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Will Y, Peters JM. 2022-2023 Toxicological Sciences: Paper of the Year. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:2-3. [PMID: 38416075 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Will
- Non-Clinical Drug Safety and Toxicology, Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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2
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Moein M, Heinonen M, Mesens N, Chamanza R, Amuzie C, Will Y, Ceulemans H, Kaski S, Herman D. Chemistry-Based Modeling on Phenotype-Based Drug-Induced Liver Injury Annotation: From Public to Proprietary Data. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1238-1247. [PMID: 37556769 PMCID: PMC10445287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important safety concern and a major reason to remove a drug from the market. Advancements in recent machine learning methods have led to a wide range of in silico models for DILI predictive methods based on molecule chemical structures (fingerprints). Existing publicly available DILI data sets used for model building are based on the interpretation of drug labels or patient case reports, resulting in a typical binary clinical DILI annotation. We developed a novel phenotype-based annotation to process hepatotoxicity information extracted from repeated dose in vivo preclinical toxicology studies using INHAND annotation to provide a more informative and reliable data set for machine learning algorithms. This work resulted in a data set of 430 unique compounds covering diverse liver pathology findings which were utilized to develop multiple DILI prediction models trained on the publicly available data (TG-GATEs) using the compound's fingerprint. We demonstrate that the TG-GATEs compounds DILI labels can be predicted well and how the differences between TG-GATEs and the external test compounds (Johnson & Johnson) impact the model generalization performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moein
- Department
of Computer Science, Aalto University, Konemiehentie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus Heinonen
- Department
of Computer Science, Aalto University, Konemiehentie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Natalie Mesens
- Predictive,
Investigative and Translational Toxicology, PSTS, Janssen Research
& Development, Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ronnie Chamanza
- Pathology,
PSTS, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Chidozie Amuzie
- Johnson
& Johnson Innovation-JLABS, 661 University Avenue, CA014 ON Toronto, Canada
| | - Yvonne Will
- Predictive,
Investigative and Translational Toxicology, PSTS, Janssen Research
& Development, Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hugo Ceulemans
- In-Silico
Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Samuel Kaski
- Department
of Computer Science, Aalto University, Konemiehentie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Dorota Herman
- In-Silico
Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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3
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Herman D, Kańduła MM, Freitas LGA, van Dongen C, Le Van T, Mesens N, Jaensch S, Gustin E, Micholt L, Lardeau CH, Varsakelis C, Reumers J, Zoffmann S, Will Y, Peeters PJ, Ceulemans H. Leveraging Cell Painting Images to Expand the Applicability Domain and Actively Improve Deep Learning Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Models. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37327474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The search for chemical hit material is a lengthy and increasingly expensive drug discovery process. To improve it, ligand-based quantitative structure-activity relationship models have been broadly applied to optimize primary and secondary compound properties. Although these models can be deployed as early as the stage of molecule design, they have a limited applicability domain─if the structures of interest differ substantially from the chemical space on which the model was trained, a reliable prediction will not be possible. Image-informed ligand-based models partly solve this shortcoming by focusing on the phenotype of a cell caused by small molecules, rather than on their structure. While this enables chemical diversity expansion, it limits the application to compounds physically available and imaged. Here, we employ an active learning approach to capitalize on both of these methods' strengths and boost the model performance of a mitochondrial toxicity assay (Glu/Gal). Specifically, we used a phenotypic Cell Painting screen to build a chemistry-independent model and adopted the results as the main factor in selecting compounds for experimental testing. With the additional Glu/Gal annotation for selected compounds we were able to dramatically improve the chemistry-informed ligand-based model with respect to the increased recognition of compounds from a 10% broader chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Herman
- In-Silico Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Maciej M Kańduła
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Lorena G A Freitas
- In-Silico Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | | | - Thanh Le Van
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Natalie Mesens
- Predictive, Investigative and Translational Toxicology, PSTS, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Steffen Jaensch
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Gustin
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Micholt
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Charles-Hugues Lardeau
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Christos Varsakelis
- In-Silico Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Joke Reumers
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Sannah Zoffmann
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Will
- Predictive, Investigative and Translational Toxicology, PSTS, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Pieter J Peeters
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Hugo Ceulemans
- In-Silico Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
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4
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Rao M, Nassiri V, Alhambra C, Snoeys J, Van Goethem F, Irrechukwu O, Aleo MD, Geys H, Mitra K, Will Y. AI/ML Models to Predict the Severity of Drug-Induced Liver Injury for Small Molecules. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37294641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), believed to be a multifactorial toxicity, has been a leading cause of attrition of small molecules during discovery, clinical development, and postmarketing. Identification of DILI risk early reduces the costs and cycle times associated with drug development. In recent years, several groups have reported predictive models that use physicochemical properties or in vitro and in vivo assay endpoints; however, these approaches have not accounted for liver-expressed proteins and drug molecules. To address this gap, we have developed an integrated artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) model to predict DILI severity for small molecules using a combination of physicochemical properties and off-target interactions predicted in silico. We compiled a data set of 603 diverse compounds from public databases. Among them, 164 were categorized as Most DILI (M-DILI), 245 as Less DILI (L-DILI), and 194 as No DILI (N-DILI) by the FDA. Six machine learning methods were used to create a consensus model for predicting the DILI potential. These methods include k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), Naïve Bayes (NB), artificial neural network (ANN), logistic regression (LR), weighted average ensemble learning (WA) and penalized logistic regression (PLR). Among the analyzed ML methods, SVM, RF, LR, WA, and PLR identified M-DILI and N-DILI compounds, achieving a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.88, sensitivity of 0.73, and specificity of 0.9. Approximately 43 off-targets, along with physicochemical properties (fsp3, log S, basicity, reactive functional groups, and predicted metabolites), were identified as significant factors in distinguishing between M-DILI and N-DILI compounds. The key off-targets that we identified include: PTGS1, PTGS2, SLC22A12, PPARγ, RXRA, CYP2C9, AKR1C3, MGLL, RET, AR, and ABCC4. The present AI/ML computational approach therefore demonstrates that the integration of physicochemical properties and predicted on- and off-target biological interactions can significantly improve DILI predictivity compared to chemical properties alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Rao
- Discovery, Product Development and Supply (DPDS), Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Predictive Investigative and Translational Toxicology (PITT), Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Vahid Nassiri
- Open Analytics, Jupiterstraat 20, 2600 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Cristóbal Alhambra
- Discovery, Product Development and Supply (DPDS), Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Predictive Investigative and Translational Toxicology (PITT), Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Discovery, Product Development and Supply (DPDS), Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Predictive Investigative and Translational Toxicology (PITT), Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Freddy Van Goethem
- Discovery, Product Development and Supply (DPDS), Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Predictive Investigative and Translational Toxicology (PITT), Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Onyi Irrechukwu
