, U.K
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58
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Hagiwara H, Matsuoka M, Ohshima M, Watanabe M, Hosokawa D, Ohashi Y. Sequence-specific binding of protein factors to two independent promoter regions of the acidic tobacco pathogenesis-related-1 protein gene (PR-1). MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1993; 240:197-205. [PMID: 8355654 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gel shift mobility analysis, using the proximal 0.3 kb fragment of the tobacco pathogenesis-related protein 1a gene (PR-1a) and nuclear extracts from healthy Samsun NN tobacco leaves, which do not produce PR-1 proteins, showed a broad shifted signal with low mobility. This signal was not detected with nuclear proteins from the interspecific hybrid of Nicotiana glutinosa x Nicotiana debneyi, which constitutively produces the PR-1a protein. Similar shifted signals were detected with both proximal and distal regions of the 0.3 kb fragment using nuclear proteins from healthy Samsun NN tobacco, but not with proteins from the interspecific hybrid. Further experiments, performed using 5' or 3' truncated fragments of the 0.3 kb fragment, identified two independent binding sites: a distal site between -179 and -168 bp from the transcription start site, and a proximal site between -61 and -37 bp. Footprint analysis revealed two protected sequences, a distal region between -184 and -172 bp, and a proximal region between -68 and -51 bp. These results indicate the presence of regulatory factor(s) for expression of the acidic PR-1a gene. The possibility of negative regulation of the gene is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hagiwara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
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59
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Chen Z, Chen Y, Xu J, Qian R. Proteins binding to the 5′-flanking regulatory elements of the human β-globin gene. Cell Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/cr.1993.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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60
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Périchon B, Ragusa A, Lapouméroulie C, Romand A, Moi P, Ikuta T, Labie D, Elion J, Krishnamoorthy R. Inter-ethnic polymorphism of the beta-globin gene locus control region (LCR) in sickle-cell anemia patients. Hum Genet 1993; 91:464-8. [PMID: 8314558 DOI: 10.1007/bf00217773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sequence polymorphisms within the 5'HS2 segment of human locus control region is described among sickle cell anemia patients. Distinct polymorphic patterns of a simple sequence repeat are observed in strong linkage disequilibrium with each of the five major beta s haplotypes. Potential functional relevance of this polymorphic region in globin gene expression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Périchon
- INSERM U120, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
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61
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Abstract
We have reviewed the methodology for an accurate quantitation of Hb F in the blood of patients with sickle cell anemia, values observed in hundreds of patients of different (racial or ethnic) backgrounds and with differences in severity of the disease, and the various factors that affect the level of Hb F. The latter include sex, age, genetic background or chromosomal haplotypes, variations in the sequences of the locus control region(s) 5' to the epsilon-globin gene, and the presence of an alpha chain deficiency or alpha-thalassemia. Finally, a few remarks about agents effective in increasing the in vivo Hb F synthesis are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Adekile
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2100
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62
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Huff C, Yuspa S, Rosenthal D. Identification of control elements 3' to the human keratin 1 gene that regulate cell type and differentiation-specific expression. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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63
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A DNA-binding protein factor in K562 nuclear extract interacts with positive control region (PCR) in the 5′-flanking sequence of human β-globin gene. Cell Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/cr.1993.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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64
