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Atibalentja DF, Deutzmann A, Felsher DW. A big step for MYC-targeted therapies. Trends Cancer 2024:S2405-8033(24)00058-X. [PMID: 38580534 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogene encodes a master transcriptional regulator that is frequently dysregulated in human cancer. Decades of efforts have failed to identify a MYC-targeted therapeutic, and this is still considered to be a holy grail in drug development. We highlight a recent report by Garralda et al. of a Phase 1 clinical trial of OMO-103 in patients with solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle F Atibalentja
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anja Deutzmann
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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2
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Deutzmann A, Sullivan DK, Dhanasekaran R, Li W, Chen X, Tong L, Mahauad-Fernandez WD, Bell J, Mosley A, Koehler AN, Li Y, Felsher DW. Nuclear to cytoplasmic transport is a druggable dependency in MYC-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:963. [PMID: 38302473 PMCID: PMC10834515 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The MYC oncogene is often dysregulated in human cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MYC is considered undruggable to date. Here, we comprehensively identify genes essential for survival of MYChigh but not MYClow cells by a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide screen in a MYC-conditional HCC model. Our screen uncovers novel MYC synthetic lethal (MYC-SL) interactions and identifies most MYC-SL genes described previously. In particular, the screen reveals nucleocytoplasmic transport to be a MYC-SL interaction. We show that the majority of MYC-SL nucleocytoplasmic transport genes are upregulated in MYChigh murine HCC and are associated with poor survival in HCC patients. Inhibiting Exportin-1 (XPO1) in vivo induces marked tumor regression in an autochthonous MYC-transgenic HCC model and inhibits tumor growth in HCC patient-derived xenografts. XPO1 expression is associated with poor prognosis only in HCC patients with high MYC activity. We infer that MYC may generally regulate and require altered expression of nucleocytoplasmic transport genes for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Deutzmann
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Delaney K Sullivan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Renumathy Dhanasekaran
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20012, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20012, USA
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - John Bell
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Adriane Mosley
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Angela N Koehler
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yulin Li
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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3
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Valenzi E, Bahudhanapati H, Tan J, Tabib T, Sullivan DI, Nouraie M, Sembrat J, Fan L, Chen K, Liu S, Rojas M, Lafargue A, Felsher DW, Tran PT, Kass DJ, Lafyatis R. Single-nucleus chromatin accessibility identifies a critical role for TWIST1 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis myofibroblast activity. Eur Respir J 2023; 62:2200474. [PMID: 37142338 PMCID: PMC10411550 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00474-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), myofibroblasts are key effectors of fibrosis and architectural distortion by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and their acquired contractile capacity. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has precisely defined the IPF myofibroblast transcriptome, but identifying critical transcription factor activity by this approach is imprecise. METHODS We performed single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing on explanted lungs from patients with IPF (n=3) and donor controls (n=2) and integrated this with a larger scRNA-seq dataset (10 IPF, eight controls) to identify differentially accessible chromatin regions and enriched transcription factor motifs within lung cell populations. We performed RNA-sequencing on pulmonary fibroblasts of bleomycin-injured Twist1-overexpressing COL1A2 Cre-ER mice to examine alterations in fibrosis-relevant pathways following Twist1 overexpression in collagen-producing cells. RESULTS TWIST1, and other E-box transcription factor motifs, were significantly enriched in open chromatin of IPF myofibroblasts compared to both IPF nonmyogenic (log2 fold change (FC) 8.909, adjusted p-value 1.82×10-35) and control fibroblasts (log2FC 8.975, adjusted p-value 3.72×10-28). TWIST1 expression was selectively upregulated in IPF myofibroblasts (log2FC 3.136, adjusted p-value 1.41×10- 24), with two regions of TWIST1 having significantly increased accessibility in IPF myofibroblasts. Overexpression of Twist1 in COL1A2-expressing fibroblasts of bleomycin-injured mice resulted in increased collagen synthesis and upregulation of genes with enriched chromatin accessibility in IPF myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our studies utilising human multiomic single-cell analyses combined with in vivo murine disease models confirm a critical regulatory function for TWIST1 in IPF myofibroblast activity in the fibrotic lung. Understanding the global process of opening TWIST1 and other E-box transcription factor motifs that govern myofibroblast differentiation may identify new therapeutic interventions for fibrotic pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Valenzi
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Harinath Bahudhanapati
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jiangning Tan
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tracy Tabib
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel I Sullivan
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mehdi Nouraie
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Sembrat
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Li Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Audrey Lafargue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Kass
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Smith BAH, Deutzmann A, Correa KM, Delaveris CS, Dhanasekaran R, Dove CG, Sullivan DK, Wisnovsky S, Stark JC, Pluvinage JV, Swaminathan S, Riley NM, Rajan A, Majeti R, Felsher DW, Bertozzi CR. MYC-driven synthesis of Siglec ligands is a glycoimmune checkpoint. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215376120. [PMID: 36897988 PMCID: PMC10089186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215376120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) are glycoimmune checkpoint receptors that suppress immune cell activation upon engagement of cognate sialoglycan ligands. The cellular drivers underlying Siglec ligand production on cancer cells are poorly understood. We find the MYC oncogene causally regulates Siglec ligand production to enable tumor immune evasion. A combination of glycomics and RNA-sequencing of mouse tumors revealed the MYC oncogene controls expression of the sialyltransferase St6galnac4 and induces a glycan known as disialyl-T. Using in vivo models and primary human leukemias, we find that disialyl-T functions as a "don't eat me" signal by engaging macrophage Siglec-E in mice or the human ortholog Siglec-7, thereby preventing cancer cell clearance. Combined high expression of MYC and ST6GALNAC4 identifies patients with high-risk cancers and reduced tumor myeloid infiltration. MYC therefore regulates glycosylation to enable tumor immune evasion. We conclude that disialyl-T is a glycoimmune checkpoint ligand. Thus, disialyl-T is a candidate for antibody-based checkpoint blockade, and the disialyl-T synthase ST6GALNAC4 is a potential enzyme target for small molecule-mediated immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A H Smith
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Anja Deutzmann
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Corleone S Delaveris
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Renumathy Dhanasekaran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christopher G Dove
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Delaney K Sullivan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Simon Wisnovsky
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jessica C Stark
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - John V Pluvinage
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Srividya Swaminathan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016
- Department of Pediatrics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Anand Rajan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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5
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Dhanasekaran R, Hansen AS, Park J, Lemaitre L, Lai I, Adeniji N, Kuruvilla S, Suresh A, Zhang J, Swamy V, Felsher DW. MYC Overexpression Drives Immune Evasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma That Is Reversible through Restoration of Proinflammatory Macrophages. Cancer Res 2023; 83:626-640. [PMID: 36525476 PMCID: PMC9931653 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancers evade immune surveillance, which can be reversed through immune-checkpoint therapy in a small subset of cases. Here, we report that the MYC oncogene suppresses innate immune surveillance and drives resistance to immunotherapy. In 33 different human cancers, MYC genomic amplification and overexpression increased immune-checkpoint expression, predicted nonresponsiveness to immune-checkpoint blockade, and was associated with both Th2-like immune profile and reduced CD8 T-cell infiltration. MYC transcriptionally suppressed innate immunity and MHCI-mediated antigen presentation, which in turn impeded T-cell response. Combined, but not individual, blockade of PDL1 and CTLA4 could reverse MYC-driven immune suppression by leading to the recruitment of proinflammatory antigen-presenting macrophages with increased CD40 and MHCII expression. Depletion of macrophages abrogated the antineoplastic effects of PDL1 and CTLA4 blockade in MYC-driven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hence, MYC is a predictor of immune-checkpoint responsiveness and a key driver of immune evasion through the suppression of proinflammatory macrophages. The immune evasion induced by MYC in HCC can be overcome by combined PDL1 and CTLA4 blockade. SIGNIFICANCE Macrophage-mediated immune evasion is a therapeutic vulnerability of MYC-driven cancers, which has implications for prioritizing MYC-driven hepatocellular carcinoma for combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renumathy Dhanasekaran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aida S. Hansen
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Jangho Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lea Lemaitre
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian Lai
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nia Adeniji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sibu Kuruvilla
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Akanksha Suresh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Josephine Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Varsha Swamy
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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6
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Sullivan DK, Deutzmann A, Yarbrough J, Krishnan MS, Gouw AM, Bellovin DI, Adam SJ, Liefwalker DF, Dhanasekaran R, Felsher DW. MYC oncogene elicits tumorigenesis associated with embryonic, ribosomal biogenesis, and tissue-lineage dedifferentiation gene expression changes. Oncogene 2022; 41:4960-4970. [PMID: 36207533 PMCID: PMC10257951 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MYC is a transcription factor frequently overexpressed in cancer. To determine how MYC drives the neoplastic phenotype, we performed transcriptomic analysis using a panel of MYC-driven autochthonous transgenic mouse models. We found that MYC elicited gene expression changes mostly in a tissue- and lineage-specific manner across B-cell lymphoma, T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma. However, despite these gene expression changes being mostly tissue-specific, we uncovered a convergence on a common pattern of upregulation of embryonic stem cell gene programs and downregulation of tissue-of-origin gene programs across MYC-driven cancers. These changes are representative of lineage dedifferentiation, that may be facilitated by epigenetic alterations that occur during tumorigenesis. Moreover, while several cellular processes are represented among embryonic stem cell genes, ribosome biogenesis is most specifically associated with MYC expression in human primary cancers. Altogether, MYC's capability to drive tumorigenesis in diverse tissue types appears to be related to its ability to both drive a core signature of embryonic genes that includes ribosomal biogenesis genes as well as promote tissue and lineage specific dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaney K Sullivan
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anja Deutzmann
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Josiah Yarbrough
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Maya S Krishnan
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Arvin M Gouw
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David I Bellovin
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stacey J Adam
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daniel F Liefwalker
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Renumathy Dhanasekaran
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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7