- Discovery, Product Development and Supply (DPDS), Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Predictive Investigative and Translational Toxicology (PITT), Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael D Aleo
- TOXinsights LLC, Boiling Springs, Pennsylvania 17007, United States
| | - Helena Geys
- Discovery, Product Development and Supply (DPDS), Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Predictive Investigative and Translational Toxicology (PITT), Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- Discovery, Product Development and Supply (DPDS), Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Predictive Investigative and Translational Toxicology (PITT), Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Discovery, Product Development and Supply (DPDS), Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Predictive Investigative and Translational Toxicology (PITT), Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
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5
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Fabre K, Berridge B, Proctor WR, Ralston S, Will Y, Baran SW, Yoder G, Van Vleet TR. Introduction to a manuscript series on the characterization and use of microphysiological systems (MPS) in pharmaceutical safety and ADME applications. Lab Chip 2020; 20:1049-1057. [PMID: 32073020 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01168d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Safety related drug failures continue to be a challenge for pharmaceutical companies despite the numerous complex and lengthy in vitro assays and in vivo studies that make up the typical safety screening funnel. A lack of complete translation of animal data to humans can explain some of those shortcomings. Differences in sensitivity and drug disposition between animals and humans may also play a role. Many gaps exist for potential target tissues of drugs that cannot be adequately modeled in vitro. Microphysiological systems (MPS) may help to better model these target tissues and provide an opportunity to better assess some aspects of human safety prior to clinical studies. There is hope that these systems can supplement current preclinical drug safety and disposition evaluations, filling gaps and enhancing our ability to predict and understand human relevant toxicities. The International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ) MPS Affiliate is a group of pharmaceutical industry scientists who seek to expedite appropriate characterization and incorporation of MPS to potentially improve drug safety assessment and provide safer and more effective medicines to patients. In keeping with this mission, the IQ MPS Affiliate scientists have prepared a series of organotypic manuscripts for several key drug safety and disposition target tissues (lung, liver, kidney, skin, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and blood brain barrier/central nervous system). The goal of these manuscripts is to provide key information related to likely initial contexts of use (CoU) and key characterization data needed for incorporation of MPS in pharmaceutical safety screening including a list of characteristic functions, cell types, toxicities, and test agents (representing major mechanisms of toxicity) that can be used by MPS developers. Additional manuscripts focusing on testing biologically based therapeutics and ADME considerations have been prepared as part of this effort. These manuscripts focus on general needs for assessing biologics and ADME endpoints and include similar information to the tissue specific manuscripts where appropriate. The current manuscript is an introduction to several general concepts related to pharmaceutical industry needs with regard to MPS application and other MPS concepts that apply across the organ specific manuscripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Fabre
- Translational Research Institute for Space Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA and MPS Center of Excellence, Drug Safety & Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Brian Berridge
- National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 530 Davis Dr., Keystone Building, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - William R Proctor
- Investigative Toxicology, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sherry Ralston
- Department of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Yvonne Will
- Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Szczepan W Baran
- Emerging Technologies, LAS, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gorm Yoder
- Analytical Development - Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, USA
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6
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Aleo MD, Shah F, Allen S, Barton HA, Costales C, Lazzaro S, Leung L, Nilson A, Obach RS, Rodrigues AD, Will Y. Moving beyond Binary Predictions of Human Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) toward Contrasting Relative Risk Potential. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:223-238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott Allen
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Investigative Toxicology, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, One Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
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7
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Rana P, Aleo MD, Gosink M, Will Y. Evaluation of in Vitro Mitochondrial Toxicity Assays and Physicochemical Properties for Prediction of Organ Toxicity Using 228 Pharmaceutical Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:156-167. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Payal Rana
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael D. Aleo
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Gosink
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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8
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Mendrick DL, Diehl AM, Topor LS, Dietert RR, Will Y, La Merrill MA, Bouret S, Varma V, Hastings KL, Schug TT, Emeigh Hart SG, Burleson FG. Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases: From the Bench to the Clinic. Toxicol Sci 2018; 162:36-42. [PMID: 29106690 PMCID: PMC6256950 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases: From the Bench to the Clinic, a Society of Toxicology Contemporary Concepts in Toxicology (CCT) workshop was held on March 11, 2017. The meeting was convened to raise awareness of metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases and serve as a melting pot with scientists of multiple disciplines (eg, toxicologists, clinicians, regulators) so as to spur research and understanding of this condition. The criteria for metabolic syndrome include obesity, dyslipidemia (low high-density lipoprotein and/or elevated triglycerides), elevated blood pressure, and alterations in glucose metabolism. It can lead to a greater potential of type 2 diabetes, lipid disorders, cardiovascular disease, hepatic steatosis, and other circulatory disorders. Although there are no approved drugs specifically for this syndrome, many drugs target diseases associated with this syndrome thus potentially increasing the likelihood of drug-drug interactions. There is currently significant research focusing on understanding the key pathways that control metabolism, which would be likely targets of risk factors (eg, exposure to xenobiotics, genetics) and lifestyle factors (eg, microbiome, nutrition, and exercise) that contribute to metabolic syndrome. Understanding these pathways could also lead to the development of pharmaceutical interventions. As individuals with metabolic syndrome have signs similar to that of toxic responses (eg, oxidative stress and inflammation) and organ dysfunction, these alterations should be taken into account in drug development. With the increasing frequency of metabolic syndrome in the general population, the idea of a "normal" individual may need to be redefined. This paper reports on the substance and outcomes of this workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Mendrick
- Regulatory Activities, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Lisa S Topor
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Pediatric Endocrinology Rhode Island Hospital Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Rodney R Dietert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sebastien Bouret
- Kerk School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027 and Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France
| | - Vijayalaskshmi Varma
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | | | - Thaddeus T Schug
- Division of Extramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Susan G Emeigh Hart
- Experimental Pathology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
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Abstract
Interest in the investigation of mitochondrial dysfunction has seen a resurgence over recent years due to the implication of such dysfunction in both drug-induced toxicity and a variety of disease states. Here we describe a methodology to assist in such investigations whereby the oxygen consumption of isolated mitochondria is assessed in a high-throughput fashion using a phosphorescent oxygen-sensitive probe , standard microtiter plates, and plate reader detection. The protocols provided describe the required isolation procedures, initial assay optimization, and subsequent compound screening. Typical data is also provided illustrating the expected activity levels as well as recommended plate maps and data analysis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel L Swiss
- Pfizer Global R&D, Compound Safety Prediction-WWMC, Cell Based Assays and Mitochondrial Biology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Yvonne Will
- Pfizer Global R&D, Compound Safety Prediction-WWMC, Cell Based Assays and Mitochondrial Biology, Groton, CT, USA.
