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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes and Precision Medicine in Human Liver Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66:716-719. [PMID: 29509632 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver-like human cells can be generated from human skin by converting fibroblasts to "induced pluripotent stem cells" (iPSCs), then differentiating the iPSCs into "induced hepatocytes". Although still primarily used as a research tool, emerging applications involving iPSC-derived induced hepatocytes have exciting and provocative clinical and translational potential. This review provides a brief summary of the current status of this field and obstacles that must be overcome before this novel tool will enable precision medicine-based approaches to human liver disease.
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52
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Starokozhko V, Hemmingsen M, Larsen L, Mohanty S, Merema M, Pimentel RC, Wolff A, Emnéus J, Aspegren A, Groothuis G, Dufva M. Differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell under flow conditions to mature hepatocytes for liver tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1273-1284. [PMID: 29499107 PMCID: PMC5969064 DOI: 10.1002/term.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) under flow conditions in a 3D scaffold is expected to be a major step forward for construction of bioartificial livers. The aims of this study were to induce hepatic differentiation of hiPSCs under perfusion conditions and to perform functional comparisons with fresh human precision-cut liver slices (hPCLS), an excellent benchmark for the human liver in vivo. The majority of the mRNA expression of CYP isoenzymes and transporters and the tested CYP activities, Phase II metabolism, and albumin, urea, and bile acid synthesis in the hiPSC-derived cells reached values that overlap those of hPCLS, which indicates a higher degree of hepatic differentiation than observed until now. Differentiation under flow compared with static conditions had a strong inducing effect on Phase II metabolism and suppressed AFP expression but resulted in slightly lower activity of some of the Phase I metabolism enzymes. Gene expression data indicate that hiPSCs differentiated into both hepatic and biliary directions. In conclusion, the hiPSC differentiated under flow conditions towards hepatocytes express a wide spectrum of liver functions at levels comparable with hPCLS indicating excellent future perspectives for the development of a bioartificial liver system for toxicity testing or as liver support device for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Groningen Research Institute for PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mette Hemmingsen
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
| | - Layla Larsen
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
| | | | - Marjolijn Merema
- Groningen Research Institute for PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo C. Pimentel
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
| | - Anders Wolff
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
| | | | - Geny Groothuis
- Groningen Research Institute for PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
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53
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Schöbel A, Rösch K, Herker E. Functional innate immunity restricts Hepatitis C Virus infection in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3893. [PMID: 29497123 PMCID: PMC5832748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of activation and interplay between the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the hosts’ innate immunity is essential to understanding the establishment of chronic HCV infection. Human hepatoma cell lines, widely used as HCV cell culture system, display numerous metabolic alterations and a defective innate immunity, hindering the detailed study of virus-host interactions. Here, we analysed the suitability of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs) as a physiologically relevant model to study HCV replication in vitro. Density gradients and triglyceride analysis revealed that iHLCs secreted very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-like lipoproteins, providing a putative platform for bona fide lipoviroparticles. iHLCs supported the full HCV life cycle, but in contrast to Huh7 and Huh7.5 cells, replication and viral RNA levels decreased continuously. Following HCV infection, interferon-stimulated gene (ISG)-expression significantly increased in iHLCs, whereas induction was almost absent in Huh7/7.5 cells. However, IFNα-stimulation equally induced ISGs in iHLCs and hepatoma cells. JAK-STAT pathway inhibition increased HCV replication in mature iHLCs, but not in Huh7 cells. Additionally, HCV replication levels where higher in STAT2-, but not STAT1-knockdown iHLCs. Our findings support iHLCs as a suitable model for HCV-host interaction regarding a functional innate immunity and lipoprotein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schöbel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Rösch
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Herker
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.