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Lowe L, LaValley JW, Felsher DW. Tackling heterogeneity in treatment-resistant breast cancer using a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach. Cancer Drug Resist 2022; 5:917-925. [PMID: 36627896 PMCID: PMC9771755 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity can contribute to the development of therapeutic resistance in cancer, including advanced breast cancers. The object of the Halifax project was to identify new treatments that would address mechanisms of therapeutic resistance through tumor heterogeneity by uncovering combinations of therapeutics that could target the hallmarks of cancer rather than focusing on individual gene products. A taskforce of 180 cancer researchers, used molecular profiling to highlight key targets responsible for each of the hallmarks of cancer and then find existing therapeutic agents that could be used to reach those targets with limited toxicity. In many cases, natural health products and re-purposed pharmaceuticals were identified as potential agents. Hence, by combining the molecular profiling of tumors with therapeutics that target the hallmark features of cancer, the heterogeneity of advanced-stage breast cancers can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer (NGO), Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Dean W. Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, CA CCSR 1105, USA
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8
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Gong YY, Shao H, Li Y, Brafford P, Stine ZE, Sun J, Felsher DW, Orange JS, Albelda SM, Dang CV. Na +/H +-exchanger 1 enhances antitumor activity of engineered NK-92 natural killer cells. Cancer Res Commun 2022; 2:842-856. [PMID: 36380966 PMCID: PMC9648415 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) immunotherapy has remarkable efficacy against some hematological malignancies. However, its efficacy in solid tumors is limited by the adverse tumor microenvironment (TME) conditions, most notably that acidity inhibits T and natural killer (NK) cell mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity and impairs cytotoxicity. In several reported studies, systemic buffering of tumor acidity enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Paradoxically, we found in a c-Myc-driven hepatocellular carcinoma model that systemic buffering increased tumor mTORC1 activity, negating inhibition of tumor growth by anti-PD1 treatment. Therefore, in this proof-of-concept study, we tested the metabolic engineering of immune effector cells to mitigate the inhibitory effect of tumor acidity while avoiding side effects associated with systemic buffering. We first overexpressed an activated RHEB in the human NK cell line NK-92, thereby rescuing acid-blunted mTORC1 activity and enhancing cytolytic activity. Then, to directly mitigate the effect of acidity, we ectopically expressed acid extruder proteins. Whereas ectopic expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) moderately increased mTORC1 activity, it did not enhance effector function. In contrast, overexpressing a constitutively active Na+/H+-exchanger 1 (NHE1; SLC9A1) in NK-92 did not elevate mTORC1 but enhanced degranulation, target engagement, in vitro cytotoxicity, and in vivo antitumor activity. Our findings suggest the feasibility of overcoming the inhibitory effect of the TME by metabolically engineering immune effector cells, which can enhance ACT for better efficacy against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yu Gong
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Yu Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Jing Sun
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Steven M. Albelda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chi V. Dang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
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9
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Tong L, Shan M, Zou W, Liu X, Felsher DW, Wang J. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/phosphodiesterase 4 pathway associated with immune infiltration and PD-L1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:904969. [PMID: 35978822 PMCID: PMC9376450 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.904969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cyclic adenosine monophosphate/phosphodiesterase 4 (cAMP/PDE4) pathway is involved in inflammation and immune regulation; however, the effect of cAMP/PDE4 on immune infiltration and immune evasion in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. Methods CBioPortal, which is the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) online database, and the Kaplan Meier plotter were used to analyze the association between genes and the prognosis of TCGA-LUAD. Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) was used to analyze the association between gene expression and immune infiltration. The Genecards database was used to identify the transcription factors of related genes. The lung adenocarcinoma cell line H1299 and A549 were treated with cAMP pathway drugs. Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR were used to detect the PD-L1 protein and gene expression, respectively. A one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post-hoc test or a Student’s t-test were used. Results It was found that PDE4B and CREB1, which are downstream genes of the cAMP/PDE4 axis, were differentially expressed in LUAD and adjacent tissues and are correlated with the prognosis and immune infiltration of LUAD. In the CBioPortal database, cAMP pathway genes are closely related to programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in TCGA-LUAD. The protein-protein interaction revealed that there was a direct interaction between CREB1/CREBBP, which are the downstream molecules of the cAMP/PDE4 axis, and MYC; additionally, MYC was predicted to bind to the PD-L1 transcription site and regulate PD-L1 expression. CREB1 was also predicted to transcriptionally bind to both MYC and PD-L1. These results predicted the interaction network of cAMP/PDE4/CREB1/CREBP/MYC/PD-L1, and the core factor may be related to MYC. In the cell experiment, forskolin (an adenylate cyclase activator) and zardaverine (a PDE4 inhibitor) enhance the cAMP pathway and decrease PD-L1 expression, while SQ2253 (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor) inhibits the cAMP pathway and increases PD-L1 expression of the LUAD cell lines H1299 and A549, and MYC regulation by these drugs was positively correlated with PD-L1 regulation, which verified the regulation of the cAMP/PDE4 pathway on MYC and PD-L1. Conclusions This study showed that the cAMP/PDE4 pathway may play an important role in PD-L1 regulation and immune infiltration in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Minjie Shan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Zou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - XianLing Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jingjing Wang,
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10
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Mahauad-Fernandez WD, Yang YC, Lai I, Park J, Yao L, Evans JW, Smith JA, Singh M, Felsher DW. Abstract 2662: Bi-steric mTORC1 inhibitor RMC-6272 synergizes with immune checkpoint inhibitors to induce sustained regression of MYC-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Current treatments for HCC have limited efficacy. First-line HCC therapy atezolizumab with bevacizumab increased patient 6-month PFS from 37% to 55% relative to sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor currently serving as a standard-of-care treatment. Although immunotherapies provide survival benefits, reported patient response and disease control rates were 27% and 74%, respectively, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic agents that can re-establish responsiveness to immunotherapies and enhance their therapeutic effects.
Revolution Medicines has developed a class of selective mTORC1 inhibitors, termed ‘bi-steric’, which comprise a rapamycin-like core moiety covalently linked to an mTOR active-site inhibitor. RMC-6272 is a representative bi-steric inhibitor that exhibits potent and selective (>30-fold) inhibition of mTORC1 over mTORC2. Several lines of evidence suggest that inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway may result in synthetic lethality of MYC-driven HCC. Thus, we hypothesized that MYC-driven HCC tumors are sensitive to mTORC1 inhibition and p-4EBP1 suppression. A single dose of RMC-6272 induced HCC regression in 80% of the Lap-tTA/Tet-O-MYC mouse model of MYC-driven HCC, whereas sorafenib did not cause tumor regression. Mechanistically, RMC-6272 inhibited the phosphorylation of mTORC1 downstream substrates S6k and 4EBP1 and depleted MYC protein levels. Given that the MYC oncogene enables immune evasion in HCC, we hypothesized that by reducing MYC, RMC-6272 can re-establish anti-tumor immune surveillance and responsiveness to α-PD-1 immunotherapy. Indeed, RMC-6272 induced tumor recruitment of dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, producing similar anti-tumor immunity as observed upon MYC genetic inactivation. Moreover, combining RMC-6272 with α-PD-1 resulted in deeper tumor regression and a more durable response as compared to either RMC-6272 or α-PD-1 alone in the MYC-driven HCC mouse model. By immunohistochemical staining and analysis, RMC-6272 in combination with α-PD-1, but not either agent alone, promoted tumor recruitment of CD4+ T cells and NK cells, immune cell degranulation, and the release of perforins and granzymes in MYC-driven HCC tumors.
Our results show that the bi-steric mTORC1 inhibitor RMC-6272 synergizes with α-PD-1 to induce immune activation and the release of perforins and granzymes, resulting in sustained tumor regression in a MYC-driven HCC mouse model. The bi-steric mTORC1 inhibitor RMC-5552 is the first clinical candidate of this class and clinical testing is ongoing (NCT04774952). These preclinical data highlight a prospective anti-cancer therapeutic opportunity for mTORC1 selective inhibitors in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in MYC-driven cancers.
Citation Format: Wadie D. Mahauad-Fernandez, Yu C. Yang, Ian Lai, Jangho Park, Lilian Yao, James W. Evans, Jacqueline A. Smith, Mallika Singh, Dean W. Felsher. Bi-steric mTORC1 inhibitor RMC-6272 synergizes with immune checkpoint inhibitors to induce sustained regression of MYC-driven hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2662.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Lai
- 3D2G Oncology, Mountain View, CA
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11
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Gouw AM, Kumar V, Resendez A, Alvina FB, Liu NS, Margulis K, Tong L, Zare RN, Malhotra SV, Felsher DW. Azapodophyllotoxin Causes Lymphoma and Kidney Cancer Regression by Disrupting Tubulin and Monoglycerols. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:615-622. [PMID: 35450373 PMCID: PMC9014495 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A natural compound screen identified several anticancer compounds, among which azapodophyllotoxin (AZP) was found to be the most potent. AZP caused decreased viability of both mouse and human lymphoma and renal cell cancer (RCC) tumor-derived cell lines. Novel AZP derivatives were synthesized and screened identifying compound NSC750212 to inhibit the growth of both lymphoma and RCC both in vitro and in vivo. A nanoimmunoassay was used to assess the NSC750212 mode of action in vivo. On the basis of the structure of AZP and its mode of action, AZP disrupts tubulin polymerization. Through desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging, NSC750212 was found to inhibit lipid metabolism. NSC750212 suppresses monoglycerol metabolism depleting lipids and thereby inhibits tumor growth. The dual mode of tubulin polymerization disruption and monoglycerol metabolism inhibition makes NSC750212 a potent small molecule against lymphoma and RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin M. Gouw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Angel Resendez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Fidelia B. Alvina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Natalie S. Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katherine Margulis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ling Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sanjay V. Malhotra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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12
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Lee CK, Atibalentja DF, Yao LE, Park J, Kuruvilla S, Felsher DW. Anti-PD-L1 F(ab) Conjugated PEG-PLGA Nanoparticle Enhances Immune Checkpoint Therapy. Nanotheranostics 2022; 6:243-255. [PMID: 35145835 PMCID: PMC8824669 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.65544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immune checkpoint therapies are effective in the treatment of a subset of patients in many different cancers. Immunotherapy offers limited efficacy in part because of rapid drug clearance and off-target associated toxicity. PEG-PLGA is a FDA approved, safe, biodegradable polymer with flexible size control. The delivery of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-L1 (α-PD-L1) via PEG-PLGA polymer has the potential to increase bioavailability and reduce immune clearance to enhance clinical efficacy and reduce toxicity. Methods: The Fc truncated F(ab) portion of α-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (α-PD-L1 mAb) was attached to a PEG-PLGA polymer. α-PD-L1 F(ab)-PEG-PLGA polymers were incubated in oil-in-water emulsion to form a α-PD-L1 F(ab)-PEG-PLGA nanoparticle (α-PD-L1 NP). α-PD-L1 NP was characterized for size, polarity, toxicity and stability. The relative efficacy of α-PD-L1 NP to α-PD-L1 mAb was measured when delivered either intraperitoneally (IP) or intravenously (IV) in a subcutaneous mouse colon cancer model (MC38). Antibody retention was measured using fluorescence imaging. Immune profile in mice was examined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Results: Engineered α-PD-L1 NP was found to have pharmacological properties that are potentially advantageous compared to α-PD-L1 mAb. The surface charge of α-PD-L1 NP was optimal for both tumor cell uptake and reduced self-aggregation. The modified size of α-PD-L1 NP reduced renal excretion and mononuclear phagocyte uptake, which allowed the NP to be retained in the host system longer. α-PD-L1 NP was non-toxic in vitro and in vivo. α-PD-L1 NP comparably suppressed MC38 tumor growth. α-PD-L1 NP appeared to elicit an increased immune response as measured by increase in germinal center area in the spleen and in innate immune cell activation in the tumor. Finally, we observed that generally, for both α-PD-L1 NP and α-PD-L1 mAb, the IP route was more effective than IV route for tumor reduction. Conclusion: α-PD-L1 NP is a non-toxic, biocompatible synthetic polymer that can extend α-PD-L1 antibody circulation and reduce renal clearance while retaining anti-cancer activity and potentially enhancing immune activation.
