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Azevedo-Silva J, Tavares-Valente D, Almeida A, Queirós O, Baltazar F, Ko YH, Pedersen PL, Preto A, Casal M. Cytoskeleton disruption by the metabolic inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate: implications in cancer therapy. Med Oncol 2022; 39:121. [PMID: 35716210 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The small molecule 3-bromopyruvate (3BP), is an anticancer molecule that acts by hindering glycolysis and mitochondrial function leading to energy depletion and consequently, to cell death. In this work we have focused on understanding how the glycolytic inhibition affects cancer cell structural features. We showed that 3BP leads to a drastic decrease in the levels of β-actin and α-tubulin followed by disorganization and shrinkage of the cytoskeleton in breast cancer cells. 3BP inhibits cell migration and colony formation independently of the activity of metalloproteinases. To disclose if these structural alterations occurred prior to 3BP toxic effect, non-toxic concentrations of 3BP were used and we could observe that 3BP was able to inhibit energy production and induce loss of β-actin and α-tubulin proteins. This was accompanied with alterations in cytoskeleton organization and an increase in E-cadherin levels which may indicate a decrease in cancer cells aggressiveness. In this study we demonstrate that 3BP glycolytic inhibition of breast cancer cells is accompanied by cytoskeleton disruption and consequently loss of migration ability, suggesting that 3BP can potentially be explored for metastatic breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Azevedo-Silva
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Portugal, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - D Tavares-Valente
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Department of Sciences, IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, CESPU, CRL, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), Gandra, Portugal
| | - A Almeida
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Portugal, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - O Queirós
- Department of Sciences, IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, CESPU, CRL, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), Gandra, Portugal
| | - F Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Y H Ko
- KoDiscovery, LLC, University of Maryland BioPark, Suites 502 E & F, 801 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - P L Pedersen
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Member at Large, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205-2185, USA
| | - A Preto
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Portugal, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Casal
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Portugal, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Mikaelian AG, Traboulay E, Zhang XM, Yeritsyan E, Pedersen PL, Ko YH, Matalka KZ. Pleiotropic Anticancer Properties of Scorpion Venom Peptides: Rhopalurus princeps Venom as an Anticancer Agent. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:881-893. [PMID: 32161447 PMCID: PMC7051175 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s231008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To date, the success of conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted biological therapies in cancer treatment is not satisfactory. The main reasons for such outcomes rely on low target selectivity, primarily in chemo- and radiotherapy, ineffectiveness to metastatic disease, drug resistance, and severe side effects. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors may offer better clinical promise, success is still limited. Since cancer is a complex systemic disease, the need for new therapeutic modalities that can target or block several steps of cancer cell characteristics, modulate or repolarize immune cells, and are less toxic to healthy tissues is essential. Of these promising therapeutic modalities are pleiotropic natural products in which scorpion venom (SV) is an excellent example. SV consists of complex bioactive peptides that are disulfide-rich of different peptides’ length, potent, stable, and exerts various multi-pharmacological actions. SV peptides also contain ion channel inhibitors. These ion channels are dysregulated and overexpressed in cancer cells, and play essential roles in cancer development and invasion, as well as depolarizing immune cells. Furthermore, SV has been found to induce cancer cell apoptosis, and inhibit cancer cells proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. In the current review, we are presenting data that show the pleiotropic effect of SV against different types of human cancer as well as revealing one potential anticancer agent, Rhopalurus princeps venom. Furthermore, we are addressing what is needed to be done to translate these potential cancer therapeutics to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter L Pedersen
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Young Hee Ko
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ko YH, Niedźwiecka K, Casal M, Pedersen PL, Ułaszewski S. 3-Bromopyruvate as a potent anticancer therapy in honor and memory of the late Professor André Goffeau. Yeast 2018; 36:211-221. [PMID: 30462852 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Bromopyruvate (3BP) is a small, highly reactive molecule formed by bromination of pyruvate. In the year 2000, the antitumor properties of 3BP were discovered. Studies using animal models proved its high efficacy for anticancer therapy with no apparent side effects. This was also found to be the case in a limited number of cancer patients treated with 3BP. Due to the "Warburg effect," most tumor cells exhibit metabolic changes, for example, increased glucose consumption and lactic acid production resulting from mitochondrial-bound overexpressed hexokinase 2. Such alterations promote cell migration, immortality via inhibition of apoptosis, and less dependence on the availability of oxygen. Significantly, these attributes also make cancer cells more sensitive to agents, such as 3BP that inhibits energy production pathways without harming normal cells. This selectivity of 3BP is mainly due to overexpressed monocarboxylate transporters in cancer cells. Furthermore, 3BP is not a substrate for any pumps belonging to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, which confers resistance to a variety of drugs. Also, 3BP has the capacity to induce multiple forms of cell death, by, for example, ATP depletion resulting from inactivation of both glycolytic and mitochondrial energy production pathways. In addition to its anticancer property, 3BP also exhibits antimicrobial activity. Various species of microorganisms are characterized by different susceptibility to 3BP inhibition. Among tested strains, the most sensitive was found to be the pathogenic yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Significantly, studies carried out in our laboratories have shown that 3BP exhibits a remarkable capacity to eradicate cancer cells, fungi, and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Ko
- KoDiscovery, LLC, University of Maryland BioPark, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Margarida Casal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Peter L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Secher AE, Glintborg B, Gudbergsen H, Krogh NS, Sørensen IJ, Jensen DV, Christensen R, Skougaard M, Pedersen PL, Hetland ML. Comparing patient-reported outcomes entered at home versus at hospital, and testing touch screens for initial recruitment to scientific trials in arthritis patients. Scand J Rheumatol 2018; 48:178-184. [PMID: 30444168 DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2018.1522666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Touch screens for entering patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are available at all Danish departments of rheumatology reporting to the nationwide DANBIO registry. This project comprises two substudies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA), aiming to (A) investigate the feasibility of first line patient recruitment for research via touch screens, and (B) compare PROs collected at hospital versus at home, including patient preferences. METHOD Substudy A: using a touch screen, patients answered whether we could contact them about a clinical research project (yes/no). Characteristics of patients who accepted/declined were explored using chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U-tests. Substudy B (randomized crossover agreement study): a random sample of patients from the accepting group in substudy A was contacted by telephone. According to prespecified power and sample size estimation, 56 patients were included. After randomization, 50% of patients entered PROs and information on comorbidities and lifestyle from home and then at hospital, and 50% first from hospital and then at home. Finally, they stated their preference for data entry (hospital/home/equally good). Differences in PROs entered from home and in the hospital were compared (limits of agreement, 95% confidence intervals, and intraclass correlation coefficients). RESULTS The touch-screen invitation was accepted by 428/952 patients (45%). Patients who accepted and those who declined had similar PROs and demographics. Substudy B was completed by 42 patients (22 RA, 20 AxSpA). They had no significant differences between PROs and lifestyle/comorbidity data entered from home and hospital, except for AxSpA patients on the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index item 5. The preferred method of data entry was hospital (10%), home (50%), and equally good (40%). CONCLUSION Touch screens seem feasible for first line research recruitment. PROs collected from home were similar to the touch-screen solution. Patients preferred data entry from home.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Secher
- a The Danish Rheumatologic Database (DANBIO) and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet , Glostrup , Denmark
| | - B Glintborg
- a The Danish Rheumatologic Database (DANBIO) and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet , Glostrup , Denmark.,b Department of Rheumatology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - H Gudbergsen
- c The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | | | - I J Sørensen
- a The Danish Rheumatologic Database (DANBIO) and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet , Glostrup , Denmark
| | - D V Jensen
- a The Danish Rheumatologic Database (DANBIO) and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet , Glostrup , Denmark.,b Department of Rheumatology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - R Christensen
- c The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals , Frederiksberg , Denmark.,e Department of Rheumatology , Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - M Skougaard
- c The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | | | - M L Hetland
- a The Danish Rheumatologic Database (DANBIO) and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet , Glostrup , Denmark.,g Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Lis P, Jurkiewicz P, Cal-Bąkowska M, Ko YH, Pedersen PL, Goffeau A, Ułaszewski S. Screening the yeast genome for energetic metabolism pathways involved in a phenotypic response to the anti-cancer agent 3-bromopyruvate. Oncotarget 2016; 7:10153-73. [PMID: 26862728 PMCID: PMC4891110 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study the detailed characteristic of the anti-cancer agent 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) activity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae model is described, with the emphasis on its influence on energetic metabolism of the cell. It shows that 3-BP toxicity in yeast is strain-dependent and influenced by the glucose-repression system. Its toxic effect is mainly due to the rapid depletion of intracellular ATP. Moreover, lack of the Whi2p phosphatase results in strongly increased sensitivity of yeast cells to 3-BP, possibly due to the non-functional system of mitophagy of damaged mitochondria through the Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway. Single deletions of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes, the TCA cycle enzymes and mitochondrial carriers result in multiple effects after 3-BP treatment. However, it can be concluded that activity of the pentose phosphate pathway is necessary to prevent the toxicity of 3-BP, probably due to the fact that large amounts of NADPH are produced by this pathway, ensuring the reducing force needed for glutathione reduction, crucial to cope with the oxidative stress. Moreover, single deletions of genes encoding the TCA cycle enzymes and mitochondrial carriers generally cause sensitivity to 3-BP, while totally inactive mitochondrial respiration in the rho0 mutant resulted in increased resistance to 3-BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Lis
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Jurkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cal-Bąkowska
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Young H Ko
- KoDiscovery LLC, UM BioPark, Innovation Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter L Pedersen
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Obesity Research and Metabolism, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andre Goffeau
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stanisław Ułaszewski
