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Rubbo B, Li Z, Tachachartvanich P, Baumert BO, Wang H, Pan S, Rock S, Ryder J, Jenkins T, Sisley S, Lin X, Bartell S, Inge T, Xanthakos S, McNeil B, Robuck AR, La Merrill MA, Walker DI, Conti DV, McConnnell R, Eckel SP, Chatzi L. Exposure to 4,4'-DDE in visceral adipose tissue and weight loss in adolescents from the Teen-LABS cohort. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1023-1032. [PMID: 38515392 PMCID: PMC11039378 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), an obesogen accumulating in adipose tissue, is released into circulation with weight loss, although its impact is underexplored among adolescents. We tested the association using an integrative translational approach of epidemiological analysis among adolescents with obesity and in vitro measures exploring the impact of DDE on adipogenesis via preadipocytes. METHODS We included 63 participants from the Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen-LABS) cohort. We assessed 4,4'-DDE in visceral adipose tissue at surgery and BMI and waist circumference at surgery and 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 years after. We conducted longitudinal analysis to estimate the interaction on weight loss between DDE and time since surgery. In vitro analysis quantified adipogenic differentiation in commercial human preadipocytes exposed to 4,4'-DDE via fluorescent staining and imaging. RESULTS A dose-response relationship was observed, with the low-exposure group having a greater reduction in BMI during the first year compared to higher-exposure groups and showing smaller regains compared to higher-exposure groups after the first year. In vitro analysis of preadipocytes treated with 4,4'-DDE during adipogenic differentiation for 12 days showed a concentration-dependent increase in lipid accumulation. CONCLUSIONS DDE could contribute to weight trajectory among adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery, potentially mediated via promoted adipogenesis in preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Rubbo
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Phum Tachachartvanich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brittney O. Baumert
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hongxu Wang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shudi Pan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Rock
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin Ryder
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Todd Jenkins
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Sisley
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiangping Lin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott Bartell
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Inge
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stavra Xanthakos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brooklynn McNeil
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna R. Robuck
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Now at: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | | | - Douglas I. Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David V. Conti
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rob McConnnell
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandrah P. Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lida Chatzi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Azhagiya Singam E, Durkin KA, La Merrill MA, Furlow JD, Wang JC, Smith MT. Prediction of the Interactions of a Large Number of Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances with Ten Nuclear Receptors. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:4487-4499. [PMID: 38422483 PMCID: PMC10938639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent, toxic chemicals that pose significant hazards to human health and the environment. Screening large numbers of chemicals for their ability to act as endocrine disruptors by modulating the activity of nuclear receptors (NRs) is challenging because of the time and cost of in vitro and in vivo experiments. For this reason, we need computational approaches to screen these chemicals and quickly prioritize them for further testing. Here, we utilized molecular modeling and machine-learning predictions to identify potential interactions between 4545 PFASs with ten different NRs. The results show that some PFASs can bind strongly to several receptors. Further, PFASs that bind to different receptors can have very different structures spread throughout the chemical space. Biological validation of these in silico findings should be a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen A. Durkin
- Molecular
Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. David Furlow
- Department
of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis California 95616, United States
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Department
of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Li Y, Baumert BO, Costello E, Chen JC, Rock S, Stratakis N, Goodrich JA, Zhao Y, Eckel SP, Walker DI, Valvi D, La Merrill MA, McConnell R, Cortessis VK, Aung M, Wu H, Baccarelli A, Conti D, Chatzi L. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers and dysregulation of MicroRNA expression in humans and animals-A systematic review. Environ Res 2024; 244:117832. [PMID: 38056610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemicals characterized by their environmental persistence. Evidence suggests that exposure to POPs, which is ubiquitous, is associated with microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation. miRNA are key regulators in many physiological processes. It is thus of public health concern to understand the relationships between POPs and miRNA as related to health outcomes. OBJECTIVES This systematic review evaluated the relationship between widely recognized, intentionally manufactured, POPs, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE], hexachlorobenzene [HCB]), with miRNA expression in both human and animal studies. METHODS We used PubMed and Embase to systematically search the literature up to September 29th, 2023. Search results for human and animal studies were included if they incorporated at least one POP of interest in relation to at least one miRNA. Data were synthesized to determine the direction and significance of associations between POPs and miRNA. We utilized ingenuity pathway analysis to review disease pathways for miRNA that were associated with POPs. RESULTS Our search identified 38 eligible studies: 9 in humans and 29 in model organisms. PFAS were associated with decreased expression of miR-19, miR-193b, and miR-92b, as well as increased expression of miR-128, miR-199a-3p, and miR-26b across species. PCBs were associated with increased expression of miR-15a, miR-1537, miR-21, miR-22-3p, miR-223, miR-30b, and miR-34a, as well as decreased expression of miR-130a and let-7b in both humans and animals. Pathway analysis for POP-associated miRNA identified pathways related to carcinogenesis. DISCUSSION This is the first systematic review of the association of POPs with miRNA in humans and model organisms. Large-scale prospective human studies are warranted to examine the role of miRNA as mediators between POPs and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Li
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Brittney O Baumert
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Costello
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiawen Carmen Chen
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Rock
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jesse A Goodrich
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yinqi Zhao
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Victoria K Cortessis
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Max Aung
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Conti
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lida Chatzi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Li YJ, Baumert BO, Stratakis N, Goodrich JA, Wu HT, He JX, Zhao YQ, Aung MT, Wang HX, Eckel SP, Walker DI, Valvi D, La Merrill MA, Ryder JR, Inge TH, Jenkins T, Sisley S, Kohli R, Xanthakos SA, Baccarelli AA, McConnell R, Conti DV, Chatzi L. Circulating microRNA expression and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents with severe obesity. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:332-345. [PMID: 38313232 PMCID: PMC10835537 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i4.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in children and adolescents. NAFLD ranges in severity from isolated hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), wherein hepatocellular inflammation and/or fibrosis coexist with steatosis. Circulating microRNA (miRNA) levels have been suggested to be altered in NAFLD, but the extent to which miRNA are related to NAFLD features remains unknown. This analysis tested the hypothesis that plasma miRNAs are significantly associated with histological features of NAFLD in adolescents. AIM To investigate the relationship between plasma miRNA expression and NAFLD features among adolescents with NAFLD. METHODS This study included 81 adolescents diagnosed with NAFLD and 54 adolescents without NAFLD from the Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery study. Intra-operative core liver biopsies were collected from participants and used to characterize histological features of NAFLD. Plasma samples were collected during surgery for miRNA profiling. A total of 843 plasma miRNAs were profiled using the HTG EdgeSeq platform. We examined associations of plasma miRNAs and NAFLD features using logistic regression after adjusting for age, sex, race, and other key covariates. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis was used to identify biological functions of miRNAs that were associated with multiple histological features of NAFLD. RESULTS We identified 16 upregulated plasma miRNAs, including miR-193a-5p and miR-193b-5p, and 22 downregulated plasma miRNAs, including miR-1282 and miR-6734-5p, in adolescents with NAFLD. Moreover, 52, 16, 15, and 9 plasma miRNAs were associated with NASH, fibrosis, ballooning degeneration, and lobular inflammation, respectively. Collectively, 16 miRNAs were associated with two or more histological features of NAFLD. Among those miRNAs, miR-411-5p was downregulated in NASH, ballooning, and fibrosis, while miR-122-5p, miR-1343-5p, miR-193a-5p, miR-193b-5p, and miR-7845-5p were consistently and positively associated with all histological features of NAFLD. Pathway analysis revealed that most common pathways of miRNAs associated with multiple NAFLD features have been associated with tumor progression, while we also identified linkages between miR-122-5p and hepatitis C virus and between miR-199b-5p and chronic hepatitis B. CONCLUSION Plasma miRNAs were associated with NAFLD features in adolescent with severe obesity. Larger studies with more heterogeneous NAFLD phenotypes are needed to evaluate miRNAs as potential biomarkers of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Li
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Brittney O Baumert
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Nikos Stratakis
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health, Barcelona Institute of Global Health, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Jesse A Goodrich
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Jing-Xuan He
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Yin-Qi Zhao
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Max T Aung
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Hong-Xu Wang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Justin R Ryder
- Department of Surgery, Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Thomas H Inge
- Department of Surgery, Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Todd Jenkins
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Stephanie Sisley
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Nutrition Research Center USDA/ARS, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
| | - Stavra A Xanthakos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Lida Chatzi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
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Tachachartvanich P, Rusit X, Tong J, Mann C, La Merrill MA. Perinatal triphenyl phosphate exposure induces metabolic dysfunctions through the EGFR/ERK/AKT signaling pathway: Mechanistic in vitro and in vivo studies. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 269:115756. [PMID: 38056125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), a widely used organophosphate-flame retardant, is ubiquitously found in household environments and may adversely affect human health. Evidence indicates that TPhP exposure causes metabolic dysfunctions in vivo; however, the underlying mechanism of such adverse effects has not been comprehensively investigated. Herein, we utilized two in vitro models including mouse and human preadipocytes to delineate adipogenic mechanisms of TPhP. The results revealed that both mouse and human preadipocytes exposed to TPhP concentration-dependently accumulated more fat through a significant upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We demonstrated that TPhP significantly promoted adipogenesis through the activation of EGFR/ERK/AKT signaling pathway as evident by a drastic reduction in adipogenesis of preadipocytes cotreated with inhibitors of EGFR and its major effectors. Furthermore, we confirmed the mechanism of TPhP-induced metabolic dysfunctions in vivo. We observed that male mice perinatally exposed to TPhP had a significant increase in adiposity, hepatic triglycerides, insulin resistance, plasma insulin levels, hypotension, and phosphorylated EGFR in gonadal fat. Interestingly, an administration of a potent and selective EGFR inhibitor significantly ameliorated the adverse metabolic effects caused by TPhP. Our findings uncovered a potential mechanism of TPhP-induced metabolic dysfunctions and provided implications on toxic metabolic effects posed by environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phum Tachachartvanich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Xylina Rusit
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Jason Tong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Chanapa Mann
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA.