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10
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DeGeorge J, Robertson S, Butler L, Derzi M, Stoch SA, Diaz D, Hartke J, Guzzie-Peck P, Mortimer-Cassen E, Bogdanffy M, Will Y, Greene N. An Industry Perspective on the 2017 EMA Guideline on First-in-Human and Early Clinical Trials. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 103:566-569. [PMID: 29285748 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2017 issued a revised guideline on nonclinical and clinical aspects of first-in-human (FIH) and early clinical trials (CTs). External input was solicited during a draft comment phase, and although some industry suggestions were adopted, others were not. We agree that subject safety is of utmost priority, and believe that minimizing risk must be balanced with efficient and informative study designs to bring new medicines to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lynne Butler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mazin Derzi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Dolores Diaz
- Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James Hartke
- Celgene, Nonclinical Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne Will
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Yu KN, Nadanaciva S, Rana P, Lee DW, Ku B, Roth AD, Dordick JS, Will Y, Lee MY. Prediction of metabolism-induced hepatotoxicity on three-dimensional hepatic cell culture and enzyme microarrays. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1295-1310. [PMID: 29167929 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human liver contains various oxidative and conjugative enzymes that can convert nontoxic parent compounds to toxic metabolites or, conversely, toxic parent compounds to nontoxic metabolites. Unlike primary hepatocytes, which contain myriad drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), but are difficult to culture and maintain physiological levels of DMEs, immortalized hepatic cell lines used in predictive toxicity assays are easy to culture, but lack the ability to metabolize compounds. To address this limitation and predict metabolism-induced hepatotoxicity in high-throughput, we developed an advanced miniaturized three-dimensional (3D) cell culture array (DataChip 2.0) and an advanced metabolizing enzyme microarray (MetaChip 2.0). The DataChip is a functionalized micropillar chip that supports the Hep3B human hepatoma cell line in a 3D microarray format. The MetaChip is a microwell chip containing immobilized DMEs found in the human liver. As a proof of concept for generating compound metabolites in situ on the chip and rapidly assessing their toxicity, 22 model compounds were dispensed into the MetaChip and sandwiched with the DataChip. The IC50 values obtained from the chip platform were correlated with rat LD50 values, human C max values, and drug-induced liver injury categories to predict adverse drug reactions in vivo. As a result, the platform had 100% sensitivity, 86% specificity, and 93% overall predictivity at optimum cutoffs of IC50 and C max values. Therefore, the DataChip/MetaChip platform could be used as a high-throughput, early stage, microscale alternative to conventional in vitro multi-well plate platforms and provide a rapid and inexpensive assessment of metabolism-induced toxicity at early phases of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Nam Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall (FH), 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH, 44115-2214, USA
| | | | - Payal Rana
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bosung Ku
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Device (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander D Roth
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall (FH), 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH, 44115-2214, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Yvonne Will
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall (FH), 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH, 44115-2214, USA.
