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Miao YR, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Therapeutic targeting of the functionally elusive TAM receptor family. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:201-217. [PMID: 38092952 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The TAM receptor family of TYRO3, AXL and MERTK regulates tissue and immune homeostasis. Aberrant TAM receptor signalling has been linked to a range of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and viral infections. Specifically, the dysregulation of TAM receptors can enhance tumour growth and metastasis due to their involvement in multiple oncogenic pathways. For example, TAM receptors have been implicated in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, maintaining the stem cell phenotype, immune modulation, proliferation, angiogenesis and resistance to conventional and targeted therapies. Therapeutically, multiple TAM receptor inhibitors are in preclinical and clinical development for cancers and other indications, with those targeting AXL being the most clinically advanced. Although there has been notable clinical advancement in recent years, challenges persist. This Review aims to provide both biological and clinical insights into the current therapeutic landscape of TAM receptor inhibitors, and evaluates their potential for the treatment of cancer and non-malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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2
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Beach C, MacLean D, Majorova D, Melemenidis S, Nambiar DK, Kim RK, Valbuena GN, Guglietta S, Krieg C, Darvish-Damavandi M, Suwa T, Easton A, Hillson LV, McCulloch AK, McMahon RK, Pennel K, Edwards J, O’Cathail SM, Roxburgh CS, Domingo E, Moon EJ, Jiang D, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Koong AC, Woodruff TM, Graves EE, Maughan T, Buczacki SJ, Stucki M, Le QT, Leedham SJ, Giaccia AJ, Olcina MM. Improving radiotherapy in immunosuppressive microenvironments by targeting complement receptor C5aR1. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e168277. [PMID: 37824211 PMCID: PMC10688992 DOI: 10.1172/jci168277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunosuppressive microenvironment causes poor tumor T cell infiltration and is associated with reduced patient overall survival in colorectal cancer. How to improve treatment responses in these tumors is still a challenge. Using an integrated screening approach to identify cancer-specific vulnerabilities, we identified complement receptor C5aR1 as a druggable target, which when inhibited improved radiotherapy, even in tumors displaying immunosuppressive features and poor CD8+ T cell infiltration. While C5aR1 is well-known for its role in the immune compartment, we found that C5aR1 is also robustly expressed on malignant epithelial cells, highlighting potential tumor cell-specific functions. C5aR1 targeting resulted in increased NF-κB-dependent apoptosis specifically in tumors and not normal tissues, indicating that, in malignant cells, C5aR1 primarily regulated cell fate. Collectively, these data revealed that increased complement gene expression is part of the stress response mounted by irradiated tumors and that targeting C5aR1 could improve radiotherapy, even in tumors displaying immunosuppressive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Beach
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David MacLean
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Majorova
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stavros Melemenidis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dhanya K. Nambiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ryan K. Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gabriel N. Valbuena
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Guglietta
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology
- Hollings Cancer Center, and
| | - Carsten Krieg
- Hollings Cancer Center, and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Tatsuya Suwa
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Easton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lily V.S. Hillson
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ross K. McMahon
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Pennel
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sean M. O’Cathail
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Enric Domingo
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dadi Jiang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Qingyang Zhang
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Albert C. Koong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward E. Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tim Maughan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J.A. Buczacki
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Stucki
- Department of Gynecology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Simon J. Leedham
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Monica M. Olcina
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Gynecology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
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Bouchard G, Zhang W, Li I, Ilerten I, Bhattacharya A, Li Y, Trope W, Shrager JB, Kuo C, Tian L, Giaccia AJ, Plevritis SK. The colocatome as a spatial -omic reveals shared microenvironment features between tumour-stroma assembloids and human lung cancer. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.11.557278. [PMID: 37745466 PMCID: PMC10515823 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Computational frameworks to quantify and compare microenvironment spatial features of in-vitro patient-derived models and clinical specimens are needed. Here, we acquired and analysed multiplexed immunofluorescence images of human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) alongside tumour-stroma assembloids constructed with organoids and fibroblasts harvested from the leading edge (Tumour-Adjacent Fibroblasts;TAFs) or core (Tumour Core Fibroblasts;TCFs) of human LUAD. We introduce the concept of the "colocatome" as a spatial -omic dimension to catalogue all proximate and distant colocalisations between malignant and fibroblast subpopulations in both the assembloids and clinical specimens. The colocatome expands upon the colocalisation quotient (CLQ) through a nomalisation strategy that involves permutation analysis and thereby allows comparisons of CLQs under different conditions. Using colocatome analysis, we report that both TAFs and TCFs protected cancer cells from targeted oncogene treatment by uniquely reorganising the tumour-stroma cytoarchitecture, rather than by promoting cellular heterogeneity or selection. Moreover, we show that the assembloids' colocatome recapitulates the tumour-stroma cytoarchitecture defining the tumour microenvironment of LUAD clinical samples and thereby can serve as a functional spatial readout to guide translational discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Bouchard
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weiruo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irene Li
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ilayda Ilerten
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Asmita Bhattacharya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Winston Trope
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph B Shrager
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin Kuo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sylvia K Plevritis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Leszczynska KB, Dzwigonska M, Estephan H, Moehlenbrink J, Bowler E, Giaccia AJ, Mieczkowski J, Kaminska B, Hammond EM. Hypoxia-mediated regulation of DDX5 through decreased chromatin accessibility and post-translational targeting restricts R-loop accumulation. Mol Oncol 2023. [PMID: 37013907 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Local hypoxia occurs in most solid tumors and is associated with aggressive disease and therapy resistance. Widespread changes in gene expression play a critical role in the biological response to hypoxia. However, most research has focused on hypoxia-inducible genes as opposed to those which are decreased in hypoxia. We demonstrate that chromatin accessibility is decreased in hypoxia, predominantly at gene promoters and specific pathways are impacted including DNA repair, splicing and the R-loop interactome. One of the genes with decreased chromatin accessibility in hypoxia was DDX5, encoding the RNA helicase, DDX5, which showed reduced expression in various cancer cell lines in hypoxic conditions, tumor xenografts and in patient samples with hypoxic tumors. Most interestingly, we found that when DDX5 is rescued in hypoxia, replication stress and R-loop levels accumulate further, demonstrating that hypoxia-mediated repression of DDX5 restricts R-loop accumulation. Together these data support the hypothesis that a critical part of the biological response to hypoxia is the repression of multiple R-loop processing factors, however, as shown for DDX5, their role is specific and distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna B Leszczynska
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dzwigonska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hala Estephan
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jutta Moehlenbrink
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bowler
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jakub Mieczkowski
- 3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ester M Hammond
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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Chiu CL, Li CG, Verschueren E, Wen RM, Zhang D, Gordon CA, Zhao H, Giaccia AJ, Brooks JD. NUSAP1 Binds ILF2 to Modulate R-Loop Accumulation and DNA Damage in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6258. [PMID: 37047232 PMCID: PMC10093842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of NUSAP1 has been identified as a robust prognostic biomarker in prostate cancer and other malignancies. We have previously shown that NUSAP1 is positively regulated by E2F1 and promotes cancer invasion and metastasis. To further understand the biological function of NUSAP1, we used affinity purification and mass spectrometry proteomic analysis to identify NUSAP1 interactors. We identified 85 unique proteins in the NUSAP1 interactome, including ILF2, DHX9, and other RNA-binding proteins. Using proteomic approaches, we uncovered a function for NUSAP1 in maintaining R-loops and in DNA damage response through its interaction with ILF2. Co-immunoprecipitation and colocalization using confocal microscopy verified the interactions of NUSAP1 with ILF2 and DHX9, and RNA/DNA hybrids. We showed that the microtubule and charged helical domains of NUSAP1 were necessary for the protein-protein interactions. Depletion of ILF2 alone further increased camptothecin-induced R-loop accumulation and DNA damage, and NUSAP1 depletion abolished this effect. In human prostate adenocarcinoma, NUSAP1 and ILF2 mRNA expression levels are positively correlated, elevated, and associated with poor clinical outcomes. Our study identifies a novel role for NUSAP1 in regulating R-loop formation and accumulation in response to DNA damage through its interactions with ILF2 and hence provides a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lung Chiu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caiyun G. Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erik Verschueren
- ULUA Besloten Vennootschap, Arendstraat 29, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ru M. Wen
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dalin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Medical Research Council/Cancer Research United Kingdom Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - James D. Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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6
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Klasson TD, LaGory EL, Zhao H, Huynh SK, Papandreou I, Moon EJ, Giaccia AJ. ACSL3 regulates lipid droplet biogenesis and ferroptosis sensitivity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:14. [PMID: 36192773 PMCID: PMC9528056 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the predominant subtype of kidney cancer, possesses characteristic alterations to multiple metabolic pathways, including the accumulation of cytosolic lipid droplets. However, the pathways that drive lipid droplet accumulation in ccRCC cells and their importance to cancer biology remain poorly understood. Methods We sought to identify the carbon sources necessary for lipid droplet accumulation using Oil red O staining and isotope-tracing lipidomics. The role of the acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL) family members, an important group of lipid metabolic enzymes, was investigated using siRNA and drug mediated inhibition. CTB and XTT assays were performed to determine the effect of ACSL3 knockdown and lipid starvation on ccRCC cell viability and shRNA was used to study the effect of ACSL3 in an orthotopic mouse model. The relationship between ferroptosis susceptibility of ccRCC and ACSL3 controlled lipid metabolism was examined using CTB and FACS-based assays. The importance of 5-LOX in ferroptosis susceptibility in ccRCC was shown with XTT survival assays, and the expression level and predictive value of 5-LOX in TCGA ccRCC data was assessed. Results We found that ccRCC cells obtain the necessary substrates for lipid droplet accumulation by metabolizing exogenous serum derived lipids and not through de novo lipogenesis. We show that this metabolism of exogenous fatty acids into lipid droplets requires the enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase 3 (ACSL3) and not other ACSL family proteins. Importantly, genetic or pharmacologic suppression of ACSL3 is cytotoxic to ccRCC cells in vitro and causes a reduction of tumor weight in an orthotopic mouse model. Conversely, ACSL3 inhibition decreases the susceptibility of ccRCC cells to ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death involving lipid peroxidation. The sensitivity of ccRCC to ferroptosis is also highly dependent on the composition of exogenous fatty acids and on 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), a leukotriene producing enzyme which produces lipid peroxides that have been implicated in other cancers but not in ccRCC. Conclusions ACSL3 regulates the accumulation of lipid droplets in ccRCC and is essential for tumor growth. In addition, ACSL3 also modulates ferroptosis sensitivity in a manner dependent on the composition of exogenous fatty acids. Both functions of ACSL3 could be exploited for ccRCC therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40170-022-00290-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Klasson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Star K Huynh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ioanna Papandreou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building (ORCRB), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building (ORCRB), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Miao YR, Thakkar K, Cenik C, Jiang D, Mizuno K, Jia C, Li CG, Zhao H, Diep A, Xu Y, Zhang XE, Yang TTC, Liedtke M, Abidi P, Leung WS, Koong AC, Giaccia AJ. Developing high-affinity decoy receptors to treat multiple myeloma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213366. [PMID: 35881112 PMCID: PMC9428257 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease relapse and treatment-induced immunotoxicity pose significant clinical challenges for patients with hematological cancers. Here, we reveal distinctive requirements for neutralizing TNF receptor ligands APRIL and BAFF and their receptor activity in MM and DLBCL, impacting protein translation and production in MM cells and modulating the translation efficiency of the ATM interactor (ATMIN/ACSIZ). Therapeutically, we investigated the use of BCMA decoy receptor (sBCMA-Fc) as an inhibitor of APRIL and BAFF. While wild-type sBCMA-Fc effectively blocked APRIL signaling in MM, it lacked activity in DLBCL due to its weak BAFF binding. To expand the therapeutic utility of sBCMA-Fc, we engineered an affinity-enhanced mutant sBCMA-Fc fusion molecule (sBCMA-Fc V3) 4- and 500-fold stronger in binding to APRIL and BAFF, respectively. The mutant sBCMA-Fc V3 clone significantly enhanced antitumor activity against both MM and DLBCL. Importantly, we also demonstrated an adequate toxicity profile and on-target mechanism of action in nonhuman primate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Kaushik Thakkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Can Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Dadi Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kazue Mizuno