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6
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Baumert BO, Fischer FC, Nielsen F, Grandjean P, Bartell S, Stratakis N, Walker DI, Valvi D, Kohli R, Inge T, Ryder J, Jenkins T, Sisley S, Xanthakos S, Rock S, La Merrill MA, Conti D, McConnell R, Chatzi L. Paired Liver:Plasma PFAS Concentration Ratios from Adolescents in the Teen-LABS Study and Derivation of Empirical and Mass Balance Models to Predict and Explain Liver PFAS Accumulation. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:14817-14826. [PMID: 37756184 PMCID: PMC10591710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies have pointed at the liver as a hotspot for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) accumulation and toxicity; however, these findings have not been replicated in human populations. We measured concentrations of seven PFAS in matched liver and plasma samples collected at the time of bariatric surgery from 64 adolescents in the Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen-LABS) study. Liver:plasma concentration ratios were perfectly explained (r2 > 0.99) in a multilinear regression (MLR) model based on toxicokinetic (TK) descriptors consisting of binding to tissue constituents and membrane permeabilities. Of the seven matched plasma and liver PFAS concentrations compared in this study, the liver:plasma concentration ratio of perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) was considerably higher than the liver:plasma concentration ratio of other PFAS congeners. Comparing the MLR model with an equilibrium mass balance model (MBM) suggested that complex kinetic transport processes are driving the unexpectedly high liver:plasma concentration ratio of PFHpA. Intratissue MBM modeling pointed to membrane lipids as the tissue constituents that drive the liver accumulation of long-chain, hydrophobic PFAS, whereas albumin binding of hydrophobic PFAS dominated PFAS distribution in plasma. The liver:plasma concentration data set, empirical MLR model, and mechanistic MBM modeling allow the prediction of liver from plasma concentrations measured in human cohort studies. Our study demonstrates that combining biomonitoring data with mechanistic modeling can identify underlying mechanisms of internal distribution and specific target organ toxicity of PFAS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney O. Baumert
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90032
| | - Fabian C. Fischer
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02134
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, 5230
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, 5230
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA, 02881
| | - Scott Bartell
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA, 92697
| | - Nikos Stratakis
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, 10029
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA, 90027
| | - Thomas Inge
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 60611
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Justin Ryder
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 60611
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Todd Jenkins
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45229
| | - Stephanie Sisley
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
| | - Stavra Xanthakos
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45229
| | - Sarah Rock
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90032
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
| | - David Conti
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90032
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90032
| | - Lida Chatzi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90032
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7
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Mouat JS, Li X, Neier K, Zhu Y, Mordaunt CE, La Merrill MA, Lehmler HJ, Jones MP, Lein PJ, Schmidt RJ, LaSalle JM. Networks of placental DNA methylation correlate with maternal serum PCB concentrations and child neurodevelopment. Environ Res 2023; 220:115227. [PMID: 36608759 PMCID: PMC10518186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with elevated risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Placental epigenetics may serve as a potential mechanism of risk or marker of altered placental function. Prior studies have associated differential placental DNA methylation with maternal PCB exposure or with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, sequencing-based placental methylomes have not previously been tested for simultaneous associations with maternal PCB levels and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify placental DNA methylation patterns associated with maternal PCB levels and child neurodevelopmental outcomes in the high-risk ASD MARBLES cohort. METHODS We measured 209 PCB congeners in 104 maternal serum samples collected at delivery. We identified networks of DNA methylation from 147 placenta samples using the Comethyl R package, which performs weighted gene correlation network analysis for whole genome bisulfite sequencing data. We tested placental DNA methylation modules for association with maternal serum PCB levels, child neurodevelopment, and other participant traits. RESULTS PCBs 153 + 168, 170, 180 + 193, and 187 were detected in over 50% of maternal serum samples and were highly correlated with one another. Consistent with previous findings, maternal age was the strongest predictor of serum PCB levels, alongside year of sample collection, pre-pregnancy BMI, and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. Twenty seven modules of placental DNA methylation were identified, including five which significantly correlated with one or more PCBs, and four which correlated with child neurodevelopment. Two modules associated with maternal PCB levels as well as child neurodevelopment, and mapped to CSMD1 and AUTS2, genes previously implicated in ASD and identified as differentially methylated regions in mouse brain and placenta following gestational PCB exposure. CONCLUSIONS Placental DNA co-methylation modules were associated with maternal PCBs and child neurodevelopment. Methylation of CSMD1 and AUTS2 could be markers of altered placental function and/or ASD risk following maternal PCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Mouat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kari Neier
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yihui Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles E Mordaunt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael P Jones
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janine M LaSalle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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8
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Azhagiya Singam ER, Durkin KA, La Merrill MA, Furlow JD, Wang JC, Smith MT. The vitamin D receptor as a potential target for the toxic effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): An in-silico study. Environ Res 2023; 217:114832. [PMID: 36403651 PMCID: PMC10044465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to their persistence and toxicity, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) constitute significant hazards to human health and the environment. Their effects include immune suppression, altered hormone levels, and osteoporosis. Recently, the most studied PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), was shown to competitively binding to the Vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR plays a crucial role in regulating genes involved in maintaining immune, endocrine, and calcium homeostasis, suggesting it may be a target for at least some of the health effects of PFAS. Hence, this study examined the potential binding of 5206 PFASs to VDR using molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and free energy binding calculations. We identified 14 PFAS that are predicted to interact strongly with VDR, similar to the natural ligands. We further investigated the interactions of VDR with 256 PFASs of established commercial importance. Eighty-three (32%) of these 256 commercially important PFAS were predicted to be stronger binders to VDR than PFOA. At least 16 PFASs of regulatory importance, because they have been identified in water supplies and human blood samples, were also more potent binders to VDR than PFOA. Further, PFASs are usually found together in contaminated drinking water and human blood samples, which raises the concern that multiple PFASs may act together as a mixture on VDR function, potentially producing harmful effects on the immune, endocrine, and bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen A Durkin
- Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J David Furlow
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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9
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Tong JH, Elmore S, Huang SS, Tachachartvanich P, Manz K, Pennell K, Wilson MD, Borowsky A, La Merrill MA. Chronic Exposure to Low Levels of Parabens Increases Mammary Cancer Growth and Metastasis in Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad007. [PMID: 36683225 PMCID: PMC10205179 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Methylparaben (MP) and propylparaben (PP) are commonly used as food, cosmetic, and drug preservatives. These parabens are detected in the majority of US women and children, bind and activate estrogen receptors (ER), and stimulate mammary tumor cell growth and invasion in vitro. Hemizygous B6.FVB-Tg (MMTV-PyVT)634Mul/LellJ female mice (n = 20/treatment) were exposed to MP or PP at levels within the US Food and Drug Administration's "human acceptable daily intake." These paraben-exposed mice had increased mammary tumor volume compared with control mice (P < 0.001) and a 28% and 91% increase in the number of pulmonary metastases per week compared with the control mice, respectively (P < 0.0001). MP and PP caused differential expression of 288 and 412 mammary tumor genes, respectively (false discovery rate < 0.05), a subset of which has been associated with human breast cancer metastasis. Molecular docking and luciferase reporter studies affirmed that MP and PP bound and activated human ER, and RNA-sequencing revealed increased ER expression in mammary tumors among paraben-exposed mice. However, ER signaling was not enriched in mammary tumors. Instead, both parabens strongly impaired tumor RNA metabolism (eg, ribosome, spliceosome), as evident from enriched KEGG pathway analysis of differential mammary tumor gene expression common to both paraben treatments (MP, P < 0.001; PP, P < 0.01). Indeed, mammary tumors from PP-exposed mice had an increased retention of introns (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that parabens cause substantial mammary cancer metastasis in mice as a function of their increasing alkyl chain length and highlight the emerging role of aberrant spliceosome activity in breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Tong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah Elmore
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shenq-Shyang Huang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Phum Tachachartvanich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Katherine Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kurt Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Machelle D Wilson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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10
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Tachachartvanich P, Singam ERA, Durkin KA, Furlow JD, Smith MT, La Merrill MA. In Vitro characterization of the endocrine disrupting effects of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on the human androgen receptor. J Hazard Mater 2022; 429:128243. [PMID: 35093747 PMCID: PMC9705075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used extensively in a broad range of industrial applications and consumer products. While a few legacy PFASs have been voluntarily phased out, over 5000 PFASs have been produced as replacements for their predecessors. The potential endocrine disrupting hazards of most emerging PFASs have not been comprehensively investigated. In silico molecular docking to the human androgen receptor (hAR) combined with machine learning techniques were previously applied to 5206 PFASs and predicted 23 PFASs bind the hAR. Herein, the in silico results were validated in vitro for the five candidate AR ligands that were commercially available. Three manufactured PFASs namely (9-(nonafluorobutyl)- 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1 H,5 H,11 H-pyrano[2,3-f]pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-11-one (NON), 2-(heptafluoropropyl)- 3-phenylquinoxaline (HEP), and 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-N-(4-nitrophenyl)pentanamide (NNN) elicited significant antiandrogenic effects at relatively low concentrations. We further investigated the mechanism of AR inhibition and found that all three PFASs inhibited AR transactivation induced by testosterone through a competitive binding mechanism. We then examined the antiandrogenic effects of these PFASs on AR expression and its responsive genes. Consistently, these PFASs significantly decreased the expression of PSA and FKBP5 and increased the expression of AR, similar to the effects elicited by a known competitive AR inhibitor, hydroxyflutamide. This suggests they are competitive antagonists of AR activity and western blot analysis revealed these PFASs decreased intracellular AR protein in androgen sensitive human prostate cancer cells. Hence, the findings presented here corroborate our published in silico approach and indicate these emerging PFASs may adversely affect the human endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phum Tachachartvanich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Kathleen A Durkin
- Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - J David Furlow
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA.