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Ragusa A, Lombardo M, Beldjord C, Ruberto C, Lombardo T, Elion J, Nagel RL, Krishnamoorthy R. Genetic epidemiology of beta-thalassemia in Sicily: do sequences 5' to the G gamma gene and 5' to the beta gene interact to enhance HbF expression in beta-thalassemia? Am J Hematol 1992; 40:199-206. [PMID: 1376963 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830400308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present epidemiological study of the molecular characteristics of beta-thalassemia in Sicily was prompted by the disparate phenotypic expression (in clinical status and absolute HbF level) observed in two beta-thalassemic homozygotes who were also homozygous for the beta-like globin gene cluster haplotype III. We suspected that polymorphisms within haplotype III could be the cause for the discrepancy. Based on the association of particular conformations of the (AT)xT(y) motif (-540 5' to the beta gene) with milder forms of thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, 38 homozygous beta-thalassemia patients were studied to define their haplotypes, the -158 site 5' to the G gamma gene (linked to haplotype III) and the structure of the (AT)xT(y) motif. We found that the patient who was phenotypically mild and homozygous for beta-thalassemia, haplotype III, and the -158 C----T mutation was homozygous for the rare (AT)9T5 motif. In contrast, the patient homozygous for beta-thalassemia, haplotype III, and the -158 mutation, but exhibiting a severe clinical course, was homozygous for the (AT)7T7 configuration. Others have suggested that (AT)9T5 is a negative regulatory protein binding sequence, and it is a silent carrier state for beta-thalassemia. The usual configuration (AT)7T7, has considerably less affinity for regulatory protein binding, and it is the most common configuration in Sicilian beta-thalassemics (67 of the 78 chromosomes studied). Within the 38 patients studied, seven were informative because they had various combinations of the (AT)9T5 and (AT)7T7 motif, and the -158 C----T mutation. The results in these patients suggest that only the co-presence of the (AT)9T5 configuration and a C----T change at -158 5' to the G gamma gene is associated with high HbF expression and a mild clinical phenotype. We postulate that these two regions of the beta-like globin gene cluster interact, when endowed with the proper sequences, to enhance the expression of HbF secondary to anemia.
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65
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Murru S, Loudianos G, Porcu S, Sciarratta GV, Agosti S, Parodi MI, Cao A, Pirastu M. A beta-thalassaemia phenotype not linked to the beta-globin cluster in an Italian family. Br J Haematol 1992; 81:283-7. [PMID: 1643026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb08221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a family of Central Italian origin in which three patients in two generations had either thalassaemia intermedia or a late presenting form of thalassaemia major. Sequence analysis of the patients' DNA revealed that only one of the beta-globin genes was affected by a beta-thalassaemia mutation (the codon 39 nonsense mutation), the other being completely normal, apart from the complex rearrangement (-T +ATA) at position -530 5' to the CAP site of the beta-globin gene, which has uncertain clinical significance. Haematologically, all these patients were characterized by unusually low HbF levels (1.8-7.3%) for a beta-thalassaemia major or intermedia phenotype. The mother of the two patients with thalassaemia intermedia was heterozygous for beta-thalassaemia (codon 39 nonsense mutation), while the father had thalassaemia-like red cell indices, an increased alpha/non alpha chain synthesis ratio, a slight increase of HbF and a low HbA2 level, but showed entirely normal beta-globin gene sequences, apart from the complex rearrangement (-T +ATA) at position -530 5' to the CAP site. One of the thalassaemia intermedia patients married a normal woman and they had a child with thalassaemia major who inherited only the codon 39 nonsense mutation but not the complex rearrangement at position -530. The clinical phenotype of thalassaemia-intermedia or major in the patients from this family may be explained by postulating the inheritance of the double heterozygous state for beta-thalassaemia and for a mutation in a gene coding for an erythroid-specific DNA binding protein which may impair the function of the normal beta-globin gene. Heterozygosity for this postulated mutation (father of the patients with thalassaemia intermedia) may result in the production of a beta-thalassaemia carrier state with normal HbA2 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murru
- Istituto di Clinica e Biologia dell'Età Evolutiva, Università degli Studi di Cagliari
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66
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Abstract
The evolution of short repeated sequences by replication slippage under the assumption of selective neutrality is modeled using a linear birth and death process. The equilibrium distribution, the distribution of the life expectancy of a repeated sequence when the process starts from two repeats, the age distribution of repeats, the probability of obtaining two genes with i and j copies which diverged t generations ago and the conditional variance of copy number given the repeat number is more than one are computed. The distributions of life expectancy and age are shown to have long tails. Also the statistic which estimates the conditional variance is shown to have a large coefficient of variation. Using these theoretical results, we develop an approximate test of our model and analyze persistent repeated sequences found in the primate beta-globin gene region and Oenothera chloroplast DNA which are polymorphic within species. We found one sequence in Oenothera chloroplast DNA which does not fit to our neutral model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tachida