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Caiyun Grace Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Anh Diep
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Xin Eric Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Michaela Liedtke
- Department of Medicine (Hematology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Parveen Abidi
- Department of Medicine (Hematology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Wing-Sze Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Albert C Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Sodji QH, Nambiar DK, Viswanathan V, von Eyben R, Colburg D, Binkley MS, Li CG, Olcina MM, Chang DT, Le QT, Giaccia AJ. The Combination of Radiotherapy and Complement C3a Inhibition Potentiates Natural Killer cell Functions Against Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res Commun 2022; 2:725-738. [PMID: 35937458 PMCID: PMC9354534 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, against which current immunotherapy strategies are not effective. Herein, we analyzed the immune cell composition of the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas and found that the presence of intratumoral NK cells correlates with survival. Subsequent analysis also indicated that NK cell exclusion from the microenvironment is found in a high percentage of clinical pancreatic cancers and in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. Mechanistically, NK cell exclusion is regulated in part by complement C3a and its receptor signaling. Inhibition of the C3a receptor enhances NK cell infiltration in syngeneic mouse models of pancreatic cancer resulting in tumor growth delay. However, tumor growth inhibition mediated by NK cells is not sufficient alone for complete tumor regression, but is potentiated when combined with radiation therapy. Our findings indicate that although C3a inhibition is a promising approach to enhance NK cell-based immunotherapy against pancreatic cancer, its combination with radiation therapy hold greater therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaovi H. Sodji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Corresponding Authors: Amato J. Giaccia, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CCSR South Room 1255, Stanford CA, 94305-5152. Phone: 650-723-7311; E-mail: ; . Quaovi H. Sodji, Department of Radiation Oncology, 875 Blake Wilbur Dr. Stanford University, Stanford CA, 94305-5847. Phone: 650-723-7311; E-mail:
| | - Dhanya K. Nambiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Vignesh Viswanathan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Deana Colburg
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael S. Binkley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Caiyun G. Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Monica M. Olcina
- MRC/CRUK Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T. Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- MRC/CRUK Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Corresponding Authors: Amato J. Giaccia, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CCSR South Room 1255, Stanford CA, 94305-5152. Phone: 650-723-7311; E-mail: ; . Quaovi H. Sodji, Department of Radiation Oncology, 875 Blake Wilbur Dr. Stanford University, Stanford CA, 94305-5847. Phone: 650-723-7311; E-mail:
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9
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Eke I, Aryankalayil MJ, Bylicky MA, Sandfort V, Vanpouille-Box C, Nandagopal S, Graves EE, Giaccia AJ, Coleman CN. Long-term expression changes of immune-related genes in prostate cancer after radiotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:839-850. [PMID: 34435232 PMCID: PMC8873240 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03036-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The expression of immune-related genes in cancer cells can alter the anti-tumor immune response and thereby impact patient outcomes. Radiotherapy has been shown to modulate immune-related genes dependent on the fractionation regimen. To identify long-term changes in gene expression after irradiation, PC3 (p53 deleted) and LNCaP (p53 wildtype) prostate cancer cells were irradiated with either a single dose (SD, 10 Gy) or a fractionated regimen (MF) of 10 fractions (1 Gy per fraction). Whole human genome arrays were used to determine gene expression at 24 h and 2 months after irradiation. Immune pathway activation was analyzed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Additionally, 3D colony formation assays and T-cell cytotoxicity assays were performed. LNCaP had a higher basal expression of immunogenic genes and was more efficiently killed by cytotoxic T-cells compared to PC3. In both cell lines, MF irradiation resulted in an increase in multiple immune-related genes immediately after irradiation, while at 2 months, SD irradiation had a more pronounced effect on radiation-induced gene expression. Both immunogenic and immunosuppressive genes were upregulated in the long term in PC3 cells by a 10 Gy SD irradiation but not in LNCaP. T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly increased in 10 Gy SD PC3 cells compared to the unirradiated control and could be further enhanced by treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Irradiation impacts the expression of immune-related genes in cancer cells in a fractionation-dependent manner. Understanding and targeting these changes may be a promising strategy for primary prostate cancer and recurrent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr., Room 1260, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michelle A Bylicky
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Veit Sandfort
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Saravanan Nandagopal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr., Room 1260, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr., Room 1260, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr., Room 1260, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX37DQ, UK
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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10
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Bouchard G, Garcia Marques FJ, Karacosta LG, Zhang W, Bermudez A, Riley NM, Varma S, Mehl LC, Benson JA, Shrager JB, Bertozzi CR, Pitteri S, Giaccia AJ, Plevritis SK. Multiomics Analysis of Spatially Distinct Stromal Cells Reveals Tumor-Induced O-Glycosylation of the CDK4-pRB Axis in Fibroblasts at the Invasive Tumor Edge. Cancer Res 2022; 82:648-664. [PMID: 34853070 PMCID: PMC9075699 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The invasive leading edge represents a potential gateway for tumor metastasis. The role of fibroblasts from the tumor edge in promoting cancer invasion and metastasis has not been comprehensively elucidated. We hypothesize that cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment results in activation of key biological pathways depending on their position in the tumor (edge vs. core). Here we highlight phenotypic differences between tumor-adjacent-fibroblasts (TAF) from the invasive edge and tumor core fibroblasts from the tumor core, established from human lung adenocarcinomas. A multiomics approach that includes genomics, proteomics, and O-glycoproteomics was used to characterize cross-talk between TAFs and cancer cells. These analyses showed that O-glycosylation, an essential posttranslational modification resulting from sugar metabolism, alters key biological pathways including the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein axis in the stroma and indirectly modulates proinvasive features of cancer cells. In summary, the O-glycoproteome represents a new consideration for important biological processes involved in tumor-stroma cross-talk and a potential avenue to improve the anticancer efficacy of CDK4 inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE A multiomics analysis of spatially distinct fibroblasts establishes the importance of the stromal O-glycoproteome in tumor-stroma interactions at the leading edge and provides potential strategies to improve cancer treatment. See related commentary by De Wever, p. 537.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Bouchard
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Weiruo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abel Bermudez
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto CA, 94304, USA
| | | | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Jalen Anthony Benson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph B Shrager
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Sharon Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto CA, 94304, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sylvia Katina Plevritis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto CA, 94304, USA
- Corresponding author; Sylvia K. Plevritis, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Room S255, Stanford, CA 94305. Phone: 650- 498-5261; Fax: 650-498-5261;
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11
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Nandagopal S, Li CG, Xu Y, Sodji QH, Graves EE, Giaccia AJ. C3aR Signaling Inhibits NK-cell Infiltration into the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:245-258. [PMID: 34819308 PMCID: PMC9351714 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many solid tumors have low levels of cytotoxic CD56dim natural killer (NK) cells, suggesting that CD56dim NK-cell exclusion from the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to the decreased response rate of immunotherapy. Complement component 3a (C3a) is known for its tumor-promoting and immunosuppressive roles in solid tumors. Previous reports have implicated the involvement of the C3a receptor (C3aR) in immune cell trafficking into the TME. C3aR is predominantly expressed on the surface of activated cytotoxic NK cells, but a specific role for C3aR in NK-cell biology has not been investigated. Because solid tumors generate elevated C3a and have decreased NK-cell infiltration, we hypothesized that C3aR might play a role in cytotoxic NK-cell recruitment into the TME. Our results indicate that blocking C3aR signaling in NK cells increased NK-cell infiltration into the TME in mouse models and led to tumor regression. Because the critical lymphocyte trafficking integrin LFA-1 orchestrates the migration of activated NK cells, we wanted to gain insight into the interaction between C3aR signaling and LFA-1. Our results demonstrated that direct interaction between C3aR and LFA-1, which led to a high-affinity LFA-1 conformation, decreased NK-cell infiltration into the TME. We propose that approaches to enhance cytotoxic NK-cell infiltration into the TME, through either disrupting C3a and C3aR interaction or inhibiting the formation of high-affinity LFA-1, represent a new strategy to improve the efficiency of immunotherapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Nandagopal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Caiyun G Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, California
| | - Quaovi H Sodji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
- MRC/CRUK Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Ha B, Kim TJ, Moon E, Giaccia AJ, Pratx G. Flow radiocytometry using droplet optofluidics. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 194:113565. [PMID: 34492500 PMCID: PMC8530933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flow-based cytometry methods are widely used to analyze heterogeneous cell populations. However, their use for small molecule studies remains limited due to bulky fluorescent labels that often interfere with biochemical activity in cells. In contrast, radiotracers require minimal modification of their target molecules and can track biochemical processes with negligible interference and high specificity. Here, we introduce flow radiocytometry (FRCM) that broadens the scope of current cytometry methods to include beta-emitting radiotracers as probes for single cell studies. FRCM uses droplet microfluidics and radiofluorogenesis to translate the radioactivity of single cells into a fluorescent signal that is then read out using a high-throughput optofluidic device. As a proof of concept, we quantitated [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose radiotracer uptake in single human breast cancer cells and successfully assessed the metabolic flux of glucose and its heterogeneity at the cellular level. We believe FRCM has potential applications ranging from analytical assays for cancer and other diseases to development of small-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghang Ha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-3011, USA.
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA
| | - Ejung Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA.