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Block KI, Gyllenhaal C, Lowe L, Amedei A, Amin ARMR, Amin A, Aquilano K, Arbiser J, Arreola A, Arzumanyan A, Ashraf SS, Azmi AS, Benencia F, Bhakta D, Bilsland A, Bishayee A, Blain SW, Block PB, Boosani CS, Carey TE, Carnero A, Carotenuto M, Casey SC, Chakrabarti M, Chaturvedi R, Chen GZ, Chen H, Chen S, Chen YC, Choi BK, Ciriolo MR, Coley HM, Collins AR, Connell M, Crawford S, Curran CS, Dabrosin C, Damia G, Dasgupta S, DeBerardinis RJ, Decker WK, Dhawan P, Diehl AME, Dong JT, Dou QP, Drew JE, Elkord E, El-Rayes B, Feitelson MA, Felsher DW, Ferguson LR, Fimognari C, Firestone GL, Frezza C, Fujii H, Fuster MM, Generali D, Georgakilas AG, Gieseler F, Gilbertson M, Green MF, Grue B, Guha G, Halicka D, Helferich WG, Heneberg P, Hentosh P, Hirschey MD, Hofseth LJ, Holcombe RF, Honoki K, Hsu HY, Huang GS, Jensen LD, Jiang WG, Jones LW, Karpowicz PA, Keith WN, Kerkar SP, Khan GN, Khatami M, Ko YH, Kucuk O, Kulathinal RJ, Kumar NB, Kwon BS, Le A, Lea MA, Lee HY, Lichtor T, Lin LT, Locasale JW, Lokeshwar BL, Longo VD, Lyssiotis CA, MacKenzie KL, Malhotra M, Marino M, Martinez-Chantar ML, Matheu A, Maxwell C, McDonnell E, Meeker AK, Mehrmohamadi M, Mehta K, Michelotti GA, Mohammad RM, Mohammed SI, Morre DJ, Muralidhar V, Muqbil I, Murphy MP, Nagaraju GP, Nahta R, Niccolai E, Nowsheen S, Panis C, Pantano F, Parslow VR, Pawelec G, Pedersen PL, Poore B, Poudyal D, Prakash S, Prince M, Raffaghello L, Rathmell JC, Rathmell WK, Ray SK, Reichrath J, Rezazadeh S, Ribatti D, Ricciardiello L, Robey RB, Rodier F, Rupasinghe HPV, Russo GL, Ryan EP, Samadi AK, Sanchez-Garcia I, Sanders AJ, Santini D, Sarkar M, Sasada T, Saxena NK, Shackelford RE, Shantha Kumara HMC, Sharma D, Shin DM, Sidransky D, Siegelin MD, Signori E, Singh N, Sivanand S, Sliva D, Smythe C, Spagnuolo C, Stafforini DM, Stagg J, Subbarayan PR, Sundin T, Talib WH, Thompson SK, Tran PT, Ungefroren H, Vander Heiden MG, Venkateswaran V, Vinay DS, Vlachostergios PJ, Wang Z, Wellen KE, Whelan RL, Yang ES, Yang H, Yang X, Yaswen P, Yedjou C, Yin X, Zhu J, Zollo M. Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 35 Suppl:S276-S304. [PMID: 26590477 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of "personalized" oncology have achieved notable successes in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targeted therapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a few disease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistant immortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are not reliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, an international task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity "broad-spectrum" therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspects of relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a wide range of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For these targets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which were phytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed for known effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment. Potential contrary or procarcinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixed evidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of the relationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. This novel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types of cancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for future research is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith I Block
- Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment, Skokie, IL, United States.
| | | | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A R M Ruhul Amin
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Jack Arbiser
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alexandra Arreola
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Stacy W Blain
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Penny B Block
- Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment, Skokie, IL, United States
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Head and Neck Cancer Biology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Seville, Spain
| | - Marianeve Carotenuto
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologia Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stephanie C Casey
- Stanford University, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Georgia Zhuo Chen
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Helen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV, United States
| | - Beom K Choi
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Helen M Coley
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marisa Connell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Crawford
- Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Colleen S Curran
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas - Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - William K Decker
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Biology, Division of Surgical Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anna Mae E Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Janice E Drew
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eyad Elkord
- College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mark A Feitelson
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Stanford University, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Gary L Firestone
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Mark M Fuster
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Molecular Therapy and Pharmacogenomics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Frank Gieseler
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Michelle F Green
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brendan Grue
- Departments of Environmental Science, Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dorota Halicka
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | | | - Petr Heneberg
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patricia Hentosh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Randall F Holcombe
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Gloria S Huang
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lee W Jones
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Sid P Kerkar
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation and Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (Retired), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Young H Ko
- University of Maryland BioPark, Innovation Center, KoDiscovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rob J Kulathinal
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nagi B Kumar
- Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Anne Le
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael A Lea
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea
| | - Terry Lichtor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Valter D Longo
- Andrus Gerontology Center, Division of Biogerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Karen L MacKenzie
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria L Martinez-Chantar
- Metabolomic Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Christopher Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eoin McDonnell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mahya Mehrmohamadi
- Field of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gregory A Michelotti
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - D James Morre
- Mor-NuCo, Inc, Purdue Research Park, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Vinayak Muralidhar
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Irfana Muqbil
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rita Nahta
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Francesco Pantano
- Medical Oncology Department, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia R Parslow
- Discipline of Nutrition and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter L Pedersen
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Member at Large, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brad Poore
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Deepak Poudyal
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Satya Prakash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mark Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sarallah Rezazadeh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy & National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Brooks Robey
- White River Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, United States; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Francis Rodier
- Centre de Rechercher du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médicine Nucléaire, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Isidro Sanchez-Garcia
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Santini
- Medical Oncology Department, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Malancha Sarkar
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Neeraj K Saxena
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rodney E Shackelford
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University, Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - H M C Shantha Kumara
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dong M Shin
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Markus David Siegelin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emanuela Signori
- National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharanya Sivanand
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Sliva
- DSTest Laboratories, Purdue Research Park, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Carl Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Faculté de Pharmacie et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pochi R Subbarayan
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tabetha Sundin
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sentara Healthcare, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Wamidh H Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sarah K Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Departments of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Oncology and Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Vasundara Venkateswaran
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York University Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Richard L Whelan
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Huanjie Yang
- The School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Paul Yaswen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Clement Yedjou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Xin Yin
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologia Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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7
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Gajdacz M, Hilliard AJ, Kristensen MA, Pedersen PL, Klempt C, Arlt JJ, Sherson JF. Preparation of Ultracold Atom Clouds at the Shot Noise Level. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:073604. [PMID: 27563964 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.073604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We prepare number stabilized ultracold atom clouds through the real-time analysis of nondestructive images and the application of feedback. In our experiments, the atom number N∼10^{6} is determined by high precision Faraday imaging with uncertainty ΔN below the shot noise level, i.e., ΔN<sqrt[N]. Based on this measurement, feedback is applied to reduce the atom number to a user-defined target, whereupon a second imaging series probes the number stabilized cloud. By this method, we show that the atom number in ultracold clouds can be prepared below the shot noise level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gajdacz
- Institut for Fysik og Astronomi, Aarhus Universitet, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - A J Hilliard
- Institut for Fysik og Astronomi, Aarhus Universitet, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M A Kristensen
- Institut for Fysik og Astronomi, Aarhus Universitet, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - P L Pedersen
- Institut for Fysik og Astronomi, Aarhus Universitet, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C Klempt
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - J J Arlt
- Institut for Fysik og Astronomi, Aarhus Universitet, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J F Sherson
- Institut for Fysik og Astronomi, Aarhus Universitet, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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9
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Abstract
This introductory article and those that follow focus on the roles that mitochondria may have in cancer metastasis (spreading) that all too frequently leads to death of cancer patients. The history of cancer dates back in time to several thousand years BC and continues to this day. Although billions of dollars have been invested, numerous cancer researchers/scientists and oncologist located at universities, hospitals, cancer centers, commercial entities (companies), and government agencies have been unable to discover "magic bullets" to quickly silence most cancers. That is, agents that are effective not only in eradicating the primary tumor at its site of origin, but eradicating also distant tumors that have arisen therefrom via metastatic cells. Fortunately, in recent years some researchers have obtained evidence that the mitochondria of cancer cells are involved not only in providing in part the necessary energy (ATP) to fuel their growth, but hold the secrets to their immortality, and propensity to metastasize (spread) from their original site of origin to other body locations. This introductory article, as well as those that follow, focus on the possible roles of mitochondria in cancer metastasis as well as strategies to arrest cancer metastasis based on this knowledge. Ideally, for a patient to become "cancer free" the anticancer agent/agents used must 1) eradicate the primary tumor at its site of origin, 2) eradicate any tumors at other body locations that have arisen via metastasis, and 3) eradicate any tumor cells that remain in the blood, i.e., circulating tumor cells. One such agent that holds promise for doing all three is the small molecule 3-bromopyruvate (3BP) discovered in the author's laboratory by Dr. Young H. Ko near the turn of the century to be a potent anti-cancer agent [Ko et al.(2001) Can Lett 173:83-91].