- National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka-ken, Japan
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67
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Roy RJ, Gosselin P, Anzivino MJ, Moore DD, Guérin SL. Binding of a nuclear protein to the rat growth hormone silencer element. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:401-8. [PMID: 1741274 PMCID: PMC310399 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.3.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat growth hormone (rGH) gene is uniquely expressed in a subset of cells from the anterior pituitary. This strongly cell type specific expression is controlled by both cis-acting positive sequences that bind the pituitary specific transcription factor Pit-1 and cis-acting negative regulatory elements that lie upstream of the Pit-1 sites. The negative elements act to prevent expression of the gene in inappropriate cell types. Here we report that the most proximal rGH silencer element is specifically bound by a protein found in a number of rGH non-expressing cell types and which exerts a negative regulatory effect through the recognition of this rGH element in transient transfection assays. The sequence recognized by this protein is similar to sequences of several other negative regulatory elements as well as to the consensus binding site for the transcription factor NF1. However, the 45 KDa molecular weight identified for this protein does not correspond to any of the sizes previously reported for NF1 suggesting that it is likely to represent a new member amongst this family of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Roy
- Centre de Recherche en Endocrinologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Québec, Canada
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68
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Gutman PD, Cao SX, Dave HP, Mittelman M, Schechter AN. Binding of erythroid and non-erythroid nuclear proteins to the silencer of the human epsilon-globin-encoding gene. Gene 1992; 110:197-203. [PMID: 1537556 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the developmental control of hemoglobin-encoding genes we have been studying the expression of these genes in human cells in continuous culture. We have previously reported the presence of a transcriptional control element with the properties of a silencer extending from -392 to -177 bp relative to the cap site of the human epsilon-globin-encoding gene [Cao et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 5306-5309]. We also showed that this silencer has stronger inhibitory activity in HeLa cells, as compared to K562 human erythroleukemia cells. Using deletion mutants and cis-cloned synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides in transient expression assays, nucleotide sequences responsible for this effect have now been further delimited to 44 bp located from -294 to -251 bp. Gel electrophoresis mobility shift assays and DNaseI footprinting assays demonstrate that these negative regulatory sequences are recognized differently by proteins present in nuclear extracts obtained from HeLa and K562 cells. Two binding proteins are detected in K562 nuclear extracts, while only one is found in extracts from HeLa cells. Possible mechanisms by which these proteins may regulate transcription of the epsilon-globin-encoding gene in erythroid and non-erythroid cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Gutman
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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69
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Developmental Regulation of Human Globin Genes: a Model for Cell Differentiation in the Hematopoietic System. Development 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77043-2_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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70
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Perrin-Pecontal P, Gouy M, Nigon VM, Trabuchet G. Evolution of the primate beta-globin gene region: nucleotide sequence of the delta-beta-globin intergenic region of gorilla and phylogenetic relationships between African apes and man. J Mol Evol 1992; 34:17-30. [PMID: 1556740 DOI: 10.1007/bf00163849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A 6.0-kb DNA fragment from Gorilla gorilla including the 5' part of the beta-globin gene and about 4.5 kb of its upstream flanking region was cloned and sequenced. The sequence was compared to the human, chimpanzee, and macaque delta-beta intergenic region. This analysis reveals four tandemly repeated sequences (RS), at the same location in the four species, showing a variable number of repeats generating both intraspecific (polymorphism) and interspecific variability. These tandem arrays delimit five regions of unique sequence called IG for intergenic. The divergence for these IG sequences is 1.85 +/- 