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54
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Sgodda M, Dai Z, Zweigerdt R, Sharma AD, Ott M, Cantz T. A Scalable Approach for the Generation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Organoids with Sensitive Hepatotoxicity Features. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1490-1504. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sgodda
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhen Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Junior Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department for Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amar Deep Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Junior Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Ott
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, Münster, Germany
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55
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Ghosheh N, Küppers-Munther B, Asplund A, Edsbagge J, Ulfenborg B, Andersson TB, Björquist P, Andersson CX, Carén H, Simonsson S, Sartipy P, Synnergren J. Comparative transcriptomics of hepatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and adult human liver tissue. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:430-446. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-HEP) have the potential to replace presently used hepatocyte sources applied in liver disease treatment and models of drug discovery and development. Established hepatocyte differentiation protocols are effective and generate hepatocytes, which recapitulate some key features of their in vivo counterparts. However, generating mature hPSC-HEP remains a challenge. In this study, we applied transcriptomics to investigate the progress of in vitro hepatic differentiation of hPSCs at the developmental stages, definitive endoderm, hepatoblasts, early hPSC-HEP, and mature hPSC-HEP, to identify functional targets that enhance efficient hepatocyte differentiation. Using functional annotation, pathway and protein interaction network analyses, we observed the grouping of differentially expressed genes in specific clusters representing typical developmental stages of hepatic differentiation. In addition, we identified hub proteins and modules that were involved in the cell cycle process at early differentiation stages. We also identified hub proteins that differed in expression levels between hPSC-HEP and the liver tissue controls. Moreover, we identified a module of genes that were expressed at higher levels in the liver tissue samples than in the hPSC-HEP. Considering that hub proteins and modules generally are essential and have important roles in the protein-protein interactions, further investigation of these genes and their regulators may contribute to a better understanding of the differentiation process. This may suggest novel target pathways and molecules for improvement of hPSC-HEP functionality, having the potential to finally bring this technology to a wider use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Ghosheh
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Ulfenborg
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Stina Simonsson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sartipy
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Global Medicines Development Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Global Medicines Development Unit, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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56
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Kullak-Ublick GA, Andrade RJ, Merz M, End P, Benesic A, Gerbes AL, Aithal GP. Drug-induced liver injury: recent advances in diagnosis and risk assessment. Gut 2017; 66:1154-1164. [PMID: 28341748 PMCID: PMC5532458 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) is a rare but potentially severe adverse drug reaction that should be considered in patients who develop laboratory criteria for liver injury secondary to the administration of a potentially hepatotoxic drug. Although currently used liver parameters are sensitive in detecting DILI, they are neither specific nor able to predict the patient's subsequent clinical course. Genetic risk assessment is useful mainly due to its high negative predictive value, with several human leucocyte antigen alleles being associated with DILI. New emerging biomarkers which could be useful in assessing DILI include total keratin18 (K18) and caspase-cleaved keratin18 (ccK18), macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor 1, high mobility group box 1 and microRNA-122. From the numerous in vitro test systems that are available, monocyte-derived hepatocytes generated from patients with DILI show promise in identifying the DILI-causing agent from among a panel of coprescribed drugs. Several computer-based algorithms are available that rely on cumulative scores of known risk factors such as the administered dose or potential liabilities such as mitochondrial toxicity, inhibition of the bile salt export pump or the formation of reactive metabolites. A novel DILI cluster score is being developed which predicts DILI from multiple complimentary cluster and classification models using absorption-distribution-metabolism-elimination-related as well as physicochemical properties, diverse substructural descriptors and known structural liabilities. The provision of more advanced scientific and regulatory guidance for liver safety assessment will depend on validating the new diagnostic markers in the ongoing DILI registries, biobanks and public-private partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Drug Safety and Epidemiology, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raul J Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Málaga, Spain
| | - Michael Merz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter End
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Benesic
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Grosshadern of the University of Munich (KUM), University of Munich, Munich, Germany,MetaHeps GmbH, Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander L Gerbes
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Grosshadern of the University of Munich (KUM), University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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57
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Model Systems for Studying the Role of Canalicular Efflux Transporters in Drug-Induced Cholestatic Liver Disease. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2295-2301. [PMID: 28385542 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile formation is a key function of the liver. Disturbance of bile flow may lead to liver disease and is called cholestasis. Cholestasis may be inherited, for example, in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis or acquired, for example, by drug-mediated inhibition of bile salt export from hepatocytes into the canaliculi. The key transport system for exporting bile salts into the canaliculi is the bile salt export pump. Inhibition of the bile salt export pump by drugs is a well-established cause of drug-induced cholestasis. Investigation of the role of the multidrug resistance protein 3, essential for biliary phospholipid secretion, is emerging now. This overview summarizes current concepts and methods with an emphasis on in vitro model systems for the investigation of drug-induced cholestasis in the general context of drug-induced liver injury.