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12
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Ewart L, Fabre K, Chakilam A, Dragan Y, Duignan DB, Eswaraka J, Gan J, Guzzie-Peck P, Otieno M, Jeong CG, Keller DA, de Morais SM, Phillips JA, Proctor W, Sura R, Van Vleet T, Watson D, Will Y, Tagle D, Berridge B. Navigating tissue chips from development to dissemination: A pharmaceutical industry perspective. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017. [PMID: 28622731 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217715441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue chips are poised to deliver a paradigm shift in drug discovery. By emulating human physiology, these chips have the potential to increase the predictive power of preclinical modeling, which in turn will move the pharmaceutical industry closer to its aspiration of clinically relevant and ultimately animal-free drug discovery. Despite the tremendous science and innovation invested in these tissue chips, significant challenges remain to be addressed to enable their routine adoption into the industrial laboratory. This article describes the main steps that need to be taken and highlights key considerations in order to transform tissue chip technology from the hands of the innovators into those of the industrial scientists. Written by scientists from 13 pharmaceutical companies and partners at the National Institutes of Health, this article uniquely captures a consensus view on the progression strategy to facilitate and accelerate the adoption of this valuable technology. It concludes that success will be delivered by a partnership approach as well as a deep understanding of the context within which these chips will actually be used. Impact statement The rapid pace of scientific innovation in the tissue chip (TC) field requires a cohesive partnership between innovators and end users. Near term uptake of these human-relevant platforms will fill gaps in current capabilities for assessing important properties of disposition, efficacy and safety liabilities. Similarly, these platforms could support mechanistic studies which aim to resolve challenges later in development (e.g. assessing the human relevance of a liability identified in animal studies). Building confidence that novel capabilities of TCs can address real world challenges while they themselves are being developed will accelerate their application in the discovery and development of innovative medicines. This article outlines a strategic roadmap to unite innovators and end users thus making implementation smooth and rapid. With the collective contributions from multiple international pharmaceutical companies and partners at National Institutes of Health, this article should serve as an invaluable resource to the multi-disciplinary field of TC development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinping Gan
- 7 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Watson
- 14 Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | - Danilo Tagle
- 16 National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Will Y. Mitochondrial toxicity contributes to drug induced liver injury. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Hynes J, Carey C, Will Y. Fluorescence‐Based Microplate Assays for In Vitro Assessment of Mitochondrial Toxicity, Metabolic Perturbation, and Cellular Oxygenation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 70:2.16.1-2.16.30. [DOI: 10.1002/cptx.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Hynes
- Luxcel Biosciences, BioInnovation Centre, University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Conn Carey
- Luxcel Biosciences, BioInnovation Centre, University College Cork Cork Ireland
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15
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Rana P, Will Y, Nadanaciva S, Jones LH. Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4003-6. [PMID: 27397500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites. In order to reduce attrition due to metabolism-induced toxicity and to improve the safety of drug candidates, we developed a simple cell viability assay by combining a bioactivation system (human CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9) with Hep3B cells. We screened a series of drugs to explore structural motifs that may be responsible for CYP450-dependent activation caused by reactive metabolite formation, which highlighted specific liabilities regarding certain phenols and anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Rana
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Sashi Nadanaciva
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- W Griffith Humphreys
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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17
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Abstract
Attrition due to nonclinical safety represents a major issue for the productivity of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) organizations, especially during the compound optimization stages of drug discovery and the early stages of clinical development. Focusing on decreasing nonclinical safety-related attrition is not a new concept, and various approaches have been experimented with over the last two decades. Front-loading testing funnels in Discovery with in vitro toxicity assays designed to rapidly identify unfavorable molecules was the approach adopted by most pharmaceutical R&D organizations a few years ago. However, this approach has also a non-negligible opportunity cost. Hence, significant refinements to the "fail early, fail often" paradigm have been proposed recently to reflect the complexity of accurately categorizing compounds with early data points without taking into account other important contextual aspects, in particular efficacious systemic and tissue exposures. This review provides an overview of toxicology approaches and models that can be used in pharmaceutical Discovery at the series/lead identification and lead optimization stages to guide and inform chemistry efforts, as well as a personal view on how to best use them to meet nonclinical safety-related attrition objectives consistent with a sustainable pharmaceutical R&D model. The scope of this review is limited to small molecules, as large molecules are associated with challenges that are quite different. Finally, a perspective on how several emerging technologies may impact toxicity evaluation is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A G Blomme
- Global Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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18
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Qiu L, Finley J, Taimi M, Aleo MD, Strock C, Gilbert J, Qin S, Will Y. High-Content Imaging in Human and Rat Hepatocytes Using the Fluorescent Dyes CLF and CMFDA Is Not Specific Enough to Assess BSEP/Bsep and/or MRP2/Mrp2 Inhibition by Cholestatic Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luping Qiu
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Global R&D, New York, New York
| | - James Finley
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Mohammed Taimi
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Michael D. Aleo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
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19
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Nadanaciva S, Murray J, Wilson C, Gebhard DF, Will Y. High‐Throughput Assays for Assessing Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Compounds that Impair mtDNA‐Encoded Protein Levels in Eukaryotic Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; Chapter 3:Unit3.11. [DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0311s48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Nadanaciva
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc Groton Connecticut
| | | | | | - David F. Gebhard
- Primary Pharmacology, Research Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Inc Groton Connecticut
| | - Yvonne Will
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc Groton Connecticut
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20
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Shah F, Leung L, Barton HA, Will Y, Rodrigues AD, Greene N, Aleo MD. Setting Clinical Exposure Levels of Concern for Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Using Mechanisticin vitroAssays. Toxicol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Will
- Compound Safety Prediction - WWMC, Pfizer Global Research and Development , Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340 , USA +1 860 686 2832 ;
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22