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Anthonsen S, Larsen J, Pedersen PL, Dalgaard LT, Kvetny J. Basal and T₃-induced ROS production in lymphocyte mitochondria is increased in type 2 diabetic patients. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45:261-6. [PMID: 23015613 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1327590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function, including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is important in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Thyroid hormones are major regulator of these processes. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the thyroid hormone regulation of ROS production in human lymphocytes in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM). Lymphocytes from 10 controls and 10 persons with T2DM were examined. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was examined by flow cytometry after staining with MitoTracker Green (MTG). Similarly ROS was measured following staining with carboxy-H₂DCFDA. MMP was increased in T2DM patients and T₃ stimulation increased MMP in controls [1398 a.u. (979-4094) vs. 2156 a.u. (1611-15189), p=0.04, median and quartiles] as well as in T2DM patients [9167 a.u. (7387-11746) vs. 20274 a.u. (17183-27839 p=0.004, median and quartiles]. Basal ROS concentration was increased in lymphocytes from T2DM and T₃ significantly stimulated ROS concentration in controls [3691 a.u. (2584-6396) vs. 5650 a.u. (3001-7802) p=0.013, median and quartiles] and in T2DM patients [19271 a.u. (6288-25282) vs. 23178 a.u. (10004-28857) p=0.013, median and quartiles]. The ratio of ROS production related to MMP was significantly higher in T2DM, unstimulated as well as T₃-stimulated in T2DM. Unstimulated and T₃ stimulated ROS production and MMP were higher in lymphocytes from diabetic patients. An altered balance between ROS production and MMP, favoring ROS production in T2DM patients, was found suggesting that an increased mitochondrial sensitivity for T₃ may be a significant factor responsible for increased ROS activity in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anthonsen
- The Mitochondrial Research Unit, Naestved County Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
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Queirós O, Preto A, Pacheco A, Pinheiro C, Azevedo-Silva J, Moreira R, Pedro M, Ko YH, Pedersen PL, Baltazar F, Casal M. Butyrate activates the monocarboxylate transporter MCT4 expression in breast cancer cells and enhances the antitumor activity of 3-bromopyruvate. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:141-53. [PMID: 22350013 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most malignant tumors exhibit the Warburg effect, which consists in increased glycolysis rates with production of lactate, even in the presence of oxygen. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), maintain these glycolytic rates, by mediating the influx and/or efflux of lactate and are overexpressed in several cancer cell types. The lactate and pyruvate analogue 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) is an inhibitor of the energy metabolism, which has been proposed as a specific antitumor agent. In the present study, we aimed at determining the effect of 3-BP in breast cancer cells and evaluated the putative role of MCTs on this effect. Our results showed that the three breast cancer cell lines used presented different sensitivities to 3-BP: ZR-75-1 ER (+)>MCF-7 ER (+)>SK-BR-3 ER (-). We also demonstrated that 3-BP reduced lactate production, induced cell morphological alterations and increased apoptosis. The effect of 3-BP appears to be cytotoxic rather than cytostatic, as a continued decrease in cell viability was observed after removal of 3-BP. We showed that pre-incubation with butyrate enhanced significantly 3-BP cytotoxicity, especially in the most resistant breast cancer cell line, SK-BR-3. We observed that butyrate treatment induced localization of MCT1 in the plasma membrane as well as overexpression of MCT4 and its chaperone CD147. Our results thus indicate that butyrate pre-treatment potentiates the effect of 3-BP, most probably by increasing the rates of 3-BP transport through MCT1/4. This study supports the potential use of butyrate as adjuvant of 3-BP in the treatment of breast cancer resistant cells, namely ER (-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Odília Queirós
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte / CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, PRD, Portugal
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Ko YH, Verhoeven HA, Lee MJ, Corbin DJ, Vogl TJ, Pedersen PL. A translational study "case report" on the small molecule "energy blocker" 3-bromopyruvate (3BP) as a potent anticancer agent: from bench side to bedside. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:163-70. [PMID: 22328020 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The small alkylating molecule, 3-bromopyruvate (3BP), is a potent and specific anticancer agent. 3BP is different in its action from most currently available chemo-drugs. Thus, 3BP targets cancer cells' energy metabolism, both its high glycolysis ("Warburg Effect") and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This inhibits/ blocks total energy production leading to a depletion of energy reserves. Moreover, 3BP as an "Energy Blocker", is very rapid in killing such cells. This is in sharp contrast to most commonly used anticancer agents that usually take longer to show a noticeable effect. In addition, 3BP at its effective concentrations that kill cancer cells has little or no effect on normal cells. Therefore, 3BP can be considered a member, perhaps one of the first, of a new class of anticancer agents. Following 3BP's discovery as a novel anticancer agent in vitro in the Year 2000 (Published in Ko et al. Can Lett 173:83-91, 2001), and also as a highly effective and rapid anticancer agent in vivo shortly thereafter (Ko et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 324:269-275, 2004), its efficacy as a potent anticancer agent in humans was demonstrated. Here, based on translational research, we report results of a case study in a young adult cancer patient with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, a bench side discovery in the Department of Biological Chemistry at Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine was taken effectively to bedside treatment at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main Hospital, Germany. The results obtained hold promise for 3BP as a future cancer therapeutic without apparent cyto-toxicity when formulated properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Ko
- Cancer Cure Med LLC, Owings Mills, MD 21117, USA
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Blum DJ, Ko YH, Pedersen PL. Mitochondrial ATP Synthase Catalytic Mechanism: A Novel Visual Comparative Structural Approach Emphasizes Pivotal Roles for Mg2+ and P-Loop Residues in Making ATP. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1532-46. [DOI: 10.1021/bi201595v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Blum
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725
North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, United States
| | - Young H. Ko
- Cancer Cure Med, LLC, 300 Redland Court, Suite 212, Owings Mills, Maryland
21117, United States
| | - Peter L. Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725
North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, United States
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Darpolor MM, Kaplan DE, Pedersen PL, Glickson JD. Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metabolism: Imaging by Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1. [PMID: 24224182 DOI: 10.4172/2325-9612.1000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most cancers exhibit high levels of aerobic glycolytic metabolism with diminished levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation even in the presence of normal or near-normal levels of oxygen ("Warburg effect"). However, technical challenges have limited the development of non-invasive in vivo imaging techniques for monitoring glycolytic metabolism of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and quantitatively evaluating the impact of this effect on the growth and therapy of this disease. Thus, there is a critical need to develop non-invasive techniques for longitudinal assessment of the metabolism and treatment response of patients with unresectable HCCs. PROCEDURES This article discusses a novel method, "Hyperpolarized 13C MRS imaging", for achieving this objective and thus improving the prognosis of HCC patients. The primary objective has been to characterize in vivo metabolic biomarkers as determinants of HCC metabolism and treatment response of unresectable HCC tumors or viable HCC cells. RESULTS This innovative technique capitalizes on a new technology that increases the sensitivity of MRS detection of crucial metabolites in cancer cells. CONCLUSION It is anticipated that this innovative approach will lead to improved methods, both for the diagnosis and staging of HCCs and for the facilitation of the development of enzyme targeted therapies and other therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses M Darpolor
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Chen YB, Aon MA, Hsu YT, Soane L, Teng X, McCaffery JM, Cheng WC, Qi B, Li H, Alavian KN, Dayhoff-Brannigan M, Zou S, Pineda FJ, O'Rourke B, Ko YH, Pedersen PL, Kaczmarek LK, Jonas EA, Hardwick JM. Bcl-x Lregulates mitochondrial energetics by stabilizing the inner membrane potential. J Exp Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1084/jem20811oia29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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16
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Chen YB, Aon MA, Hsu YT, Soane L, Teng X, McCaffery JM, Cheng WC, Qi B, Li H, Alavian KN, Dayhoff-Brannigan M, Zou S, Pineda FJ, O'Rourke B, Ko YH, Pedersen PL, Kaczmarek LK, Jonas EA, Hardwick JM. Bcl-xL regulates mitochondrial energetics by stabilizing the inner membrane potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 195:263-76. [PMID: 21987637 PMCID: PMC3198165 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To promote cell survival, the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-xL both
inhibits Bax-induced mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and
stabilizes mitochondrial inner membrane ion flux and thus overall mitochondrial
energetic capacity. Mammalian Bcl-xL protein localizes to the outer mitochondrial
membrane, where it inhibits apoptosis by binding Bax and inhibiting Bax-induced
outer membrane permeabilization. Contrary to expectation, we found by electron