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58
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A transcriptomic study suggesting human iPSC-derived hepatocytes potentially offer a better in vitro model of hepatotoxicity than most hepatoma cell lines. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 33:407-421. [PMID: 28144825 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise as an in vitro liver model by virtue of their unlimited long-term supply, stability and consistency in functionality, and affordability of donor diversity. However, the suitability of iPSC-derived hepatocytes (iPSC-Heps) for toxicology studies has not been fully validated. In the current study, we characterized global gene expression profiles of iPSC-Heps in comparison to those of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and several human hepatoma cell lines (HepaRG, HuH-7, HepG2, and HepG2/C3A). Furthermore, genes associated with hepatotoxicity, drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and nuclear receptors were extracted for more detailed comparisons. Our results showed that iPSC-Heps correlate more closely to PHHs than hepatoma cell lines, suggesting that iPSC-Heps had a relatively mature hepatic phenotype that more closely resembles that of adult hepatocytes. HepaRG was the sole exception but nonetheless suffers from lack of donor diversity and poor prediction of hepatotoxicity. The effects of sex differences and DMSO treatment on gene expression of the cellular models were also investigated. Overall, the results presented in the current study suggest that iPSC-Heps represent a reproducible source of human hepatocytes and a promising in vitro model for hepatotoxicity evaluation. Further studies are needed to develop a robust protocol for hepatocyte differentiation towards a more mature adult phenotype.
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59
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Orbach SM, Less RR, Kothari A, Rajagopalan P. In Vitro Intestinal and Liver Models for Toxicity Testing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1898-1910. [PMID: 33440548 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human body is exposed to hundreds of chemicals every day. Many of these toxicants have unknown effects on the body that can be deleterious. Furthermore, chemicals can have a synergistic effect, resulting in toxic responses of cocktails at relatively low individual exposure levels. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the liver are the first organs to be exposed to ingested pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals. As a result, these organs often experience extensive damage from xenobiotics and their metabolites. In vitro models offer a promising method for testing toxic effects. Many advanced in vitro models have been developed for GI and liver toxicity. These models strive to recapitulate the in vivo organ architecture to more accurately model chemical toxicity. In this review, we discuss many of these advances, in addition to recent efforts to integrate the GI and the liver in vitro for a more holistic toxicity model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Orbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and §ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rebekah R Less
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and §ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anjaney Kothari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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60
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Ohara R, Imamura K, Morii F, Egawa N, Tsukita K, Enami T, Shibukawa R, Mizuno T, Nakagawa M, Inoue H. Modeling Drug-Induced Neuropathy Using Human iPSCs for Predictive Toxicology. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 101:754-762. [PMID: 27859025 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drugs under development can cause unpredicted toxicity in humans due to differential drug responsiveness between humans and other disease models, resulting in clinical trial failures. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are expected to represent a useful tool for toxicity testing. However, among many assays, appropriate cellular assays for predicting neurotoxicity in an iPSC-based model are still uncertain. Here we generated neurons from iPSCs of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) patients. Some CMT patients are sensitive to anticancer drugs and present with an adverse reaction of neuropathy. We analyzed cellular phenotypes and found that mitochondria in neurites of CMT neurons were morphologically shorter and showed slower mobility compared to control. A neurosphere assay showed that treatment with drugs known to cause neuropathy caused mitochondrial aggregations in neurites with adenosine triphosphate shortage in both CMT and control neurons, although more severely in CMT. These findings suggest that the genetically susceptible model could provide a useful tool to predict drug-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ohara
- Center for iPS Cells for Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Imamura