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13
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Ruan JL, Lee C, Wouters S, Tullis IDC, Verslegers M, Mysara M, Then CK, Smart SC, Hill MA, Muschel RJ, Giaccia AJ, Vojnovic B, Kiltie AE, Petersson K. Irradiation at Ultra-High (FLASH) Dose Rates Reduces Acute Normal Tissue Toxicity in the Mouse Gastrointestinal System. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:1250-1261. [PMID: 34400268 PMCID: PMC7612009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preclinical studies using ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) irradiation have demonstrated reduced normal tissue toxicity compared with conventional dose rate (CONV) irradiation, although this finding is not universal. We investigated the effect of temporal pulse structure and average dose rate of FLASH compared with CONV irradiation on acute intestinal toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole abdomens of C3H mice were irradiated with a single fraction to various doses, using a 6 MeV electron linear accelerator with single pulse FLASH (dose rate = 2-6 × 106 Gy/s) or conventional (CONV; 0.25 Gy/s) irradiation. At 3.75 days postirradiation, fresh feces were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in the gut microbiota. A Swiss roll-based crypt assay was used to quantify acute damage to the intestinal crypts to determine how tissue toxicity was affected by the different temporal pulse structures of FLASH delivery. RESULTS We found statistically significant improvements in crypt survival for mice irradiated with FLASH at doses between 7.5 and 12.5 Gy, with a dose modifying factor of 1.1 for FLASH (7.5 Gy, P < .01; 10 Gy, P < .05; 12.5 Gy, P < .01). This sparing effect was lost when the delivery time was increased, either by increasing the number of irradiation pulses or by prolonging the time between 2 successive pulses. Sparing was observed for average dose rates of ≥280 Gy/s. Fecal microbiome analysis showed that FLASH irradiation caused fewer changes to the microbiota than CONV irradiation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that FLASH irradiation can spare mouse small intestinal crypts and reduce changes in gut microbiome composition compared with CONV irradiation. The higher the average dose rate, the larger the FLASH effect, which is also influenced by temporal pulse structure of the delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Ruan
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Lee
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shari Wouters
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium; Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology and Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Iain D C Tullis
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Mysara
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Chee Kin Then
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean C Smart
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Hill
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Kiltie
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristoffer Petersson
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom; Radiation Physics, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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14
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Rossen NS, Kyrsting A, Giaccia AJ, Erler JT, Oddershede LB. Fiber finding algorithm using stepwise tracing to identify biopolymer fibers in noisy 3D images. Biophys J 2021; 120:3860-3868. [PMID: 34411578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel fiber finding algorithm (FFA) that will permit researchers to detect and return traces of individual biopolymers. Determining the biophysical properties and structural cues of biopolymers can permit researchers to assess the progression and severity of disease. Confocal microscopy images are a useful method for observing biopolymer structures in three dimensions, but their utility for identifying individual biopolymers is impaired by noise inherent in the acquisition process, including convolution from the point spread function (PSF). The new, iterative FFA we present here 1) measures a microscope's PSF and uses it as a metric for identifying fibers against the background; 2) traces each fiber within a cone angle; and 3) blots out the identified trace before identifying another fiber. Blotting out the identified traces in each iteration allows the FFA to detect and return traces of single fibers accurately and efficiently-even within fiber bundles. We used the FFA to trace unlabeled collagen type I fibers-a biopolymer used to mimic the extracellular matrix in in vitro cancer assays-imaged by confocal reflectance microscopy in three dimensions, enabling quantification of fiber contour length, persistence length, and three-dimensional (3D) mesh size. Based on 3D confocal reflectance microscopy images and the PSF, we traced and measured the fibers to confirm that colder gelation temperatures increased fiber contour length, persistence length, and 3D mesh size-thereby demonstrating the FFA's use in quantifying biopolymers' structural and physical cues from noisy microscope images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninna Struck Rossen
- Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Kyrsting
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Janine Terra Erler
- Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Miao YR, Thakkar KN, Qian J, Kariolis MS, Huang W, Nandagopal S, Yang TTC, Diep AN, Cherf GM, Xu Y, Moon EJ, Xiao Y, Alemany H, Li T, Yu W, Wei B, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Neutralization of PD-L2 is Essential for Overcoming Immune Checkpoint Blockade Resistance in Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4435-4448. [PMID: 34011561 PMCID: PMC8338886 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer represents a major clinical hurdle for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), with reported low patient response rates. We found that the immune checkpoint ligand PD-L2 is robustly expressed in patient samples of ovarian cancers and other malignancies exhibiting suboptimal response to ICB but not in cancers that are ICB sensitive. Therefore, we hypothesize that PD-L2 can facilitate immune escape from ICB through incomplete blockade of the PD-1 signaling pathway. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We engineered a soluble form of the PD-1 receptor (sPD-1) capable of binding and neutralizing both PD-L2 and PD-L1 with ×200 and ×10,000 folds improvement in binding affinity over wild-type PD-1 leading to superior inhibition of ligand-mediated PD-1 activities. RESULTS Both in vitro and in vivo analyses performed in this study demonstrated that the high-affinity sPD-1 molecule is superior at blocking both PD-L1- and PD-L2-mediated immune evasion and reducing tumor growth in immune-competent murine models of ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this study provide justification for using a dual targeting, high-affinity sPD-1 receptor as an alternative to PD-1 or PD-L1 therapeutic antibodies for achieving superior therapeutic efficacy in cancers expressing both PD-L2 and PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kaushik N Thakkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mihalis S Kariolis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Wei Huang
- ChemPartner Shanghai, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Saravanan Nandagopal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Anh N Diep
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Gerald Maxwell Cherf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yiren Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Haizea Alemany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Tiane Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- China PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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16
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Mehibel M, Xu Y, Li CG, Moon EJ, Thakkar KN, Diep AN, Kim RK, Bloomstein JD, Xiao Y, Bacal J, Saldivar JC, Le QT, Cimprich KA, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Eliminating hypoxic tumor cells improves response to PARP inhibitors in homologous recombination-deficient cancer models. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146256. [PMID: 34060485 PMCID: PMC8266208 DOI: 10.1172/jci146256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a hallmark feature of the tumor microenvironment, causes resistance to conventional chemotherapy, but was recently reported to synergize with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) in homologous recombination-proficient (HR-proficient) cells through suppression of HR. While this synergistic killing occurs under severe hypoxia (<0.5% oxygen), our study shows that moderate hypoxia (2% oxygen) instead promotes PARPi resistance in both HR-proficient and -deficient cancer cells. Mechanistically, we identify reduced ROS-induced DNA damage as the cause for the observed resistance. To determine the contribution of hypoxia to PARPi resistance in tumors, we used the hypoxic cytotoxin tirapazamine to selectively kill hypoxic tumor cells. We found that the selective elimination of hypoxic tumor cells led to a substantial antitumor response when used with PARPi compared with that in tumors treated with PARPi alone, without enhancing normal tissue toxicity. Since human breast cancers with BRAC1/2 mutations have an increased hypoxia signature and hypoxia reduces the efficacy of PARPi, then eliminating hypoxic tumor cells should enhance the efficacy of PARPi therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Mehibel
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yu Xu
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Caiyun G. Li
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kaushik N. Thakkar
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anh N. Diep
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ryan K. Kim
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joshua D. Bloomstein
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yiren Xiao
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Julien Bacal
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joshua C. Saldivar
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Karlene A. Cimprich
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Erinn B. Rankin
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Hettie KS, Klockow JL, Moon EJ, Giaccia AJ, Chin FT. A NIR fluorescent smart probe for imaging tumor hypoxia. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4:e1384. [PMID: 33811473 PMCID: PMC8551997 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor hypoxia is a characteristic of paramount importance due to low oxygenation levels in tissue negatively correlating with resistance to traditional therapies. The ability to noninvasively identify such could provide for personalized treatment(s) and enhance survival rates. Accordingly, we recently developed an NIR fluorescent hypoxia-sensitive smart probe (NO2 -Rosol) for identifying hypoxia via selectively imaging nitroreductase (NTR) activity, which could correlate to oxygen deprivation levels in cells, thereby serving as a proxy. We demonstrated proof of concept by subjecting a glioblastoma (GBM) cell line to extreme stress by evaluating such under radiobiological hypoxic (pO2 ≤ ~0.5%) conditions, which is a far cry from representative levels for hypoxia for brain glioma (pO2 = ~1.7%) which fluctuate little from physiological hypoxic (pO2 = 1.0-3.0%) conditions. AIM We aimed to evaluate the robustness, suitability, and feasibility of NO2 -Rosol for imaging hypoxia in vitro and in vivo via assessing NTR activity in diverse GBM models under relevant oxygenation levels (pO2 = 2.0%) within physiological hypoxic conditions that mimic oxygenation levels in GBM tumor tissue in the brain. METHODS We evaluated multiple GBM cell lines to determine their relative sensitivity to oxygenation levels via measuring carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) levels, which is a surrogate marker for indirectly identifying hypoxia by reporting on oxygen deprivation levels and upregulated NTR activity. We evaluated for hypoxia via measuring NTR activity when employing NO2 -Rosol in in vitro and tumor hypoxia imaging studies in vivo. RESULTS The GBM39 cell line demonstrated the highest CAIX expression under hypoxic conditions representing that of GBM in the brain. NO2 -Rosol displayed an 8-fold fluorescence enhancement when evaluated in GBM39 cells (pO2 = 2.0%), thereby establishing its robustness and suitability for imaging hypoxia under relevant physiological conditions. We demonstrated the feasibility of NO2 -Rosol to afford tumor hypoxia imaging in vivo via it demonstrating a tumor-to-background of 5 upon (i) diffusion throughout, (ii) bioreductive activation by NTR activity in, and (iii) retention within, GBM39 tumor tissue. CONCLUSION We established the robustness, suitability, and feasibility of NO2 -Rosol for imaging hypoxia under relevant oxygenation levels in vitro and in vivo via assessing NTR activity in GBM39 models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Hettie
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jessica L Klockow
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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18
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Grachan JJ, Kery M, Giaccia AJ, Denko NC, Papandreou I. Lipid droplet storage promotes murine pancreatic tumor growth. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:21. [PMID: 33649859 PMCID: PMC8889526 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia Inducible Lipid Droplet Associated (HILPDA) is frequently overexpressed in tumors and promotes neutral lipid storage. The impact of Hilpda on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor growth is not known. In order to evaluate Hilpda‑dependent lipid storage mechanisms, expression of Hilpda in murine pancreatic cells (KPC) was genetically manipulated. Lipid droplet (LD) abundance and triglyceride content in vitro were measured, and model tumor growth in nu/nu mice was determined. The results showed that excess lipid supply increased triglyceride storage and LD formation in KPC cells in a HILPDA‑dependent manner. Contrary to published results, inhibition of Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL) did not ameliorate the triglyceride abundance differences between Hilpda WT and KO cells. Hilpda ablation significantly decreased the growth rate of model tumors in immunocompromised mice. In conclusion, Hilpda is a positive regulator of triglyceride storage and lipid droplet formation in murine pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and lipid accumulation and tumor growth in vivo. Our data suggest that deregulated ATGL is not responsible for the absence of LDs in KO cells in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Grachan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Martin Kery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Denko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ioanna Papandreou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence to: Dr Ioanna Papandreou, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, E-mail:
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19
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Cui L, Gouw AM, LaGory EL, Guo S, Attarwala N, Tang Y, Qi J, Chen YS, Gao Z, Casey KM, Bazhin AA, Chen M, Hu L, Xie J, Fang M, Zhang C, Zhu Q, Wang Z, Giaccia AJ, Gambhir SS, Zhu W, Felsher DW, Pegram MD, Goun EA, Le A, Rao J. Mitochondrial copper depletion suppresses triple-negative breast cancer in mice. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:357-367. [PMID: 33077961 PMCID: PMC7956242 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of mitochondrial copper, which shifts metabolism from respiration to glycolysis and reduces energy production, is known to be effective against cancer types that depend on oxidative phosphorylation. However, existing copper chelators are too toxic or ineffective for cancer treatment. Here we develop a safe, mitochondria-targeted, copper-depleting nanoparticle (CDN) and test it against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We show that CDNs decrease oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation, cause a metabolic switch to glycolysis and reduce ATP production in TNBC cells. This energy deficiency, together with compromised mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated oxidative stress, results in apoptosis. CDNs should be less toxic than existing copper chelators because they favorably deprive copper in the mitochondria in cancer cells instead of systemic depletion. Indeed, we demonstrate low toxicity of CDNs in healthy mice. In three mouse models of TNBC, CDN administration inhibits tumor growth and substantially improves survival. The efficacy and safety of CDNs suggest the potential clinical relevance of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Cui
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arvin M Gouw
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shenghao Guo
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nabeel Attarwala
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhou Gao
- Genetics Bioinformatics Service Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kerriann M Casey
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arkadiy A Bazhin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leeann Hu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jinghang Xie
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mingxi Fang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cissy Zhang
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qihua Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weiping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Pegram
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elena A Goun
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Le
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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20