microscopy and biochemical approaches that endogenous Bcl-xL also
localized to inner mitochondrial cristae. Two-photon microscopy of cultured
neurons revealed large fluctuations in inner mitochondrial membrane potential
when Bcl-xL was genetically deleted or pharmacologically inhibited,
indicating increased total ion flux into and out of mitochondria. Computational,
biochemical, and genetic evidence indicated that Bcl-xL reduces
futile ion flux across the inner mitochondrial membrane to prevent a wasteful
drain on cellular resources, thereby preventing an energetic crisis during
stress. Given that F1FO–ATP synthase directly
affects mitochondrial membrane potential and having identified the mitochondrial
ATP synthase β subunit in a screen for Bcl-xL–binding
partners, we tested and found that Bcl-xL failed to protect β
subunit–deficient yeast. Thus, by bolstering mitochondrial energetic
capacity, Bcl-xL may contribute importantly to cell survival
independently of other Bcl-2 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Bei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Kristensen MH, Weidinger M, Bzorek M, Pedersen PL, Mejer J. Correlation between thymidylate synthase gene variants, RNA and protein levels in primary colorectal adenocarcinomas. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:484-97. [PMID: 20515563 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to compare thymidylate synthase (TS) genotype, mRNA and protein levels in primary colorectal adenocarcinoma, and to examine the correlation between microsatellite instability (MSI) and TS expression. The TS genotype of 68 patients with colorectal cancer was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumour tissue. The TS mRNA levels in tumour tissue were measured by reverse-transcription PCR, and TS protein levels and MSI status were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Significantly higher mRNA and protein levels were observed in patients with the TS 3R/3R versus the 2R/2R and 2R/3R genotypes. There was no correlation between TS single nucleotide polymorphism and TS expression. Individuals homozygous for the six base-pair insertion in the 3'-untranslated region had significantly higher TS mRNA levels than heterozygous and homozygous wild type individuals. The TS mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in microsatellite unstable tumours compared with microsatellite stable tumours. There was a significant association between the number of TS enhancer region repeats (in blood) and intratumoural TS mRNA and protein levels. A larger case series investigating the role of TS gene polymorphisms as predictors of sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital South, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj P Mathupala
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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19
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Abstract
AIM Although obesity and weight gain generally are anticipated to be caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, the significance of thyroid hormones (TH) remains unclear. Examination of mitochondrial function may reflect intracellular thyroid hormone effect and elucidate whether a lower metabolic rate is present. METHODS In a group of 34 obese adolescents (age <16 years and body mass index above the age-related 95th percentile), and an age- and gender-matched group of 32 lean adolescent, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and basal oxygen consumption were measured and mitochondrial function in peripheral blood monocytes was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Significant increase in TSH (3.06 +/- 1.56 mU/L vs. 2.33 +/- 0.91 mU/L, p < 0.05) and a decrease in VO2 (129 +/- 16 mL O2/m(2)*min vs. 146 +/- 15 mL O2/m(2)*min, p < 0.05) were observed in obese adolescents compared with lean adolescents. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated a lower mitochondrial mass (6385 +/- 1962 a.u. vs. 7608 +/- 2328 a.u., p < 0.05) and mitochondrial membrane potential (11426 +/- 3861 a.u. vs. 14017 +/- 5536 a.u., p < 0.05) in obese adolescents compared with lean adolescents. These results are even more pronounced in adolescents with obese mothers. CONCLUSION In obese adolescents, the increased TSH and lowered VO2 propose a lowered basal metabolic rate and the impaired mitochondrial function suggests a decreased thyroid hormone stimulation of mitochondrial energy production. The maternal in-heritage is suggestive of a basal metabolic defect or mitochondrial resistance for TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wilms
- The Mitochondrial Research Unit, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark.
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20
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Kristensen MH, Pedersen PL, Melsen GV, Ellehauge J, Mejer J. Variants in the Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase, Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase and Thymidylate Synthase Genes Predict Early Toxicity of 5-Fluorouracil in Colorectal Cancer Patients. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:870-83. [DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy have been reported to be due, in part, to genetic variants of the genes for the drug-related enzymes thymidylate synthase (TS; TYMS gene), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR gene) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD; DPYD gene). This study investigated whether selected genetic variants of the TYMS, MTHFR and DPYD genes predict 5-FU-related early toxicity. The prevalence of the genetic variants was determined in 122 colorectal cancer patients and in a reference population of 320 blood donors. Subgroup analysis of 68 of the colorectal cancer patients was carried out to determine the relationship between selected gene variants detected in peripheral mononuclear cells and tolerability during the first or second cycle of 5-FU based treatment. Toxicity was linked to the TYMS 2R/2R variant (relative risk [RR] 1.66; sensitivity 0.37; specificity 0.77) and to the MTHFR c1298 C/C genetic variant (RR 1.77; sensitivity 0.17; specificity 0.91). Patients with the genetic variant IVS14+1 G/A or c1896 C/T in the DPYD gene had a statistically significant increased risk of experiencing toxicity (RR 2 and 6, respectively), both having a high specificity (0.97 and 0.98, respectively) and low sensitivity (0.04 and 0.13, respectively). It is concluded that pre-treatment detection of genetic variants can help to predict early toxicity experienced by patients receiving 5-FU-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- MH Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital South, Naestved, Denmark
| | - PL Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital South, Naestved, Denmark
| | - GV Melsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital South, Naestved, Denmark
| | - J Ellehauge
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital South, Naestved, Denmark
| | - J Mejer
- Department of Oncology, Hospital South, Naestved, Denmark
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21
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine mitochondrial function in cells from persons with subclinical hypothyroidism and euthyroid controls. The participating persons were examined clinically and had basal oxygen consumption (VO(2)) determined. The concentrations of thyroid hormones and thyrotropine stimulating hormone were determined, and mitochondrial function in isolated mononuclear blood cells was examined by enzymatic methods [citrate synthase activity (CS)] and by flow cytometry (mitochondrial membrane potential by TMRM fluorescence and mitochondrial mass by MTG fluorescence). The ratio of T(4)/T(3) was lowered in subclinical hypothyroidism patients compared to controls (2.5+/-0.5 vs. 2.9+/-0.4, p=0.005). VO(2) was increased in persons with subclinical hypothyroidism compared to controls (adolescents: 134+/-27 ml O(2)/min*m(2) vs. 119+/-27 ml O(2)/min*m(2), p=0.006, adults: 139+/-14 ml O(2)/min*m(2) vs. 121+/-17 ml O(2)/min*m(2), p=0.001). The mitochondrial function, represented by citrate synthase activity, MTG, and TMRM fluorescence were all increased (CS in subclinical hypothyroidism vs. controls: 0.074+/-0.044 nmol/mg*min vs. 0.056+/-0.021 nmol/mg*min, p=0.005; MTG fluorescence in subclinical hypothyroidism vs. controls: 7,482+/-1,733 a.u. vs. 6,391+/-2,171 a.u., p=0.027; TMRM fluorescence in subclinical hypothyroidism vs. controls: 13,449+/-3,807 a.u. vs. 11,733+/-4,473 a.u, p=0.04). Our results indicate an increased mitochondrial stimulation, eventually caused by increased deiodination of T(4) to intracellular bioactive iodothyronines in adults and adolescents with subclinical hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kvetny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Pedersen PL. Mitochondrial matters of the brain: amyloid formation and Alzheimer's disease introduction. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2009; 41:403-5. [PMID: 19882355 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-009-9248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years mitochondria, as the most abundant organelles in animal and human cells, have come to the forefront of biomedical research as they are now recognized not only as the major producers of ATP needed to drive cellular functions critical for life, but they are also the instruments of cell death. Not surprisingly, therefore, mitochondria are now known to be involved in many different diseases ranging from those that affect millions worldwide to those that affect only a few, i.e., rare diseases. These diseases include in addition to cardio-myopathies and cancer also diseases that affect many other organs/tissues including the brain/nervous system, the latter diseases now commonly referred to as "neurodegenerative diseases". Specifically, the subject of this mini-review series focuses on the role of mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease, a major age related neurodegenerative disease that results in loss or decline of memory and other cognitive abilities. This devastating disease affects millions of Americans, and globally multi-millions with very grim predictions for the future. Although the molecular and gene-related details that underlie Alzheimer's disease remain to be clearly elucidated, mitochondria appear to be very intimately involved. The purpose of this mini-review series is to summarize how various investigators working on this subject envision the role(s) of mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease. The development of future therapies for this disease is likely to rely heavily on the new knowledge gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA.