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11
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Ramaprasad ASE, Smith MT, McCoy D, Hubbard AE, La Merrill MA, Durkin KA. Predicting the binding of small molecules to nuclear receptors using machine learning. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6563938. [PMID: 35383362 PMCID: PMC9116378 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are important biological targets of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Identifying chemicals that can act as EDCs and modulate the function of NRs is difficult because of the time and cost of in vitro and in vivo screening to determine the potential hazards of the 100 000s of chemicals that humans are exposed to. Hence, there is a need for computational approaches to prioritize chemicals for biological testing. Machine learning (ML) techniques are alternative methods that can quickly screen millions of chemicals and identify those that may be an EDC. Computational models of chemical binding to multiple NRs have begun to emerge. Recently, a Nuclear Receptor Activity (NuRA) dataset, describing experimentally derived small-molecule activity against various NRs has been created. We have used the NuRA dataset to develop an ensemble of ML-based models to predict the agonism, antagonism, binding and effector binding of small molecules to nine different human NRs. We defined the applicability domain of the ML models as a measure of Tanimoto similarity to the molecules in the training set, which enhanced the performance of the developed classifiers. We further developed a user-friendly web server named 'NR-ToxPred' to predict the binding of chemicals to the nine NRs using the best-performing models for each receptor. This web server is freely accessible at http://nr-toxpred.cchem.berkeley.edu. Users can upload individual chemicals using Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System, CAS numbers or sketch the molecule in the provided space to predict the compound's activity against the different NRs and predict the binding mode for each.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Divisions of Environmental Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David McCoy
- Divisions of Environmental Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alan E Hubbard
- Divisions of Environmental Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kathleen A Durkin
- Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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12
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Costello E, Rock S, Stratakis N, Eckel SP, Walker DI, Valvi D, Cserbik D, Jenkins T, Xanthakos SA, Kohli R, Sisley S, Vasiliou V, La Merrill MA, Rosen H, Conti DV, McConnell R, Chatzi L. Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Markers of Liver Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2022; 130:46001. [PMID: 35475652 PMCID: PMC9044977 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental evidence indicates that exposure to certain pollutants is associated with liver damage. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent synthetic chemicals widely used in industry and consumer products and bioaccumulate in food webs and human tissues, such as the liver. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis evaluating PFAS exposure and evidence of liver injury from rodent and epidemiological studies. METHODS PubMed and Embase were searched for all studies from earliest available indexing year through 1 December 2021 using keywords corresponding to PFAS exposure and liver injury. For data synthesis, results were limited to studies in humans and rodents assessing the following indicators of liver injury: serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or steatosis. For human studies, at least three observational studies per PFAS were used to conduct a weighted z-score meta-analysis to determine the direction and significance of associations. For rodent studies, data were synthesized to qualitatively summarize the direction and significance of effect. RESULTS Our search yielded 85 rodent studies and 24 epidemiological studies, primarily of people from the United States. Studies focused primarily on legacy PFAS: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid. Meta-analyses of human studies revealed that higher ALT levels were associated with exposure to PFOA (z-score= 6.20, p<0.001), PFOS (z-score= 3.55, p<0.001), and PFNA (z-score= 2.27, p=0.023). PFOA exposure was also associated with higher aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels in humans. In rodents, PFAS exposures consistently resulted in higher ALT levels and steatosis. CONCLUSION There is consistent evidence for PFAS hepatotoxicity from rodent studies, supported by associations of PFAS and markers of liver function in observational human studies. This review identifies a need for additional research evaluating next-generation PFAS, mixtures, and early life exposures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10092.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Costello
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah Rock
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nikos Stratakis
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandrah P. Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dora Cserbik
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Todd Jenkins
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stavra A. Xanthakos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Sisley
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hugo Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David V. Conti
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Stratakis N, Rock S, La Merrill MA, Saez M, Robinson O, Fecht D, Vrijheid M, Valvi D, Conti DV, McConnell R, Chatzi VL. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies. Obes Rev 2022; 23 Suppl 1:e13383. [PMID: 34766696 PMCID: PMC9512275 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the associations between prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and childhood obesity. We focused on organochlorines (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE], hexachlorobenzene [HCB], and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]), perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) that are the POPs more widely studied in environmental birth cohorts so far. We search two databases (PubMed and Embase) through July/09/2021 and identified 33 studies reporting associations with prenatal organochlorine exposure, 21 studies reporting associations with prenatal PFAS, and five studies reporting associations with prenatal PBDEs. We conducted a qualitative review. Additionally, we performed random-effects meta-analyses of POP exposures, with data estimates from at least three prospective studies, and BMI-z. Prenatal DDE and HCB levels were associated with higher BMI z-score in childhood (beta: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.21; I2 : 28.1% per study-specific log increase of DDE and beta: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.53; I2 : 31.9% per study-specific log increase of HCB). No significant associations between PCB-153, PFOA, PFOS, or pentaPBDEs with childhood BMI were found in meta-analyses. In individual studies, there was inconclusive evidence that POP levels were positively associated with other obesity indicators (e.g., waist circumference).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Stratakis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah Rock
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Marc Saez
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniela Fecht
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vaia Lida Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Manz KE, Yamada K, Scheidl L, La Merrill MA, Lind L, Pennell KD. Targeted and Nontargeted Detection and Characterization of Trace Organic Chemicals in Human Serum and Plasma Using QuEChERS Extraction. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:77-88. [PMID: 34668567 PMCID: PMC8714361 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a broad range of organic chemicals. Although targeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques are used to quantify a limited number of persistent organic pollutants and trace organic contaminants in biological samples, nontargeted, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods assess the human exposome more extensively. We present a QuEChERS extraction for targeted and nontargeted analysis of trace organic contaminants using HRMS and compare this method to a traditional, cartridge-based solid-phase extraction (SPE). Following validation using reference and spiked serum samples, the method was applied to plasma samples (n = 75) from the Prospective investigation of Obesity, Energy, and Metabolism (POEM) study. We quantified 44 analytes using targeted analysis and 6247 peaks were detected using the nontargeted approach. Over 90% of targeted analytes were at least 90% recovered using the QuEChERS method in spiked serum samples. In nontargeted analysis, 84% of the peaks were above the method detection limit with area counts up to 3.0 × 105 times greater using the QuEChERS method. Of the targeted compounds, 88% were also identified in the nontargeted analysis. We categorized the 4212 chemicals assigned an identity in using EPA's CompTox Dashboard and 1076 chemicals were found in at least one list. The category with the highest number of chemicals was "androgen or estrogen receptor activity." The findings demonstrate that a QuEChERS technique is suitable for both targeted and nontargeted analysis of trace organic contaminants in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Kyle Yamada
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Lukas Scheidl
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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15
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Cirillo PM, La Merrill MA, Krigbaum NY, Cohn BA. Grandmaternal Perinatal Serum DDT in Relation to Granddaughter Early Menarche and Adult Obesity: Three Generations in the Child Health and Development Studies Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:1480-1488. [PMID: 33853850 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum DDTs during or just after pregnancy were associated with breast cancer in mothers (F0), and with breast cancer, mammographic density, and obesity in adult daughters (F1) in the Child Health and Development Studies multi-generational cohort in prior publications. Here, we investigate F0 perinatal serum DDT associations with granddaughters'(F2) measured obesity at a median age of 26 and self-reported age at menarche. METHODS F2 weight, height and waist circumference were measured by trained examiners. o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were measured in archived F0 perinatal serum. F0 DDT associations with F2 outcomes, accounting for F1 characteristics, were estimated in log-linear models adjusted for F0 and F1 body mass index (BMI), race, and menarche timing (N = 258 triads for obesity; N = 235 triads for early menarche). Interactions between F0 BMI and DDTs were estimated. RESULTS F0 o,p'-DDT was associated with F2 obesity [Odds ratio (OR), 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3-6.7; tertile 3 vs. 1), among normal weight F0 (70%), but not among overweight and obese F0 (P interaction = 0.03), independent of other DDTs. F0 o,p'-DDT was also associated with F2 early menarche (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-3.9, tertile 3 vs. 1) and this association was not modified by F0 BMI. CONCLUSIONS Ancestral exposure to environmental chemicals, banned decades ago, may influence the development of earlier menarche and obesity, which are established risk factors for breast cancer and cardiometabolic diseases. IMPACT Discovery of actionable biomarkers of response to ancestral environmental exposures in young women may provide opportunities for breast cancer prevention.See related commentary by Fenton and Boyles, p. 1459.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera M Cirillo
- Child Health and Development Studies of the Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis California
| | - Nickilou Y Krigbaum
- Child Health and Development Studies of the Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California
| | - Barbara A Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies of the Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California.