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Tailor D, Going CC, Resendez A, Kumar V, Nambiar DK, Li Y, Dheeraj A, LaGory EL, Ghoochani A, Birk AM, Stoyanova T, Ye J, Giaccia AJ, Le QT, Singh RP, Sledge GW, Pitteri SJ, Malhotra SV. Novel Aza-podophyllotoxin derivative induces oxidative phosphorylation and cell death via AMPK activation in triple-negative breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:604-615. [PMID: 33139797 PMCID: PMC7851402 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To circumvent Warburg effect, several clinical trials for different cancers are utilising a combinatorial approach using metabolic reprogramming and chemotherapeutic agents including metformin. The majority of these metabolic interventions work via indirectly activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to alter cellular metabolism in favour of oxidative phosphorylation over aerobic glycolysis. The effect of these drugs is dependent on glycaemic and insulin conditions. Therefore, development of small molecules, which can activate AMPK, irrespective of the energy state, may be a better approach for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. METHODS Therapeutic effect of SU212 on TNBC cells was examined using in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS We developed and characterised the efficacy of novel AMPK activator (SU212) that selectively induces oxidative phosphorylation and decreases glycolysis in TNBC cells, while not affecting these pathways in normal cells. SU212 accomplished this metabolic reprogramming by activating AMPK independent of energy stress and irrespective of the glycaemic/insulin state. This leads to mitotic phase arrest and apoptosis in TNBC cells. In vivo, SU212 inhibits tumour growth, cancer progression and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS SU212 directly activates AMPK in TNBC cells, but does not hamper glucose metabolism in normal cells. Our study provides compelling preclinical data for further development of SU212 for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanir Tailor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Cell, Development and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Catherine C Going
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Angel Resendez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Dhanya K Nambiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Arpit Dheeraj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Cell, Development and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Edward Lewis LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Ali Ghoochani
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Alisha M Birk
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Jiangbin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Rana P Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - George W Sledge
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sharon J Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Sanjay V Malhotra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
- Department of Cell, Development and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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21
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Nishioka S, Wu PH, Yakabe T, Giaccia AJ, Le QT, Aoyama H, Shimizu S, Shirato H, Onodera Y, Nam JM. Rab27b contributes to radioresistance and exerts a paracrine effect via epiregulin in glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 2:vdaa091. [PMID: 33409495 PMCID: PMC7770522 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is the standard treatment for glioblastoma (GBM). However, radioresistance of GBM cells leads to recurrence and poor patient prognosis. Recent studies suggest that secretion factors have important roles in radioresistance of tumor cells. This study aims to determine whether Rab27b, a small GTPase involved in secretory vesicle trafficking, plays a role in radioresistance of GBM. Methods Microarray analysis, cell viability analysis, apoptosis assay, immunostaining, and in vivo experiments were performed to assess the effect of Rab27b on radioresistance of GBM. We further investigated paracrine effects mediated by Rab27b after X-ray irradiation using coculture systems of glioma cell lines. Results Rab27b was specifically upregulated in irradiated U87MG cells. Furthermore, Rab27b knockdown decreased the proliferation of GBM cells after irradiation. Knockdown of Rab27b in U87MG cells combined with radiation treatment suppressed orthotopic tumor growth in the mouse brain and prolonged the survival of recipient mice. Interestingly, the co-upregulation of Rab27b and epiregulin (EREG), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, correlated with radioresistance in glioma cell lines. Additionally, EREG, which was secreted from U87MG cells via Rab27b-mediated mechanism, activated EGF receptor and contributed to H4 cell proliferation in a paracrine manner. Conclusions Our results show that Rab27b mediates the radioresistance of highly malignant GBM cells. Rab27b promotes the proliferation of adjacent cells through EREG-mediated paracrine signaling after irradiation. Thus, the Rab27b-EREG pathway is a novel potential target to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Nishioka
- Molecular and Cellular Dynamics Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ping-Hsiu Wu
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hidefumi Aoyama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Shimizu
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Radiation Medical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Onodera
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jin-Min Nam
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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22
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Hu MS, Maan ZN, Leavitt T, Hong WX, Rennert RC, Marshall CD, Borrelli MR, Zhu TN, Esquivel M, Zimmermann A, McArdle A, Chung MT, Foster DS, Jones RE, Gurtner GC, Giaccia AJ, Lorenz HP, Weissman IL, Longaker MT. Wounds Inhibit Tumor Growth In Vivo. Ann Surg 2021; 273:173-180. [PMID: 30829705 PMCID: PMC7169436 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the interaction of full thickness excisional wounds and tumors in vivo. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Tumors have been described as wounds that do not heal due to similarities in stromal composition. On the basis of observations of slowed tumor growth after ulceration, we hypothesized that full thickness excisional wounds would inhibit tumor progression in vivo. METHODS To determine the interaction of tumors and wounds, we developed a tumor xenograft/allograft (human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma SAS/mouse breast carcinoma 4T1) wound mouse model. We examined tumor growth with varying temporospatial placement of tumors and wounds or ischemic flap. In addition, we developed a tumor/wound parabiosis model to understand the ability of tumors and wounds to recruit circulating progenitor cells. RESULTS Tumor growth inhibition by full thickness excisional wounds was dose-dependent, maintained by sequential wounding, and relative to distance. This effect was recapitulated by placement of an ischemic flap directly adjacent to a xenograft tumor. Using a parabiosis model, we demonstrated that a healing wound was able to recruit significantly more circulating progenitor cells than a growing tumor. Tumor inhibition by wound was unaffected by presence of an immune response in an immunocompetent model using a mammary carcinoma. Utilizing functional proteomics, we identified 100 proteins differentially expressed in tumors and wounds. CONCLUSION Full thickness excisional wounds have the ability to inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Further research may provide an exact mechanism for this remarkable finding and new advances in wound healing and tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Hu
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Zeshaan N. Maan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Tripp Leavitt
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Wan Xing Hong
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Robert C. Rennert
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Clement D. Marshall
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Mimi R. Borrelli
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ted N. Zhu
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Mikaela Esquivel
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Andrew Zimmermann
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Adrian McArdle
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael T. Chung
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Deshka S. Foster
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ruth Ellen Jones
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Geoffrey C. Gurtner
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - H. Peter Lorenz
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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23
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Wu PH, Onodera Y, Giaccia AJ, Le QT, Shimizu S, Shirato H, Nam JM. Lysosomal trafficking mediated by Arl8b and BORC promotes invasion of cancer cells that survive radiation. Commun Biol 2020; 3:620. [PMID: 33110168 PMCID: PMC7591908 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced invasiveness, a critical determinant of metastasis and poor prognosis, has been observed in cancer cells that survive cancer therapy, including radiotherapy. Here, we show that invasiveness in radiation-surviving cancer cells is associated with alterations in lysosomal exocytosis caused by the enhanced activation of Arl8b, a small GTPase that regulates lysosomal trafficking. The binding of Arl8b with its effector, SKIP, is increased after radiation through regulation of BORC-subunits. Knockdown of Arl8b or BORC-subunits decreases lysosomal exocytosis and the invasiveness of radiation-surviving cells. Notably, high expression of ARL8B and BORC-subunit genes is significantly correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Sp1, an ATM-regulated transcription factor, is found to increase BORC-subunit genes expression after radiation. In vivo experiments show that ablation of Arl8b decreases IR-induced invasive tumor growth and distant metastasis. These findings suggest that BORC-Arl8b-mediated lysosomal trafficking is a target for improving radiotherapy by inhibiting invasive tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hsiu Wu
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Onodera
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shinichi Shimizu
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Radiation Medical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jin-Min Nam
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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24
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Olcina MM, Kim RK, Balanis NG, Li CG, von Eyben R, Graeber TG, Ricklin D, Stucki M, Giaccia AJ. Intracellular C4BPA Levels Regulate NF-κB-Dependent Apoptosis. iScience 2020; 23:101594. [PMID: 33205012 PMCID: PMC7648136 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of innate immunity in cancer is increasingly being recognized with recent reports suggesting tumor cell-intrinsic intracellular functions for innate immunity proteins. However, such functions are often poorly understood, and it is unclear whether these are affected by patient-specific mutations. Here, we show that C4b-binding protein alpha chain (C4BPA), typically thought to reside in the extracellular space, is expressed intracellularly in cancer cells, where it interacts with the NF-κB family member RelA and regulates apoptosis. Interestingly, intracellular C4BPA expression is regulated in a stress- and mutation-dependent manner and C4BPA mutations are associated with improved cancer survival outcome. Using cell lines harboring patient-specific C4BPA mutations, we show that increasing intracellular C4BPA levels correlate with sensitivity to oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, sensitive C4BPA mutants display increased IκBα expression and increased inhibitory IκBα-RelA complex stability. These data suggest a non-canonical intracellular role for C4BPA in regulating NF-κB-dependent apoptosis. C4BPA mutations are associated with improved overall survival in 23 tumor types C4BPA is found, for the first time, to interact with NF-κB family member RelA C4BPA expression is regulated in a mutation- and stress-responsive manner C4BPA has a non-canonical intracellular function in regulating NF-κB signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Olcina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Gynecology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
| | - Ryan K. Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nikolas G. Balanis
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caiyun Grace Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas G. Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Stucki
- Department of Gynecology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
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25
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Xiao Y, Thakkar KN, Zhao H, Broughton J, Li Y, Seoane JA, Diep AN, Metzner TJ, von Eyben R, Dill DL, Brooks JD, Curtis C, Leppert JT, Ye J, Peehl DM, Giaccia AJ, Sinha S, Rankin EB. The m 6A RNA demethylase FTO is a HIF-independent synthetic lethal partner with the VHL tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21441-21449. [PMID: 32817424 PMCID: PMC7474618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000516117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor is a hallmark feature of renal clear cell carcinoma. VHL inactivation results in the constitutive activation of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) HIF-1 and HIF-2 and their downstream targets, including the proangiogenic factors VEGF and PDGF. However, antiangiogenic agents and HIF-2 inhibitors have limited efficacy in cancer therapy due to the development of resistance. Here we employed an innovative computational platform, Mining of Synthetic Lethals (MiSL), to identify synthetic lethal interactions with the loss of VHL through analysis of primary tumor genomic and transcriptomic data. Using this approach, we identified a synthetic lethal interaction between VHL and the m6A RNA demethylase FTO in renal cell carcinoma. MiSL identified FTO as a synthetic lethal partner of VHL because deletions of FTO are mutually exclusive with VHL loss in pan cancer datasets. Moreover, FTO expression is increased in VHL-deficient ccRCC tumors compared to normal adjacent tissue. Genetic inactivation of FTO using multiple orthogonal approaches revealed that FTO inhibition selectively reduces the growth and survival of VHL-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Notably, FTO inhibition reduced the survival of both HIF wild type and HIF-deficient tumors, identifying FTO as an HIF-independent vulnerability of VHL-deficient cancers. Integrated analysis of transcriptome-wide m6A-seq and mRNA-seq analysis identified the glutamine transporter SLC1A5 as an FTO target that promotes metabolic reprogramming and survival of VHL-deficient ccRCC cells. These findings identify FTO as a potential HIF-independent therapeutic target for the treatment of VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kaushik N Thakkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Yang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jose A Seoane
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Deparment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Anh N Diep
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David L Dill
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Deparment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - John T Leppert
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jiangbin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Donna M Peehl
- Deparment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Subarna Sinha
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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26
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Ye J, Li Y, Gruber JJ, Litzenburger UM, Zhou Y, Miao YR, LaGory EL, Li AM, Hu Z, Hart LS, Maris JM, Chang HY, Giaccia AJ. Abstract 5708: Deciphering Warburg effect: hypoxia inhibits tumor cell differentiation through reducing acetyl-CoA generation and chromatin accessibility. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Warburg effect is a metabolic hallmark of all cancer cells, characterized by increased glucose uptake and glycolysis for lactate generation. The generation and excretion of lactate would appear be a waste of carbon backbone and energy that is needed for proliferation. It was proposed by Warburg that the cause and consequence of the Warburg effect were the injury of respiration and cell dedifferentiation, respectively. One common factor that damages mitochondrial respiration is hypoxia, which is a metabolic stress that blocks cell differentiation and promotes cancer progression. The underlying mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood, and no effective therapeutic strategy has been developed to overcome this resistance to differentiation. Using a neuroblastoma (NB) differentiation model, we have discovered that hypoxia represses the differentiation induced by retinoic acid (RA) as demonstrated by loss of neuron differentiation markers and changes in cell morphology, associated with reduction of global histone acetylation, that are caused by the induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs). PDKs phosphorylate pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), thereby blocking pyruvate entry into the TCA cycle, reducing acetyl-CoA generation, and promoting the Warburg effect. Genetic and pharmaceutical inhibition of PDK restores histone acetylation and NB cell differentiation morphology. Acetate supplementation restores histone acetylation, along with differentiation markers expression and neuron differentiation. In addition, ATAC-Seq analysis demonstrated that hypoxia treatment significantly reduces chromatin accessibility at RAR/RXR binding sites, which can be restored by acetate supplementation. These findings suggest that (1) combining RA and acetate supplementation represents a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for neuroblastoma treatment; (2) diverting pyruvate away from acetyl-CoA generation is a key mechanism by which the Warburg effect blocks cell differentiation.