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Mahauad-Fernandez WD, Yang YC, Lai I, Park J, Evans JW, Singh M, Smith JA, Felsher DW. Abstract 1002: A bi-steric mTORC1 inhibitor that selectively reactivates 4EBP1 and induces regression of MYC-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for ~90% of all liver cancers and is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. HCC patients have a 5-year survival rate of 31%. Current treatments for HCC are scarce and have limited efficacy. These treatments include first-line therapy Sorafenib and second-line combination therapy nivolumab (anti-PD-1) with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4). The former therapy increased survival by less than 3 months and the latter increased survival from 37% to 68%. However, patient responses are variable and limited. Thus, there is a need to identify new therapies for HCC with sustained and efficacious therapeutic effects. Revolution Medicines has developed a class of selective mTORC1 inhibitors, termed ‘bi-steric', which comprise a rapamycin-like core moiety covalently linked to an mTOR active-site inhibitor. RMC-5552 is the first clinical candidate of this class and clinical testing is planned in 2021. Bi-steric mTORC1 inhibitors exhibit potent and selective (>10-fold) inhibition of mTORC1 over mTORC2 and durably suppress p-S6K and p-4EBP1. Several lines of evidence suggest that inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway may result in synthetic lethality of MYC-driven HCC. Thus, we hypothesize that MYC-driven HCC tumors are sensitive to mTORC1 inhibition and p-4EBP1 suppression (4EBP1 reactivation). To test this hypothesis, we first evaluated the short-term in vivo effect of two representative bi-steric tool compounds, RM-001 and RM-006 (also known as RMC-6272) in the LAP-tTA/TRE-MYC mouse model of MYC-driven HCC. We compared their anti-tumor activity to first-line HCC therapy Sorafenib. Our results show that a single dose of RM-006 induced HCC regression in 80% of mice while RM-001 reduced HCC growth in 68% of mice and Sorafenib reduced tumor growth in 50% of mice. Mechanistically, we found that RM-006 potently and durably inhibits the phosphorylation of mTORC1 downstream effectors 4EBP1 and S6 (a direct substrate of the mTORC1 substrate S6K), and decreased protein expression levels of MYC. Our results show for the first time that inhibition of mTORC1 with concomitant suppression of p-4EBP1 drove regression in MYC-driven HCC tumors, and the significant anti-tumor activity of RM-006 may result from sustained reduction of MYC protein levels due to reduced protein translation upon 4EBP1 reactivation. Future directions will aim at defining whether RM-006 affects global MYC-regulated cell-intrinsic and host immune pathways. These preclinical data highlight a potential therapeutic opportunity for the investigational bi-steric mTORC1 inhibitor RMC-5552 in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors to overcome MYC-mediated immune suppression. Under this potential therapeutic paradigm HCC patient survival may be extended via a dual mechanism that reduces MYC levels via 4EBP1 reactivation and that rescues anti-tumor immune surveillance.
Citation Format: Wadie D. Mahauad-Fernandez, Yu C. Yang, Ian Lai, Jangho Park, James W. Evans, Mallika Singh, Jacqueline A. Smith, Dean W. Felsher. A bi-steric mTORC1 inhibitor that selectively reactivates 4EBP1 and induces regression of MYC-driven hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1002.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Lai
- 1Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Krishnan MS, KD AR, Park J, Arjunan V, Marques FJG, Bermudez A, Girvan OA, Hoang NS, Yin J, Nguyen MH, Kothary N, Pitteri S, Felsher DW, Dhanasekaran R. Genomic Analysis of Vascular Invasion in HCC Reveals Molecular Drivers and Predictive Biomarkers. Hepatology 2021; 73:2342-2360. [PMID: 33140851 PMCID: PMC8115767 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vascular invasion (VI) is a critical risk factor for HCC recurrence and poor survival. The molecular drivers of vascular invasion in HCC are open for investigation. Deciphering the molecular landscape of invasive HCC will help identify therapeutic targets and noninvasive biomarkers. APPROACH AND RESULTS To this end, we undertook this study to evaluate the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profile of tumors with VI using the multiplatform cancer genome atlas (The Cancer Genome Atlas; TCGA) data (n = 373). In the TCGA Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma cohort, macrovascular invasion was present in 5% (n = 17) of tumors and microvascular invasion in 25% (n = 94) of tumors. Functional pathway analysis revealed that the MYC oncogene was a common upstream regulator of the mRNA, miRNA, and proteomic changes in VI. We performed comparative proteomic analyses of invasive human HCC and MYC-driven murine HCC and identified fibronectin to be a proteomic biomarker of invasive HCC (mouse fibronectin 1 [Fn1], P = 1.7 × 10-11 ; human FN1, P = 1.5 × 10-4 ) conserved across the two species. Mechanistically, we show that FN1 promotes the migratory and invasive phenotype of HCC cancer cells. We demonstrate tissue overexpression of fibronectin in human HCC using a large independent cohort of human HCC tissue microarray (n = 153; P < 0.001). Lastly, we showed that plasma fibronectin levels were significantly elevated in patients with HCC (n = 35; mean = 307.7 μg/mL; SEM = 35.9) when compared to cirrhosis (n = 10; mean = 41.8 μg/mL; SEM = 13.3; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study evaluates the molecular landscape of tumors with VI, identifying distinct transcriptional, epigenetic, and proteomic changes driven by the MYC oncogene. We show that MYC up-regulates fibronectin expression, which promotes HCC invasiveness. In addition, we identify fibronectin to be a promising noninvasive proteomic biomarker of VI in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya S. Krishnan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Anand Rajan KD
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jangho Park
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Vinodhini Arjunan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Abel Bermudez
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA
| | - Olivia A. Girvan
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA
| | - Nam S. Hoang
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mindie H. Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Nishita Kothary
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Sharon Pitteri
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Renumathy Dhanasekaran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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15
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Chen H, Shou K, Chen S, Qu C, Wang Z, Jiang L, Zhu M, Ding B, Qian K, Ji A, Lou H, Tong L, Hsu A, Wang Y, Felsher DW, Hu Z, Tian J, Cheng Z. Smart Self-Assembly Amphiphilic Cyclopeptide-Dye for Near-Infrared Window-II Imaging. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2006902. [PMID: 33709533 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of novel nanomaterials for disease theranostics represents an important direction in chemistry and precision medicine. Fluorescent molecular probes in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) show high promise because of their exceptional high detection sensitivity, resolution, and deep imaging depth. Here, a sharp pH-sensitive self-assembling cyclopeptide-dye, SIMM1000, as a smart nanoprobe for NIR-II imaging of diseases in living animals, is reported. This small molecule assembled nanoprobe exhibits smart properties by responding to a sharp decrease of pH in the tumor microenvironment (pH 7.0 to 6.8), aggregating from small nanoprobe (80 nm at pH 7.0) into large nanoparticles (>500 nm at pH 6.8) with ≈20-30 times enhanced fluorescence compared with the non-self-assembled CH-4T. It yields micrometer-scale resolution in blood vessel imaging and high contrast and resolution in bone and tumor imaging in mice. Because of its self-aggregation in acidic tumor microenvironments in situ, SIMM1000 exhibits high tumor accumulation and extremely long tumor retention (>19 days), while being excretable from normal tissues and safe. This smart self-assembling small molecule strategy can shift the paradigm of designing new nanomaterials for molecular imaging and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kangquan Shou
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Si Chen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Chunrong Qu
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Mark Zhu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Bingbing Ding
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Aiyan Ji
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongyue Lou
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ling Tong
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Hsu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Yuebing Wang
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5344, USA
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16
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Eguiarte-Solomon F, Blazanin N, Rho O, Carbajal S, Felsher DW, Tran PT, DiGiovanni J. Twist1 is required for the development of UVB-induced squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:342-353. [PMID: 33713497 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Twist1 has been reported to be essential for the formation and invasiveness of chemically induced tumors in mouse skin. However, the impact of keratinocyte-specific Twist1 deletion on skin carcinogenesis caused by UVB radiation has not been reported. Deletion of Twist1 in basal keratinocytes of mouse epidermis using K5.Cre × Twist1flox/flox mice led to significantly reduced UVB-induced epidermal hyperproliferation. In addition, keratinocyte-specific deletion of Twist1 significantly suppressed UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Further analyses revealed that deletion of Twist1 in cultured keratinocytes or mouse epidermis in vivo led to keratinocyte differentiation. In this regard, deletion of Twist1 in epidermal keratinocytes showed significant induction of early and late differentiation markers, including TG1, K1, OVOL1, loricrin, and filaggrin. Similar results were obtained with topical application of harmine, a Harmala alkaloid that leads to degradation of Twist1. In contrast, overexpression of Twist1 in cultured keratinocytes suppressed calcium-induced differentiation. Further analyses using both K5.Cre × Twist1flox/flox mice and an inducible system where Twist1 was deleted in bulge region keratinocytes showed loss of expression of hair follicle stem/progenitor markers, including CD34, Lrig1, Lgr5, and Lgr6. These data support the conclusion that Twist1 has a direct role in maintaining the balance between proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes and keratinocyte stem/progenitor populations. Collectively, these results demonstrate a critical role for Twist1 early in the process of UVB skin carcinogenesis, and that Twist1 may be a novel target for the prevention of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Eguiarte-Solomon
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and the Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas Blazanin
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and the Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Okkyung Rho
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and the Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Steve Carbajal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and the Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and the Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Cui L, Gouw AM, LaGory EL, Guo S, Attarwala N, Tang Y, Qi J, Chen YS, Gao Z, Casey KM, Bazhin AA, Chen M, Hu L, Xie J, Fang M, Zhang C, Zhu Q, Wang Z, Giaccia AJ, Gambhir SS, Zhu W, Felsher DW, Pegram MD, Goun EA, Le A, Rao J. Mitochondrial copper depletion suppresses triple-negative breast cancer in mice. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:357-367. [PMID: 33077961 PMCID: PMC7956242 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of mitochondrial copper, which shifts metabolism from respiration to glycolysis and reduces energy production, is known to be effective against cancer types that depend on oxidative phosphorylation. However, existing copper chelators are too toxic or ineffective for cancer treatment. Here we develop a safe, mitochondria-targeted, copper-depleting nanoparticle (CDN) and test it against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We show that CDNs decrease oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation, cause a metabolic switch to glycolysis and reduce ATP production in TNBC cells. This energy deficiency, together with compromised mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated oxidative stress, results in apoptosis. CDNs should be less toxic than existing copper chelators because they favorably deprive copper in the mitochondria in cancer cells instead of systemic depletion. Indeed, we demonstrate low toxicity of CDNs in healthy mice. In three mouse models of TNBC, CDN administration inhibits tumor growth and substantially improves survival. The efficacy and safety of CDNs suggest the potential clinical relevance of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Cui
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arvin M Gouw
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shenghao Guo
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nabeel Attarwala
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhou Gao
- Genetics Bioinformatics Service Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kerriann M Casey
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arkadiy A Bazhin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leeann Hu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jinghang Xie
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mingxi Fang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cissy Zhang
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qihua Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weiping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Pegram
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elena A Goun
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Le
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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18
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Hori SS, Tong L, Swaminathan S, Liebersbach M, Wang J, Gambhir SS, Felsher DW. A mathematical model of tumor regression and recurrence after therapeutic oncogene inactivation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1341. [PMID: 33446671 PMCID: PMC7809285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeted inactivation of individual oncogenes can elicit regression of cancers through a phenomenon called oncogene addiction. Oncogene addiction is mediated by cell-autonomous and immune-dependent mechanisms. Therapeutic resistance to oncogene inactivation leads to recurrence but can be counteracted by immune surveillance. Predicting the timing of resistance will provide valuable insights in developing effective cancer treatments. To provide a quantitative understanding of cancer response to oncogene inactivation, we developed a new 3-compartment mathematical model of oncogene-driven tumor growth, regression and recurrence, and validated the model using a MYC-driven transgenic mouse model of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Our mathematical model uses imaging-based measurements of tumor burden to predict the relative number of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cells in MYC-dependent states. We show natural killer (NK) cell adoptive therapy can delay cancer recurrence by reducing the net-growth rate of drug-resistant cells. Our studies provide a novel way to evaluate combination therapy for personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon S Hori
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Ling Tong
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Srividya Swaminathan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Mariola Liebersbach
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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19