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23
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Pedersen PL. Mitochondrial matters of the heart: a plethora of regulatory modes to maintain function for a long lifetime. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2009; 41:95-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-009-9219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
ATP synthases are unusually complex molecules, which fractionate most readily into two major units, one a water soluble unit called F(1) and the other a detergent soluble unit called F(0). In almost all known species the F(1) unit consists of 5 subunit types in the stoichiometric ratio alpha(3)beta(3)gammadeltaepsilon while the F(0) unit contains 3 subunit types (a, b, and c) in E. coli, and at least 10 subunit types (a, b, c, and others) in higher animals. It is now believed by many investigators that during the synthesis of ATP, protons derived from an electrochemical gradient generated by an electron transport chain are directed through the F(0) unit in such a way as to drive the rotation of the single gamma subunit, which extends from an oligomeric ring of at least 10 c subunits in F(0) through the center of F(1). It is further believed by many that the rotating gamma subunit, by interacting sequentially with the 3 alphabeta pairs of F(1) (360 degrees cycle) in the presence of ADP, P(i), and Mg++, brings about via "power strokes" conformational/binding changes in these subunits that promote the synthesis of ATP and its release on each alphabeta pair. In support of these views, studies in several laboratories either suggest or demonstrate that F(0) consists in part of a proton gradient driven motor while F(1) consists of an ATP hydrolysis driven motor, and that the gamma subunit does rotate during F(1) function. Therefore, current implications are that during ATP synthesis the former motor drives the latter in reverse via the gamma subunit. This would suggest that the process of understanding the mechanism of ATP synthases can be subdivided into three major levels, which include elucidating those chemical and/or biophysical events involved in (1) inducing rotation of the gamma subunit, (2) coupling rotation of this subunit to conformational/binding changes in each of the 3 alphabeta pairs, and (3) forming ATP and water (from ADP, P(i), and Mg(++)) and then releasing these products from each of the 3 catalytic sites. Significantly, it is at the final level of mechanism where the bond breaking/making events of ATP synthesis occur in the transition state, with the former two levels of mechanism setting the stage for this critical payoff event. Nevertheless, in order to get a better grip in this new century on how ATP synthases make ATP and then release it, we must take on the difficult challenge of elucidating each of the three levels of mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The most commonly quoted mechanism of the coupling between the electrochemical proton gradient and the formation of ATP from ADP and P(i) assumes that all states of the F(1) portion of the ATP synthase have beta subunits in "tight," "loose," and "open" conformations. Models based on this assumption are inconsistent with some of the available experimental evidence. A mechanism that includes an additional beta subunit conformation, "closed," observed in the rat liver structure overcomes these difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bianchet
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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26
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Mathupala SP, Ko YH, Pedersen PL. Hexokinase-2 bound to mitochondria: cancer's stygian link to the "Warburg Effect" and a pivotal target for effective therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:17-24. [PMID: 19101634 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The most common metabolic hallmark of malignant tumors, i.e., the "Warburg effect" is their propensity to metabolize glucose to lactic acid at a high rate even in the presence of oxygen. The pivotal player in this frequent cancer phenotype is mitochondrial-bound hexokinase [Bustamante E, Pedersen PL. High aerobic glycolysis of rat hepatoma cells in culture: role of mitochondrial hexokinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74(9):3735-9; Bustamante E, Morris HP, Pedersen PL. Energy metabolism of tumor cells. Requirement for a form of hexokinase with a propensity for mitochondrial binding. J Biol Chem 1981;256(16):8699-704]. Now, in clinics worldwide this prominent phenotype forms the basis of one of the most common detection systems for cancer, i.e., positron emission tomography (PET). Significantly, HK-2 is the major bound hexokinase isoform expressed in cancers that exhibit a "Warburg effect". This includes most cancers that metastasize and kill their human host. By stationing itself on the outer mitochondrial membrane, HK-2 also helps immortalize cancer cells, escapes product inhibition and gains preferential access to newly synthesized ATP for phosphorylating glucose. The latter event traps this essential nutrient inside the tumor cells as glucose-6-P, some of which is funneled off to serve as carbon precursors to help promote the production of new cancer cells while much is converted to lactic acid that exits the cells. The resultant acidity likely wards off an immune response while preparing surrounding tissues for invasion. With the re-emergence and acceptance of both the "Warburg effect" as a prominent phenotype of most clinical cancers, and "metabolic targeting" as a rational therapeutic strategy, a number of laboratories are focusing on metabolite entry or exit steps. One remarkable success story [Ko YH, Smith BL, Wang Y, Pomper MG, Rini DA, Torbenson MS, et al. Advanced cancers: eradication in all cases using 3-bromopyruvate therapy to deplete ATP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;324(1):269-75] is the use of the small molecule 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) that selectively enters and destroys the cells of large tumors in animals by targeting both HK-2 and the mitochondrial ATP synthasome. This leads to very rapid ATP depletion and tumor destruction without harm to the animals. This review focuses on the multiple roles played by HK-2 in cancer and its potential as a metabolic target for complete cancer destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj P Mathupala
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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27
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Hong S, Pedersen PL. ATP synthase and the actions of inhibitors utilized to study its roles in human health, disease, and other scientific areas. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:590-641, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19052322 PMCID: PMC2593570 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00016-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP synthase, a double-motor enzyme, plays various roles in the cell, participating not only in ATP synthesis but in ATP hydrolysis-dependent processes and in the regulation of a proton gradient across some membrane-dependent systems. Recent studies of ATP synthase as a potential molecular target for the treatment of some human diseases have displayed promising results, and this enzyme is now emerging as an attractive molecular target for the development of new therapies for a variety of diseases. Significantly, ATP synthase, because of its complex structure, is inhibited by a number of different inhibitors and provides diverse possibilities in the development of new ATP synthase-directed agents. In this review, we classify over 250 natural and synthetic inhibitors of ATP synthase reported to date and present their inhibitory sites and their known or proposed modes of action. The rich source of ATP synthase inhibitors and their known or purported sites of action presented in this review should provide valuable insights into their applications as potential scaffolds for new therapeutics for human and animal diseases as well as for the discovery of new pesticides and herbicides to help protect the world's food supply. Finally, as ATP synthase is now known to consist of two unique nanomotors involved in making ATP from ADP and P(i), the information provided in this review may greatly assist those investigators entering the emerging field of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Hong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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28
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Pedersen PL. Warburg, me and Hexokinase 2: Multiple discoveries of key molecular events underlying one of cancers' most common phenotypes, the "Warburg Effect", i.e., elevated glycolysis in the presence of oxygen. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2008; 39:211-22. [PMID: 17879147 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-007-9094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As a new faculty member at The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, the author began research on cancer in 1969 because this frequently fatal disease touched many whom he knew. He was intrigued with its viscous nature, the failure of all who studied it to find a cure, and also fascinated by the pioneering work of Otto Warburg, a biochemical legend and Nobel laureate. Warburg who died 1 year later in 1970 had shown in the 1920s that the most striking biochemical phenotype of cancers is their aberrant energy metabolism. Unlike normal tissues that derive most of their energy (ATP) by metabolizing the sugar glucose to carbon dioxide and water, a process that involves oxygen-dependent organelles called "mitochondria", Warburg showed that cancers frequently rely less on mitochondria and obtain as much as 50% of their ATP by metabolizing glucose directly to lactic acid, even in the presence of oxygen. This frequent phenotype of cancers became known as the "Warburg effect", and the author of this review strongly believed its understanding would facilitate the discovery of a cure. Following in the final footsteps of Warburg and caught in the midst of an unpleasant anti-Warburg, anti-metabolic era, the author and his students/collaborators began quietly to identify the key molecular events involved in the "Warburg effect". Here, the author describes via a series of sequential discoveries touching five decades how despite some impairment in the respiratory capacity of malignant tumors, that hexokinase 2 (HK-2), its mitochondrial receptor (VDAC), and the gene that encodes HK-2 (HK-2 gene) play the most pivotal and direct roles in the "Warburg effect". They discovered also that like a "Trojan horse" the simple lactic acid analog 3-bromopyruvate selectively enters the cells of cancerous animal tumors that exhibit the "Warburg effect" and quickly dissipates their energy (ATP) production factories (i.e., glycolysis and mitochondria) resulting in tumor destruction without harm to the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205-2185, USA,