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16
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vonderEmbse AN, Elmore SE, Jackson KB, Habecker BA, Manz KE, Pennell KD, Lein PJ, La Merrill MA. Developmental exposure to DDT or DDE alters sympathetic innervation of brown adipose in adult female mice. Environ Health 2021; 20:37. [PMID: 33794904 PMCID: PMC8017793 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to the bioaccumulative pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) has been associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and obesity in humans and experimental animals. These effects appear to be mediated by reduced brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, which is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. Although the neurotoxicity of DDT is well-established, whether DDT alters sympathetic innervation of BAT is unknown. We hypothesized that perinatal exposure to DDT or DDE promotes thermogenic dysfunction by interfering with sympathetic regulation of BAT thermogenesis. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6 J mice were administered environmentally relevant concentrations of DDTs (p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT) or DDE (p,p'-DDE), 1.7 mg/kg and 1.31 mg/kg, respectively, from gestational day 11.5 to postnatal day 5 by oral gavage, and longitudinal body temperature was recorded in male and female offspring. At 4 months of age, metabolic parameters were measured in female offspring via indirect calorimetry with or without the β3 adrenergic receptor agonist, CL 316,243. Immunohistochemical and neurochemical analyses of sympathetic neurons innervating BAT were evaluated. RESULTS We observed persistent thermogenic impairment in adult female, but not male, mice perinatally exposed to DDTs or p,p'-DDE. Perinatal DDTs exposure significantly impaired metabolism in adult female mice, an effect rescued by treatment with CL 316,243 immediately prior to calorimetry experiments. Neither DDTs nor p,p'-DDE significantly altered BAT morphology or the concentrations of norepinephrine and its metabolite DHPG in the BAT of DDTs-exposed mice. However, quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed a 20% decrease in sympathetic axons innervating BAT in adult female mice perinatally exposed to DDTs, but not p,p'-DDE, and 48 and 43% fewer synapses in stellate ganglia of mice exposed to either DDTs or p,p'-DDE, respectively, compared to control. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that perinatal exposure to DDTs or p,p'-DDE impairs thermogenesis by interfering with patterns of connectivity in sympathetic circuits that regulate BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalise N. vonderEmbse
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Sarah E. Elmore
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Present address: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California EPA, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Kyle B. Jackson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Katherine E. Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Kurt D. Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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17
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Vogel CFA, Lazennec G, Kado SY, Dahlem C, He Y, Castaneda A, Ishihara Y, Vogeley C, Rossi A, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Jugan J, Mori H, Borowsky AD, La Merrill MA, Sweeney C. Targeting the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625346. [PMID: 33763068 PMCID: PMC7982668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) through environmental exposure to known human carcinogens including dioxins can lead to the promotion of breast cancer. While the repressor protein of the AhR (AhRR) blocks the canonical AhR pathway, the function of AhRR in the development of breast cancer is not well-known. In the current study we examined the impact of suppressing AhR activity using its dedicated repressor protein AhRR. AhRR is a putative tumor suppressor and is silenced in several cancer types, including breast, where its loss correlates with shorter patient survival. Using the AhRR transgenic mouse, we demonstrate that AhRR overexpression opposes AhR-driven and inflammation-induced growth of mammary tumors in two different murine models of breast cancer. These include a syngeneic model using E0771 mammary tumor cells as well as the Polyoma Middle T antigen (PyMT) transgenic model. Further AhRR overexpression or knockout of AhR in human breast cancer cells enhanced apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutics and inhibited the growth of mouse mammary tumor cells. This study provides the first in vivo evidence that AhRR suppresses mammary tumor development and suggests that strategies which lead to its functional restoration and expression may have therapeutic benefit.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph F. A. Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Sarah Y. Kado
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carla Dahlem
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yi He
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alejandro Castaneda
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Christian Vogeley
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Juliann Jugan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hidetoshi Mori
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alexander D. Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Colleen Sweeney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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18
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Rider CV, McHale CM, Webster TF, Lowe L, Goodson WH, La Merrill MA, Rice G, Zeise L, Zhang L, Smith MT. Using the Key Characteristics of Carcinogens to Develop Research on Chemical Mixtures and Cancer. Environ Health Perspect 2021; 129:35003. [PMID: 33784186 PMCID: PMC8009606 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People are exposed to numerous chemicals throughout their lifetimes. Many of these chemicals display one or more of the key characteristics of carcinogens or interact with processes described in the hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, evaluating the effects of chemical mixtures on cancer development is an important pursuit. Challenges involved in designing research studies to evaluate the joint action of chemicals on cancer risk include the time taken to perform the experiments because of the long latency and choosing an appropriate experimental design. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this work are to present the case for developing a research program on mixtures of environmental chemicals and cancer risk and describe recommended approaches. METHODS A working group comprising the coauthors focused attention on the design of mixtures studies to inform cancer risk assessment as part of a larger effort to refine the key characteristics of carcinogens and explore their application. Working group members reviewed the key characteristics of carcinogens, hallmarks of cancer, and mixtures research for other disease end points. The group discussed options for developing tractable projects to evaluate the joint effects of environmental chemicals on cancer development. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Three approaches for developing a research program to evaluate the effects of mixtures on cancer development were proposed: a chemical screening approach, a transgenic model-based approach, and a disease-centered approach. Advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8525.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia V. Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cliona M. McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer (NGO), Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - William H. Goodson
- Department of Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Glenn Rice
- Office of Research & Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of the Director, Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
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19
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Jugan J, Lind PM, Salihovic S, Stubleski J, Kärrman A, Lind L, La Merrill MA. The associations between p,p'-DDE levels and plasma levels of lipoproteins and their subclasses in an elderly population determined by analysis of lipoprotein content. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:249. [PMID: 33287856 PMCID: PMC7722417 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoproteins at aberrant levels are known to play a role in cardiovascular disease. The metabolite of the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), physically associates with lipids and accumulates in adipose tissue. Little is known about which lipoproteins associate with p,p'-DDE. An association between p,p'-DDE exposure and altered levels of circulating lipids was assessed in a large human cohort using a detailed analysis of lipoprotein content. METHODS Plasma samples were collected from the subset of 75-year old Swedes in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature of Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) cohort who were not prescribed lipid lowering medication (n = 571). p,p'-DDE concentrations in plasma were measured using high-throughput solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Analysis of plasma lipoprotein content was performed with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Detectable levels of p,p'-DDE were found in the plasma samples of all subjects. Elevated p,p'-DDE levels were associated with increased concentrations of lipoproteins of all diameters, with the exception of high density lipoprotein (HDL) of diameters between 14.3 nm-10.9 nm. Of the lipoprotein constituents, triglycerides were most uniformly associated with elevated p,p'-DDE across lipoproteins. p,p'-DDE was furthermore associated with apolipoprotein B, but not apolipoprotein A1. CONCLUSIONS The positive associations observed between each lipoprotein class and elevated p,p'-DDE support previous data suggesting that p,p'-DDE interacts with lipoproteins within plasma. It is speculated that both physio-chemical and biological mechanisms may explain why p,p'-DDE does not uniformly associate with lipids across lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann Jugan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Samira Salihovic
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Kärrman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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20
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Azhagiya Singam ER, Tachachartvanich P, Fourches D, Soshilov A, Hsieh JCY, La Merrill MA, Smith MT, Durkin KA. Structure-based virtual screening of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as endocrine disruptors of androgen receptor activity using molecular docking and machine learning. Environ Res 2020; 190:109920. [PMID: 32795691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) pose a substantial threat as endocrine disruptors, and thus early identification of those that may interact with steroid hormone receptors, such as the androgen receptor (AR), is critical. In this study we screened 5,206 PFASs from the CompTox database against the different binding sites on the AR using both molecular docking and machine learning techniques. We developed support vector machine models trained on Tox21 data to classify the active and inactive PFASs for AR using different chemical fingerprints as features. The maximum accuracy was 95.01% and Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) was 0.76 respectively, based on MACCS fingerprints (MACCSFP). The combination of docking-based screening and machine learning models identified 29 PFASs that have strong potential for activity against the AR and should be considered priority chemicals for biological toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis Fourches
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anatoly Soshilov
- Division of Scientific Programs, Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Branch, Water Toxicology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, USA
| | - Jennifer C Y Hsieh
- Division of Scientific Programs, Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch, Cancer Toxicology and Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Kathleen A Durkin
- Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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21