0.22% between human and gorilla, which is not significantly different from the value estimated in the same region between chimpanzee and human (1.62 +/- 0.21%). The CpG and TpA dinucleotides are avoided. CpGs evolve faster than other sequence sites but do not confuse phylogenetic inferences by producing parallel mutations in different lineages. About 75% of CpG doublets have become TpG or CpA since the common ancestor, in agreement with the methylation/deamination pattern. Comparison of this intergenic region gives information on branching order within Hominoidea. Parsimony and distance-based methods when applied to the delta-beta intergenic region provide evidence (although not statistically significant) that human and chimpanzee are more closely related to each other than to gorilla. CpG sites are indeed rich in information by carrying substitutions along the short internal branch. Combining these results with those on the psi eta-delta intergenic region, shows in a statistically significant way that chimpanzee is the closest relative of human.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Perrin-Pecontal
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 106, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
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71
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Berg PE, Schechter AN. The impact of molecular biology on the diagnosis and treatment of hemoglobin disorders. MOLECULAR GENETIC MEDICINE 1992; 2:1-38. [PMID: 1458221 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-462002-5.50006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P E Berg
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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72
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Murru S, Poddie D, Sciarratta GV, Agosti S, Baffico M, Melevendi C, Pirastu M, Cao A. A novel beta-globin structural mutant, Hb Brescia (beta 114 Leu-Pro), causing a severe beta-thalassemia intermedia phenotype. Hum Mutat 1992; 1:124-8. [PMID: 1301199 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a patient with a thalassemia intermedia-like phenotype in whom beta-globin gene sequencing detected a novel abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) due to a T-C substitution at codon 114 of the beta-globin gene arising as a de novo mutation. The abnormal variant was designated Hb Brescia after the place of birth of the propositus. Normal sequences were detected at the in trans beta-globin locus. In addition, alpha-globin gene analysis detected a triple alpha-globin locus which was inherited from the father. The T-C change at position 114 of the beta-globin gene results in a leucine to proline substitution (Leu-Pro) in the G-helix. The resulting Hb tetramer is highly unstable and precipitates forming inclusion bodies in the peripheral red blood cells. Moreover, the Leu-Pro substitution interferes negatively with the four alpha 1 beta 1 contact points of the G-helix most likely adversely affecting the alpha beta dimer formation. The very severe phenotype presented by our patient is unusual in a heterozygote for an unstable Hb variant and may be explained by the coinheritance of the triple alpha-globin locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murru
- Istituto di Clinica e Biologia dell'Età Evolutiva, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy
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73
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Okazaki T, Zajac J, Igarashi T, Ogata E, Kronenberg H. Negative regulatory elements in the human parathyroid hormone gene. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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74
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Adams JG, Hardy CL, Steinberg MH. Disappearance of the protein of a somatic mutation: a possible example of stem cell inactivation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 261:C448-54. [PMID: 1887872 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.3.c448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The low concentration of the hemoglobin variant, Hb Vicksburg (leucine-beta-75 deleted), and a profound deficit of its mRNA led us to postulate that a beta(+)-thalassemia mutation existed in cis to the coding region mutation, suppressing its synthesis. We examined blood from this patient 6, 8, and 10 yr after our initial studies, using methods of analysis unavailable initially. We found 1) mutations causing beta(+)-(-88 C----T) and beta 0-(849 A----G) thalassemia; 2) that the proportion of Hb Vicksburg in erythrocytes fell over time, from 8 to 4%, and ultimately disappeared; and 3) that the mutation causing Hb Vicksburg was not detectable in genomic DNA isolated from blood leukocytes when this variant was present in hemolysate. We postulate that Hb Vicksburg arose from a somatic mutation of a beta(+)-thalassemia gene in an erythroid-committed stem cell. Its gradual disappearance suggests the cycling of stem cells, with inactivation of different clones over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Adams
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson