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Yang Y, Nadanaciva S, Will Y, Woodhead JL, Howell BA, Watkins PB, Siler SQ. MITOsym®: A Mechanistic, Mathematical Model of Hepatocellular Respiration and Bioenergetics. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1975-92. [PMID: 25504454 PMCID: PMC4422870 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose MITOsym, a new mathematical model of hepatocellular respiration and bioenergetics, has been developed in partnership with the DILIsym® model with the purpose of translating in vitro compound screening data into predictions of drug induced liver injury (DILI) risk for patients. The combined efforts of these two models should increase the efficiency of evaluating compounds in drug development in addition to enhancing patient care. Methods MITOsym includes the basic, essential biochemical pathways associated with hepatocellular respiration and bioenergetics, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and glycolysis; also included are dynamic feedback signals based on perturbation of these pathways. The quantitative relationships included in MITOsym are based primarily on published data; additional new experiments were also performed in HepG2 cells to determine the effects on oxygen consumption rate as media glucose concentrations or oligomycin concentrations were varied. The effects of varying concentrations of FCCP on the mitochondrial proton gradient were also measured in HepG2 cells. Results MITOsym simulates and recapitulates the reported dynamic changes to hepatocellular oxygen consumption rates, extracellular acidification rates, the mitochondrial proton gradient, and ATP concentrations in the presence of classic mitochondrial toxins such as rotenone, FCCP, and oligomycin. Conclusions MITOsym can be used to simulate hepatocellular respiration and bioenergetics and provide mechanistic hypotheses to facilitate the translation of in vitro data collection to predictions of in vivo human hepatotoxicity risk for novel compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-014-1591-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yang
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
| | - S. Nadanaciva
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340 USA
| | - Y. Will
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340 USA
| | - J. L. Woodhead
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
| | - B. A. Howell
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
| | - P. B. Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
| | - S. Q. Siler
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
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23
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Aleo MD, Luo Y, Swiss R, Bonin PD, Potter DM, Will Y. Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump. Hepatology 2014; 60:1015-22. [PMID: 24799086 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) accounts for 20-40% of all instances of clinical hepatic failure and is a common reason for withdrawal of an approved drug or discontinuation of a potentially new drug from clinical/nonclinical development. Numerous individual risk factors contribute to the susceptibility to human DILI and its severity that are either compound- and/or patient-specific. Compound-specific primary mechanisms linked to DILI include: cytotoxicity, reactive metabolite formation, inhibition of bile salt export pump (BSEP), and mitochondrial dysfunction. Since BSEP is an energy-dependent protein responsible for the efflux of bile acids from hepatocytes, it was hypothesized that humans exposed to drugs that impair both mitochondrial energetics and BSEP functional activity are more sensitive to more severe manifestations of DILI than drugs that only have a single liability factor. As annotated in the United States National Center for Toxicological Research Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base (NCTR-LTKB), the inhibitory properties of 24 Most-DILI-, 28 Less-DILI-, and 20 No-DILI-concern drugs were investigated. Drug potency for inhibiting BSEP or mitochondrial activity was generally correlated across human DILI concern categories. However, drugs with dual potency as mitochondrial and BSEP inhibitors were highly associated with more severe human DILI, more restrictive product safety labeling related to liver injury, and appear more sensitive to the drug exposure (Cmax) where more restrictive labeling occurs. CONCLUSION These data affirm that severe manifestations of human DILI are multifactorial, highly associated with combinations of drug potency specifically related to known mechanisms of DILI (like mitochondrial and BSEP inhibition), and, along with patient-specific factors, lead to differences in the severity and exposure thresholds associated with clinical DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Aleo
- Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT
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24
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Abstract
Fatty acid beta oxidation is a major pathway of energy metabolism and occurs primarily in mitochondria. Drug-induced modulation of this pathway can cause adverse effects such as liver injury, or be beneficial for treating heart failure, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Hence, in vitro assays that are able to identify compounds that affect fatty acid oxidation are of value for toxicity assessments, as well as for efficacy assessments. Here, we describe two high-throughput assays, one for assessing fatty acid oxidation in cells and the other for assessing fatty acid oxidation in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Both assays measure fatty acid-driven oxygen consumption and can be used for rapid and robust screening of compounds that modulate fatty acid oxidation.
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25
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Billis P, Will Y, Nadanaciva S. High-Content Imaging Assays for Identifying Compounds that Generate Superoxide and Impair Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Adherent Eukaryotic Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 59:25.1.1-14. [PMID: 24789364 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx2501s59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly produced in cells as a result of aerobic metabolism. When there is an excessive production of ROS and the cell's antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed, oxidative stress occurs. The superoxide anion is a type of ROS that is produced primarily in mitochondria but is also generated in other regions of the cell including peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and cytosol. Here, a high-content imaging assay using the dye dihydroethidium is described for identifying compounds that generate superoxide in eukaryotic cells. A high-content imaging assay using the fluorescent dye tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester is also described to identify compounds that impair mitochondrial membrane potential in eukaryotic cells. The purpose of performing both assays is to identify compounds that (1) generate superoxide at lower concentrations than they impair mitochondrial membrane potential, (2) impair mitochondrial membrane potential at lower concentrations than they generate superoxide, (3) generate superoxide and impair mitochondrial function at similar concentrations, and (4) do not generate superoxide or impair mitochondrial membrane potential during the duration of the assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Billis
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut
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26
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Wager TT, Kormos BL, Brady JT, Will Y, Aleo MD, Stedman DB, Kuhn M, Chandrasekaran RY. Improving the Odds of Success in Drug Discovery: Choosing the Best Compounds for in Vivo Toxicology Studies. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9771-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401485p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis T. Wager
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 700 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bethany L. Kormos
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 700 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph T. Brady
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael D. Aleo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Donald B. Stedman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Max Kuhn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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27
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Laifenfeld D, Qiu L, Swiss R, Park J, Macoritto M, Will Y, Younis HS, Lawton M. Utilization of causal reasoning of hepatic gene expression in rats to identify molecular pathways of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:234-48. [PMID: 24136188 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents a leading cause of acute liver failure. Although DILI can be discovered in preclinical animal toxicology studies and/or early clinical trials, some human DILI reactions, termed idiosyncratic DILI (IDILI), are less predictable, occur in a small number of individuals, and do not follow a clear dose-response relationship. The emergence of IDILI poses a critical health challenge for patients and a financial challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying IDILI is key to the development of models that can assess potential IDILI risk. This study used Reverse Causal Reasoning (RCR), a method to assess activation of molecular signaling pathways, on gene expression data from rats treated with IDILI or pharmacologic/chemical comparators (NON-DILI) at the maximum tolerated dose to identify mechanistic pathways underlying IDILI. Detailed molecular networks involved in mitochondrial injury, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were found in response to IDILI drugs but not negative controls (NON-DILI). In vitro assays assessing mitochondrial or ER function confirmed the effect of IDILI compounds on these systems. Together our work suggests that using gene expression data can aid in understanding mechanisms underlying IDILI and can guide in vitro screening for IDILI. Specifically, RCR should be considered for compounds that do not show evidence of DILI in preclinical animal studies positive for mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress assays, especially when the therapeutic index toward projected human maximum drug plasma concentration is low.