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Tachachartvanich P, Azhagiya Singam ER, Durkin KA, Smith MT, La Merrill MA. Structure-based discovery of the endocrine disrupting effects of hydraulic fracturing chemicals as novel androgen receptor antagonists. Chemosphere 2020; 257:127178. [PMID: 32505947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) technology is increasingly utilized for oil and gas extraction operations. The widespread use of HF has led to concerns of negative impacts on both the environment and human health. Indeed, the potential endocrine disrupting impacts of HF chemicals is one such knowledge gap. Herein, we used structure-based molecular docking to assess the binding affinities of 60 HF chemicals to the human androgen receptor (AR). Five HF chemicals had relatively high predicted AR binding affinity, suggesting the potential for endocrine disruption. We next assessed androgenic and antiandrogenic activities of these chemicals in vitro. Of the five candidate AR ligands, only Genapol®X-100 significantly modified AR transactivation. To better understand the structural effect of Genapol®X-100 on the potency of AR inhibition, we compared the antiandrogenic activity of Genapol®X-100 with that of its structurally similar chemical, Genapol®X-080. Interestingly, both Genapol®X-100 and Genapol®X-080 elicited an antagonistic effect at AR with 20% relative inhibitory concentrations of 0.43 and 0.89 μM, respectively. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism of AR inhibition of these two chemicals in vitro, and found that both Genapol®X-100 and Genapol®X-080 inhibited AR through a noncompetitive mechanism. The effect of these two chemicals on the expression of AR responsive genes, e.g. PSA, KLK2, and AR, was also investigated. Genapol®X-100 and Genapol®X-080 altered the expression of these genes. Our findings heighten awareness of endocrine disruption by HF chemicals and provide evidence that noncompetitive antiandrogenic Genapol®X-100 could cause adverse endocrine health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phum Tachachartvanich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Kathleen A Durkin
- Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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22
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Valvi D, Walker DI, Inge T, Bartell SM, Jenkins T, Helmrath M, Ziegler TR, La Merrill MA, Eckel SP, Conti D, Liang Y, Jones DP, McConnell R, Chatzi L. Environmental chemical burden in metabolic tissues and systemic biological pathways in adolescent bariatric surgery patients: A pilot untargeted metabolomic approach. Environ Int 2020; 143:105957. [PMID: 32683211 PMCID: PMC7708399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in untargeted metabolomic technologies have great potential for insight into adverse metabolic effects underlying exposure to environmental chemicals. However, important challenges need to be addressed, including how biological response corresponds to the environmental chemical burden in different target tissues. AIM We performed a pilot study using state-of-the-art ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS) to characterize the burden of lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in metabolic tissues and associated alterations in the plasma metabolome. METHODS We studied 11 adolescents with severe obesity at the time of bariatric surgery. We measured 18 POPs that can act as endocrine and metabolic disruptors (i.e. 2 dioxins, 11 organochlorine compounds [OCs] and 5 polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDEs]) in visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (vAT and sAT), and liver samples using gas chromatography with UHRMS. Biological pathways were evaluated by measuring the plasma metabolome using high-resolution metabolomics. Network and pathway enrichment analysis assessed correlations between the tissue-specific burden of three frequently detected POPs (i.e. p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene [DDE], hexachlorobenzene [HCB] and PBDE-47) and plasma metabolic pathways. RESULTS Concentrations of 4 OCs and 3 PBDEs were quantifiable in at least one metabolic tissue for > 80% of participants. All POPs had the highest median concentrations in adipose tissue, especially sAT, except for PBDE-154, which had comparable average concentrations across all tissues. Pathway analysis showed high correlations between tissue-specific POPs and metabolic alterations in pathways of amino acid metabolism, lipid and fatty acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Most of the measured POPs appear to accumulate preferentially in adipose tissue compared to liver. Findings of plasma metabolic pathways potentially associated with tissue-specific POPs concentrations merit further investigation in larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Thomas Inge
- Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado, Denver, United States
| | - Scott M Bartell
- Program in Public Health and Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Todd Jenkins
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital and University of Cincinnati Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael Helmrath
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital and University of Cincinnati Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Thomas R Ziegler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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23
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Smith MT, Guyton KZ, Kleinstreuer N, Borrel A, Cardenas A, Chiu WA, Felsher DW, Gibbons CF, Goodson WH, Houck KA, Kane AB, La Merrill MA, Lebrec H, Lowe L, McHale CM, Minocherhomji S, Rieswijk L, Sandy MS, Sone H, Wang A, Zhang L, Zeise L, Fielden M. The Key Characteristics of Carcinogens: Relationship to the Hallmarks of Cancer, Relevant Biomarkers, and Assays to Measure Them. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1887-1903. [PMID: 32152214 PMCID: PMC7483401 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The key characteristics (KC) of human carcinogens provide a uniform approach to evaluating mechanistic evidence in cancer hazard identification. Refinements to the approach were requested by organizations and individuals applying the KCs. We assembled an expert committee with knowledge of carcinogenesis and experience in applying the KCs in cancer hazard identification. We leveraged this expertise and examined the literature to more clearly describe each KC, identify current and emerging assays and in vivo biomarkers that can be used to measure them, and make recommendations for future assay development. We found that the KCs are clearly distinct from the Hallmarks of Cancer, that interrelationships among the KCs can be leveraged to strengthen the KC approach (and an understanding of environmental carcinogenesis), and that the KC approach is applicable to the systematic evaluation of a broad range of potential cancer hazards in vivo and in vitro We identified gaps in coverage of the KCs by current assays. Future efforts should expand the breadth, specificity, and sensitivity of validated assays and biomarkers that can measure the 10 KCs. Refinement of the KC approach will enhance and accelerate carcinogen identification, a first step in cancer prevention.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Kathryn Z Guyton
- Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alexandre Borrel
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Catherine F Gibbons
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
| | - William H Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Keith A Houck
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Herve Lebrec
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cliona M McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Linda Rieswijk
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Institute of Data Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Hideko Sone
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy and National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Amy Wang
- Office of the Report on Carcinogens, Division of National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Mark Fielden
- Expansion Therapeutics Inc, San Diego, California
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Castriota F, Zushin PJH, Sanchez SS, Phillips RV, Hubbard A, Stahl A, Smith MT, Wang JC, La Merrill MA. Chronic arsenic exposure impairs adaptive thermogenesis in male C57BL/6J mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E667-E677. [PMID: 32045263 PMCID: PMC7272725 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00282.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has doubled since 1980. Human epidemiological studies support arsenic exposure as a risk factor for T2D, although the precise mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that chronic arsenic ingestion alters glucose homeostasis by impairing adaptive thermogenesis, i.e., body heat production in cold environments. Arsenic is a pervasive environmental contaminant, with more than 200 million people worldwide currently exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water. Male C57BL/6J mice exposed to sodium arsenite in drinking water at 300 μg/L for 9 wk experienced significantly decreased metabolic heat production when acclimated to chronic cold tolerance testing, as evidenced by indirect calorimetry, despite no change in physical activity. Arsenic exposure increased total fat mass and subcutaneous inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) mass. RNA sequencing analysis of iWAT indicated that arsenic dysregulated mitochondrial processes, including fatty acid metabolism. Western blotting in WAT confirmed that arsenic significantly decreased TOMM20, a correlate of mitochondrial abundance; PGC1A, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis; and, CPT1B, the rate-limiting step of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Our findings show that chronic arsenic exposure impacts the mitochondrial proteins of thermogenic tissues involved in energy expenditure and substrate regulation, providing novel mechanistic evidence for arsenic's role in T2D development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Castriota
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Peter-James H Zushin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Sylvia S Sanchez
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Rachael V Phillips
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Alan Hubbard
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
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Hu X, Li S, Cirillo P, Krigbaum N, Tran V, Ishikawa T, La Merrill MA, Jones DP, Cohn B. Metabolome Wide Association Study of serum DDT and DDE in Pregnancy and Early Postpartum. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 92:129-137. [PMID: 31102720 PMCID: PMC7055929 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) and metabolome-wide-association study (MWAS) enables the readout of environmental effects in human specimens. We used HRM to understand DDT-induced alterations of in utero environment and potential health effects. Endogenous metabolites were measured in 397 maternal perinatal serum samples collected during 1959-1967 in the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS) and in 16 maternal postnatal serum samples of mice treated with or without DDT. MWAS was performed to assess associations between metabolites and p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE levels, followed by pathway analysis. Distinct metabolic profiles were found with p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE. Amino acids such arginine had a strong association with p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT in both women and mice, whereas lipids and acyl-carnitine intermediates were found exclusively associated with p,p'-DDE in CHDS women indicating mitochondrial impairment. It suggests that the role of serine and fatty acid metabolism on the causal disease pathway should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Piera Cirillo
- The Center for Research on Women and Children's Health, Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, 1683 Shattuck Avenue, Suite B, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Nickilou Krigbaum
- The Center for Research on Women and Children's Health, Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, 1683 Shattuck Avenue, Suite B, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Barbara Cohn
- The Center for Research on Women and Children's Health, Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, 1683 Shattuck Avenue, Suite B, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA.