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29
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Abstract
This introductory article to the review series entitled "The Cancer Cell's Power Plants as Promising Therapeutic Targets" is written while more than 20 million people suffer from cancer. It summarizes strategies to destroy or prevent cancers by targeting their energy production factories, i.e., "power plants." All nucleated animal/human cells have two types of power plants, i.e., systems that make the "high energy" compound ATP from ADP and P( i ). One type is "glycolysis," the other the "mitochondria." In contrast to most normal cells where the mitochondria are the major ATP producers (>90%) in fueling growth, human cancers detected via Positron Emission Tomography (PET) rely on both types of power plants. In such cancers, glycolysis may contribute nearly half the ATP even in the presence of oxygen ("Warburg effect"). Based solely on cell energetics, this presents a challenge to identify curative agents that destroy only cancer cells as they must destroy both of their power plants causing "necrotic cell death" and leave normal cells alone. One such agent, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), a lactic acid analog, has been shown to inhibit both glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production in rapidly growing cancers (Ko et al., Cancer Letts., 173, 83-91, 2001), leave normal cells alone, and eradicate advanced cancers (19 of 19) in a rodent model (Ko et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 324, 269-275, 2004). A second approach is to induce only cancer cells to undergo "apoptotic cell death." Here, mitochondria release cell death inducing factors (e.g., cytochrome c). In a third approach, cancer cells are induced to die by both apoptotic and necrotic events. In summary, much effort is being focused on identifying agents that induce "necrotic," "apoptotic" or apoptotic plus necrotic cell death only in cancer cells. Regardless how death is inflicted, every cancer cell must die, be it fast or slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA.
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Mathupala SP, Ko YH, Pedersen PL. Hexokinase II: cancer's double-edged sword acting as both facilitator and gatekeeper of malignancy when bound to mitochondria. Oncogene 2006; 25:4777-86. [PMID: 16892090 PMCID: PMC3385868 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A key hallmark of many cancers, particularly the most aggressive, is the capacity to metabolize glucose at an elevated rate, a phenotype detected clinically using positron emission tomography (PET). This phenotype provides cancer cells, including those that participate in metastasis, a distinct competitive edge over normal cells. Specifically, after rapid entry of glucose into cancer cells on the glucose transporter, the highly glycolytic phenotype is supported by hexokinase (primarily HK II) that is overexpressed and bound to the outer mitochondrial membrane via the porin-like protein voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). This protein and the adenine nucleotide transporter move ATP, newly synthesized by the inner membrane located ATP synthase, to active sites on HK II. The abundant amounts of HK II bind both the ATP and the incoming glucose producing the product glucose-6-phosphate, also at an elevated rate. This critical metabolite then serves both as a biosynthetic precursor to support cell proliferation and as a precursor for lactic acid, the latter exiting cancer cells causing an unfavorable environment for normal cells. Although helping facilitate this chemical warfare, HK II via its mitochondrial location also suppresses the death of cancer cells, thus increasing their possibility for metastasis and the ultimate death of the human host. For these reasons, targeting this key enzyme is currently being investigated in several laboratories in a strategy to develop novel therapies that may turn the tide on the continuing struggle to find effective cures for cancer. One such candidate is 3-bromopyruvate that has been shown recently to eradicate advanced stage, PET positive hepatocellular carcinomas in an animal model without apparent harm to the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- SP Mathupala
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - YH Ko
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - PL Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Abstract
Today we know there are four different types of ATPases that operate within biological membranes with the purpose of moving many different types of ions or molecules across these membranes. Some of these ions or molecules are transported into cells, some out of cells, and some in or out of organelles within cells. These ATPases span the biological world from bacteria to eukaryotic cells and have become most simply and commonly known as "transport ATPases." The price that each cell type pays for transport work is counted in molecules of hydrolyzed ATP, a metabolic currency that is itself regenerated by a transport ATPase working in reverse, i.e., the ATP synthase. Four major classes of transport ATPases, the P, V, F, and ABC types are now known. In addition to being involved in many different types of biological/physiological processes, mutations in these proteins also account for a large number of diseases. The purpose of this introductory article to a mini-review series on transport ATPases is to provide the reader with a very brief and focused look at this important area of research that has an interesting history and bears significance to cell physiology, biochemistry, immunology, nanotechnology, and medicine, including drug discovery. The latter involves potential applications to a whole host of diseases ranging from cancer to those that affect bones (osteoporosis), ears (hearing), eyes (macromolecular degeneration), the heart (hypercholesterolemia/cardiac arrest,), immune system (immune deficiency disease), kidney (nephrotoxicity), lungs (cystic fibrosis), pancreas (diabetes and cystic fibrosis), skin (Darier disease), and stomach (ulcers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205-2185, USA.
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32
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Chen C, Saxena AK, Simcoke WN, Garboczi DN, Pedersen PL, Ko YH. Mitochondrial ATP synthase. Crystal structure of the catalytic F1 unit in a vanadate-induced transition-like state and implications for mechanism. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13777-13783. [PMID: 16531409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513369200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP synthesis from ADP, P(i), and Mg2+ takes place in mitochondria on the catalytic F1 unit (alpha3beta3gammedeltaepsilon) of the ATP synthase complex (F0F1), a remarkable nanomachine that interconverts electrochemical and mechanical energy, producing the high energy terminal bond of ATP. In currently available structural models of F1, the P-loop (amino acid residues 156GGAGVGKT163) contributes to substrate binding at the subunit catalytic sites. Here, we report the first transition state-like structure of F1 (ADP.V(i).Mg.F1) from rat liver that was crystallized with the phosphate (P(i)) analog vanadate (VO(3-)4 or V(i)). Compared with earlier "ground state" structures, this new F1 structure reveals that the active site region has undergone significant remodeling. P-loop residue alanine 158 is located much closer to V(i) than it is to P(i) in a previous structural model. No significant movements of P-loop residues of the subunit were observed at its analogous but noncatalytic sites. Under physiological conditions, such active site remodeling involving the small hydrophobic alanine residue may promote ATP synthesis by lowering the local dielectric constant, thus facilitating the dehydration of ADP and P(i). This new crystallographic study provides strong support for the catalytic mechanism of ATP synthesis deduced from earlier biochemical studies of liver F1 conducted in the presence of V(i) (Ko, Y. H., Bianchet, M., Amzel, L. M., and Pedersen, P. L. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18875-18881; Ko, Y. H., Hong, S., and Pedersen, P. L. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 28853-28856).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185
| | - Ajay K Saxena
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - William N Simcoke
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - David N Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Peter L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185.
| | - Young H Ko
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185.