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Swiss R, Niles A, Cali JJ, Nadanaciva S, Will Y. Validation of a HTS-amenable assay to detect drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity in the absence and presence of cell death. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1789-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Nadanaciva S, Aleo MD, Strock CJ, Stedman DB, Wang H, Will Y. Toxicity assessments of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in isolated mitochondria, rat hepatocytes, and zebrafish show good concordance across chemical classes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:272-80. [PMID: 23811329 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To reduce costly late-stage compound attrition, there has been an increased focus on assessing compounds in in vitro assays that predict attributes of human safety liabilities, before preclinical in vivo studies are done. Relevant questions when choosing a panel of assays for predicting toxicity are (a) whether there is general concordance in the data among the assays, and (b) whether, in a retrospective analysis, the rank order of toxicity of compounds in the assays correlates with the known safety profile of the drugs in humans. The aim of our study was to answer these questions using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as a test set since NSAIDs are generally associated with gastrointestinal injury, hepatotoxicity, and/or cardiovascular risk, with mitochondrial impairment and endoplasmic reticulum stress being possible contributing factors. Eleven NSAIDs, flufenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, meloxicam, sudoxicam, piroxicam, diflunisal, acetylsalicylic acid, nimesulide, and sulindac (and its two metabolites, sulindac sulfide and sulindac sulfone), were tested for their effects on (a) the respiration of rat liver mitochondria, (b) a panel of mechanistic endpoints in rat hepatocytes, and (c) the viability and organ morphology of zebrafish. We show good concordance for distinguishing among/between NSAID chemical classes in the observations among the three approaches. Furthermore, the assays were complementary and able to correctly identify "toxic" and "non-toxic" drugs in accordance with their human safety profile, with emphasis on hepatic and gastrointestinal safety. We recommend implementing our multi-assay approach in the drug discovery process to reduce compound attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Nadanaciva
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
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30
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Rana P, Naven R, Narayanan A, Will Y, Jones LH. Chemical motifs that redox cycle and their associated toxicity. Med Chem Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00149k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Khetani SR, Kanchagar C, Ukairo O, Krzyzewski S, Moore A, Shi J, Aoyama S, Aleo M, Will Y. Use of Micropatterned Cocultures to Detect Compounds That Cause Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Humans. Toxicol Sci 2012; 132:107-17. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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32
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Hynes J, Nadanaciva S, Swiss R, Carey C, Kirwan S, Will Y. A high-throughput dual parameter assay for assessing drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction provides additional predictivity over two established mitochondrial toxicity assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:560-9. [PMID: 23147640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial toxicity is a major reason for safety-related compound attrition and post-market drug withdrawals, highlighting the necessity for higher-throughput screens that can identify this mechanism of toxicity during the early stages of drug discovery. Here, we present the validation of a 384-well dual parameter plate-based assay capable of measuring oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification in intact cells simultaneously. The assay showed good reproducibility and robustness and is suitable for use with both suspension cells and adherent cells. To determine if the assay provides additional value in detecting mitochondrial toxicity over existing platforms, 200 commercially available drugs were tested in the assay using HL60 suspension cells as well as in two conventional mitochondrial toxicity assays: an oxygen consumption assay that uses isolated mitochondria and a cell-based assay that uses HepG2 cells grown in glucose and galactose media. The combination of the dual parameter assay and the isolated mitochondrial oxygen consumption assay identified more compounds that caused mitochondrial impairment than any other combination of the three assays or each of the three assays on its own. Furthermore, novel information was obtained from the dual parameter assay on drugs not previously reported to cause mitochondrial impairment.
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Naven RT, Swiss R, Klug-Mcleod J, Will Y, Greene N. The Development of Structure-Activity Relationships for Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:271-8. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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34
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Pereira CV, Oliveira PJ, Will Y, Nadanaciva S. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and drug-induced toxicity in a panel of mouse embryonic fibroblasts with mitochondrial DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:167-81. [PMID: 22889881 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been proposed to be involved in idiosyncratic drug reactions. However, current in vitro and in vivo models lack the genetic diversity seen in the human population. Our hypothesis is that different cell strains with distinct mtDNA SNPs may have different mitochondrial bioenergetic profiles and may therefore vary in their response to drug-induced toxicity. Therefore, we used an in vitro system composed of four strains of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with mtDNA polymorphisms. We sequenced mtDNA from embryonic fibroblasts isolated from four mouse strains, C57BL/6J, MOLF/EiJ, CZECHII/EiJ and PERA/EiJ, with the latter two being sequenced for the first time. The bioenergetic profile of the four strains of MEFs was investigated at both passages 3 and 10. Our results showed that there were clear differences among the four strains of MEFs at both passages, with CZECHII/EiJ having a lower mitochondrial robustness when compared to C57BL/6J, followed by MOLF/EiJ and PERA/EiJ. Seven drugs known to impair mitochondrial function were tested for their effect on the ATP content of the four strains of MEFs in both glucose- and galactose-containing media. Our results showed that there were strain-dependent differences in the response to some of the drugs. We propose that this model is a useful starting point to study compounds that may cause mitochondrial off-target toxicity in early stages of drug development, thus decreasing the number of experimental animals used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Pereira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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35