- Center for iPS Cells for Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - F Morii
- Center for iPS Cells for Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - N Egawa
- Center for iPS Cells for Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Tsukita
- Center for iPS Cells for Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Enami
- Center for iPS Cells for Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - R Shibukawa
- Center for iPS Cells for Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Nakagawa
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,North Medical Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - H Inoue
- Center for iPS Cells for Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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61
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Sistare FD, Mattes WB, LeCluyse EL. The Promise of New Technologies to Reduce, Refine, or Replace Animal Use while Reducing Risks of Drug Induced Liver Injury in Pharmaceutical Development. ILAR J 2017; 57:186-211. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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62
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Nicolas CT, Hickey RD, Chen HS, Mao SA, Lopera Higuita M, Wang Y, Nyberg SL. Concise Review: Liver Regenerative Medicine: From Hepatocyte Transplantation to Bioartificial Livers and Bioengineered Grafts. Stem Cells 2017; 35:42-50. [PMID: 27641427 PMCID: PMC5529050 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Donor organ shortage is the main limitation to liver transplantation as a treatment for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure. Liver regenerative medicine may in the future offer an alternative form of therapy for these diseases, be it through cell transplantation, bioartificial liver (BAL) devices, or bioengineered whole organ liver transplantation. All three strategies have shown promising results in the past decade. However, before they are incorporated into widespread clinical practice, the ideal cell type for each treatment modality must be found, and an adequate amount of metabolically active, functional cells must be able to be produced. Research is ongoing in hepatocyte expansion techniques, use of xenogeneic cells, and differentiation of stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). HLCs are a few steps away from clinical application, but may be very useful in individualized drug development and toxicity testing, as well as disease modeling. Finally, safety concerns including tumorigenicity and xenozoonosis must also be addressed before cell transplantation, BAL devices, and bioengineered livers occupy their clinical niche. This review aims to highlight the most recent advances and provide an updated view of the current state of affairs in the field of liver regenerative medicine. Stem Cells 2017;35:42-50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara T Nicolas
- William J Von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Raymond D Hickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Harvey S Chen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shennen A Mao
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Manuela Lopera Higuita
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- William J Von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- William J Von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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63
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Hosoya M, Czysz K. Translational Prospects and Challenges in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research in Drug Discovery. Cells 2016; 5:cells5040046. [PMID: 28009813 PMCID: PMC5187530 DOI: 10.3390/cells5040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous efforts to improve the process of drug discovery and development, achieving success at the clinical stage remains challenging because of a persistent translational gap between the preclinical and clinical settings. Under these circumstances, the discovery of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has brought new hope to the drug discovery field because they enable scientists to humanize a variety of pharmacological and toxicological models in vitro. The availability of human iPS cell-derived cells, particularly as an alternative for difficult-to-access tissues and organs, is increasing steadily; however, their use in the field of translational medicine remains challenging. Biomarkers are an essential part of the translational effort to shift new discoveries from bench to bedside as they provide a measurable indicator with which to evaluate pharmacological and toxicological effects in both the preclinical and clinical settings. In general, during the preclinical stage of the drug development process, in vitro models that are established to recapitulate human diseases are validated by using a set of biomarkers; however, their translatability to a clinical setting remains problematic. This review provides an overview of current strategies for human iPS cell-based drug discovery from the perspective of translational research, and discusses the importance of early consideration of clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hosoya