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26
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La Merrill MA, Vandenberg LN, Smith MT, Goodson W, Browne P, Patisaul HB, Guyton KZ, Kortenkamp A, Cogliano VJ, Woodruff TJ, Rieswijk L, Sone H, Korach KS, Gore AC, Zeise L, Zoeller RT. Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:45-57. [PMID: 31719706 PMCID: PMC6902641 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous chemicals that interfere with hormone action, thereby increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes, including cancer, reproductive impairment, cognitive deficits and obesity. A complex literature of mechanistic studies provides evidence on the hazards of EDC exposure, yet there is no widely accepted systematic method to integrate these data to help identify EDC hazards. Inspired by work to improve hazard identification of carcinogens using key characteristics (KCs), we have developed ten KCs of EDCs based on our knowledge of hormone actions and EDC effects. In this Expert Consensus Statement, we describe the logic by which these KCs are identified and the assays that could be used to assess several of these KCs. We reflect on how these ten KCs can be used to identify, organize and utilize mechanistic data when evaluating chemicals as EDCs, and we use diethylstilbestrol, bisphenol A and perchlorate as examples to illustrate this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Masschusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, Sutter Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patience Browne
- Environmental Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn Z Guyton
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Vincent J Cogliano
- Office of the Science Advisor, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda Rieswijk
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Institute of Data Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hideko Sone
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology, Section Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of the Director, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment of the California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Masschusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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27
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Castriota F, Rieswijk L, Dahlberg S, La Merrill MA, Steinmaus C, Smith MT, Wang JC. A State-of-the-Science Review of Arsenic's Effects on Glucose Homeostasis in Experimental Models. Environ Health Perspect 2020; 128:16001. [PMID: 31898917 PMCID: PMC7015542 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has more than doubled since 1980. Poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity are among the primary risk factors. While an estimated 70% of cases are attributed to excess adiposity, there is an increased interest in understanding the contribution of environmental agents to diabetes causation and severity. Arsenic is one of these environmental chemicals, with multiple epidemiology studies supporting its association with T2D. Despite extensive research, the molecular mechanism by which arsenic exerts its diabetogenic effects remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We conducted a literature search focused on arsenite exposure in vivo and in vitro, using relevant end points to elucidate potential mechanisms of oral arsenic exposure and diabetes development. METHODS We explored experimental results for potential mechanisms and elucidated the distinct effects that occur at high vs. low exposure. We also performed network analyses relying on publicly available data, which supported our key findings. RESULTS While several mechanisms may be involved, our findings support that arsenite has effects on whole-body glucose homeostasis, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, hepatic glucose metabolism, and both adipose and pancreatic β -cell dysfunction. DISCUSSION This review applies state-of-the-science approaches to identify the current knowledge gaps in our understanding of arsenite on diabetes development. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4517.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Castriota
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Linda Rieswijk
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sarah Dahlberg
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Superfund Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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28
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La Merrill MA, Johnson CL, Smith MT, Kandula NR, Macherone A, Pennell KD, Kanaya AM. Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Their Relationship to Hepatic Fat and Insulin Insensitivity among Asian Indian Immigrants in the United States. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:13906-13918. [PMID: 31746186 PMCID: PMC6996970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and other organochlorine compounds, are abundant in the environment and in foodstuffs from the Indian subcontinent. These environmental contaminants have been associated with a higher risk of diabetes in numerous studies. Asian Indians are well known to have a high risk of diabetes compared with other populations, and this risk is also found in migrant populations of Asian Indians in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. We hypothesized that high plasma concentrations of POPs in Asian Indian migrants are linked to a variety of diabetes-related pathologies and explored the mechanism for the induction of these effects. We measured 30 environmental pollutants in plasma samples obtained from 147 participants in the Metabolic syndrome and Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America pilot study using a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical method that uses less than 0.5 mL of plasma. We found that plasma levels of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT were independently associated with both body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Doubling the levels of the sums of these DDTs was associated with insulin insensitivity (-0.38 Matsuda index, p = 0.001), increased adiposity (1.26 kg/m2 BMI and 3.58 cm waist circumference increase, p < 0.0001), circulating insulin (12.9 mIU/L, p = 0.002), hepatic fat (-0.051 HU, p = 0.001), as well as increased odds of obesity (OR = 2.17, p < 0.001, BMI-based; OR = 2.37, p = 0.001, waist-based), prediabetes (OR = 1.55, p = 0.02), diabetes (OR = 1.72, p = 0.01), and fatty liver (OR = 1.66, p = 0.01) in multivariable models accounting for confounding by age, sex, years in the US, education, and fish protein. Furthermore, levels of DDTs were associated with increased hepatic fat and circulating insulin, independent of obesity and confounders. These findings suggest that exposure to DDTs may contribute to the risk of metabolic disease among Asian Indians by affecting hepatic fat levels independent of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Caitlin L Johnson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Namratha R Kandula
- Departments of Medicine and Preventive Medicine , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Anthony Macherone
- Division of Life Science and Chemical Analysis , Agilent Technologies , Santa Clara , California 95051 , United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry , The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Alka M Kanaya
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology & Biostatistics , University of California , San Francisco , California 94115 , United States
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29
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Azhagiya Singam ER, Tachachartvanich P, La Merrill MA, Smith MT, Durkin KA. Structural Dynamics of Agonist and Antagonist Binding to the Androgen Receptor. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7657-7666. [PMID: 31431014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid hormone nuclear receptor which upon binding its endogenous androgenic ligands (agonists), testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), alters gene transcription, producing a diverse range of biological effects. Antiandrogens, such as the pharmaceuticals bicalutamide and hydroxyflutamide, act as agonists in the absence of androgens and as antagonists in their presence or in high concentration. The atomic level mechanism of action by agonists and antagonists of AR is less well characterized. Therefore, in this study, multiple 1 μs molecular dynamics (MD), docking simulations, and perturbation-response analyses were performed to more fully explore the nature of interaction between agonist or antagonist and AR and the conformational changes induced in the AR upon interaction with different ligands. We characterized the mechanism of the ligand entry/exit and found that helix-12 and nearby structural motifs respond dynamically in that process. Modeling showed that the agonist and antagonist/agonist form a hydrogen bond with Thr877/Asn705 and that this interaction is absent for antagonists. Agonist binding to AR increases the mobility of residues at allosteric sites and coactivator binding sites, while antagonist binding decreases mobility at these important sites. A new site was also identified as a potential surface for allosteric binding. These results shed light on the effect of agonists and antagonists on the structure and dynamics of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phum Tachachartvanich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California , Davis 95616 , California United States
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California , Davis 95616 , California United States
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , University of California , Berkeley 94720 , California United States
| | - Kathleen A Durkin
- Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley 94720 , California United States
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30
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Cohn BA, La Merrill MA, Krigbaum NY, Wang M, Park JS, Petreas M, Yeh G, Hovey RC, Zimmermann L, Cirillo PM. In utero exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and subsequent breast cancer. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 92:112-119. [PMID: 31323350 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that maternal perinatal serum levels of poly and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) predict risk for breast cancer in daughters in a 54-year follow-up of 9300 daughters born 1959-1967 in the Child Health and Development Studies pregnancy cohort. Total cholesterol and PFASs were measured in archived maternal perinatal serum for 102 daughter breast cancer cases diagnosed by age 52, and 310 controls matched on birth year and blood draw trimester. High maternal N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (EtFOSAA), a precursor of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), in combination with high maternal total cholesterol predicted a 3.6-fold increased risk of breast cancer (pinteraction<0.05). Conversely, maternal PFOS was associated with decreased daughters' breast cancer risk. Predictions were robust to alternative modeling and independent of other maternal factors. Future generations continue to be exposed to ubiquitous, persistent PFASs. These findings are relevant to breast cancer prevention if confirmed experimentally and where possible, in additional epidemiology studies of internal doses of PFASs and other chemical mixtures especially during vulnerable windows in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nickilou Y Krigbaum
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Gregory Yeh
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Zimmermann
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Piera M Cirillo
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
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31
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Cohn BA, Cirillo PM, La Merrill MA. Correlation of body mass index with serum DDTs predicts lower risk of breast cancer before the age of 50: prospective evidence in the Child Health and Development Studies. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2019; 29:302-309. [PMID: 30224754 PMCID: PMC6996968 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many suspected breast cancer risk factors, including the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), are stored in fat where they could influence carcinogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that the relationship of DDT and DDE (DDTs) with adiposity is modified by disposition to develop breast cancer. We predicted that concentrations of serum DDTs would be inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI) during active exposure when DDTs move into the larger fat pool. We described this correlation at an average of 17 years before breast cancer was diagnosed, in a prospective nested case-control study in the Child Health and Development Studies. Women entered the study during pregnancy from 1959 to 1966 when DDT was in active use. In total, 133 breast cancer cases were diagnosed under the age of 50 as of 1998. Mean time to diagnosis was 17 years. In total, 133 controls were matched to cases on birth year. We observed the expected inverse correlation of serum DDTs with BMI only in women who remained cancer-free and not in women who ultimately developed breast cancer (p for interaction < 0.05). Findings suggest that vulnerability to breast cancer before the age of 50 may be associated with an uncoupling of the inverse correlation between BMI and serum DDTs. Investigation into mechanisms may eventually reveal early biomarkers of breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA.