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Rana P, Anson B, Engle S, Will Y. Characterization of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: bioenergetics and utilization in safety screening. Toxicol Sci 2012; 130:117-31. [PMID: 22843568 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity remains the number one reason for drug withdrawal from the market, and Food and Drug Administration issued black box warnings, thus demonstrating the need for more predictive preclinical safety screening, especially early in the drug discovery process when much chemical substrate is available. Whereas human-ether-a-go-go related gene screening has become routine to mitigate proarrhythmic risk, the development of in vitro assays predicting additional on- and off-target biochemical toxicities will benefit from cellular models exhibiting true cardiomyocyte characteristics such as native tissue-like mitochondrial activity. Human stem cell-derived tissue cells may provide such a model. This hypothesis was tested using a combination of flux analysis, gene and protein expression, and toxicity-profiling techniques to characterize mitochondrial function in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived human cardiomyocytes in the presence of differing carbon sources over extended periods in cell culture. Functional analyses demonstrate that iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes are (1) capable of utilizing anaerobic or aerobic respiration depending upon the available carbon substrate and (2) bioenergetically closest to adult heart tissue cells when cultured in galactose or galactose supplemented with fatty acids. We utilized this model to test a variety of kinase inhibitors with known clinical cardiac liabilities for their potential toxicity toward these cells. We found that the kinase inhibitors showed a dose-dependent toxicity to iPSC cardiomyocytes grown in galactose and that oxygen consumption rates were significantly more affected than adenosine triphosphate production. Sorafenib was found to have the most effect, followed by sunitinib, dasatinib, imatinib, lapatinib, and nioltinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Rana
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Global R&D, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Luo Y, Rana P, Will Y. Palmitate increases the susceptibility of cells to drug-induced toxicity: an in vitro method to identify drugs with potential contraindications in patients with metabolic disease. Toxicol Sci 2012; 129:346-62. [PMID: 22700542 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are an important source of energy. Excessive energy intake results in elevated levels of free fatty acids that are thought to be the pathogenic factors causing metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and fatty liver. Underlying metabolic disorders have been suggested to be a predisposing factor for drug-induced liver injury. The steadily expanding population with metabolic disease may pose a higher risk for drug-induced toxicity. In order to understand the interaction of free fatty acids and drug-induced toxicity at the cellular level, we explored whether the saturated free fatty acid palmitate could modulate drug-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. A number of drugs known to induce hepatotoxicity in humans were selected to test this hypothesis. Drugs without reported hepatotoxicity were also tested to evaluate the specificity of the palmitate-induced effects. We demonstrate that palmitate, at sublethal concentrations, was able to potentiate the cytotoxicity and/or apoptosis induced by some but not all drugs tested. The palmitate and drug coincubation potentiated toxicity, which when combined with the plasma maximum concentration (C(max)), allowed us to identify idiosyncratic toxic drugs that were not flagged in previously deployed cytotoxicity assays. Our data suggest that treatment of cells with palmitate improves the sensitivity to detect compounds with risk of inducing idiosyncratic liver toxicity. Furthermore, this assay may be used to identify compounds that have higher safety risks in a population with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Luo Y, Rana P, Will Y. Cyclosporine A and palmitic acid treatment synergistically induce cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lu S, Jessen B, Strock C, Will Y. The contribution of physicochemical properties to multiple in vitro cytotoxicity endpoints. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:613-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pruimboom-Brees IM, Francone O, Pettersen JC, Kerlin RL, Will Y, Amacher DE, Boucher GG, Morton D. The development of subcutaneous sarcomas in rodents exposed to peroxisome proliferators agonists: hypothetical mechanisms of action and de-risking attitude. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:810-8. [PMID: 22504321 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312441406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) represent therapeutic targets for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Rodent carcinogenicity studies have revealed a link between γ and dual γ/α PPAR agonist treatment and the increased incidence of subcutaneous (SC) liposarcomas/fibrosarcomas or hemangiosarcomas, but very little has been reported for potent and selective PPARα agonists. We present a mode of action framework for the development of SC mesenchymal tumors in rodents given PPAR agonists. (1) Tumor promotion results from pharmacologically mediated recruitment (proliferation and differentiation), thermogenesis and adipogenesis of stromovascular cells, and subsequent generation of oxidative free radicals. (2) Tumor initiation consists of chemotype-driven mitochondrial dysfunction causing uncontrolled oxidative stress and permanent DNA damage. Promotion is characterized by enhanced adipogenesis in the SC adipose tissue, where the baseline PPARγ expression and responsiveness to PPARγ ligands is the highest, and by thermogenesis through expression of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and the PPARγ co-activator 1 α (PGC-1α), two factors more highly expressed in brown versus white adipose tissue. Initiation is supported by the demonstration of mitochondrial uncoupling and OXPHOS Complexes dysfunction (Complexes III, IV and V) by compounds associated with increased incidences of sarcomas (muraglitazar and troglitazone), but not others lacking malignant tumor effects (pioglitazone, rosiglitazone).