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Smith MT, Guyton KZ, Kleinstreuer N, Borrel A, Cardenas A, Chiu WA, Felsher DW, Gibbons CF, Goodson WH, Houck KA, Kane AB, La Merrill MA, Lebrec H, Lowe L, McHale CM, Minocherhomji S, Rieswijk L, Sandy MS, Sone H, Wang A, Zhang L, Zeise L, Fielden M. The Key Characteristics of Carcinogens: Relationship to the Hallmarks of Cancer, Relevant Biomarkers, and Assays to Measure Them. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1887-1903. [PMID: 32152214 PMCID: PMC7483401 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The key characteristics (KC) of human carcinogens provide a uniform approach to evaluating mechanistic evidence in cancer hazard identification. Refinements to the approach were requested by organizations and individuals applying the KCs. We assembled an expert committee with knowledge of carcinogenesis and experience in applying the KCs in cancer hazard identification. We leveraged this expertise and examined the literature to more clearly describe each KC, identify current and emerging assays and in vivo biomarkers that can be used to measure them, and make recommendations for future assay development. We found that the KCs are clearly distinct from the Hallmarks of Cancer, that interrelationships among the KCs can be leveraged to strengthen the KC approach (and an understanding of environmental carcinogenesis), and that the KC approach is applicable to the systematic evaluation of a broad range of potential cancer hazards in vivo and in vitro We identified gaps in coverage of the KCs by current assays. Future efforts should expand the breadth, specificity, and sensitivity of validated assays and biomarkers that can measure the 10 KCs. Refinement of the KC approach will enhance and accelerate carcinogen identification, a first step in cancer prevention.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Kathryn Z Guyton
- Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alexandre Borrel
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Catherine F Gibbons
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
| | - William H Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Keith A Houck
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Herve Lebrec
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cliona M McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Linda Rieswijk
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Institute of Data Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Hideko Sone
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy and National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Amy Wang
- Office of the Report on Carcinogens, Division of National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Mark Fielden
- Expansion Therapeutics Inc, San Diego, California
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20
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Mahauad-Fernandez WD, Felsher DW. The Myc and Ras Partnership in Cancer: Indistinguishable Alliance or Contextual Relationship? Cancer Res 2020; 80:3799-3802. [PMID: 32732221 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myc and Ras are two of the most commonly activated oncogenes in tumorigenesis. Together and independently they regulate many cancer hallmarks including proliferation, apoptosis, and self-renewal. Recently, they were shown to cooperate to regulate host tumor microenvironment programs including host immune responses. But, is their partnership always cooperative or do they have distinguishable functions? Here, we provide one perspective that Myc and Ras cooperation depends on the genetic evolution of a particular cancer. This in turn, dictates when they cooperate via overlapping and identifiably distinct cellular- and host immune-dependent mechanisms that are cancer type specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadie D Mahauad-Fernandez
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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21
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Dhanasekaran R, Park J, Yevtodiyenko A, Bellovin DI, Adam SJ, Kd AR, Gabay M, Fernando H, Arzeno J, Arjunan V, Gryanzov S, Felsher DW. MYC ASO Impedes Tumorigenesis and Elicits Oncogene Addiction in Autochthonous Transgenic Mouse Models of HCC and RCC. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2020; 21:850-859. [PMID: 32805488 PMCID: PMC7452286 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The MYC oncogene is dysregulated in most human cancers and hence is an attractive target for cancer therapy. We and others have shown experimentally in conditional transgenic mouse models that suppression of the MYC oncogene is sufficient to induce rapid and sustained tumor regression, a phenomenon known as oncogene addiction. However, it is unclear whether a therapy that targets the MYC oncogene could similarly elicit oncogene addiction. In this study, we report that using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to target and reduce the expression of MYC impedes tumor progression and phenotypically elicits oncogene addiction in transgenic mouse models of MYC-driven primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Quantitative image analysis of MRI was used to demonstrate the inhibition of HCC and RCC progression. After 4 weeks of drug treatment, tumors had regressed histologically. ASOs depleted MYC mRNA and protein expression in primary tumors in vivo, as demonstrated by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Treatment with MYC ASO in vivo, but not with a control ASO, decreased proliferation, induced apoptosis, increased senescence, and remodeled the tumor microenvironment by recruitment of CD4+ T cells. Importantly, although MYC ASO reduced both mouse Myc and transgenic human MYC, the ASO was not associated with significant toxicity. Lastly, we demonstrate that MYC ASO inhibits the growth of human liver cancer xenografts in vivo. Our results illustrate that targeting MYC expression in vivo using ASO can suppress tumorigenesis by phenotypically eliciting both tumor-intrinsic and microenvironment hallmarks of oncogene addiction. Hence, MYC ASO therapy is a promising strategy to treat MYC-driven human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jangho Park
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alekesey Yevtodiyenko
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David I Bellovin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stacey J Adam
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anand Rajan Kd
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Meital Gabay
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hanan Fernando
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia Arzeno
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vinodhini Arjunan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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22
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Swaminathan S, Hansen AS, Heftdal LD, Dhanasekaran R, Deutzmann A, Fernandez WDM, Liefwalker DF, Horton C, Mosley A, Liebersbach M, Maecker HT, Felsher DW. MYC functions as a switch for natural killer cell-mediated immune surveillance of lymphoid malignancies. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2860. [PMID: 32503978 PMCID: PMC7275060 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC oncogene drives T- and B- lymphoid malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Here, we demonstrate a systemic reduction in natural killer (NK) cell numbers in SRα-tTA/Tet-O-MYCON mice bearing MYC-driven T-lymphomas. Residual mNK cells in spleens of MYCON T-lymphoma-bearing mice exhibit perturbations in the terminal NK effector differentiation pathway. Lymphoma-intrinsic MYC arrests NK maturation by transcriptionally repressing STAT1/2 and secretion of Type I Interferons (IFNs). Treating T-lymphoma-bearing mice with Type I IFN improves survival by rescuing NK cell maturation. Adoptive transfer of mature NK cells is sufficient to delay both T-lymphoma growth and recurrence post MYC inactivation. In MYC-driven BL patients, low expression of both STAT1 and STAT2 correlates significantly with the absence of activated NK cells and predicts unfavorable clinical outcomes. Our studies thus provide a rationale for developing NK cell-based therapies to effectively treat MYC-driven lymphomas in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Burkitt Lymphoma/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/mortality
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Surveillance/genetics
- Interferon Type I/pharmacology
- Interferon Type I/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Primary Cell Culture
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- STAT2 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Swaminathan
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Aida S Hansen
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Line D Heftdal
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Renumathy Dhanasekaran
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anja Deutzmann
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wadie D M Fernandez
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel F Liefwalker
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Crista Horton
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adriane Mosley
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mariola Liebersbach
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Holden T Maecker
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center (HIMC), Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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23
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Dhanasekaran R, Baylot V, Kim M, Kuruvilla S, Bellovin DI, Adeniji N, Rajan Kd A, Lai I, Gabay M, Tong L, Krishnan M, Park J, Hu T, Barbhuiya MA, Gentles AJ, Kannan K, Tran PT, Felsher DW. MYC and Twist1 cooperate to drive metastasis by eliciting crosstalk between cancer and innate immunity. eLife 2020; 9:50731. [PMID: 31933479 PMCID: PMC6959993 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause of cancer mortality. We generated an autochthonous transgenic mouse model whereby conditional expression of MYC and Twist1 enables hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to metastasize in >90% of mice. MYC and Twist1 cooperate and their sustained expression is required to elicit a transcriptional program associated with the activation of innate immunity, through secretion of a cytokinome that elicits recruitment and polarization of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). Systemic treatment with Ccl2 and Il13 induced MYC-HCCs to metastasize; whereas, blockade of Ccl2 and Il13 abrogated MYC/Twist1-HCC metastasis. Further, in 33 human cancers (n = 9502) MYC and TWIST1 predict poor survival (p=4.3×10−10), CCL2/IL13 expression (p<10−109) and TAM infiltration (p<10−96). Finally, in the plasma of patients with HCC (n = 25) but not cirrhosis (n = 10), CCL2 and IL13 were increased and IL13 predicted invasive tumors. Therefore, MYC and TWIST1 generally appear to cooperate in human cancer to elicit a cytokinome that enables metastasis through crosstalk between cancer and immune microenvironment. Cancer develops when cells in the body gain mutations that allow them to grow and divide rapidly and uncontrollably. As the disease progresses these cancer cells develop the ability to spread around the body. This process of spreading, called metastasis, is responsible for most cancer-related deaths in humans, but no current treatments target it. Mutations that increase the levels of two proteins known as MYC and TWIST1 in cells cause many human cancers. In healthy adult cells, normal levels of MYC and TWIST1 act as key regulators that switch thousands of genes on or off. TWIST1 is known to control the movement and spread of cells in the embryo. However, it is not known how MYC and TWIST1 work together to promote the metastasis of cancer cells. To address this question, Dhanasekaran, Baylot et al. used mice to investigate the roles of MYC and TWIST1 in the metastasis of cancer cells. The experiments showed that these two proteins work together to reprogram mouse cancer cells to release signal molecules known as cytokines. These molecules convert immune cells known as macrophages to a tumor-friendly state that allows cancers cells to spread around the body. Inhibiting two cytokines known as CCL2 and IL13 prevented the cancer cells from moving. Further experiments analyzed tumor samples from around 10,000 human patients with 33 different cancers. This revealed that patients that had higher levels of MYC and TWIST1 proteins in their tumors also had increased levels of CCL2 and IL13, more activated macrophages and were less likely to recover from their cancer. The findings of Dhanasekaran, Baylot et al. suggest that MYC and TWIST1 may instigate metastasis in many human cancers, and therapies targeting specific cytokines may prevent these cancers from spreading around the body. Furthermore, screening blood for the levels of cytokines may help to identify the cancer patients who would benefit from such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renumathy Dhanasekaran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Virginie Baylot
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Minsoon Kim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Sibu Kuruvilla
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - David I Bellovin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Nia Adeniji
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Anand Rajan Kd
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, United States
| | - Ian Lai
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Meital Gabay
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Ling Tong
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Maya Krishnan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Jangho Park
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Theodore Hu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Mustafa A Barbhuiya
- Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Andrew J Gentles
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Informatics), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Kasthuri Kannan
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Genome Technology Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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24
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dean W Felsher
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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25
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Gouw AM, Margulis K, Liu NS, Raman SJ, Mancuso A, Toal GG, Tong L, Mosley A, Hsieh AL, Sullivan DK, Stine ZE, Altman BJ, Schulze A, Dang CV, Zare RN, Felsher DW. The MYC Oncogene Cooperates with Sterol-Regulated Element-Binding Protein to Regulate Lipogenesis Essential for Neoplastic Growth. Cell Metab 2019; 30:556-572.e5. [PMID: 31447321 PMCID: PMC6911354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is frequently perturbed in cancers, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We present comprehensive evidence that oncogene MYC, in collaboration with transcription factor sterol-regulated element-binding protein (SREBP1), regulates lipogenesis to promote tumorigenesis. We used human and mouse tumor-derived cell lines, tumor xenografts, and four conditional transgenic mouse models of MYC-induced tumors to show that MYC regulates lipogenesis genes, enzymes, and metabolites. We found that MYC induces SREBP1, and they collaborate to activate fatty acid (FA) synthesis and drive FA chain elongation from glucose and glutamine. Further, by employing desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI), we observed in vivo lipidomic changes upon MYC induction across different cancers, for example, a global increase in glycerophosphoglycerols. After inhibition of FA synthesis, tumorigenesis was blocked, and tumors regressed in both xenograft and primary transgenic mouse models, revealing the vulnerability of MYC-induced tumors to the inhibition of lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin M Gouw
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Natalie S Liu
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sudha J Raman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wurzburg University, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Anthony Mancuso
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Georgia G Toal
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adriane Mosley
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Annie L Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Delaney K Sullivan
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zachary E Stine
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian J Altman
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Almut Schulze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wurzburg University, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Chi V Dang
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10017, USA; The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10017, USA.