Citation Format: Jiangbin Ye, Yang Li, Joshua J. Gruber, Ulrike M. Litzenburger, Yiren Zhou, Yu R. Miao, Edward L. LaGory, Albert M. Li, Zhen Hu, Lori S. Hart, John M. Maris, Howard Y. Chang, Amato J. Giaccia. Deciphering Warburg effect: hypoxia inhibits tumor cell differentiation through reducing acetyl-CoA generation and chromatin accessibility [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5708.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Ye
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Yang Li
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | - Yiren Zhou
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Yu R. Miao
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Albert M. Li
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Zhen Hu
- 2Olivia Consulting Service, CA
| | - Lori S. Hart
- 3Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John M. Maris
- 3Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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27
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Bloomstein JD, von Eyben R, Chan A, Rankin EB, Fregoso DR, Wang-Chiang J, Lee L, Xie LX, David SM, Stehr H, Esfahani MS, Giaccia AJ, Kidd EA. Validated limited gene predictor for cervical cancer lymph node metastases. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2302-2309. [PMID: 32595829 PMCID: PMC7299532 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Recognizing the prognostic significance of lymph node (LN) involvement for cervical cancer, we aimed to identify genes that are differentially expressed in LN+ versus LN- cervical cancer and to potentially create a validated predictive gene signature for LN involvement. Materials and Methods: Primary tumor biopsies were collected from 74 cervical cancer patients. RNA was extracted and RNA sequencing was performed. The samples were divided by institution into a training set (n = 57) and a testing set (n = 17). Differentially expressed genes were identified among the training cohort and used to train a Random Forest classifier. Results: 22 genes showed > 1.5 fold difference in expression between the LN+ and LN- groups. Using forward selection 5 genes were identified and, based on the clinical knowledge of these genes and testing of the different combinations, a 2-gene Random Forest model of BIRC3 and CD300LG was developed. The classification accuracy of lymph node (LN) status on the test set was 88.2%, with an Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) of 98.6%. Conclusions: We identified a 2 gene Random Forest model of BIRC3 and CD300LG that predicted lymph node involvement in a validation cohort. This validated model, following testing in additional cohorts, could be used to create a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) tool that would be useful for helping to identify patients with LN involvement in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Bloomstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andy Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R Fregoso
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jing Wang-Chiang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Fruitdale, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Lee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Fruitdale, CA, USA
| | - Liang-Xi Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen University Xiang'an Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | | | - Henning Stehr
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad S Esfahani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kidd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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28
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Klockow JL, Hettie KS, LaGory EL, Moon EJ, Giaccia AJ, Graves EE, Chin FT. An Activatable NIR Fluorescent Rosol for Selectively Imaging Nitroreductase Activity. Sens Actuators B Chem 2020; 306:127446. [PMID: 32265579 PMCID: PMC7138224 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2019.127446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia (pO2 ≤ ~1.5%) is an important characteristic of tumor microenvironments that directly correlates with resistance against first-line therapies and tumor proliferation/infiltration. The ability to accurately identify hypoxic tumor cells/tissue could afford tailored therapeutic regimens for personalized treatment, development of more-effective therapies, and discerning the mechanisms underlying disease progression. Fluorogenic constructs identifying aforesaid cells/tissue operate by targeting the bioreductive activity of primarily nitroreductases (NTRs), but collectively present photophysical and/or physicochemical shortcomings that could limit effectiveness. To overcome these limitations, we present the rational design, development, and evaluation of the first activatable ultracompact xanthene core-based molecular probe (NO 2 -Rosol) for selectively imaging NTR activity that affords an "OFF-ON" near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence response (> 700 nm) alongside a remarkable Stokes shift (> 150 nm) via NTR activity-facilitated modulation to its energetics whose resultant interplay discontinues an intramolecular d-PET fluorescence-quenching mechanism transpiring between directly-linked electronically-uncoupled π-systems comprising its components. DFT calculations guided selection of a suitable fluorogenic scaffold and nitroaromatic moiety candidate that when adjoined could (i) afford such photophysical response upon bioreduction by upregulated NTR activity in hypoxic tumor cells/tissue and (ii) employ a retention mechanism strategy that capitalizes on an inherent physical property of the NIR fluorogenic scaffold for achieving signal amplification. NO 2 -Rosol demonstrated 705 nm NIR fluorescence emission and 157 nm Stokes shift, selectivity for NTR over relevant bioanalytes, and a 28-/12-fold fluorescence enhancement in solution and between cells cultured under different oxic conditions, respectively. In establishing feasibility for NO 2 -Rosol to provide favorable contrast levels in solutio/vitro, we anticipate NO 2 -Rosol doing so in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth S. Hettie
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Corresponding author: Kenneth S. Hettie, Ph.D., 3165 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, , Frederick T. Chin, Ph.D., 3165 Porter Drive, Room 2129, Palo Alto, CA 94304,
| | - Edward L. LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward E. Graves
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Frederick T. Chin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Corresponding author: Kenneth S. Hettie, Ph.D., 3165 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, , Frederick T. Chin, Ph.D., 3165 Porter Drive, Room 2129, Palo Alto, CA 94304,
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29
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Aguilera TA, Elghonaimy EA, Shehade H, Rafat M, Castellini L, Jiang D, Kariolis M, Koong AC, Le QT, Ellies LG, Rankin EB, Graves EE, Giaccia AJ. Induced Tumor Heterogeneity Reveals Factors Informing Radiation and Immunotherapy Combinations. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2972-2985. [PMID: 32098769 PMCID: PMC7311370 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate how induced tumor heterogeneity influences immune responses to radiotherapy with different proportions of mixed immune-responsive and unresponsive tumor cells in a triple-negative breast cancer model. It is hypothesized that studying the immune environment of mixed tumors and responses to radiotherapy could nominate immune active therapies to enhance immune responses after radiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Evaluate efficacy and immune responses generated by radiotherapy in tumors with different proportions of immunologically responsive and unresponsive tumor cells. Then study the cellular responses and transcriptomic differences between the tumors to nominate immunotherapy combinations with radiotherapy and evaluate the combination. RESULTS The addition of the responsive cells to unresponsive tumors led to a greater than expected therapeutic response to radiotherapy with both innate and adaptive immune components. There was a distinct change in myeloid cells, greater inflammatory macrophage activity, and enhanced antigen presentation with responsive cells after radiotherapy. Because differences in matrix components, cell adhesion biology, and innate immune signaling correlated with myeloid cell response and phenotype, we hypothesized that radiotherapy combined with CD40 agonist antibody would sensitize unresponsive tumors. The combination therapy resulted in improved innate and adaptive immune response. Importantly, CD40 treatment increased tumor response to radiotherapy and protected against metastatic spread in a metastatic model. CONCLUSIONS These data combined with transcriptomics from human patients support radiotherapy and myeloid cell targeting for immunologically cold tumors. The established study model presents opportunities to investigate the complex overlapping biologic mechanisms that limit immunotherapy and to implement radiotherapy with different immunotherapy combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Aguilera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Eslam A Elghonaimy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hussein Shehade
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Marjan Rafat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Laura Castellini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Dadi Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mihalis Kariolis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Albert C Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lesley G Ellies
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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30
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Li Y, Gruber JJ, Litzenburger UM, Zhou Y, Miao YR, LaGory EL, Li AM, Hu Z, Yip M, Hart LS, Maris JM, Chang HY, Giaccia AJ, Ye J. Acetate supplementation restores chromatin accessibility and promotes tumor cell differentiation under hypoxia. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 32029721 PMCID: PMC7005271 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that Otto H. Warburg discovered the Warburg effect almost one hundred years ago, why cancer cells waste most of the glucose carbon as lactate remains an enigma. Warburg proposed a connection between the Warburg effect and cell dedifferentiation. Hypoxia is a common tumor microenvironmental stress that induces the Warburg effect and blocks tumor cell differentiation. The underlying mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood, and no effective therapeutic strategy has been developed to overcome this resistance to differentiation. Using a neuroblastoma differentiation model, we discovered that hypoxia repressed cell differentiation through reducing cellular acetyl-CoA levels, leading to reduction of global histone acetylation and chromatin accessibility. The metabolic switch triggering this global histone hypoacetylation was the induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK1 and PDK3). Inhibition of PDKs using dichloroacetate (DCA) restored acetyl-CoA generation and histone acetylation under hypoxia. Knocking down PDK1 induced neuroblastoma cell differentiation, highlighting the critical role of PDK1 in cell fate control. Importantly, acetate or glycerol triacetate (GTA) supplementation restored differentiation markers expression and neuron differentiation under hypoxia. Moreover, ATAC-Seq analysis demonstrated that hypoxia treatment significantly reduced chromatin accessibility at RAR/RXR binding sites, which can be restored by acetate supplementation. In addition, hypoxia-induced histone hypermethylation by increasing 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) and reducing α-ketoglutarate (αKG). αKG supplementation reduced histone hypermethylation upon hypoxia, but did not restore histone acetylation or differentiation markers expression. Together, these findings suggest that diverting pyruvate flux away from acetyl-CoA generation to lactate production is the key mechanism that Warburg effect drives dedifferentiation and tumorigenesis. We propose that combining differentiation therapy with acetate/GTA supplementation might represent an effective therapy against neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joshua J Gruber
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ulrike M Litzenburger
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yiren Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Albert M Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhen Hu
- Olivia Consulting Service, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Michaela Yip
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lori S Hart
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jiangbin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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31
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Olcina MM, Balanis NG, Kim RK, Aksoy BA, Kodysh J, Thompson MJ, Hammerbacher J, Graeber TG, Giaccia AJ. Mutations in an Innate Immunity Pathway Are Associated with Poor Overall Survival Outcomes and Hypoxic Signaling in Cancer. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3721-3732.e6. [PMID: 30590044 PMCID: PMC6405289 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement-mediated cytotoxicity may act as a selective pressure for tumor overexpression of complement regulators. We hypothesize that the same selective pressure could lead to complement alterations at the genetic level. We find that, when analyzed as a pathway, mutations in complement genes occur at a relatively high frequency and are associated with changes in overall survival across a number of cancer types. Analysis of pathways expressed in patients with complement mutations that are associated with poor overall survival reveals crosstalk between complement and hypoxia in colorectal cancer. The importance of this crosstalk is highlighted by two key findings: hypoxic signaling is increased in tumors harboring complement mutations, and hypoxic tumor cells are resistant to complement-mediated cytotoxicity due, in part, to hypoxia-induced expression of complement regulator CD55. The range of strategies employed by tumors to dysregulate the complement system testifies to the importance of this pathway in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Olcina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Nikolas G Balanis
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan K Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - B Arman Aksoy
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julia Kodysh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael J Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Hammerbacher
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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32
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Jiang X, Tian W, Tu AB, Pasupneti S, Shuffle E, Dahms P, Zhang P, Cai H, Dinh TT, Liu B, Cain C, Giaccia AJ, Butcher EC, Simon MC, Semenza GL, Nicolls MR. Endothelial Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α Is Required for the Maintenance of Airway Microvasculature. Circulation 2019; 139:502-517. [PMID: 30586708 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.036157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), especially HIF-1α and HIF-2α, are key mediators of the adaptive response to hypoxic stress and play essential roles in maintaining lung homeostasis. Human and animal genetics studies confirm that abnormal HIF correlates with pulmonary vascular pathology and chronic lung diseases, but it remains unclear whether endothelial cell HIF production is essential for microvascular health. The large airway has an ideal circulatory bed for evaluating histological changes and physiology in genetically modified rodents. METHODS The tracheal microvasculature of mice, with conditionally deleted or overexpressed HIF-1α or HIF-2α, was evaluated for anatomy, perfusion, and permeability. Angiogenic signaling studies assessed vascular changes attributable to dysregulated HIF expression. An orthotopic tracheal transplantation model further evaluated the contribution of individual HIF isoforms in airway endothelial cells. RESULTS The genetic deletion of Hif-2α but not Hif-1α caused tracheal endothelial cell apoptosis, diminished pericyte coverage, reduced vascular perfusion, defective barrier function, overlying epithelial abnormalities, and subepithelial fibrotic remodeling. HIF-2α promoted microvascular integrity in airways through endothelial angiopoietin-1/TIE2 signaling and Notch activity. In functional tracheal transplants, HIF-2α deficiency in airway donors accelerated graft microvascular loss, whereas HIF-2α or angiopoietin-1 overexpression prolonged transplant microvascular perfusion. Augmented endothelial HIF-2α in transplant donors promoted airway microvascular integrity and diminished alloimmune inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that the constitutive expression of endothelial HIF-2α is required for airway microvascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Wen Tian
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Allen B Tu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Shravani Pasupneti
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Eric Shuffle
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Petra Dahms
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Patrick Zhang
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Haoliang Cai
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.C.)