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Katherine Czysz
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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64
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Wertheim JA. Novel technology for liver regeneration and replacement. Liver Transpl 2016; 22:41-46. [PMID: 27611337 PMCID: PMC5244428 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Wertheim
- Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute and Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; and Simpson Querrey, Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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65
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Chitrangi S, Nair P, Khanna A. 3D engineered In vitro hepatospheroids for studying drug toxicity and metabolism. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 38:8-18. [PMID: 27794450 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Drug toxicity is one of the reasons for late stage drug attrition, because of hepatotoxicity. Various in vitro liver models like primary human hepatocytes, immortalized human hepatic cell lines, liver slices and microsomes have been used; but limited by viability, hepatic gene expression and function. The 3D-engineered construct of hepatocyte-like-cells (HLCs) differentiated from stem cells, may provide a limitless source of hepatocytes with improved reproducibility. Towards this end, we used hepatospheroids (diameter=50-80μm) differentiated from human-umbilical-cord-mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) on 3D scaffold GEVAC (Gelatin-vinyl-acetate-copolymer) as in vitro model for studying drug metabolism/toxicity. Our data demonstrated that hUC-MSCs-derived-hepatospheroids cultured on GEVAC expressed significantly higher drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYPs) both at mRNA and activity level compared to 2D culture, using HR-LC/MS. We further showed that hepatospheroids convert phenacetin (by CYP1A2) and testosterone (by CYP3A4) to their human-specific metabolites acetaminophen and 6β-hydroxytestosterone with a predictive clearance rate of 0.011ml/h/106 cells and 0.021ml/h/106 cells respectively, according to first-order kinetics. Hepatotoxicity was confirmed by exposing hepatospheroids to ethanol and acetaminophen; ROS generation, cell viability, cytoskeleton structure, elevation of liver function enzymes, i.e. AST and ALT, was analyzed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to use hUC-MSCs-derived-hepatospheroids on GEVAC as in vitro model for drug metabolism/toxicity study; which can replace the conventional 2D-models used in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Chitrangi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM'S NMIMS (Deemed-to-be ) University, V. L Mehta road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prabha Nair
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Shree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala, India
| | - Aparna Khanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM'S NMIMS (Deemed-to-be ) University, V. L Mehta road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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66
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Key Challenges and Opportunities Associated with the Use of In Vitro Models to Detect Human DILI: Integrated Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9737920. [PMID: 27689095 PMCID: PMC5027328 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9737920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of late-stage clinical drug attrition, market withdrawal, black-box warnings, and acute liver failure. Consequently, it has been an area of focus for toxicologists and clinicians for several decades. In spite of considerable efforts, limited improvements in DILI prediction have been made and efforts to improve existing preclinical models or develop new test systems remain a high priority. While prediction of intrinsic DILI has improved, identifying compounds with a risk for idiosyncratic DILI (iDILI) remains extremely challenging because of the lack of a clear mechanistic understanding and the multifactorial pathogenesis of idiosyncratic drug reactions. Well-defined clinical diagnostic criteria and risk factors are also missing. This paper summarizes key data interpretation challenges, practical considerations, model limitations, and the need for an integrated risk assessment. As demonstrated through selected initiatives to address other types of toxicities, opportunities exist however for improvement, especially through better concerted efforts at harmonization of current, emerging and novel in vitro systems or through the establishment of strategies for implementation of preclinical DILI models across the pharmaceutical industry. Perspectives on the incorporation of newer technologies and the value of precompetitive consortia to identify useful practices are also discussed.