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries and its incidence is rapidly increasing. Cirrhosis, and the dreaded complication of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), are the major drivers of morbidity and mortality in NASH. Conventional understanding has been that chronic liver damage leads to a cycle of cell death, regeneration and fibrosis during which HCC precursor cells undergo malignant transformation and lead to cancer initiation. This is supported by epidemiologic data which shows that cirrhosis precedes HCC in more than 90% of patients with several forms of chronic liver disease like hepatitis C and alcohol cirrhosis. But the link between fibrosis and carcinogenesis seems less definitive in patients with NASH as a sizeable proportion of NASH patients with HCC do not have significant underlying fibrosis. Several case reports and case series have pointed out this phenomenon of HCC arising in non-cirrhotic NASH (1), and a recent meta-analysis of 19 studies has shown that the prevalence of HCC in non-cirrhotic NASH was up to 38.0% (2). The mechanisms that contribute to the development of HCC in obesity in the absence of NASH and/or overt fibrosis or cirrhosis have remained unexplored. A possible mechanism to explain the role of obesity in the pathogenesis of HCC independent of NASH, was recently reported in a paper in Cell (3) .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, CA, Stanford, USA
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27
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Akiyama C, Tsumiyama K, Uchimura C, Honda E, Miyazaki Y, Sakurai K, Miura Y, Hashiramoto A, Felsher DW, Shiozawa S. Conditional Upregulation of IFN-α Alone Is Sufficient to Induce Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol 2019; 203:835-843. [PMID: 31324723 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is unknown. IFN-α has been suggested as a causative agent of SLE; however, it was not proven, and to what extent and how IFN-α contributes to the disease is unknown. We studied the contribution of IFN-α to SLE by generating inducible IFN-α transgenic mice and directly show that conditional upregulation of IFN-α alone induces a typical manifestation of SLE in the mice not prone to autoimmunity, such as serum immune complex, autoantibody against dsDNA (anti-dsDNA Ab), and the organ manifestations classical to SLE, such as immune complex-deposited glomerulonephritis, classical splenic onion-skin lesion, alopecia, epidermal liquefaction, and positive lupus band test of the skin. In the spleen of mice, activated effector CD4 T cells, IFN-γ-producing CD8 T cells, B220+CD86+ cells, and CD11c+CD86+ cells were increased, and the T cells produced increased amounts of IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ and decreased IL-2. In particular, activated CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative T cells positive for TCRαβ, B220, CD1d-teteramer, PD-1, and Helios (that produced increased amounts of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and TNF-α) were significantly expanded. They infiltrated into kidney and induced de novo glomerulonephritis and alopecia when transferred into naive recipients. Thus, sole upregulation of IFN-α is sufficient to induce SLE, and the double-negative T cells expanded by IFN-α are directly responsible for the organ manifestations, such as lupus skin disease or nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Akiyama
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Ken Tsumiyama
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142, Japan.,Institute for Rheumatic Diseases, Ashiya 659-0004, Japan.,Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-0838, Japan; and
| | - Chiaki Uchimura
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Eriko Honda
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Yumi Miyazaki
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sakurai
- Institute for Rheumatic Diseases, Ashiya 659-0004, Japan.,Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-0838, Japan; and
| | - Yasushi Miura
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Akira Hashiramoto
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Shunichi Shiozawa
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142, Japan; .,Institute for Rheumatic Diseases, Ashiya 659-0004, Japan.,Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-0838, Japan; and
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28
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Das B, Pal B, Bhuyan R, Li H, Sarma A, Gayan S, Talukdar J, Sandhya S, Bhuyan S, Gogoi G, Gouw AM, Baishya D, Gotlib JR, Kataki AC, Felsher DW. MYC Regulates the HIF2α Stemness Pathway via Nanog and Sox2 to Maintain Self-Renewal in Cancer Stem Cells versus Non-Stem Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4015-4025. [PMID: 31266772 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) maintain both undifferentiated self-renewing CSCs and differentiated, non-self-renewing non-CSCs through cellular division. However, molecular mechanisms that maintain self-renewal in CSCs versus non-CSCs are not yet clear. Here, we report that in a transgenic mouse model of MYC-induced T-cell leukemia, MYC, maintains self-renewal in Sca1+ CSCs versus Sca-1- non-CSCs. MYC preferentially bound to the promoter and activated hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2α) in Sca-1+ cells only. Furthermore, the reprogramming factors, Nanog and Sox2, facilitated MYC regulation of HIF2α in Sca-1+ versus Sca-1- cells. Reduced expression of HIF2α inhibited the self-renewal of Sca-1+ cells; this effect was blocked through suppression of ROS by N-acetyl cysteine or the knockdown of p53, Nanog, or Sox2. Similar results were seen in ABCG2+ CSCs versus ABCG2- non-CSCs from primary human T-cell lymphoma. Thus, MYC maintains self-renewal exclusively in CSCs by selectively binding to the promoter and activating the HIF2α stemness pathway. Identification of this stemness pathway as a unique CSC determinant may have significant therapeutic implications. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that the HIF2α stemness pathway maintains leukemic stem cells downstream of MYC in human and mouse T-cell leukemias. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/16/4015/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikul Das
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. .,Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bidisha Pal
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rashmi Bhuyan
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hong Li
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anupam Sarma
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sukanya Gayan
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joyeeta Talukdar
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sorra Sandhya
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Seema Bhuyan
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Gayatri Gogoi
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Arvin M Gouw
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Debabrat Baishya
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Jason R Gotlib
- Division of Hematology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, California
| | - Amal C Kataki
- Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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29
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Struntz NB, Chen A, Deutzmann A, Wilson RM, Stefan E, Evans HL, Ramirez MA, Liang T, Caballero F, Wildschut MH, Neel DV, Freeman DB, Pop MS, McConkey M, Muller S, Curtin BH, Tseng H, Frombach KR, Butty VL, Levine SS, Feau C, Elmiligy S, Hong JA, Lewis TA, Vetere A, Clemons PA, Malstrom SE, Ebert BL, Lin CY, Felsher DW, Koehler AN. Stabilization of the Max Homodimer with a Small Molecule Attenuates Myc-Driven Transcription. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:711-723.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Lai I, Swaminathan S, Baylot V, Mosley A, Dhanasekaran R, Gabay M, Felsher DW. Lipid nanoparticles that deliver IL-12 messenger RNA suppress tumorigenesis in MYC oncogene-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:125. [PMID: 30458889 PMCID: PMC6247677 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy because of its ability to activate a number of host immune subsets that recognize and destroy cancer cells. We found that human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with higher than median levels of IL-12 have significantly favorable clinical outcomes. Here, we report that a messenger RNA (mRNA) lipid nanoparticle delivering IL-12 (IL-12-LNP) slows down the progression of MYC oncogene-driven HCC. IL-12-LNP was well distributed within the HCC tumor and was not associated with significant animal toxicity. Treatment with IL-12-LNP significantly reduced liver tumor burden measured by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and increased survival of MYC-induced HCC transgenic mice in comparison to control mice. Importantly, IL-12-LNP exhibited no effect on transgenic MYC levels confirming that its therapeutic efficacy was not related to the downregulation of a driver oncogene. IL-12-LNP elicited marked infiltration of activated CD44+ CD3+ CD4+ T helper cells into the tumor, and increased the production of Interferon γ (IFNγ). Collectively, our findings suggest that IL-12-LNP administration may be an effective immunotherapy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Lai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, CA, Stanford, USA
| | - Srividya Swaminathan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, CA, Stanford, USA
| | - Virginie Baylot
- Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, CA, Stanford, USA
| | - Adriane Mosley
- Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, CA, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Meital Gabay
- Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, CA, Stanford, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, CA, Stanford, USA.
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31
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Heftdal LD, Swaminathan S, Felsher DW. Abstract 126: MYC-driven lymphomas suppress NK surveillance by blocking maturation of early NK cells. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The MYC oncogene is commonly overexpressed in hematopoietic cancers. In a transgenic mouse model of MYC-induced T-cell lymphoma, we found that there was a systemic reduction in NK cell (CD3- NKp46High) numbers and activation in lymphoid organs such as spleen and bone marrow. MYC inactivation in lymphoma-bearing MYCON mice partially restored NK cell numbers and activation. Hence, the MYC oncogene appears to suppress NK cell-mediated immune surveillance of lymphomas. We evaluated whether reduction in mature and activated NK cells (CD3- NKp46High) in MYCON mice was due to increased death of NK cells in these mice when compared to normal and MYCOFF mice. Using flow cytometry, NK cells were measured in age matched spleens and bone marrows of normal (n = 8), MYCON (n = 8), and MYCOFF (n = 8) mice. Surprisingly, we observed a significant reduction in proportions of dead NK cells (NKp46+ PI+) in spleen and bone marrow of MYCON mice, in comparison to normal and MYCOFF cohorts. Hence, the reduction in activated NK cell numbers during MYC-driven lymphomagenesis does not occur because of increased death of NK cells. Next, we investigated whether MYC arrests early NK cell development in the bone marrow of lymphoma mice, leading to systemic NK suppression. NK cell lineage specification begins with CD122 expression, that is maintained throughout NK development starting at the precursor stage. NK precursors (NKP) transition to immature NK (iNK) cells by expressing the cytotoxicity marker NKp46. iNK cells leave the bone marrow to populate peripheral lymphoid organs. We measured NKP (CD122+ NKP46-), and iNK (CD122+ NKp46+) cells in bone marrow of normal (n = 8), MYCON (n = 8), and MYCOFF (n = 8) mice. We observed no significant changes in the percentages of NKP. However, the proportions of iNK cells were significantly reduced in MYCON mice, in comparison to MYCOFF and normal mice. Our results suggest that MYC may block transition from NKP to iNK stage during early NK cell development. The reduction of iNK cells in spleens of MYCON mice was concordant with the reduction of iNK cells in bone marrow from the same mice. We conclude that MYC-induced lymphomagenesis blocks early NK cell development, thereby suppressing NK-mediated immune surveillance.