| | - Piera M Cirillo
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Biological Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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32
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da Costa CS, Miranda-Alves L, La Merrill MA, Silva IV, Graceli JB. The tributyltin leads to obesogenic mammary gland abnormalities in adult female rats. Toxicol Lett 2019; 307:59-71. [PMID: 30831249 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an obesogen associated with several complications. However, few investigations have evaluated TBT effects on adult mammary glands (MG). In this investigation, we assessed whether TBT's obesogenic effects resulted in abnormal MG fat pad expansion and other irregularities. TBT was administered to female rats (100 ng/kg/day for 15 days via gavage), and their MG morphophysiological development was assessed. We further assessed the MG fat pad for PPARγ, ERα, and aromatase protein expression, as well as inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), apoptosis and fibrosis. Irregular MG morphological development such as lower TEB number, alveolar (AB), lobule and differentiation (DF) score were observed in TBT rats. TBT rats had abnormal MG fat accumulation as evidenced by increased numbers of hypertrophic adipocytes, triglyceride (TG) levels and PPARγ expression. A strong negative correlation between the MG obesogenic makers and TEB number, AB and DF score were observed in TBT rats. MG inflammation was observed in TBT rats. A positive correlation between the MG obesogenic markers and inflammation were observed. High ERα and aromatase expression were observed in MG of TBT rats. MG OS, apoptosis and fibrosis were present in the TBT rats. Additionally, a positive correlation between the MG obesogenic markers and OS were observed in TBT rats. Thus, these data suggest that obesogenic TBT effects led to MG irregularities in the adult female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Postgraduate Program of Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research, Development and Innovation Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Ian V Silva
- Dept of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Dept of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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33
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence supporting the characterization of the pesticide DDT and its metabolite, DDE, as obesogens and metabolic disruptors. Elucidating the mechanism is critical to understanding whether the association of DDT and DDE with obesity and diabetes is in fact causal. One area of research investigating the etiology of metabolic diseases is mitochondrial toxicity. Several studies have found associations between mitochondrial defects and insulin resistance, cellular respiration, substrate utilization, and energy expenditure. Although the mitotoxicity of DDT and DDE was established 20-40 years ago, it was not viewed in the light of the diseases faced today; therefore, it is prudent to reexamine the mitotoxicity literature for mechanistic support of DDT and DDE as causal contributors to obesity and diabetes, as well as associated diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. This review aims to focus on studies investigating the effect of DDT or DDE on mammalian mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. We illustrate that both DDT and DDE impair the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation. We conclude that there is reasonable data to suggest that DDT and DDE target specific complexes and processes within the mitochondria, and that these insults could in turn contribute to the role of DDT and DDE in mitochondria-associated diseases.
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34
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Eiserich JP, Ott SP, Kadir T, Morrissey BM, Hayakawa KA, La Merrill MA, Cross CE. Quantitative assessment of cyanide in cystic fibrosis sputum and its oxidative catabolism by hypochlorous acid. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:146-154. [PMID: 30213640 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are known to produce cyanide (CN-) although challenges exist in determinations of total levels, the precise bioactive levels, and specificity of its production by CF microflora, especially P. aeruginosa. Our objective was to measure total CN- levels in CF sputa by a simple and novel technique in P. aeruginosa positive and negative adult patients, to review respiratory tract (RT) mechanisms for the production and degradation of CN-, and to interrogate sputa for post-translational protein modification by CN- metabolites. METHODS Sputa CN- concentrations were determined by using a commercially available CN- electrode, measuring levels before and after addition of cobinamide, a compound with extremely high affinity for CN-. Detection of protein carbamoylation was measured by Western blot. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The commercial CN- electrode was found to overestimate CN- levels in CF sputum in a highly variable manner; cobinamide addition rectified this analytical issue. Although P. aeruginosa positive patients tended to have higher total CN- values, no significant differences in CN- levels were found between positive and negative sputa. The inflammatory oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) was shown to rapidly decompose CN-, forming cyanogen chloride (CNCl) and the carbamoylating species cyanate (NCO-). Carbamoylated proteins were found in CF sputa, analogous to reported findings in asthma. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicate that CN- is a transient species in the inflamed CF airway due to multiple biosynthetic and metabolic processes. Stable metabolites of CN-, such as cyanate, or carbamoylated proteins, may be suitable biomarkers of overall CN- production in CF airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Eiserich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Sean P Ott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Tamara Kadir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Brian M Morrissey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Keri A Hayakawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Carroll E Cross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Daniels SI, Chambers JC, Sanchez SS, La Merrill MA, Hubbard AE, Macherone A, McMullin M, Zhang L, Elliott P, Smith MT, Kooner J. Elevated Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in South Asian Immigrants Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Diabetes. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:832-841. [PMID: 30019022 PMCID: PMC6041775 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rates of diabetes mellitus are higher in South Asians than in other populations and persist after migration. One unexplored cause may be higher exposure to persistent organic pollutants associated with diabetes in other populations. We compared organochlorine (OC) pesticide concentrations in South Asian immigrants and European whites to determine whether the disease was positively associated with OC pesticides in South Asians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS South Asians of Tamil or Telugu descent (n = 120) and European whites (n = 72) were recruited into the London Life Sciences Population Study cohort. Blood samples as well as biometric, clinical, and survey data were collected. Plasma levels of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), p,p'- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, β-hexachlorohexane (HCH), and polychlorinated biphenyl-118 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. South Asian cases and controls were categorized by binary exposure (above vs below the 50th percentile) to perform logistic regression. RESULTS Tamils had approximately threefold to ninefold higher levels of OC pesticides, and Telugus had ninefold to 30-fold higher levels compared with European whites. The odds of exposure to p,p'-DDE above the 50th percentile was significantly greater in South Asian diabetes cases than in controls (OR: 7.00; 95% CI: 2.22, 22.06). The odds of exposure to β-HCH above the 50th percentile was significantly greater in the Tamil cases than in controls (OR: 9.35; 95% CI: 2.43, 35.97). CONCLUSIONS South Asian immigrants have a higher body burden of OC pesticides than European whites. Diabetes mellitus is associated with higher p,p'-DDE and β-HCH concentrations in this population. Additional longitudinal studies of South Asian populations should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah I Daniels
- Superfund Research Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - John C Chambers
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia S Sanchez
- Superfund Research Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Alan E Hubbard
- Superfund Research Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Anthony Macherone
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, California
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Luoping Zhang
- Superfund Research Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Superfund Research Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jaspal Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Mendrick DL, Diehl AM, Topor LS, Dietert RR, Will Y, La Merrill MA, Bouret S, Varma V, Hastings KL, Schug TT, Emeigh Hart SG, Burleson FG. Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases: From the Bench to the Clinic. Toxicol Sci 2018; 162:36-42. [PMID: 29106690 PMCID: PMC6256950 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases: From the Bench to the Clinic, a Society of Toxicology Contemporary Concepts in Toxicology (CCT) workshop was held on March 11, 2017. The meeting was convened to raise awareness of metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases and serve as a melting pot with scientists of multiple disciplines (eg, toxicologists, clinicians, regulators) so as to spur research and understanding of this condition. The criteria for metabolic syndrome include obesity, dyslipidemia (low high-density lipoprotein and/or elevated triglycerides), elevated blood pressure, and alterations in glucose metabolism. It can lead to a greater potential of type 2 diabetes, lipid disorders, cardiovascular disease, hepatic steatosis, and other circulatory disorders. Although there are no approved drugs specifically for this syndrome, many drugs target diseases associated with this syndrome thus potentially increasing the likelihood of drug-drug interactions. There is currently significant research focusing on understanding the key pathways that control metabolism, which would be likely targets of risk factors (eg, exposure to xenobiotics, genetics) and lifestyle factors (eg, microbiome, nutrition, and exercise) that contribute to metabolic syndrome. Understanding these pathways could also lead to the development of pharmaceutical interventions. As individuals with metabolic syndrome have signs similar to that of toxic responses (eg, oxidative stress and inflammation) and organ dysfunction, these alterations should be taken into account in drug development. With the increasing frequency of metabolic syndrome in the general population, the idea of a "normal" individual may need to be redefined. This paper reports on the substance and outcomes of this workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Mendrick
- Regulatory Activities, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Lisa S Topor
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Pediatric Endocrinology Rhode Island Hospital Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Rodney R Dietert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sebastien Bouret
- Kerk School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027 and Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France
| | - Vijayalaskshmi Varma
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | | | - Thaddeus T Schug
- Division of Extramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Susan G Emeigh Hart
- Experimental Pathology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
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Cano-Sancho G, Salmon AG, La Merrill MA. Association between Exposure to p,p'-DDT and Its Metabolite p,p'-DDE with Obesity: Integrated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:096002. [PMID: 28934091 PMCID: PMC5915185 DOI: 10.1289/ehp527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity is increasing in all countries, becoming a substantial public health concern worldwide. Increasing evidence has associated obesity with persistent pollutants such as the pesticide DDT and its metabolite p,p'-DDE. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to systematically review the literature on the association between exposure to the pesticide DDT and its metabolites and obesity to develop hazard identification conclusions. METHODS We applied a systematic review-based strategy to identify and integrate evidence from epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies. The evidence from prospective epidemiological studies was quantitatively synthesized by meta-analysis. We rated the body of evidence and integrated the streams of evidence to systematically develop hazard identification conclusions. RESULTS We identified seven epidemiological studies reporting prospective associations between exposure to p,p'-DDE and adiposity assessed by body mass index (BMI) z-score. The results from the meta-analysis revealed positive associations between exposure to p,p'-DDE and BMI z-score (β=0.13 BMI z-score (95% CI: 0.01, 0.25) per log increase of p,p'-DDE). Two studies constituted the primary in vivo evidence. Both studies reported positive associations between exposure to p,p'-DDT and increased adiposity in rodents. We identified 19 in vivo studies and 7 in vitro studies that supported the biological plausibility of the obesogenic effects of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE. CONCLUSIONS We classified p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE as "presumed" to be obesogenic for humans, based on a moderate level of primary human evidence, a moderate level of primary in vivo evidence, and a moderate level of supporting evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP527.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Cano-Sancho