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Vandaele S, Nordquist DT, Feddersen RM, Tretjakoff I, Peterson AC, Orr HT. Purkinje cell protein-2 regulatory regions and transgene expression in cerebellar compartments. Genes Dev 1991; 5:1136-48. [PMID: 2065970 DOI: 10.1101/gad.5.7.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Purkinje cell protein 2 (Pcp-2) is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells and retinal bipolar neurons. To illuminate how Pcp-2 expression is restricted to only two neuronal types and to derive tools to express heterologous genes in these neuronal subpopulations, genomic sequences of the mouse Pcp-2 gene have been cloned and flanking sequences have been evaluated as a source of neuron-specific regulatory elements. An upstream region with homology to other genes expressed in neurons was identified and a hybrid gene containing this sequence was constructed by ligating 0.4 kb of upstream and 0.3 kb of downstream Pcp-2-flanking DNA to lacZ. Transgenic mice bearing this construct exhibited beta-galactosidase in a wide array of neuron types, suggesting that this sequence may play an important role in specifying neuronal expression. Addition of a further 3.1 kb of Pcp-2 upstream sequences restricted expression of beta-galactosidase to a small number of neuron types and most notably to Purkinje cells within parasagitally oriented cerebellar compartments. The presence of elements lying within the 3.1-kb upstream region and acting to specifically restrict Pcp-2 expression is therefore suggested. Moreover, as beta-galactosidase was not expressed in the bipolar cells of these transgenic mice, retinal expression of the endogenous Pcp-2 gene must involve elements in addition to those conferring expression within Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vandaele
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Montreal, Canada
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76
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Gupta RB, Tiwary RS, Pande PL, Kutlar F, Oner C, Oner R, Huisman TH. Hemoglobinopathies among the Gond tribal groups of central India; interaction of alpha- and beta-thalassemia with beta chain variants. Hemoglobin 1991; 15:441-58. [PMID: 1802886 DOI: 10.3109/03630269108998864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the frequencies and types of alpha-thal, beta-thal, and Hb variants among nearly 200 inhabitants of villages in the Mandla and Jabalpur districts of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. Over 85% were tribals of the Gond group. alpha-Thal, as -alpha 3.7/and -alpha 4.2/, and the nondeletional Koya Dora mutation were present at the combined frequency of 0.54. There were indications for the presence of other nondeletional types of alpha-thal. alpha-Globin gene triplications were not observed. Four of the six beta-thal alleles observed were in the tribal groups; two (G----C at codon 30 and G----A at IVS-I-1) were found for the first time. The simultaneous presence of an alpha-thal (-alpha/alpha alpha or -alpha/-alpha) greatly improved the clinical and hematological condition of the patients with Hb S-beta(+)-thal (IVS-I-5; G----C). The lower frequency of alpha-thal among the beta-thal heterozygotes (f = 0.32) may indicate that some of the beta-thal alleles in the tribal populations originated from an outside source. Forty-one subjects had SS; all but one had beta S with haplotype #31, while one chromosome had haplotype #17. The presence of an alpha-thal-2 (f = 0.53) in the SS patients did not affect hematological data. The Hb F levels varied between 7.5% and 42.5% with high G gamma values. No difference in Hb F level between males and females was observed. Lower Hb F levels were present in 10 SS patients with an alpha-thal-2 homozygosity (average 16% versus 23.5% for eight SS patients with alpha alpha/alpha alpha) suggesting a decreased formation of alpha gamma dimers in severe alpha chain deficiency. Several younger SS patients (less than 10 years) also had high Hb F levels (32-42%). Variations in the sequence at -530 of the beta-globin gene; i.e. in the so-called silencer sequence, were present in all beta S chromosomes with haplotype #31, but were not considered important for understanding the variability in the Hb F level. gamma-Globin gene deletions (gamma-thal) and triplications were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2100
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Berg PE, Mittelman M, Elion J, Labie D, Schechter AN. Increased protein binding to a -530 mutation of the human beta-globin gene associated with decreased beta-globin synthesis. Am J Hematol 1991; 36:42-7. [PMID: 1984681 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830360109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although some cases of the syndrome of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) have been correlated with mutations causing a change in the binding of trans-acting factors to DNA sequences flanking the gamma-globin gene, this mechanism has not been described in beta-thalassemias upstream of the canonical promoter of the beta-globin gene. In this report we describe such a change in binding of a protein that may explain a silent