Citation Format: Line D. Heftdal, Srividya Swaminathan, Dean W. Felsher. MYC-driven lymphomas suppress NK surveillance by blocking maturation of early NK cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 126.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anja Deutzmann
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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33
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Pal B, Sarma A, Talukdar J, Bhuyan S, Sandhya S, Gayan S, Gogoi G, Baishya D, Kataki AC, Felsher DW, Das B. Abstract 42: MYC through HIF-2α regulates the altruistic stemness program in human leukemia stem cells. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.hemmal17-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Leukemia is hierarchically organized into two distinct population of cancer cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs) and non-stem cancer cells (NSCC). Numerous studies suggest that CSCs may express embryonic stem (ES) cells related stemness genes including Nanog, Sox-2, and Oct-4. However, potential cell surface markers that could specifically enrich the leukemia stem cell (LSC) subfraction based on the expression of these stemness genes have not yet been identified. Previously, we reported that ABCG2, a drug efflux pump, could enrich a subpopulation of cells exhibiting very high level of Nanog, Sox-2, and Oct-4 in ES cells. Additionally, these ABCG2+ ES cells also exhibited high HIF-2α, a transcription factor, which in cooperation with MYC-regulated both Nanog and Sox-2. In addition to these features, ABCG2+ cells demonstrated highly cytoprotective altruistic behavior by secreting high levels of glutathione. In the present study, we evaluated whether ABCG2+ subfraction of human LSCs exhibits high level of Nanog, Sox2, and Oct4. We also investigated the altruistic behavior of the LSCs, a potential novel mechanism of drug resistance and disease relapse.
Methods: ABCG2+ cells from cervical lymph node and peripheral blood of T- cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia (T-ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients (n=12) were enriched using immunomagnetic sorting. These cells were then expanded and used for different experiments including flow cytometry, ChiP on ChiP assay, in vivo transplantation assay, and siRNA inhibition treatment, to demonstrate the role of HIF-2α and MYC in regulating the altruistic stemness program in human LSCs.
Results: We were able to enrich ABCG2+ cell subfraction from human T-ALL (n=5) and CML (n=7) patients exhibiting high levels of stemness genes such as Nanog, Sox-2, and Oct-4 in addition to MYC and HIF-2α. Higher engraftment potential was observed in ABCG2+ cells in comparison to ABCG2- cells as indicated by in vivo transplantation assay in NOD/SCID mice. The inhibition of stemness genes Nanog and Sox2 by siRNA gene silencing led to the loss of expression of MYC and HIF-2α, indicating that these genes are regulated MYC and HIF-2α. We then investigated the altruistic stemness phenotype of the ABCG2+ cells by studying the distinct molecular signature of MYC binding to HIF-2α in these cells. siRNA HIF-2α treatment led to ABCG2+ cell loss of proliferative capacity and reduced GSH levels, suggesting reduction of cytoprotective altruistic behavior in vitro. Additionally, siRNA HIF-2α treated ABCG2+ cells, when injected in mice, exhibited increased survival. Importantly, treatment of ABCG2+ cell harboring mice with FM19G11, a HIF inhibitor, led to marked loss in the secondary engraftment in NOD/SCID mice, thus indicating loss of ABCG2+ cell self-renewal capacity. Then we found that siRNA MYC inhibition led to loss of HIF-2α expression, suggesting that MYC might be regulating HIF-2α mediated altruistic stemness program in the ABCG2+ cells.
Conclusion: To summarize, we found that ABCG2 is an excellent marker to enrich the LSC subfraction having high expression of stemness genes. The ABCG2+ LSCs exhibit altruistic stemness phenotype that includes high secretion of GSH and the distinct binding of MYC to HIF-2a, Sox2, and Nanog. Thus, we now report that a subfraction of LSC could also be enriched such that it exhibits altruistic stemness phenotype which was previously reported by us in ES cells. Our findings may open up new understanding of the LSC-mediated cancer relapse and drug resistance.
Citation Format: Bidisha Pal, Anupam Sarma, Joyeeta Talukdar, Seema Bhuyan, Sora Sandhya, Sukanya Gayan, Gayatri Gogoi, Debabrat Baishya, Amal Chandra Kataki, Dean W. Felsher, Bikul Das. MYC through HIF-2α regulates the altruistic stemness program in human leukemia stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; May 6-9, 2017; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(24_Suppl):Abstract nr 42.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anupam Sarma
- 2Dr.B.Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India,
| | - Joyeeta Talukdar
- 3KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India,
| | - Seema Bhuyan
- 3KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India,
| | - Sora Sandhya
- 3KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India,
| | - Sukanya Gayan
- 3KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India,
| | | | - Debabrat Baishya
- 5Gauhati University, Institute of Science and Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India,
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Li Y, Deutzmann A, Choi PS, Fan AC, Felsher DW. BIM mediates oncogene inactivation-induced apoptosis in multiple transgenic mouse models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 7:26926-34. [PMID: 27095570 PMCID: PMC5053622 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene inactivation in both clinical targeted therapies and conditional transgenic mouse cancer models can induce significant tumor regression associated with the robust induction of apoptosis. Here we report that in MYC-, RAS-, and BCR-ABL-induced acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), apoptosis upon oncogene inactivation is mediated by the same pro-apoptotic protein, BIM. The induction of BIMin the MYC- and RAS-driven leukemia is mediated by the downregulation of miR-17-92. Overexpression of miR-17-92 blocked the induction of apoptosis upon oncogene inactivation in the MYC and RAS-driven but not in the BCR-ABL-driven ALL leukemia. Hence, our results provide novel insight into the mechanism of apoptosis upon oncogene inactivation and suggest that induction of BIM-mediated apoptosis may be an important therapeutic approach for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Anja Deutzmann
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Peter S Choi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Alice C Fan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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35
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Dhanasekaran R, Gabay-Ryan M, Baylot V, Lai I, Mosley A, Huang X, Zabludoff S, Li J, Kaimal V, Karmali P, Felsher DW. Anti-miR-17 therapy delays tumorigenesis in MYC-driven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Oncotarget 2017; 9:5517-5528. [PMID: 29464015 PMCID: PMC5814155 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant clinical challenge with few therapeutic options. Genomic amplification and/or overexpression of the MYC oncogene is a common molecular event in HCC, thus making it an attractive target for drug therapy. Unfortunately, currently there are no direct drug therapies against MYC. As an alternative strategy, microRNAs regulated by MYC may be downstream targets for therapeutic blockade. MiR-17 family is a microRNA family transcriptionally regulated by MYC and it is commonly overexpressed in human HCCs. In this study, we performed systemic delivery of a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulating an anti-miR-17 oligonucleotide in a conditional transgenic mouse model of MYC driven HCC. Treatment with anti-miR-17 in vivo, but not with a control anti-miRNA, resulted in significant de-repression of direct targets of miR-17, robust apoptosis, decreased proliferation and led to delayed tumorigenesis in MYC-driven HCCs. Global gene expression profiling revealed engagement of miR-17 target genes and inhibition of key transcriptional programs of MYC, including cell cycle progression and proliferation. Hence, anti-miR-17 is an effective therapy for MYC-driven HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renumathy Dhanasekaran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meital Gabay-Ryan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Virginie Baylot
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ian Lai
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adriane Mosley
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jian Li
- Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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36
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Poole CJ, Zheng W, Lodh A, Yevtodiyenko A, Liefwalker D, Li H, Felsher DW, van Riggelen J. DNMT3B overexpression contributes to aberrant DNA methylation and MYC-driven tumor maintenance in T-ALL and Burkitt's lymphoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76898-76920. [PMID: 29100357 PMCID: PMC5652751 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is a hallmark of cancer. However, our understanding of how tumor cell-specific DNA methylation patterns are established and maintained is limited. Here, we report that in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and Burkitt's lymphoma the MYC oncogene causes overexpression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and 3B, which contributes to tumor maintenance. By utilizing a tetracycline-regulated MYC transgene in a mouse T-ALL (EμSRα-tTA;tet-o-MYC) and human Burkitt's lymphoma (P493-6) model, we demonstrated that DNMT1 and DNMT3B expression depend on high MYC levels, and that their transcription decreased upon MYC-inactivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that MYC binds to the DNMT1 and DNMT3B promoters, implicating a direct transcriptional regulation. Hence, shRNA-mediated knock-down of endogenous MYC in human T-ALL and Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines downregulated DNMT3B expression. Knock-down and pharmacologic inhibition of DNMT3B in T-ALL reduced cell proliferation associated with genome-wide changes in DNA methylation, indicating a tumor promoter function during tumor maintenance. We provide novel evidence that MYC directly deregulates the expression of both de novo and maintenance DNMTs, showing that MYC controls DNA methylation in a genome-wide fashion. Our finding that a coordinated interplay between the components of the DNA methylating machinery contributes to MYC-driven tumor maintenance highlights the potential of specific DNMTs for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace J. Poole
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wenli Zheng
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Atul Lodh
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Aleksey Yevtodiyenko
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Liefwalker
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Honglin Li
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jan van Riggelen
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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37
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Gouw AM, Margulis K, Zare RN, Felsher DW. Metabolic aging by MYC: Distinct lipid accumulation and phospholipid suppression by MYC in lungs and kidneys detected by Desorption Electro Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (DESI-MSI). Exp Gerontol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Swaminathan S, Mosley A, Horton C, Liefwalker DF, Deutzmann A, Dhanasekaran R, Gouw A, Gentles A, Eilers M, Maecker HT, Felsher DW. Abstract 2943: MYC functions as a master switch for natural killer cell-mediated immune surveillance of lymphoid malignancies. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The MYC oncogene drives the pathogenesis of many hematopoietic malignancies, including Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). These malignancies are often “oncogene-addicted” to MYC. Using mass cytometry (CyTOF), we demonstrate that MYC-addicted T-ALL excludes specific immune subsets from the tumor microenvironment implicated in immune surveillance, including natural killer (NK) cells. MYC inhibition clears malignant lymphocytes from the spleen and restores the normal splenic NK composition. Concordantly, peripheral blood of T-ALL patients have reduced percentages of activated NK cells as compared to healthy individuals. We show that MYC excludes activated NK cells from sites of lymphomagenesis by suppressing ERK1/2-STAT1/2-Type I IFN signaling, in both murine and human lymphomas. Furthermore, MYC-associated BL patients with higher than median expression of STAT1/2, and cytotoxic NK cell genes, PRF1 and Granzymes, have favorable clinical outcomes. Hence, oncogenic MYC appears to causally and reversibly suppress NK-mediated immune surveillance during lymphomagenesis.