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis , Davis, California, USA
| | - Andrew G Salmon
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency , Oakland, California, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis , Davis, California, USA
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Gill J, La Merrill MA. An emerging role for epigenetic regulation of Pgc-1α expression in environmentally stimulated brown adipose thermogenesis. Environ Epigenet 2017; 3:dvx009. [PMID: 29492311 PMCID: PMC5804549 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, and obesity, a central risk factor, is reaching epidemic proportions. Energy expenditure and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis are implicated in metabolic disease, and it is becoming evident that impaired BAT activity is regulated by gene/environment interactions. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (Pgc-1α) is a critical regulator of BAT thermogenesis, which is highly inducible by environmental stimuli such as cold and diet. This review focuses on the environmentally mediated epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of Pgc-1α gene expression during BAT thermogenesis. We illustrate interactions between histone modifications and transcription factors at the Pgc-1α promoter that cause BAT Pgc-1α transcription in response to cold. Histone modifications also modulate BAT Pgc-1α transcription in response to nutrients though diet has been less characterized than cold with respect to regulation of Pgc-1α transcription. Pgc-1α DNA methylation and RNA expression were also correlated to indicators of adiposity and glucose homeostasis across numerous human tissues. Although post-translational modification of Pgc-1α protein has been well-characterized across diverse tissues and environments, comparatively little is known of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating Pgc-1α transcription, particularly in BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Gill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Genome Center, and Integrated Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Genome Center, and Integrated Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Smith AM, Smith MT, La Merrill MA, Liaw J, Steinmaus C. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis accounting for exposure levels. Ann Epidemiol 2017; 27:281-289.e4. [PMID: 28476329 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the most commonly used selective herbicides in the world. A number of epidemiology studies have found an association between 2,4-D exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) but these results are inconsistent and controversial. A previous meta-analysis found no clear association overall but did not specifically examine high-exposure groups. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies of the associations between 2,4-D and NHL, with a particular focus on high-exposure groups, and evaluations of heterogeneity, dose-response, and bias. A total of 12 observational studies, 11 case-control studies, and one cohort study, were included. The summary relative risk for NHL using study results comparing subjects who were ever versus never exposed to 2,4-D was 1.38 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.77). However, in analyses focusing on results from highly exposed groups, the summary relative risk for NHL was 1.73 (95% CI, 1.10-2.72). No clear bias based on study design, exposure assessment methodology, or outcome misclassification was seen. Overall, these findings provide new evidence for an association between NHL and exposure to the herbicide 2,4-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Martyn T Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Davis
| | - Jane Liaw
- Arsenic Health Effects Research Program, UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- Arsenic Health Effects Research Program, UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA.
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Cano-Sancho G, Smith A, La Merrill MA. Triphenyl phosphate enhances adipogenic differentiation, glucose uptake and lipolysis via endocrine and noradrenergic mechanisms. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:280-288. [PMID: 28163246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) as a flame retardant or plasticizer has increased during the last decade, resulting in widespread human exposure without commensurate toxicity assessment. The main objectives of this study were to assess the in vitro effect of TPhP and its metabolite diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) on the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, as well as glucose uptake and lipolysis in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. TPhP increased pre-adipocyte proliferation and subsequent adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, coinciding with increased transcription in the CEBP and PPARG pathway. Treatment of mature adipocytes with TPhP increased the basal- and insulin stimulated- uptake of the glucose analog 2-[N (-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG). This effect was ablated by inhibition of PI3K, a member of the insulin signaling pathway. DPhP had no significant effect on cell proliferation and, compared to TPhP, a weaker effect on adipogenic differentiation and on 2-NBDG uptake. Both TPhP and DPhT significantly enhanced the isoproterenol-induced lipolysis, most likely by increasing the expression of lipolytic genes during and after differentiation. This study suggests that TPhP increases adipogenic differentiation, glucose uptake, and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells through endocrine and noradrenergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Cano-Sancho
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anna Smith
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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La Merrill MA, Sethi S, Benard L, Moshier E, Haraldsson B, Buettner C. Perinatal DDT Exposure Induces Hypertension and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Adult Mice. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124:1722-1727. [PMID: 27325568 PMCID: PMC5089878 DOI: 10.1289/ehp164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was used extensively to control malaria, typhus, body lice, and bubonic plague worldwide, until countries began restricting its use in the 1970s. However, the use of DDT to control vector-borne diseases continues in developing countries. Prenatal DDT exposure is associated with elevated blood pressure in humans. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that perinatal DDT exposure causes hypertension in adult mice. METHODS DDT was administered to C57BL/6J dams from gestational day 11.5 to postnatal day 5. Blood pressure (BP) and myocardial wall thickness were measured in male and female adult offspring. Adult mice were treated with an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril, to evaluate sensitivity to amelioration of DDT-associated hypertension by ACE inhibition. We further assessed the influence of DDT exposure on the expression of mRNAs that regulate BP through renal ion transport. RESULTS Adult mice perinatally exposed to DDT exhibited chronically increased systolic BP, increased myocardial wall thickness, and elevated expression of mRNAs of several renal ion transporters. Captopril completely reversed hypertension in mice perinatally exposed to DDT. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that perinatal exposure to DDT causes hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in adult offspring. A key mechanism underpinning this hypertension is an overactivated renin angiotensin system because ACE inhibition reverses the hypertension induced by perinatal DDT exposure. Citation: La Merrill M, Sethi S, Benard L, Moshier E, Haraldsson B, Buettner C. 2016. Perinatal DDT exposure induces hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in adult mice. Environ Health Perspect 124:1722-1727; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, and
- Address correspondence to M. La Merrill, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave., 4245 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616-5270 USA. Telephone: (530) 752-1142. , or C. Buettner, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism Institute, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029-6574 USA. Telephone: (212) 241-3425.
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ludovic Benard
- Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Borje Haraldsson
- Department of Nephrology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine,
- Department of Neuroscience, and
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to M. La Merrill, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave., 4245 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616-5270 USA. Telephone: (530) 752-1142. , or C. Buettner, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism Institute, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029-6574 USA. Telephone: (212) 241-3425.
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Green AJ, Graham JL, Gonzalez EA, La Frano MR, Petropoulou SSE, Park JS, Newman JW, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, La Merrill MA. Perinatal triphenyl phosphate exposure accelerates type 2 diabetes onset and increases adipose accumulation in UCD-type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 68:119-129. [PMID: 27421578 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is a flame retardant additive frequently found in consumer products and household dust. We administered 170μg of TPhP in maternal food from gestational day 8.5 to weaning and evaluated metabolic phenotypes of 3.5 month old male and female rats, and weight-matched males up to 6 months, to assess the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), respectively. Perinatal TPhP exposure increased body and fat mass in 3.5 month old male and female rats, while leptin and cumulative energy intake were elevated in males and females, respectively. Independent of body mass, perinatal TPhP exposure accelerated T2DM onset in males and increased plasma non-esterified- fasting fatty acids. These observations suggest that perinatal exposure to TPhP exacerbates the development of obesity in male and female UCDavis-T2DM rats and accelerates T2DM onset in male UCD-T2DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Green
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James L Graham
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo A Gonzalez
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA; West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - June-Soo Park
- Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John W Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA; West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Ishikawa T, Graham JL, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, La Merrill MA. Effect of DDT exposure on lipids and energy balance in obese Sprague-Dawley rats before and after weight loss. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:990-995. [PMID: 28962439 PMCID: PMC5598246 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites accumulate in adipose tissue through dietary exposure, and have been proposed to contribute to the development of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Toxicity may also result when DDT and its metabolites are released from adipose tissue into the bloodstream as a result of rapid weight loss. We hypothesized that DDT-exposed rats fed a high fat diet (HFD) followed by 60% calorie restriction would have an adverse metabolic response to rapid weight loss. To test this, we exposed obese Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to DDT and a HFD over one month followed by 60% calorie restricted diet for two weeks, and examined metabolic parameters throughout the study. During the HFD feeding period, DDT-exposed rats had significantly elevated postprandial non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and decreased body temperature compared with control rats. During calorie restriction, DDT-exposed rats had lowered food efficiency (weight gained/calories consumed), body temperature, and circulating TSH. Our findings suggest that exposure to DDT may impairs metabolic substrate utilization in rats during dynamic periods of weight gain and weight loss.
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Key Words
- CR, caloric restriction
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DDE
- DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
- DDT
- DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- Dyslipidemia
- Food efficiency
- HFD, high fat diet
- NEFA, non esterified fatty acid
- OLTT, oral lipid tolerance test
- SD, Sprague Dawley
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- T3, triiodothyronine
- T4, thyroxine
- TG, triglyceride
- TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Thermoregulation
- Thyroid hormone
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ishikawa
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James L. Graham
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter J. Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence to: Department of Toxicology, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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