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67
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Sirenko O, Hancock MK, Hesley J, Hong D, Cohen A, Gentry J, Carlson CB, Mann DA. Phenotypic Characterization of Toxic Compound Effects on Liver Spheroids Derived from iPSC Using Confocal Imaging and Three-Dimensional Image Analysis. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:381-94. [PMID: 27494736 PMCID: PMC5003004 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell models are becoming more complex to better mimic the in vivo environment and provide greater predictivity for compound efficacy and toxicity. There is an increasing interest in exploring the use of three-dimensional (3D) spheroids for modeling developmental and tissue biology with the goal of accelerating translational research in these areas. Accordingly, the development of high-throughput quantitative assays using 3D cultures is an active area of investigation. In this study, we have developed and optimized methods for the formation of 3D liver spheroids derived from human iPS cells and used those for toxicity assessment. We used confocal imaging and 3D image analysis to characterize cellular information from a 3D matrix to enable a multi-parametric comparison of different spheroid phenotypes. The assay enables characterization of compound toxicities by spheroid size (volume) and shape, cell number and spatial distribution, nuclear characterization, number and distribution of cells expressing viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial potential, and viability marker intensities. In addition, changes in the content of live, dead, and apoptotic cells as a consequence of compound exposure were characterized. We tested 48 compounds and compared induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes and HepG2 cells in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cultures. We observed significant differences in the pharmacological effects of compounds across the two cell types and between the different culture conditions. Our results indicate that a phenotypic assay using 3D model systems formed with human iPSC-derived hepatocytes is suitable for high-throughput screening and can be used for hepatotoxicity assessment in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael K Hancock
- 2 Cellular Dynamics International-A Fujifilm Company , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jayne Hesley
- 1 Molecular Devices, LLC , Sunnyvale, California
| | - Dihui Hong
- 1 Molecular Devices, LLC , Sunnyvale, California
| | - Avrum Cohen
- 1 Molecular Devices, LLC , Sunnyvale, California
| | - Jason Gentry
- 1 Molecular Devices, LLC , Sunnyvale, California
| | - Coby B Carlson
- 2 Cellular Dynamics International-A Fujifilm Company , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David A Mann
- 2 Cellular Dynamics International-A Fujifilm Company , Madison, Wisconsin
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68
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Shinozawa T, Yoshikawa HY, Takebe T. Reverse engineering liver buds through self-driven condensation and organization towards medical application. Dev Biol 2016; 420:221-229. [PMID: 27364470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The self-organizing tissue-based approach coupled with induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology is evolving as a promising field for designing organoids in culture and is expected to achieve valuable practical outcomes in regenerative medicine and drug development. Organoids show properties of functional organs and represent an alternative to cell models in conventional two-dimensional differentiation platforms; moreover, organoids can be used to investigate mechanisms of development and disease, drug discovery and toxicity assessment. Towards a more complex and advanced organoid model, it is essential to incorporate multiple cell lineages including developing vessels. Using a self-condensation method, we recently demonstrated self-organizing "organ buds" of diverse systems together with human mesenchymal and endothelial progenitors, proposing a new reverse engineering method to generate a more complex organoid structure. In this section, we review characters of organ bud technology based on two important principles: self-condensation and self-organization focusing on liver bud as an example, and discuss their practicality in regenerative medicine and potential as research tools for developmental biology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Shinozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Hiroshi Y Yoshikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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69
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L. Human hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells: a promising cell model for drug hepatotoxicity screening. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2049-2061. [PMID: 27325232 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a frequent cause of failure in both clinical and post-approval stages of drug development, and poses a key challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. Current animal models offer poor prediction of human DILI. Although several human cell-based models have been proposed for the detection of human DILI, human primary hepatocytes remain the gold standard for preclinical toxicological screening. However, their use is hindered by their limited availability, variability and phenotypic instability. In contrast, pluripotent stem cells, which include embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), proliferate extensively in vitro and can be differentiated into hepatocytes by the addition of soluble factors. This provides a stable source of hepatocytes for multiple applications, including early preclinical hepatotoxicity screening. In addition, iPSCs also have the potential to establish genotype-specific cells from different individuals, which would increase the predictivity of toxicity assays allowing more successful clinical trials. Therefore, the generation of human hepatocyte-like cells derived from pluripotent stem cells seems to be promising for overcoming limitations of hepatocyte preparations, and it is expected to have a substantial repercussion in preclinical hepatotoxicity risk assessment in early drug development stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe de Valencia, Torre A, 6ª Planta, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, FIS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe de Valencia, Torre A, 6ª Planta, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
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70
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Huang L, Zou S, Deng J, Dai T, Jiang J, Jia Y, Dai R, Xie S. Development of an optimized cytotoxicity assay system for CYP3A4-mediated metabolic activation via modified piggyBac transposition. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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71