Citation Format: Srividya Swaminathan, Adriane Mosley, Crista Horton, Daniel F. Liefwalker, Anja Deutzmann, Renumathy Dhanasekaran, Arvin Gouw, Andrew Gentles, Martin Eilers, Holden T. Maecker, Dean W. Felsher. MYC functions as a master switch for natural killer cell-mediated immune surveillance of lymphoid malignancies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2943. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2943
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Bailey ST, Smith AM, Kardos J, Wobker SE, Wilson HL, Krishnan B, Saito R, Lee HJ, Zhang J, Eaton SC, Williams LA, Manocha U, Peters DJ, Pan X, Carroll TJ, Felsher DW, Walter V, Zhang Q, Parker JS, Yeh JJ, Moffitt RA, Leung JY, Kim WY. MYC activation cooperates with Vhl and Ink4a/Arf loss to induce clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15770. [PMID: 28593993 PMCID: PMC5472759 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal carcinoma is a common and aggressive malignancy whose histopathogenesis is incompletely understood and that is largely resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy. We present two mouse models of kidney cancer that recapitulate the genomic alterations found in human papillary (pRCC) and clear cell RCC (ccRCC), the most common RCC subtypes. MYC activation results in highly penetrant pRCC tumours (MYC), while MYC activation, when combined with Vhl and Cdkn2a (Ink4a/Arf) deletion (VIM), produce kidney tumours that approximate human ccRCC. RNAseq of the mouse tumours demonstrate that MYC tumours resemble Type 2 pRCC, which are known to harbour MYC activation. Furthermore, VIM tumours more closely simulate human ccRCC. Based on their high penetrance, short latency, and histologic fidelity, these models of papillary and clear cell RCC should be significant contributions to the field of kidney cancer research. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common and aggressive malignancy. Here, the authors generate two mouse models of the most common RCC subtypes: the human papillary RCC through MYC activation and clear cell RCC through MYC activation combined with Vhl and Cdkn2a deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Bailey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Aleisha M Smith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jordan Kardos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Sara E Wobker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Harper L Wilson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Bhavani Krishnan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Samuel C Eaton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Lindsay A Williams
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ujjawal Manocha
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Dorien J Peters
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Xinchao Pan
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305-5151, USA
| | - Vonn Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Joel S Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Richard A Moffitt
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Janet Y Leung
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - William Y Kim
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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40
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Swords RT, Greenberg PL, Wei AH, Durrant S, Advani AS, Hertzberg MS, Lewis ID, Rivera G, Gratzinger D, Fan AC, Felsher DW, Cortes JE, Watts JM, Yarranton GT, Walling JM, Lancet JE. Corrigendum to "KB004, a first in class monoclonal antibody targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA3, in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies: Results from a phase 1 study" [Leuk. Res. 50 (Nov) (2016) 123-131. PubMed PMID: 27736729]. Leuk Res 2017; 59:65. [PMID: 28575698 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronan T Swords
- Leukemia Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, United States.
| | | | - Andrew H Wei
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon Durrant
- The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Ian D Lewis
- The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Alice C Fan
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Jorge E Cortes
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Justin M Watts
- Leukemia Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, United States
| | - Geoff T Yarranton
- KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jackie M Walling
- KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Lancet
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
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41
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Swords RT, Greenberg PL, Wei AH, Durrant S, Advani AS, Hertzberg MS, Jonas BA, Lewis ID, Rivera G, Gratzinger D, Fan AC, Felsher DW, Cortes JE, Watts JM, Yarranton GT, Walling JM, Lancet JE. KB004, a first in class monoclonal antibody targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA3, in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies: Results from a phase 1 study. Leuk Res 2016; 50:123-131. [PMID: 27736729 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
EphA3 is an Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in most hematologic malignancies. We performed a first-in-human multicenter phase I study of the anti-EphA3 monoclonal antibody KB004 in refractory hematologic malignancies in order to determine safety and tolerability, along with the secondary objectives of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) assessments, as well as preliminary assessment of efficacy. Patients were enrolled on a dose escalation phase (DEP) initially, followed by a cohort expansion phase (CEP). KB004 was administered by intravenous infusion on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 21-day cycle in escalating doses. A total of 50 patients (AML 39, MDS/MPN 3, MDS 4, DLBCL 1, MF 3) received KB004 in the DEP; an additional 14 patients were treated on the CEP (AML 8, MDS 6). The most common toxicities were transient grade 1 and grade 2 infusion reactions (IRs) in 79% of patients. IRs were dose limiting above 250mg. Sustained exposure exceeding the predicted effective concentration (1ug/mL) and covering the 7-day interval between doses was achieved above 190mg. Responses were observed in patients with AML, MF, MDS/MPN and MDS. In this study, KB004 was well tolerated and clinically active when given as a weekly infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan T Swords
- Leukemia Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, United States.
| | | | - Andrew H Wei
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon Durrant
- The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Brian A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States
| | - Ian D Lewis
- The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Alice C Fan
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Jorge E Cortes
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Justin M Watts
- Leukemia Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, United States
| | - Geoff T Yarranton
- KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jackie M Walling
- KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Lancet
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
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42
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Block KI, Gyllenhaal C, Lowe L, Amedei A, Amin ARMR, Amin A, Aquilano K, Arbiser J, Arreola A, Arzumanyan A, Ashraf SS, Azmi AS, Benencia F, Bhakta D, Bilsland A, Bishayee A, Blain SW, Block PB, Boosani CS, Carey TE, Carnero A, Carotenuto M, Casey SC, Chakrabarti M, Chaturvedi R, Chen GZ, Chen H, Chen S, Chen YC, Choi BK, Ciriolo MR, Coley HM, Collins AR, Connell M, Crawford S, Curran CS, Dabrosin C, Damia G, Dasgupta S, DeBerardinis RJ, Decker WK, Dhawan P, Diehl AME, Dong JT, Dou QP, Drew JE, Elkord E, El-Rayes B, Feitelson MA, Felsher DW, Ferguson LR, Fimognari C, Firestone GL, Frezza C, Fujii H, Fuster MM, Generali D, Georgakilas AG, Gieseler F, Gilbertson M, Green MF, Grue B, Guha G, Halicka D, Helferich WG, Heneberg P, Hentosh P, Hirschey MD, Hofseth LJ, Holcombe RF, Honoki K, Hsu HY, Huang GS, Jensen LD, Jiang WG, Jones LW, Karpowicz PA, Keith WN, Kerkar SP, Khan GN, Khatami M, Ko YH, Kucuk O, Kulathinal RJ, Kumar NB, Kwon BS, Le A, Lea MA, Lee HY, Lichtor T, Lin LT, Locasale JW, Lokeshwar BL, Longo VD, Lyssiotis CA, MacKenzie KL, Malhotra M, Marino M, Martinez-Chantar ML, Matheu A, Maxwell C, McDonnell E, Meeker AK, Mehrmohamadi M, Mehta K, Michelotti GA, Mohammad RM, Mohammed SI, Morre DJ, Muralidhar V, Muqbil I, Murphy MP, Nagaraju GP, Nahta R, Niccolai E, Nowsheen S, Panis C, Pantano F, Parslow VR, Pawelec G, Pedersen PL, Poore B, Poudyal D, Prakash S, Prince M, Raffaghello L, Rathmell JC, Rathmell WK, Ray SK, Reichrath J, Rezazadeh S, Ribatti D, Ricciardiello L, Robey RB, Rodier F, Rupasinghe HPV, Russo GL, Ryan EP, Samadi AK, Sanchez-Garcia I, Sanders AJ, Santini D, Sarkar M, Sasada T, Saxena NK, Shackelford RE, Shantha Kumara HMC, Sharma D, Shin DM, Sidransky D, Siegelin MD, Signori E, Singh N, Sivanand S, Sliva D, Smythe C, Spagnuolo C, Stafforini DM, Stagg J, Subbarayan PR, Sundin T, Talib WH, Thompson SK, Tran PT, Ungefroren H, Vander Heiden MG, Venkateswaran V, Vinay DS, Vlachostergios PJ, Wang Z, Wellen KE, Whelan RL, Yang ES, Yang H, Yang X, Yaswen P, Yedjou C, Yin X, Zhu J, Zollo M. Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 35 Suppl:S276-S304. [PMID: 26590477 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of "personalized" oncology have achieved notable successes in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targeted therapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a few disease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistant immortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are not reliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, an international task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity "broad-spectrum" therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspects of relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a wide range of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For these targets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which were phytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed for known effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment. Potential contrary or procarcinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixed evidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of the relationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. This novel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types of cancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for future research is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith I Block
- Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment, Skokie, IL, United States.
| | | | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A R M Ruhul Amin
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Jack Arbiser
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alexandra Arreola
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Stacy W Blain
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Penny B Block
- Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment, Skokie, IL, United States
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Head and Neck Cancer Biology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Seville, Spain
| | - Marianeve Carotenuto
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologia Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stephanie C Casey
- Stanford University, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Georgia Zhuo Chen
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Helen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV, United States
| | - Beom K Choi
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Helen M Coley
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marisa Connell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Crawford
- Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Colleen S Curran
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas - Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - William K Decker
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Biology, Division of Surgical Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anna Mae E Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Janice E Drew
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eyad Elkord
- College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mark A Feitelson
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Stanford University, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Gary L Firestone
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Mark M Fuster
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Molecular Therapy and Pharmacogenomics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Frank Gieseler
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Michelle F Green
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brendan Grue
- Departments of Environmental Science, Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dorota Halicka
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | | | - Petr Heneberg
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patricia Hentosh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Randall F Holcombe
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Gloria S Huang
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lee W Jones
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Sid P Kerkar
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation and Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (Retired), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Young H Ko
- University of Maryland BioPark, Innovation Center, KoDiscovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rob J Kulathinal
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nagi B Kumar
- Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Anne Le
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael A Lea
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea
| | - Terry Lichtor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Valter D Longo
- Andrus Gerontology Center, Division of Biogerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Karen L MacKenzie
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria L Martinez-Chantar
- Metabolomic Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Christopher Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eoin McDonnell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mahya Mehrmohamadi
- Field of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gregory A Michelotti
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - D James Morre
- Mor-NuCo, Inc, Purdue Research Park, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Vinayak Muralidhar
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Irfana Muqbil
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rita Nahta
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Francesco Pantano
- Medical Oncology Department, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia R Parslow
- Discipline of Nutrition and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter L Pedersen
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Member at Large, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brad Poore
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Deepak Poudyal
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Satya Prakash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mark Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sarallah Rezazadeh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy & National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Brooks Robey
- White River Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, United States; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Francis Rodier
- Centre de Rechercher du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médicine Nucléaire, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Isidro Sanchez-Garcia
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Santini
- Medical Oncology Department, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Malancha Sarkar
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Neeraj K Saxena
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rodney E Shackelford
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University, Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - H M C Shantha Kumara
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dong M Shin
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Markus David Siegelin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emanuela Signori
- National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharanya Sivanand
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Sliva
- DSTest Laboratories, Purdue Research Park, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Carl Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Faculté de Pharmacie et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pochi R Subbarayan
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tabetha Sundin
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sentara Healthcare, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Wamidh H Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sarah K Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Departments of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Oncology and Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Vasundara Venkateswaran
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York University Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Richard L Whelan
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Huanjie Yang
- The School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Paul Yaswen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Clement Yedjou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Xin Yin
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologia Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Y Kearney
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Current Address: Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benedict Anchang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sylvia Plevritis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Pal B, Bayat-Mokhtari R, Li H, Bhuyan R, Talukdar J, Sandhya S, Sarma A, Tasabehji W, Bhuyan S, Gayan S, Kataki AC, Baishya D, Yeger H, Felsher DW, Das B. Abstract 251: Stem cell altruism may serve as a novel drug resistance mechanism in oral cancer. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The mechanism of oral squamous cell carcinoma resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy is not clearly known. Previous studies indicated that glutathione (GSH), a cellular antioxidant may detoxify cisplatinum (CDDP), a commonly used chemotherapy agent in oral cancer. Our previous research in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) indicated the altruistic behavior of ABCG2+ hESCs that secrete high level of GSH to protect other hESCs exposed to oxidative stress (Das B et al. Stem Cells, 2012). Here we investigated if CDDP exposure lead to altruistic stem cell reprogramming of ABCG2+ oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and subsequent GSH-mediated resistance against CDDP. Methods: Two oral squamous cell cancer cell lines SCC-25 and SCC-15 were treated with 3-10 uM CDDP for three-days, and then subjected to flow cytometry and immunomagnetic sorting based evaluation of ABCG2+ cells. The conditioned media (CM) obtained from ABCG2+ cells were examined for GSH content. The CM treated cancer cell lines were examined for resistance against CDDP toxicity. Next, the post-CDDP treated ABCG2+ cells were examined for enhanced stemness phenotype that corresponds to altruistic stem cell phenotype (Das B et al, Stem Cells 2012). Results: We found that CDDP treatment increases the ABCG2+ self-renewal capacity of SCC-25 and SCC-15 cells as measured by serial transplantation assay. The CM of the post-CDDP treated cells exhibited high level of GSH. When the SCC-15 and SCC-25 cells were treated with CM plus CDDP, the cancer cells exhibited 10-15-fold increase in resistance against CDDP toxicity. Next, the post-CDDP treated SCC-25 and SCC-15 cells exhibited enhanced stemness reprogramming phenotype characterized by very high HIF-2alpha, Sox-2 and Nanog transcriptional activity. Furthemore, we found increased expression of EMT (epithelial mesenchymal transition) marker expression including Snail, Twist and vimentin as evaluated by flow cytometry. siRNA HIF-2alpha treatment led to marked loss in the in vivo self-renewal capacity of ABCG2+ SCC-25 and SCC-15 cells. We then noted that post-CDDP ABCG2+ cells exhibited reversible state, as after two weeks of culture, most of the cells either differentiated or underwent apoptosis. Conclusions: These results indicate that oral cancer cells exhibit altruistic defense mechanism to resist the toxicity of CDDP. The altruistic defense mechanism involved high secretion of GSH. Thus, we suggest that similar to bacterial altruism as a mechanism of drug resistance, stem cell altruism may also serve as a novel mechanism of drug resistance in cancer.