| | - Thanh T Dinh
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Bo Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Corey Cain
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.C.S.)
| | - Gregg L Semenza
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (G.L.S.)
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., C.C., E.C.B., M.R.N.).,School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (X.J., W.T., A.B.T., S.P., E.S., P.D., P.Z., T.T.D., B.L., A.J.G., E.C.B., M.R.N.)
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Xiao Y, Zhao H, Tian L, Nolley R, Diep AN, Ernst A, Fuh KC, Miao YR, von Eyben R, Leppert JT, Brooks JD, Peehl DM, Giaccia AJ, Rankin EB. S100A10 Is a Critical Mediator of GAS6/AXL-Induced Angiogenesis in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5758-5768. [PMID: 31585940 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer that promotes tumor progression and metastasis. However, antiangiogenic agents have limited efficacy in cancer therapy due to the development of resistance. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), AXL expression is associated with antiangiogenic resistance and poor survival. Here, we establish a role for GAS6/AXL signaling in promoting the angiogenic potential of ccRCC cells through the regulation of the plasminogen receptor S100A10. Genetic and therapeutic inhibition of AXL signaling in ccRCC tumor xenografts reduced tumor vessel density and growth under the renal capsule. GAS6/AXL signaling activated the expression of S100A10 through SRC to promote plasmin production, endothelial cell invasion, and angiogenesis. Importantly, treatment with the small molecule AXL inhibitor cabozantinib or an ultra-high affinity soluble AXL Fc fusion decoy receptor (sAXL) reduced the growth of a pazopanib-resistant ccRCC patient-derived xenograft. Moreover, the combination of sAXL synergized with pazopanib and axitinib to reduce ccRCC patient-derived xenograft growth and vessel density. These findings highlight a role for AXL/S100A10 signaling in mediating the angiogenic potential of ccRCC cells and support the combination of AXL inhibitors with antiangiogenic agents for advanced ccRCC. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is regulated through AXL/S100A10 signaling and support the combination of AXL inhibitors with antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rosalie Nolley
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Anh N Diep
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Anne Ernst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Katherine C Fuh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - John T Leppert
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Donna M Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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Gholamin S, Youssef OA, Rafat M, Esparza R, Kahn S, Shahin M, Giaccia AJ, Graves EE, Weissman I, Mitra S, Cheshier SH. Irradiation or temozolomide chemotherapy enhances anti-CD47 treatment of glioblastoma. Innate Immun 2019; 26:130-137. [PMID: 31547758 PMCID: PMC7016411 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919876690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy are the current standard treatments for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), but they are associated with toxicity and limited efficacy. Recently, these standard therapies have been used to enhance immunotherapy against GBM. Immunotherapy using the anti-CD47 (immune checkpoint inhibitor) treatment has shown promise in treating multiple tumor types, including GBM. The goal of this current work was to test whether irradiation or TMZ chemotherapy could enhance anti-CD47 treatment against GBM. Our results showed that irradiation and TMZ each significantly enhanced anti-CD47-mediated phagocytosis of GBM cells in vitro. Furthermore, mice engrafted with human GBM that received anti-CD47 combined with focal irradiation or TMZ treatment showed a significant increase in the survival rate compared to those that received a single treatment. The tumor growth in mice that received both anti-CD47 and irradiation was significantly less than that of groups that received either anti-CD47 or focal irradiation. The results from this study may support future use of anti-CD47 treatment in combination with irradiation or chemotherapy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Gholamin
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Osama A Youssef
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, USA
| | - Marjan Rafat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, USA
| | - Rogelio Esparza
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Suzana Kahn
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Maryam Shahin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, USA
| | | | | | - Irving Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Siddhartha Mitra
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant Research Laboratories, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Samuel H Cheshier
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, USA
- Samuel H Cheshier, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA.
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VandeKopple MJ, Wu J, Auer EN, Giaccia AJ, Denko NC, Papandreou I. HILPDA Regulates Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Droplet Abundance, and Response to Microenvironmental Stress in Solid Tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2089-2101. [PMID: 31308147 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of lipid droplets has been observed in an increasing range of tumors. However, the molecular determinants of this phenotype and the impact of the tumor microenvironment on lipid droplet dynamics are not well defined. The hypoxia-inducible and lipid droplet associated protein HILPDA is known to regulate lipid storage and physiologic responses to feeding conditions in mice, and was recently shown to promote hypoxic lipid droplet formation through inhibition of the rate-limiting lipase adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Here, we identify fatty acid loading and nutrient deprivation-induced autophagy as stimuli of HILPDA-dependent lipid droplet growth. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human tumor cells, we found that genetic ablation of HILPDA compromised hypoxia-fatty acid- and starvation-induced lipid droplet formation and triglyceride storage. Nutrient deprivation upregulated HILPDA protein posttranscriptionally by a mechanism requiring autophagic flux and lipid droplet turnover, independent of HIF1 transactivation. Mechanistically, loss of HILPDA led to elevated lipolysis, which could be corrected by inhibition of ATGL. Lipidomic analysis revealed not only quantitative but also qualitative differences in the glycerolipid and phospholipid profile of HILPDA wild-type and knockout cells, indicating additional HILPDA functions affecting lipid metabolism. Deletion studies of HILPDA mutants identified the N-terminal hydrophobic domain as sufficient for targeting to lipid droplets and restoration of triglyceride storage. In vivo, HILPDA-ablated cells showed decreased intratumoral triglyceride levels and impaired xenograft tumor growth associated with elevated levels of apoptosis. IMPLICATIONS: Tumor microenvironmental stresses induce changes in lipid droplet dynamics via HILPDA. Regulation of triglyceride hydrolysis is crucial for cell homeostasis and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J VandeKopple
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jinghai Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Erich N Auer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nicholas C Denko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ioanna Papandreou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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Benej M, Hong X, Vibhute S, Scott S, Wu J, Graves E, Le QT, Koong AC, Giaccia AJ, Chen CS, Yu B, Papandreou I, Denko NC. Abstract 2927: Papaverine and its novel derivatives radiosensitize solid tumors by inhibiting mitochondrial metabolism. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a standard type of treatment modality used to achieve local control in more than 50% of all cancer patients. However, tumor hypoxia reduces the effectiveness of radiation therapy by limiting the biologically effective dose. Limited distribution of oxygen is a direct consequence of abnormalities in vascular structure and angiogenesis that fails to provide sufficient oxygen to meet the demands of metabolically hyperactive cancer cells. An acute increase in tumor oxygenation prior to radiation treatment should therefore significantly improve the tumor cell kill after radiation. Nonetheless, therapeutic efforts to increase oxygen delivery to the tumor have not shown positive clinical results to this day. We have taken an alternative route by targeting the demand for oxygen rather than its supply. In the cell, mitochondrial respiration is the major oxygen-consuming process. We show that pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption (OCR) temporarily reduces the tumor cells’ demand for oxygen leading to increased tumor oxygenation and enhanced radiation response. We identified a previously unrecognized activity of the FDA-approved drug papaverine as an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I. In vivo, a single clinically achievable dose of papaverine increased tumor, but not normal tissue oxygenation within 45 minutes and strikingly enhanced tumor response to radiation therapy in both ortho- and heterotopic rodent tumor models. Moreover, our GI tract studies show that this can be achieved without exacerbating normal tissue toxicity, as papaverine does not radiosensitize hypoxic normal tissues. Papaverine is an ergot alkaloid originally isolated from Papaver somniferum in 1848. It was used for decades as smooth muscle relaxant to treat vasospasms and erectile dysfunction. Its vascular effects were believed to be mediated by its ability to inhibit phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A). We provide genetic evidence that papaverine’s complex I inhibition, not its activity as a PDE10A inhibitor is directly responsible for increased oxygenation and enhanced radiation response. Furthermore, we describe novel derivatives of papaverine that have the potential to become a new generation of clinical radiosensitizers with potentially fewer side effects. Papaverine has a short half-life of 90-120 minutes, is cell-permeable, reversible and quickly cleared from the patient. In vitro, all 28 cancer and normal cell lines tested were sensitive to papaverine regardless of their oncogenic landscape, suggesting possible application for a broad spectrum of cancers that depends primarily on their level of hypoxia. In conclusion, PPV or one of its novel derivatives appear to be ideal candidates for clinical radiosensitization, applicable primarily in cancers where local control increases the overall survival.