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Ko YH, Pan W, Inoue C, Pedersen PL. Signal transduction to mitochondrial ATP synthase: evidence that PDGF-dependent phosphorylation of the delta-subunit occurs in several cell lines, involves tyrosine, and is modulated by lysophosphatidic acid. Mitochondrion 2005; 1:339-48. [PMID: 16120288 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7249(01)00036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2001] [Revised: 09/24/2001] [Accepted: 09/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although signal transduction mechanisms originating from receptors on the plasma membrane and targeted to metabolic and other enzymes/proteins localized in the cytoplasm or the nucleus have been extensively studied in animal cells, few such studies have focused on the mitochondrial energy producing machinery, i.e. the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complex (F0F1). Significantly, it was shown in an earlier collaborative study that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which is linked in signal transduction pathways to tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylations, regulates the phosphorylation of the mitochondrial ATP synthase delta subunit in cortical neurons (Zhang et. al., 1995. J. Neurochem. 65, 2812-2815). This is a particularly intriguing finding in light of more recent reports demonstrating that ATP synthases are nanomotors with a central rotor, one component of which is the delta subunit. In this report, evidence is provided that the PDGF-dependent phosphorylation of the ATP synthase delta subunit is not confined to neuronal cells but can be demonstrated also in studies with PDGF-treated NIH3T3 and kidney cells. Evidence is provided also that phosphorylation of the ATP synthase delta subunit may involve its single tyrosine residue, and that this phosphorylation is modulated when the cell based assay includes lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a phospholipid signaling molecules. Finally, results are presented of an analysis which revealed a number of potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites on three other subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma) of the F1 (catalytic) moiety of the mitochondrial ATP synthase, thus making this important complex a most attractive target for future signal transduction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Ko
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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Hong S, Pedersen PL. Mitochondrial ATP synthase: a bioinformatic approach reveals new insights about the roles of supernumerary subunits g and A6L. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2005; 36:515-23. [PMID: 15692730 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-004-8998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATP synthase is a membrane protein complex which couples the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane to the synthesis of ATP from ADP+Pi. The complex is composed of essential subunits for its motor functions and supernumerary subunits, the roles of which remain to be elucidated. Subunits g and A6L are supernumerary subunits, and the specific roles of these subunits are still matters of debate. To gain insight into the functions of these two subunits, we carried out the alignment and the homolog search of the protein sequences of the subunits and found the following features: Subunit g appears to have isoforms in animals, and the transmembrane domain of the animal subunit g contains a completely conserved acidic residue in the middle of a helix on the conserved side of the transmembrane helix. This finding implicates the conserved acidic residue as important for the function of subunit g. The alignment of A6L protein sequences shows a conserved aromatic residue at the N-terminal domain with which the N-terminal MPQL sequence comprises a unique MPQLX4Ar motif that can signify the protein A6L. The conserved aromatic residue may also be important for the function of A6L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Hong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205-2185, USA
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35
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Ko YH, Smith BL, Wang Y, Pomper MG, Rini DA, Torbenson MS, Hullihen J, Pedersen PL. Advanced cancers: eradication in all cases using 3-bromopyruvate therapy to deplete ATP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:269-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Geschwind JF, Georgiades CS, Ko YH, Pedersen PL. Recently elucidated energy catabolism pathways provide opportunities for novel treatments in hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2004; 4:449-57. [PMID: 15161443 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.4.3.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that tumors depend on energy production pathways that are different from those of normal cells. These unique pathways require the expression and function of tumor-specific enzymes. Some of these glycolytic enzymes, as well as other modulators of tumor behavior, have recently been elucidated. In theory, inhibiting such enzymes or appropriately affecting such modulators should deprive tumors of energy, while leaving nontransformed cells unaffected. These factors include certain hexokinases that catalyze glycolysis in tumors and can be inhibited by 3-bromopyruvate. 2-deoxyglucose is another modulator that depletes hexokinase stores and cannot undergo further catabolism, thus depriving tumors of their energy source. Other enzymes or modulators are under scrutiny and have shown promise. Preliminary experiments on animals with hepatocellular carcinoma have indeed shown very encouraging results. It appears that modulating the energy production pathways of tumors is poised to become a substantial research area for cancer treatment. This review will focus on the energy production pathways of transformed cells, highlight the differences between transformed and normal cells in this regard and summarize recent experiments that take advantage of these disparities in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Geschwind
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Cardiovascular and Interventional Diagnostic Laboratory, Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Chen C, Ko Y, Delannoy M, Ludtke SJ, Chiu W, Pedersen PL. Mitochondrial ATP synthasome: three-dimensional structure by electron microscopy of the ATP synthase in complex formation with carriers for Pi and ADP/ATP. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:31761-8. [PMID: 15166242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401353200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The terminal steps involved in making ATP in mitochondria require an ATP synthase (F(0)F(1)) comprised of two motors, a phosphate carrier (PIC), and an adenine nucleotide carrier (ANC). Under mild conditions, these entities sub-fractionate as an ATP synthase/PIC/ANC complex or "ATP synthasome" (Ko, Y.H., Delannoy, M, Hullihen, J., Chiu, W., and Pedersen, P.L. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 12305-12309). As a first step toward obtaining three-dimensional information about this large complex or "metabolon" and the locations of PIC and ANC therein, we dispersed ATP synthasomes into single complexes and visualized negatively stained images by electron microscopy (EM) that showed clearly the classical headpiece, central stalk, and basepiece. Parallel immuno-EM studies revealed the presence of PIC and ANC located non-centrally in the basepiece, and other studies implicated an ATP synthase/PIC/ANC stoichiometry near 1:1:1. Single ATP synthasome images (7506) were boxed, and, using EMAN software, a three-dimensional model was obtained at a resolution of 23 A. Significantly, the basepiece is oblong and contains two domains, the larger of which connects to the central stalk, whereas the smaller appears as an extension. Docking studies with known structures together with the immuno-EM studies suggest that PIC or ANC may be located in the smaller domain, whereas the other transporter resides nearby in the larger domain. Collectively, these finding support a mechanism in which the entry of the substrates ADP and P(i) into mitochondria, the synthesis of ATP on F(1), and the release and exit of ATP are very localized and highly coordinated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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Lee MG, Pedersen PL. Glucose metabolism in cancer: importance of transcription factor-DNA interactions within a short segment of the proximal region og the type II hexokinase promoter. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:41047-58. [PMID: 12893819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307031200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A common signature of many cancers is a high glucose catabolic rate frequently dependent on the overexpression of Type II hexokinase (HKII), a mitochondrial bound enzyme that also suppresses cell death. As the tumor HKII promoter plays a significant role in HKII overexpression, studies reported here were undertaken to identify both the major regions and transcription factors involved under tumor-like conditions. Reporter gene assays following transfection of hepatoma cells with decreasing segments of the HKII promoter traced its known strength to the proximal region (-281 to -35). Mutational analyses showed that in this short region GC boxes 1, 2, 5, and 6, a CCAAT box, an inverted CCAAT box, and CRE are involved in promoter activation. Other studies demonstrated binding of transcription factors Sp1, Sp2, and Sp3 to GC boxes 1 and 6, Sp1 and Sp2 to GC boxes 2 and 5, NF-Y to CCAAT boxes, and CREB, ATF1, and CREM to CRE. In addition, transfection studies involving Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, CREB, and NFY (dominant negative form) provided evidence that these proteins are promoter activators. Finally, alignment of available HK proximal promoters showed strong conservation only among HKII sequences. These findings implicate signaling pathways directed to a short segment of the proximal region of the HKII promoter as major contributors to HKII overexpression in many cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Genes, Reporter
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glycolysis
- Hexokinase/genetics
- Humans