Citation Format: Bidisha Pal, Reza Bayat-Mokhtari, Hong Li, Rashmi Bhuyan, Joyeeta Talukdar, Sora Sandhya, Anupam Sarma, Wael Tasabehji, Seema Bhuyan, Sukanya Gayan, Amal Ch Kataki, Debabrata Baishya, Herman Yeger, Dean W. Felsher, Bikul Das. Stem cell altruism may serve as a novel drug resistance mechanism in oral cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 251.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Li
- 1Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | - Sora Sandhya
- 2KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Guwahati, India
| | | | | | - Seema Bhuyan
- 2KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Guwahati, India
| | | | | | | | - Herman Yeger
- 5Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bikul Das
- 6Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Felsher DW, Lowe L. Affordable Cancer Medications Are Within Reach but We Need a Different Approach. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:2194-5. [PMID: 27161965 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.67.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Casey SC, Tong L, Li Y, Do R, Walz S, Fitzgerald KN, Gouw AM, Baylot V, Gütgemann I, Eilers M, Felsher DW. MYC regulates the antitumor immune response through CD47 and PD-L1. Science 2016; 352:227-31. [PMID: 26966191 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac9935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 890] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The MYC oncogene codes for a transcription factor that is overexpressed in many human cancers. Here we show that MYC regulates the expression of two immune checkpoint proteins on the tumor cell surface: the innate immune regulator CD47 (cluster of differentiation 47) and the adaptive immune checkpoint PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1). Suppression of MYC in mouse tumors and human tumor cells caused a reduction in the levels of CD47 and PD-L1 messenger RNA and protein. MYC was found to bind directly to the promoters of the Cd47 and Pd-l1 genes. MYC inactivation in mouse tumors down-regulated CD47 and PD-L1 expression and enhanced the antitumor immune response. In contrast, when MYC was inactivated in tumors with enforced expression of CD47 or PD-L1, the immune response was suppressed, and tumors continued to grow. Thus, MYC appears to initiate and maintain tumorigenesis, in part, through the modulation of immune regulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Casey
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yulin Li
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Do
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susanne Walz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kelly N Fitzgerald
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arvin M Gouw
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Virginie Baylot
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ines Gütgemann
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Eilers
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Ma C, Kesarwala AH, Eggert T, Medina-Echeverz J, Kleiner DE, Jin P, Stroncek DF, Terabe M, Kapoor V, ElGindi M, Han M, Thornton AM, Zhang H, Egger M, Luo J, Felsher DW, McVicar DW, Weber A, Heikenwalder M, Greten TF. NAFLD causes selective CD4(+) T lymphocyte loss and promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. Nature 2016; 531:253-7. [PMID: 26934227 PMCID: PMC4786464 DOI: 10.1038/nature16969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer related death. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a large proportion of the US population and is considered a metabolic predisposition to liver cancer 1-5. However, the role of adaptive immune responses in NAFLD-promoted HCC is largely unknown. Here, we show that dysregulation of lipid metabolism in NAFLD causes a selective loss of intrahepatic CD4+ but not CD8+ T lymphocytes leading to accelerated hepatocarcinogenesis. We also found that CD4+ T lymphocytes have greater mitochondrial mass than CD8+ T lymphocytes and generate higher levels of mitochondrially-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Disruption of mitochondrial function by linoleic acid, a fatty acid accumulated in NAFLD, causes more oxidative damage than other free fatty acids such as palmitic acid, and mediates selective loss of intrahepatic CD4+ T lymphocytes. In vivo blockade of ROS reversed NAFLD-induced hepatic CD4+ T lymphocyte decrease and delayed NAFLD-promoted HCC. Our results provide an unexpected link between lipid dysregulation and impaired anti-tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ma
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Aparna H Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Tobias Eggert
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - José Medina-Echeverz
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ping Jin
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mei ElGindi
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Miaojun Han
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Angela M Thornton
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Michèle Egger
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Ji Luo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany.,Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Altman BJ, Hsieh AL, Sengupta A, Krishnanaiah SY, Stine ZE, Walton ZE, Gouw AM, Venkataraman A, Li B, Goraksha-Hicks P, Diskin SJ, Bellovin DI, Simon MC, Rathmell JC, Lazar MA, Maris JM, Felsher DW, Hogenesch JB, Weljie AM, Dang CV. MYC Disrupts the Circadian Clock and Metabolism in Cancer Cells. Cell Metab 2015; 22:1009-19. [PMID: 26387865 PMCID: PMC4818967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The MYC oncogene encodes MYC, a transcription factor that binds the genome through sites termed E-boxes (5'-CACGTG-3'), which are identical to the binding sites of the heterodimeric CLOCK-BMAL1 master circadian transcription factor. Hence, we hypothesized that ectopic MYC expression perturbs the clock by deregulating E-box-driven components of the circadian network in cancer cells. We report here that deregulated expression of MYC or N-MYC disrupts the molecular clock in vitro by directly inducing REV-ERBα to dampen expression and oscillation of BMAL1, and this could be rescued by knockdown of REV-ERB. REV-ERBα expression predicts poor clinical outcome for N-MYC-driven human neuroblastomas that have diminished BMAL1 expression, and re-expression of ectopic BMAL1 in neuroblastoma cell lines suppresses their clonogenicity. Further, ectopic MYC profoundly alters oscillation of glucose metabolism and perturbs glutaminolysis. Our results demonstrate an unsuspected link between oncogenic transformation and circadian and metabolic dysrhythmia, which we surmise to be advantageous for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Altman
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Annie L Hsieh
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arjun Sengupta
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Saikumari Y Krishnanaiah
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zachary E Stine
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zandra E Walton
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arvin M Gouw
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anand Venkataraman
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Sharon J Diskin
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David I Bellovin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John M Maris
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chi V Dang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Li Y, Choi PS, Casey SC, Dill DL, Felsher DW. Abstract PR13: miR-17-92 mediates MYC oncogene addiction. Mol Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.myc15-pr13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The MYC oncogene is frequently overexpressed in human cancers. MYC can transcriptionally and translationally regulate the expression of thousands of genes. However, it was unclear which specific genes are responsible for MYC to maintain a neoplastic state. The microRNA cluster miR-17-92 is a major MYC target gene known to regulate proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis, which are several of the key phenotypes associated with MYC oncogene addiction. The resemblance of biological functions between MYC and miR-17-92 thus evoked the hypothesis that miR-17-92 is causally responsible for at least part of the mechanism by which MYC maintains a neoplastic state. We have found that miR-17-92 regulates multiple histone modifiers, such as Sin3b, Hbp1, Suv420h1, and Btg1, as well as the apoptosis regulator Bim, to maintain autonomous proliferation, survival, and self-renewal of MYC-driven tumors. Conversely, MYC inactivation downregulates the expression of miR-17-92 and results in the loss of neoplastic features as a consequence of restoration of senescence, apoptosis, and differentiation. Thus, the expression of miR-17-92 can dictate the cellular fates of MYC-driven tumors between survival versus apoptosis and proliferation versus senescence. Our findings provide a mechanistic insight into why tumors are dependent on or addicted to MYC.
Citation Format: Yulin Li, Peter S. Choi, Stephanie C. Casey, David L. Dill, Dean W. Felsher. miR-17-92 mediates MYC oncogene addiction. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Myc: From Biology to Therapy; Jan 7-10, 2015; La Jolla, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2015;13(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PR13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Das B, Das B, Li H, Li H, Bhuyan R, Felsher DW. Abstract PR14: HIF-2alpha regulates self-renewal of MYC dependent cancer stem cells. Mol Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.myc15-pr14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Numerous studies report that both hematopoietic and some solid tumors are organized in a hierarchical manner where tumor growth is driven by a small subset of cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, the distinct molecular identity of CSC versus non-CSC is not yet clearly known, which limit our understanding on how CSC self-renewal pathways operate to drive tumorigenicity. Here, we report that MYC and HIF-2alpha co-operate to maintain distinct identity and self-renewal capacity of CSCs. In a transgenic mouse model of conditional MYC driven thymic lymphoma, we identified a Sca-1+ cell population that showed tumor stemness (self-renewal and undifferentiation state) phenotype, including high expression of Nanog, Sox2 and HIF-2alpha. When injected to congenic mice, Sca-1+ cells but not Sca-1- cells exhibited hierarchical organization including self-renewal capacity. ChIP assay revealed direct MYC binding of HIF-2alpha promoter region in Sca-1+ but not in the Sca-1- cells. Inhibition of HIF-2alpha led to increase ROS generation, decrease of GSH synthesis, differentiation, and loss of self-renewal capacity of Sca-1+ cells. In contrast, inhibition of HIF-2alpha had no phenotypic effect on Sca-1- cells. Thus, we have identified a distinct CSC population in MYC dependent cancer cells, where MYC preferentially binds to HIF-2alpha to maintain self-renewal capacity.
Citation Format: Bikul Das, Bikul Das, Hong Li, Hong Li, Rashmi Bhuyan, Dean W. Felsher. HIF-2alpha regulates self-renewal of MYC dependent cancer stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Myc: From Biology to Therapy; Jan 7-10, 2015; La Jolla, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2015;13(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PR14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikul Das
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | | | - Hong Li
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | - Hong Li
- 2Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Rashmi Bhuyan
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
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