Citation Format: Martin Benej, Xiangqian Hong, Sandip Vibhute, Sabina Scott, Jinghai Wu, Edward Graves, Quynh-Thu Le, Albert C. Koong, Amato J. Giaccia, Ching-Shih Chen, Bing Yu, Ioanna Papandreou, Nicholas C. Denko. Papaverine and its novel derivatives radiosensitize solid tumors by inhibiting mitochondrial metabolism [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2927.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Benej
- 1The Ohio State Univ.y Wexner Medical Ctr., Columbus, OH
| | - Xiangqian Hong
- 2Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Sabina Scott
- 1The Ohio State Univ.y Wexner Medical Ctr., Columbus, OH
| | - Jinghai Wu
- 1The Ohio State Univ.y Wexner Medical Ctr., Columbus, OH
| | - Edward Graves
- 4Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- 4Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | | | - Bing Yu
- 2Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Hacker BC, Alves SM, Jiang D, Koong AC, Giaccia AJ, Graves EE, Rafat M. Abstract 3931: The irradiated tissue microenvironment and its role in breast cancer recurrence: Enhanced macrophage infiltration promotes tumor cell recruitment. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) recurrence rates remain high despite aggressive therapeutic intervention, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy (RT). Recent studies suggest that circulating tumor cell re-seeding of primary tumors may facilitate recurrence rather than persistent tumor cells in the irradiated surgical bed. However, the role of the microenvironment in recurrence is not well understood. An emerging risk factor for breast cancer patients is lymphopenia or abnormally low systemic lymphocyte counts following therapy. In this study, we examined whether lymphopenia following therapy correlates to local recurrence. To investigate the relationship between prolonged low lymphocyte count and recurrence, we evaluated radiation effects on tumor and immune cell recruitment to normal tissues using an orthotopic breast cancer model of lymphopenia. We tested the hypothesis that local recurrence in some instances is due to the attraction of circulating tumor cells to irradiated tissues. Local cytokine secretion as well as protein expression levels were analyzed to evaluate how tumor-stromal interactions modulate tumor cell recruitment to sites of damage. Recurrence free survival at 5 years for TNBC patients with sustained low ALC 1-5 months after RT (n=37) was 62.5% compared with 97% for patients with normal ALC (n=46; p<0.0001). Ex vivo BLI analysis revealed that normal tissue irradiation attracted tumor cells to the mammary fat pad (MFP) and surrounding tissues in BALB/c mice with depleted CD8+ T cells. Macrophage infiltration was greatly enhanced in BALB/c mice with depleted CD8+ T cells (p<0.0001) and necessary for tumor cell recruitment. Luminex analysis of MFPs in mice lacking CD8+ T cells after RT showed enhanced cytokine secretion of factors that regulate the inflammatory microenvironment and influence tumor cell proliferation and invasion. RPPA analysis of irradiated MFPs in the absence of CD8+ T cells revealed factors that promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the response of the tissue microenvironment to therapy is dependent on the immune milieu and may encourage local recurrence. Our study establishes the importance of considering tumor subtype and immune function when assessing failure and outcome risks in breast cancer. We show that normal tissue radiation response may play a role in modulating tumor and immune cell migration. These results suggest that the stroma facilitates local recurrence in breast cancer through influencing immune and tumor cell behavior following RT.
Citation Format: Benjamin C. Hacker, Steven M. Alves, Dadi Jiang, Albert C. Koong, Amato J. Giaccia, Edward E. Graves, Marjan Rafat. The irradiated tissue microenvironment and its role in breast cancer recurrence: Enhanced macrophage infiltration promotes tumor cell recruitment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3931.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dadi Jiang
- 2The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Albert C. Koong
- 2The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Merceron C, Ranganathan K, Wang E, Tata Z, Makkapati S, Khan MP, Mangiavini L, Yao AQ, Castellini L, Levi B, Giaccia AJ, Schipani E. Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α is a negative regulator of osteoblastogenesis and bone mass accrual. Bone Res 2019; 7:7. [PMID: 30792937 PMCID: PMC6382776 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts, which are the bone-forming cells, operate in a hypoxic environment. The transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1) and HIF2 are key mediators of the cellular response to hypoxia. Both are expressed in osteoblasts. HIF1 is known to be a positive regulator of bone formation. Conversely, the role of HIF2 in the control osteoblast biology is still poorly understood. In this study, we used mouse genetics to demonstrate that HIF2 is an inhibitor of osteoblastogenesis and bone mass accrual. Moreover, we provided evidence that HIF2 impairs osteoblast differentiation at least in part, by upregulating the transcription factor Sox9. Our findings constitute a paradigm shift, as activation of the hypoxia-signaling pathway has traditionally been associated with increased bone formation through HIF1. Inhibiting HIF2 could thus represent a therapeutic approach for the treatment of the low bone mass observed in chronic diseases, osteoporosis, or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Merceron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Kavitha Ranganathan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Elizabeth Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zachary Tata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Shreya Makkapati
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Mohd Parvez Khan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Laura Mangiavini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Angela Qing Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Laura Castellini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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McGee HM, Jiang D, Soto-Pantoja DR, Nevler A, Giaccia AJ, Woodward WA. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Radiation Oncology: Proceedings from the 2018 ASTRO-AACR Research Workshop. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2969-2974. [PMID: 30723144 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of cancers and their response to radiation are intricately linked to the tumor microenvironment (TME) in which they reside. Tumor cells, immune cells, and stromal cells interact with each other and are influenced by the microbiome and metabolic state of the host, and these interactions are constantly evolving. Stromal cells not only secrete extracellular matrix and participate in wound contraction, but they also secrete fibroblast growth factors (FGF), which mediate macrophage differentiation. Tumor-associated macrophages migrate to hypoxic areas and secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to promote angiogenesis. The microbiome and its byproducts alter the metabolic milieu by shifting the balance between glucose utilization and fatty acid oxidation, and these changes subsequently influence the immune response in the TME. Not only does radiation exert cell-autonomous effects on tumor cells, but it influences both the tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive components in the TME. To gain a deeper understanding of how the TME influences the response to radiation, the American Society for Radiation Oncology and the American Association of Cancer Research organized a scientific workshop on July 26-27, 2018, to discuss how the microbiome, the immune response, the metabolome, and the stroma all shift the balance between radiosensitivity and radioresistance. The proceedings from this workshop are discussed here and highlight recent discoveries in the field, as well as the most important areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M McGee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dadi Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David R Soto-Pantoja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Avinoam Nevler
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Talpoit Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Wendy A Woodward
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Olcina MM, Balanis NG, Kim RK, Thompson MJ, Graeber TG, Giaccia AJ. Abstract A097: Complement system mutations in cancer: Uncovering new relationships between tumor hypoxia and complement. Cancer Immunol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr18-a097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The complement system has been proposed to facilitate cancer hallmarks such as increased metastatic potential, proliferation and apoptosis evasion. Despite the association between complement and tumor progression, a detailed characterization of cancer genetic alterations in the complement system has not been performed to date. Here, we report a number of previously unappreciated mutations in complement system genes. Taken together as a pathway, mutations in complement genes occur at a relatively high frequency and across a number of cancer types. Notably, when grouping complement mutations into functionally relevant subgroups according to gene function, mutations and copy number alterations in genes within these subgroups are associated with changes in overall survival outcomes in a range of cancers. We use specific complement component mutations in colorectal cancer to uncover and experimentally validate crosstalk between complement and hypoxia, providing new associations between this innate immunity pathway and a prevalent component of the tumor microenvironment. Our data highlight the complex mechanism employed by cancers to manipulate the innate immune system and point to the potential use of complement system mutations in successful patient stratification into clinically and biologically relevant groups.
Citation Format: Monica M. Olcina, Nikolas G. Balanis, Ryan K. Kim, Michael J. Thompson, Thomas G. Graeber, Amato J. Giaccia. Complement system mutations in cancer: Uncovering new relationships between tumor hypoxia and complement [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A097.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Olcina
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nikolas G. Balanis
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ryan K. Kim
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael J. Thompson
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas G. Graeber
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Chen X, Litzenburger UM, Wei Y, Schep AN, LaGory EL, Choudhry H, Giaccia AJ, Greenleaf WJ, Chang HY. Joint single-cell DNA accessibility and protein epitope profiling reveals environmental regulation of epigenomic heterogeneity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4590. [PMID: 30389926 PMCID: PMC6214962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we introduce Protein-indexed Assay of Transposase Accessible Chromatin with sequencing (Pi-ATAC) that combines single-cell chromatin and proteomic profiling. In conjunction with DNA transposition, the levels of multiple cell surface or intracellular protein epitopes are recorded by index flow cytometry and positions in arrayed microwells, and then subject to molecular barcoding for subsequent pooled analysis. Pi-ATAC simultaneously identifies the epigenomic and proteomic heterogeneity in individual cells. Pi-ATAC reveals a casual link between transcription factor abundance and DNA motif access, and deconvolute cell types and states in the tumor microenvironment in vivo. We identify a dominant role for hypoxia, marked by HIF1α protein, in the tumor microvenvironment for shaping the regulome in a subset of epithelial tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Chen
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ulrike M Litzenburger
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Yuning Wei
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alicia N Schep
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Dept of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Dept of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Rafat M, Aguilera TA, Vilalta M, Bronsart LL, Soto LA, von Eyben R, Golla MA, Ahrari Y, Melemenidis S, Afghahi A, Jenkins MJ, Kurian AW, Horst KC, Giaccia AJ, Graves EE. Macrophages Promote Circulating Tumor Cell-Mediated Local Recurrence following Radiotherapy in Immunosuppressed Patients. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4241-4252. [PMID: 29880480 PMCID: PMC6072588 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy (RT) decreases the incidence of locoregional recurrence in breast cancer, patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have increased risk of local recurrence following breast-conserving therapy. The relationship between RT and local recurrence is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that recurrence in some instances is due to the attraction of circulating tumor cells to irradiated tissues. To evaluate the effect of absolute lymphocyte count on local recurrence after RT in patients with TNBC, we analyzed radiation effects on tumor and immune cell recruitment to tissues in an orthotopic breast cancer model. Recurrent patients exhibited a prolonged low absolute lymphocyte count when compared with nonrecurrent patients following RT. Recruitment of tumor cells to irradiated normal tissues was enhanced in the absence of CD8+ T cells. Macrophages (CD11b+F480+) preceded tumor cell infiltration and were recruited to tissues following RT. Tumor cell recruitment was mitigated by inhibiting macrophage infiltration using maraviroc, an FDA-approved CCR5 receptor antagonist. Our work poses the intriguing possibility that excessive macrophage infiltration in the absence of lymphocytes promotes local recurrence after RT. This combination thus defines a high-risk group of patients with TNBC.Significance: This study establishes the importance of macrophages in driving tumor cell recruitment to sites of local radiation therapy and suggests that this mechanism contributes to local recurrence in women with TNBC that are also immunosuppressed.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/15/4241/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(15); 4241-52. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Rafat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Todd A Aguilera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, U.T. Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Marta Vilalta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Laura L Bronsart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Luis A Soto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Meghana A Golla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Yasaman Ahrari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Anosheh Afghahi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Melissa J Jenkins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Allison W Kurian
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kathleen C Horst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Olcina MM, Balanis NG, Kim RK, Thompson MJ, Graeber TG, Giaccia AJ. Abstract 4382: Complement system mutational landscape reveals C4BPA mutations enhance apoptosis in an immune-independent manner. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-4382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The complement system is an important pathway in immunity. When dysregulated in the tumor microenvironment, complement is associated with suppression of antitumor immunity and tumorigenesis promotion. While complement has been reported to have important intracellular functions in immune cells, the role of intracellular complement in cancer has remained poorly understood to date. In this study we investigated the prevalence and significance of pathway-wide complement mutations as well as their role with respect to intracellular complement in cancer. We describe mutations in both individual genes as well as within functional groups that are significantly associated with altered survival outcomes. Analyzing mutations occurring across multiple TCGA cancer types highlighted the potential clinical significance of certain mutations that would otherwise not have surfaced at a single cancer level. As an example, we test the significance of mutations in complement regulator C4BPA in vitro and in vivo in a single cancer type. This approach allowed us to uncover a new immune-independent biologic function of the complement system with potential clinical implications for colorectal cancer patients. Specifically, we find that colorectal cancer cells with specific C4BPA mutations display increased oxaliplatin-induced intracellular C4BPA stabilization. By studying the mechanistic basis of this association we report novel crosstalk between intracellular complement and apoptosis signaling, occurring in an NFκB/RelA-dependent manner. Based on both experimental and patient outcome data, we therefore propose that assessing complement mutation status might facilitate patient stratification. In the case of C4BPA mutations, this would be particularly relevant to improve accuracy of prognosis assessment in stage II colorectal patients where TNM staging alone does not accurately predict outcome in patients who might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
Citation Format: Monica M. Olcina, Nikolas G. Balanis, Ryan K. Kim, Michael J. Thompson, Thomas G. Graeber, Amato J. Giaccia. Complement system mutational landscape reveals C4BPA mutations enhance apoptosis in an immune-independent manner [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4382.