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Csöbönyeiová M, Polák Š, Danišovič L. Toxicity testing and drug screening using iPSC-derived hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, and neural cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:687-94. [PMID: 27128322 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected toxicity in areas such as cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity is a serious complication of clinical therapy and one of the key causes for failure of promising drug candidates in development. Animal studies have been widely used for toxicology research to provide preclinical security evaluation of various therapeutic agents under development. Species differences in drug penetration of the blood-brain barrier, drug metabolism, and related toxicity contribute to failure of drug trials from animal models to human. The existing system for drug discovery has relied on immortalized cell lines, animal models of human disease, and clinical trials in humans. Moreover, drug candidates that are passed as being safe in the preclinical stage often show toxic effects during the clinical stage. Only around 16% drugs are approved for human use. Research on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) promises to enhance drug discovery and development by providing simple, reproducible, and economically effective tools for drug toxicity screening under development and, on the other hand, for studying the disease mechanism and pathways. In this review, we provide an overview of basic information about iPSCs, and discuss efforts aimed at the use of iPSC-derived hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, and neural cells in drug discovery and toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Csöbönyeiová
- a Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Polák
- a Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L'uboš Danišovič
- b Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Araki T, Iwazaki N, Ishiguro N, Sakamoto A, Nagata K, Ohbuchi M, Moriguchi H, Motoi M, Shinkyo R, Homma T, Sakamoto S, Iwase Y, Ise R, Nakanishi Y, Uto M, Inoue T. Requirements for human iPS cell-derived hepatocytes as an alternative to primary human hepatocytes for assessing absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity of pharmaceuticals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.3.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Araki
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation
| | - Norihiko Iwazaki
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety, Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety, Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd
| | - Keisuke Nagata
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Masato Ohbuchi
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Hiroyuki Moriguchi
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Makiko Motoi
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd
| | - Raku Shinkyo
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd
| | - Toshiki Homma
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Sakae Sakamoto
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yumiko Iwase
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation
| | - Ryota Ise
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Yasuharu Nakanishi
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Masahiro Uto
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Tomoaki Inoue
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi)
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association
- Safety Assessment Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Singh S, Srivastava A, Kumar V, Pandey A, Kumar D, Rajpurohit CS, Khanna VK, Yadav S, Pant AB. Stem Cells in Neurotoxicology/Developmental Neurotoxicology: Current Scenario and Future Prospects. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6938-6949. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Attrition due to nonclinical safety represents a major issue for the productivity of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) organizations, especially during the compound optimization stages of drug discovery and the early stages of clinical development. Focusing on decreasing nonclinical safety-related attrition is not a new concept, and various approaches have been experimented with over the last two decades. Front-loading testing funnels in Discovery with in vitro toxicity assays designed to rapidly identify unfavorable molecules was the approach adopted by most pharmaceutical R&D organizations a few years ago. However, this approach has also a non-negligible opportunity cost. Hence, significant refinements to the "fail early, fail often" paradigm have been proposed recently to reflect the complexity of accurately categorizing compounds with early data points without taking into account other important contextual aspects, in particular efficacious systemic and tissue exposures. This review provides an overview of toxicology approaches and models that can be used in pharmaceutical Discovery at the series/lead identification and lead optimization stages to guide and inform chemistry efforts, as well as a personal view on how to best use them to meet nonclinical safety-related attrition objectives consistent with a sustainable pharmaceutical R&D model. The scope of this review is limited to small molecules, as large molecules are associated with challenges that are quite different. Finally, a perspective on how several emerging technologies may impact toxicity evaluation is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A G Blomme
- Global Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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75
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Two Effective Routes for Removing Lineage Restriction Roadblocks: From Somatic Cells to Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20873-95. [PMID: 26340624 PMCID: PMC4613233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of somatic cells to hepatocytes has fundamentally re-shaped traditional concepts regarding the limited resources for hepatocyte therapy. With the various induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation routes, most somatic cells can be effectively directed to functional stem cells, and this strategy will supply enough pluripotent material to generate promising functional hepatocytes. However, the major challenges and potential applications of reprogrammed hepatocytes remain under investigation. In this review, we provide a summary of two effective routes including direct reprogramming and indirect reprogramming from somatic cells to hepatocytes and the general potential applications of the resulting hepatocytes. Through these approaches, we are striving toward the goal of achieving a robust, mature source of clinically relevant lineages.
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