carrier phenotype of beta-thalassemia. We have previously demonstrated the binding of a protein (BP1) derived from a nuclear extract of human K562 cells to DNA 5' to the human beta-globin gene in a region having a negative regulatory function. The binding of BP1 in this region can be detected by DNAse I footprinting and by gel mobility shift analysis. We have now compared binding of BP1 to the normal sequence and a mutated sequence (+ATA/-T at -530 bp from the cap site) from the silent carrier of beta-thalassemia. Using mobility shift assays we show that BP1 binds about nine times more strongly to the mutated sequence than the normal sequence. These results suggest the possibility that the decreased expression of the beta-globin gene exhibited by the carrier may be due, at least in part, to tighter binding of a protein which functions as a negative control element or repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Berg
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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78
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Pirastu M, Ristaldi MS, Loudianos G, Murru S, Sciarratta GV, Parodi MI, Leone D, Agosti S, Cao A. Molecular analysis of atypical beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 612:90-7. [PMID: 2291578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb24294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the molecular pathology of a heterogeneous group of beta-thalassemia heterozygotes which may be referred to as atypical beta-thalassemia. This group includes four different categories of heterozygous beta-thalassemia, which are characterized, respectively, by (1) normal MCV and MCH; (2) normal Hb A2; (3) normal MCV, MCH, and Hb A2 and imbalanced globin chain synthesis only or, (4) the presence of clinical manifestations. The first group is represented by a limited proportion of double heterozygotes for alpha- and beta-thalassemia. The second group includes two categories. One category is double heterozygotes for delta- and beta-thalassemia with the delta-thalassemia mutation in cis or in trans to beta-thalassemia. A number of delta-thalassemia mutations which produce this phenotype by interacting with beta-thalassemia have been described. The other category within the second group is heterozygotes for some mild beta(+)-thalassemia mutations. Within the third group, conclusive evidence for a mutation within the beta-globin gene cluster producing the silent beta-thalassemia phenotype has been obtained solely for a C----T substitution at -101 within the CACCC box of the beta-globin gene. Possible candidates are the complex rearrangements (-T, +ATA; -T, +ATATA) found at position -530 from the cap site. In the group of thalassemic hemoglobinopathies, a series of mutations mostly located in the third exon and producing elongated or truncated molecules have been recently reported. Most of the mutations are silent at the protein level, produce inclusion bodies in peripheral erythrocytes, and show a dominant transmission pattern or occur sporadically.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pirastu
- Istituto di Ricerca sulle Talassemie e Anemie Mediterranee, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
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79
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Fraser P, Hurst J, Collis P, Grosveld F. DNaseI hypersensitive sites 1, 2 and 3 of the human beta-globin dominant control region direct position-independent expression. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:3503-8. [PMID: 2362805 PMCID: PMC331003 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.12.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human beta-globin dominant control region (DCR) which flanks the multigene beta-globin locus directs high level, site of integration independent, copy number dependent expression on a linked human beta-globin gene in transgenic mice and stably transfected mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. We have assayed each of the individual DNaseI hypersensitive regions present in the full 15kb DCR for position independence and copy number dependence of a linked beta-globin gene in transgenic mice. The results show that at least three of the individual DNaseI hypersensitive site regions (sites 1, 2 and 3), though expressing at lower levels than the full DCR, are capable of position independent, copy number dependent expression. Site 2 alone directs the highest level of expression of the single site constructs, producing nearly 70% of the level of the full DCR. Sites 1 and 3 each provide 30% of the full activity. Deletion of either site 2 or 3 from the complete set significantly reduces the level of expression, but does not effect position independence or copy number dependence. This demonstrates that sites 2 and 3 are required for full expression and suggests that all the sites are required for the full expression of even a single gene from this multigene locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fraser
- Laboratory of Gene Structure and Expression, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
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