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Wu PH, Onodera Y, Giaccia AJ, Le QT, Shirato H, Nam JM. Abstract 3202: Radiation increases invasive activity of breast cancer cells via altering lysosome exocytosis. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a standard treatment for many localized solid cancers. However, previous studies have shown that radiation may increase the invasive activity of cancer cells and potentially distant metastasis. Recently, lysosome exocytosis has been linked to cancer cell invasiveness and progression. In this study, we evaluate the role of lysosome exocytosis on invasive activity of breast cancer cells upon radiation.We used both human and murine breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and 4T1). The cells were treated with a single radiation dose of 4 Gy. Cell invasive activity was measured by matrigel chemoinvasion assay. Lysosome exocytosis was quantified by fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated dextran (FITC-dextran) intake assay, cell-surface lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) expression and cellular lysosome distribution assay. To validate the lysosome function, lysosome inhibitors, bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine were used. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to knockdown ARL8B, which is a small GTPase protein that regulates lysosome distribution and exocytosis. The invasive activity and lysosome exocytosis of tested breast cancer cell lines were increased after radiation treatment. Treatment with lysosome inhibitor bafilomycin A1 or chloroquine decreased the invasive activity of cancer cells, with or without radiation treatment. The protein level of ARL8B increased in the lysosome fraction upon radiation. Down-regulation of ARL8B with shRNA led to a decrease in lysosome exocytosis with a concomitant inhibition radiation induced invasive activity of the breast cancer cells without affecting the basal invasiveness. In addition, overexpression of ARL8B increased the invasive activity of breast cancer cells, which was similar to the result obtained after radiation.In summary, radiation enhances lysosome exocytosis in breast cancer cells that can lead to their increased invasive activity. Our findings provide a novel mechanism to understand cancer invasion after radiotherapy and suggest novel approaches to counteract this undesirable effect of radiotherapy in the future.
Citation Format: Ping-Hsiu Wu, Yasuhito Onodera, Amato J. Giaccia, Quynh-Thu Le, Hiroki Shirato, Jin-Min Nam. Radiation increases invasive activity of breast cancer cells via altering lysosome exocytosis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3202.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Quynh-Thu Le
- 2Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Olcina MM, Kim RK, Melemenidis S, Graves EE, Giaccia AJ. The tumour microenvironment links complement system dysregulation and hypoxic signalling. Br J Radiol 2018; 92:20180069. [PMID: 29544344 PMCID: PMC6435069 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an innate immune pathway typically thought of as part of the first line of defence against “non-self” species. In the context of cancer, complement has been described to have an active role in facilitating cancer-associated processes such as increased proliferation, angiogenesis and migration. Several cellular members of the tumour microenvironment express and/or produce complement proteins locally, including tumour cells. Dysregulation of the complement system has been reported in numerous tumours and increased expression of complement activation fragments in cancer patient specimens correlates with poor patient prognosis. Importantly, genetic or pharmacological targeting of complement has been shown to reduce tumour growth in several cancer preclinical models, suggesting that complement could be an attractive therapeutic target. Hypoxia (low oxygen) is frequently found in solid tumours and has a profound biological impact on cellular and non-cellular components of the tumour microenvironment. In this review, we focus on hypoxia since this is a prevailing feature of the tumour microenvironment that, like increased complement, is typically associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, interesting links between hypoxia and complement have been recently proposed but never collectively reviewed. Here, we explore how hypoxia alters regulation of complement proteins in different cellular components of the tumour microenvironment, as well as the downstream biological consequences of this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Olcina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan K Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Yang Z, Zhang J, Jiang D, Khatri P, Solow-Cordero DE, Toesca DAS, Koumenis C, Denko NC, Giaccia AJ, Le QT, Koong AC. A Human Genome-Wide RNAi Screen Reveals Diverse Modulators that Mediate IRE1α-XBP1 Activation. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:745-753. [PMID: 29440447 PMCID: PMC5932228 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways is linked to multiple human diseases, including cancer. The inositol-requiring kinase 1α (IRE1α)-X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) pathway is the most evolutionarily conserved of the three major signaling branches of the UPR. Here, we performed a genome-wide siRNA screen to obtain a systematic assessment of genes integrated in the IRE1α-XBP1 axis. We monitored the expression of an XBP1-luciferase chimeric protein in which luciferase was fused in-frame with the spliced (active) form of XBP1. Using cells expressing this reporter construct, we identified 162 genes for which siRNA inhibition resulted in alteration in XBP1 splicing. These genes express diverse types of proteins modulating a wide range of cellular processes. Pathway analysis identified a set of genes implicated in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Several genes, including BCL10, GCLM, and IGF1R, correlated with worse relapse-free survival (RFS) in an analysis of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, in this cohort of 1,908 patients, only high GCLM expression correlated with worse RFS in both TNBC and non-TNBC patients. Altogether, our study revealed unidentified roles of novel pathways regulating the UPR, and these findings may serve as a paradigm for exploring novel therapeutic opportunities based on modulating the UPR.Implications: Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies novel genes/pathways that modulate IRE1α-XBP1 signaling in human tumor cells and leads to the development of improved therapeutic approaches targeting the UPR.Visual Overview: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/16/5/745/F1.large.jpg Mol Cancer Res; 16(5); 745-53. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Dadi Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, and Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - David E Solow-Cordero
- High-Throughput Bioscience Center, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Diego A S Toesca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas C Denko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Albert C Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Ko SH, Nauta AC, Morrison SD, Hu MS, Zimmermann AS, Chung MT, Glotzbach JP, Wong VW, Walmsley GG, Lorenz HP, Chan DA, Gurtner GC, Giaccia AJ, Longaker MT. PHD-2 Suppression in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Enhances Wound Healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 141:55e-67e. [PMID: 29280872 PMCID: PMC5747314 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000003959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells is a promising strategy for tissue repair. Restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissues is a key step in wound repair, and mesenchymal stromal cells have been shown to be proangiogenic. Angiogenesis is critically regulated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) superfamily, consisting of transcription factors targeted for degradation by prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-2. The aim of this study was to enhance the proangiogenic capability of mesenchymal stromal cells and to use these modified cells to promote wound healing. METHODS Mesenchymal stromal cells harvested from mouse bone marrow were transduced with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against PHD-2; control cells were transduced with scrambled shRNA (shScramble) construct. Gene expression quantification, human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube formation assays, and wound healing assays were used to assess the effect of PHD knockdown mesenchymal stromal cells on wound healing dynamics. RESULTS PHD-2 knockdown mesenchymal stromal cells overexpressed HIF-1α and multiple angiogenic factors compared to control (p < 0.05). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with conditioned medium from PHD-2 knockdown mesenchymal stromal cells exhibited increased formation of capillary-like structures and enhanced migration compared with human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with conditioned medium from shScramble-transduced mesenchymal stromal cells (p < 0.05). Wounds treated with PHD-2 knockdown mesenchymal stromal cells healed at a significantly accelerated rate compared with wounds treated with shScramble mesenchymal stromal cells (p < 0.05). Histologic studies revealed increased blood vessel density and increased cellularity in the wounds treated with PHD-2 knockdown mesenchymal stromal cells (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Silencing PHD-2 in mesenchymal stromal cells augments their proangiogenic potential in wound healing therapy. This effect appears to be mediated by overexpression of HIF family transcription factors and up-regulation of multiple downstream angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Hee Ko
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Allison C. Nauta
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Shane D. Morrison
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael S. Hu
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Andrew S. Zimmermann
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael T. Chung
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jason P. Glotzbach
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Victor W. Wong
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Graham G. Walmsley
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - H. Peter Lorenz
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Denise A. Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Geoffrey C. Gurtner
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Abstract
Lentiviruses are used very widely to generate stable expression mammalian cell lines. They are used for both gene down-regulation (by using shRNA) or for gene up-regulation (by using ORF of gene of interest). The technique of generating stable cell lines using 3rd generation lentivirus is very robust and it typically takes about 1-2 weeks to get stable expression for most mammalian cell lines. The advantage of using the 3rd generation lentivirus are that are very safe and they are replication incompetent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tandon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Kaushik N Thakkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Weyandt JD, Thompson CB, Giaccia AJ, Rathmell WK. Metabolic Alterations in Cancer and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017. [PMID: 28561705 DOI: 10.14694/edbk_175561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Otto Warburg's discovery in the 1920s that tumor cells took up more glucose and produced more lactate than normal cells provided the first clues that cancer cells reprogrammed their metabolism. For many years, however, it was unclear as to whether these metabolic alterations were a consequence of tumor growth or an adaptation that provided a survival advantage to these cells. In more recent years, interest in the metabolic differences in cancer cells has surged, as tumor proliferation and survival have been shown to be dependent upon these metabolic changes. In this educational review, we discuss some of the mechanisms that tumor cells use for reprogramming their metabolism to provide the energy and nutrients that they need for quick or sustained proliferation and discuss the potential for therapeutic targeting of these pathways to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D Weyandt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Craig B Thompson
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Preclinical studies of hypoxia are generally done using ectopic xenograft tumors, which behave differently from human tumors. Our previous findings have shown that subcutaneously implanted lung tumors exhibit more hypoxia than their orthotopic implanted or spontaneous K-ras-induced counterparts. We hypothesize that differences in hypoxia are due to site-specific differences in vascularity and perfusion. PROCEDURES To compare the presence and functionality of vessels in these tumor models, we studied vascular perfusion in vivo in real time. RESULTS Orthotopically implanted and spontaneous K-ras-induced lung tumors showed elevated perfusion, demonstrating vasculature functionality. Little contrast agent uptake was observed within the subcutaneously implanted tumors, indicating vascular dysfunction. These findings were corroborated at the microscopic level with Hoechst 33342 and Meca-32 staining. CONCLUSIONS From these observations, we concluded that differences in hypoxia in experimental models is related to vessel perfusion. Thus, appropriate selection of preclinical lung tumor models is essential for the study of hypoxia, angiogenesis and therapies targeting these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vilalta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Hughes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rie Von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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