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Luu YK, Rana P, Duensing TD, Black C, Will Y. Profiling of toxicity and identification of distinct apoptosis profiles using a 384-well high-throughput flow cytometry screening platform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:806-12. [PMID: 22496094 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112441205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methods and techniques used to detect apoptosis have benefited from advances in technologies such as flow cytometry. With a large arsenal of lasers, fluorescent labels, and readily accessible biological targets, it is possible to detect multiple targets with unique combinations of fluorescent spectral signatures from a single sample. Traditional flow cytometry has been limited as a screening tool as the sample throughput has been low, whereas the data analysis and generation of screening relevant results have been complex. The HTFC Screening System running ForeCyt software is an instrument platform designed to perform high-throughput, multiplexed screening with seamless transformation of flow cytometry data into screening hits. We report the results of a screen that simultaneously quantified caspase 3/7 activation, annexin V binding, cell viability, and mitochondrial integrity. Assay performance over 5 days demonstrated robustness, reliability, and performance of the assay. This system is high throughput in that a 384-well plate can be read and fully analyzed within 30 min and is sensitive with an assay window of at least 10-fold for all parameters and a Z' factor of ≥0.75 for all endpoints and time points. From a screen of 231 compounds, 11 representative toxicity profiles highlighting differential activation of apoptotic pathways were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen K Luu
- IntelliCyt Corporation, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Abstract
Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity is rapidly gaining recognition within the pharmaceutical industry as a contributor to compound attrition and post-market drug withdrawals. This article describes the mechanisms which lead to drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity, discusses high-throughput in vitro assays which are currently being used to identify mitochondrial dysfunction, and provides an overview on some of the drugs which impair mitochondrial function. While considerable progress has been made in the development of high-throughput assays to screen for mitochondrial impairment in vitro, much remains to be done. This includes the development of in silico models to predict drug-induced mitochondrial impairment, wider acceptance of suitable animal models, identification and validation of relevant biomarkers, and the translation of in vitro/in vivo results to clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Nadanaciva
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Pereira CV, Nadanaciva S, Oliveira PJ, Will Y. The contribution of oxidative stress to drug-induced organ toxicity and its detection in vitro and in vivo. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:219-37. [PMID: 22248238 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.645536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nowadays the 'redox hypothesis' is based on the fact that thiol/disulfide couples such as glutathione (GSH/GSSG), cysteine (Cys/CySS) and thioredoxin ((Trx-(SH)2/Trx-SS)) are functionally organized in redox circuits controlled by glutathione pools, thioredoxins and other control nodes, and they are not in equilibrium relative to each other. Although ROS can be important intermediates of cellular signaling pathways, disturbances in the normal cellular redox can result in widespread damage to several cell components. Moreover, oxidative stress has been linked to a variety of age-related diseases. In recent years, oxidative stress has also been identified to contribute to drug-induced liver, heart, renal and brain toxicity. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of current in vitro and in vivo methods that can be deployed throughout the drug discovery process. In addition, animal models and noninvasive biomarkers are described. EXPERT OPINION Reducing post-market drug withdrawals is essential for all pharmaceutical companies in a time of increased patient welfare and tight budgets. Predictive screens positioned early in the drug discovery process will help to reduce such liabilities. Although new and more efficient assays and models are being developed, the hunt for biomarkers and noninvasive techniques is still in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Pereira
- Pfizer R&D, Compound Safety Prediction-WWMC, Cell Based Assays and Mitochondrial Biology, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Thomas CE, Will Y. The impact of assay technology as applied to safety assessment in reducing compound attrition in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:109-22. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.651122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Interest in the investigation of mitochondrial dysfunction has seen a resurgence over recent years due to the implication of such dysfunction in both drug-induced toxicity and a variety of disease states. Here, we describe a methodology to assist in such investigations whereby the oxygen consumption of isolated mitochondria is assessed in a high-throughput fashion using a phosphorescent oxygen-sensitive probe, standard microtitre plates, and plate reader detection. The protocols provided describe the required isolation procedures, initial assay optimization, and subsequent compound screening. Typical data is also provided illustrating the expected activity levels as well as recommended plate maps and data analysis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hynes
- Luxcel Biosciences, BioInnovation Centre, UCC, Cork, Ireland
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Swiss R, Will Y. Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in HepG2 cells cultured in high-glucose- or galactose-containing media. Curr Protoc Toxicol 2011; Chapter 2:Unit2.20. [PMID: 21818751 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0220s49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity has been recognized as contributing to a variety of organ toxicities, such as liver, heart, kidney, and CNS, and has been found to contribute to drug attrition and black box warnings. Here, we describe a cell-based assay that can detect direct drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity, providing protocols for screening in 96- and 384-well format. Cultured cells grown in glucose media produce their ATP by glycolysis, largely bypassing the mitochondria, and hence are fairly resistant to drugs that affect mitochondrial function. However, when growing the same cells in media supplemented with galactose as opposed to glucose, they are forced to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, which then makes them vulnerable to mitochondrial insult. By measuring viability of cells grown in either glucose- or galactose-supplemented media, direct mitochondrial impairment can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Swiss
- Compound Safety Prediction, World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Nadanaciva S, Will Y. Investigating Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Increase Drug Safety in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Curr Drug Targets 2011; 12:774-82. [DOI: 10.2174/138945011795528985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Mitochondria generate most of the cell's ATP and play key roles in fatty acid oxidation, steroid synthesis, heme synthesis, thermogenesis, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. With the development of new methods to study mitochondrial function, it is becoming clear that drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the causes of drug toxicity. Mitochondria can be impaired by drugs in a variety of ways. These include inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, uncoupling of electron transport from ATP synthesis, irreversible opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, inhibition of transporters within the mitochondrial inner membrane, increased oxidative stress, inhibition of the citric acid cycle, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, and impairment of either mtDNA replication or mtDNA-encoded protein synthesis. This unit provides an overview on the physiological roles of mitochondria and the mechanisms by which they can be adversely affected by drugs.
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Rana P, Nadanaciva S, Will Y. Mitochondrial membrane potential measurement of H9c2 cells grown in high-glucose and galactose-containing media does not provide additional predictivity towards mitochondrial assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 25:580-7. [PMID: 21126567 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity is a contributing factor to many organ toxicities. The fact that some, but not all members of a particular drug class can induce mitochondrial dysfunction has necessitated the need for predictive screens within the drug development process. One of these screens is a cell viability assay done in two types of media, one containing high-glucose, the other, galactose. Since galactose-grown cells are more susceptible to mitochondrial toxicants than high-glucose-grown cells, this assay distinguishes compounds that cause toxicity primarily through mitochondrial targets from those that cause multifactorial toxicity. However, the assay does not show if compounds that cause multifactorial toxicity cause impairment on mitochondria. To address this problem, we investigated if multiplexing the assay with mitochondrial membrane potential measurements using the fluorescent dye, JC-1, could provide further information. We tested 28 drugs in the multiplexed assay and found that, although mitochondrial toxicants could be detected, no additional information was revealed about compounds that caused multifactorial toxicity. Hence, measurements with JC-1 did not provide additional information beyond what was detected using the cell viability assay. We conclude that even though the multiplexed assay is useful for HTS applications, it provides no additional value over the high-glucose-galactose cell viability assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Rana
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Global R&D, Groton, CT, USA
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Dykens JA, Will Y. Biomarkers of in Vitro Drug‐Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Biomarkers 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470918562.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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