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- beta-Galactosidase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gyu Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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Hong S, Pedersen PL. Subunit E of mitochondrial ATP synthase: a bioinformatic analysis reveals a phosphopeptide binding motif supporting a multifunctional regulatory role and identifies a related human brain protein with the same motif. Proteins 2003; 51:155-61. [PMID: 12660984 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase is located in the inner membrane and consists of at least 16 subunit types in animals, one of which is subunit e, the function of which is not clearly defined. A highly homologous protein is located in the nucleus and named progesterone receptor binding protein (RBF), to designate its role in this organelle. In addition, the expression level of subunit e in mammalian cells fluctuates greatly and is induced by certain carcinogens and elevated in liver cancers. Because these previous observations suggested to us that subunit e may play multifunctional regulatory roles, we employed a bioinformatic approach to test this view. First, from sequence alignment studies, secondary structure analyses, and basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) searches, we concluded that mitochondrial subunit e and the homologous nuclear protein RBF are most likely the same protein. Second, we examined the known sequence and structure of one of the most common multifunctional cell regulatory proteins, the 14-3-3 protein, involved in phosphopeptide binding, and deduced that it has an apparent binding motif (-KX(6)R---RY-). Third, from careful examination of the conserved residues within all subunit e sequences in the database, we discovered that this protein has a comparable binding motif (-RY---KX(6)R-). Finally, in a BLAST search for additional homologs of subunit e, we found a human brain protein, KIAA1578, the C-terminal 30 amino acids of which are identical to those of human subunit e. This protein also contains a potential phosphopeptide binding motif. In summary, these studies provide support for the view that subunit e is a multifunctional cell regulator involved in cell signaling, and implicate the involvement of the KIAA1578 protein in cell signaling as well. These studies suggest also that, while functioning as a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthases, subunit e may help regulate these complexes by binding to phosphopeptides within one or more of the other subunit types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Hong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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Goel A, Mathupala SP, Pedersen PL. Glucose metabolism in cancer. Evidence that demethylation events play a role in activating type II hexokinase gene expression. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:15333-40. [PMID: 12566445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300608200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the "signature" phenotypes of highly malignant, poorly differentiated tumors, including hepatomas, is their remarkable propensity to utilize glucose at a much higher rate than normal cells, a property frequently dependent on the marked overexpression of type II hexokinase (HKII). As the expression of the gene for this enzyme is nearly silent in liver tissue, we tested the possibility that DNA methylation/demethylation events may be involved in its regulation. Initial studies employing methylation restriction endonuclease analysis provided evidence for differential methylation patterns for the HKII gene in normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells, the latter represented by a highly glycolytic model cell line (AS-30D). Subsequently, sequencing following sodium bisulfite treatment revealed 18 methylated CpG sites within a CpG island (-350 to +781 bp) in the hepatocyte gene but none in that of the hepatoma. In addition, treatment of a hepatocyte cell line with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, 5'-azacytidine and 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, activated basal expression levels of HKII mRNA and protein. Finally, stably transfecting the hepatocyte cell line with DNA demethylase also resulted in activating the basal expression levels of HKII mRNA and protein. These novel observations indicate that one of the initial events in activating the HKII gene during either transformation or tumor progression may reside at the epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Goel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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Annereau JP, Ko YH, Pedersen PL. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator: the NBF1+R (nucleotide-binding fold 1 and regulatory domain) segment acting alone catalyses a Co2+/Mn2+/Mg2+-ATPase activity markedly inhibited by both Cd2+ and the transition-state analogue orthovanadate. Biochem J 2003; 371:451-62. [PMID: 12523935 PMCID: PMC1223294 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2002] [Revised: 11/08/2002] [Accepted: 01/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), a regulated anion channel and member of the ATP-binding-cassette transporter (ABC transporter) superfamily. Of CFTR's five domains, the first nucleotide-binding fold (NBF1) has been of greatest interest both because it is the major 'hotspot' for mutations that cause CF, and because it is connected to a unique regulatory domain (R). However, attempts have failed to obtain a catalytically active NBF1+R protein in the absence of a fusion partner. Here, we report that such a protein can be obtained following its overexpression in bacteria. The pure NBF1+R protein exhibits significant ATPase activity [catalytic-centre activity (turnover number) 6.7 min(-1)] and an apparent affinity for ATP ( K (m), 8.7 microM) higher than reported previously for CFTR or segments thereof. As predicted, the ATPase activity is inhibited by mutations in the Walker A motif. It is also inhibited by vanadate, a transition-state analogue. Surprisingly, however, the best divalent metal activator is Co(2+), followed by Mn(2+) and Mg(2+). In contrast, Ca(2+) is ineffective and Cd(2+) is a potent inhibitor. These novel studies, while demonstrating clearly that CFTR's NBF1+R segment can act independently as an active, vanadate-sensitive ATPase, also identify its unique cation activators and a new inhibitor, thus providing insight into the nature of its active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Philippe Annereau
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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42
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Ko YH, Delannoy M, Hullihen J, Chiu W, Pedersen PL. Mitochondrial ATP synthasome. Cristae-enriched membranes and a multiwell detergent screening assay yield dispersed single complexes containing the ATP synthase and carriers for Pi and ADP/ATP. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:12305-9. [PMID: 12560333 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c200703200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The terminal step of ATP synthesis in intact mitochondria is catalyzed by the ATP synthase (F(0)F(1)) that works in close synchrony with the P(i) and ADP/ATP carriers. Each carrier consists of only a single polypeptide chain in dimeric form, while the ATP synthase is highly complex consisting in animals of 17 known subunit types and more than 30 total subunits. Although structures at high resolution have been obtained for the water-soluble F(1) part of the ATP synthase consisting of only five subunit types, such structures have not been obtained for either the complete ATP synthase or the P(i) and ADP/ATP carriers. Here, we report that all three proteins are localized in highly purified cristae-like vesicles obtained by extensive subfractionation of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Moreover, using a multiwell detergent screening assay, 4 nonionic detergents out of 80 tested were found to disperse these cristae-like vesicles into single soluble complexes or "ATP synthasomes" that contain the ATP synthase in association with the P(i) and ADP/ATP carriers. These studies offer new mechanistic insights into the terminal steps of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and set the stage for future structural efforts designed to visualize in atomic detail the entire complex involved. They also provide evidence that the cristae are a subcompartment of the inner membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Ko
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Abstract
ATP synthases are motor complexes comprised of F0 and F1 parts that couple the proton gradient across the membrane to the synthesis of ATP by rotary catalysis. Although a great deal of information has been accumulated regarding the structure and function of ATP synthases, their motor functions are not fully understood. For this reason, we performed the alignments and analyses of the protein sequences comprising the core of the ATP synthase motor complex, and examined carefully the locations of the conserved residues in the subunit structures of ATP synthases. A summary of the findings from this bioinformatic study is as follows. First, we found that four conserved regions in the sequence of gamma subunit are clustered into three patches in its structure. The interactions of these conserved patches with the alpha and beta subunits are likely to be critical for energy coupling and catalytic activity of the ATP synthase. Second, we located a four-residue cluster at the N-terminal domain of mitochondrial OSCP or bacterial (or chloroplast) delta subunit which may be critical for the binding of these subunits to F1. Third, from the localizations of conserved residues in the subunits comprising the rotors of ATP synthases, we suggest that the conserved interaction site at the interface of subunit c and delta (mitochondria) or epsilon (bacteria and chloroplasts) may be important for connecting the rotor of F1 to the rotor of F0. Finally, we found the sequence of mitochondrial subunit b to be highly conserved, significantly longer than bacterial subunit b, and to contain a shorter dimerization domain than that of the bacterial protein. It is suggested that the different properties of mitochondrial subunit b may be necessary for interaction with other proteins, e.g., the supernumerary subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Hong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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Abstract
Interest in the field of transport ATPases has grown dramatically during the past 20 years and gained considerable visibility for several reasons. First, it was shown that most transport ATPases can be lumped into only a few categories designated simply as P, V, F, and ABC types, the latter consisting of a large superfamily. Second, it has been shown that many transport ATPases have a clear relevance to human disease. Third, the field of transport ATPases has become rather advanced in the study of the reaction mechanisms and structure-function relationships associated with several of these enzymes. Finally, the Nobel committee recently recognized major accomplishments in this field of research. Here, the author provides a brief discussion of transport ATPases that are present in biological systems and their relevance or possible relevance to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA.
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Pedersen PL, Mathupala S, Rempel A, Geschwind JF, Ko YH. Mitochondrial bound type II hexokinase: a key player in the growth and survival of many cancers and an ideal prospect for therapeutic intervention. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1555:14-20. [PMID: 12206885 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite more than 75 years of research by some of the greatest scientists in the world to conquer cancer, the clear winner is still cancer. This is reflected particularly by liver cancer that worldwide ranks fourth in terms of mortality with survival rates of no more than 3-5%. Significantly, one of the earliest discovered hallmarks of cancer had its roots in Bioenergetics as many tumors were found in the 1920s to exhibit a high glycolytic phenotype. Although research directed at unraveling the underlying basis and significance of this phenotype comprised the focus of cancer research for almost 50 years, these efforts declined greatly from 1970 to 1990 as research into the molecular and cell biology of this disease gained center stage. Certainly, this change was necessary as the new knowledge obtained about oncogenes, gene regulation, and programmed cell death once again placed Bioenergetics in the limelight of cancer research. Thus, we now have a much better molecular understanding of the high glycolytic phenotype of many cancers, the pivotal roles that Type II hexokinase-mitochondrial interactions play in this process to promote tumor cell growth and survival, and how this new knowledge can lead to improved therapies that may ultimately turn the tide on our losing war on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA.
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Hong S, Pedersen PL. ATP synthase of yeast: structural insight into the different inhibitory potencies of two regulatory peptides and identification of a new potential regulator. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 405:38-43. [PMID: 12176055 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial ATP synthases, the major producers of ATP in higher eukaryotic cells, are known to be regulated by a peptide designated IF(1). In contrast, in yeast three such peptides have been identified, IF(1) and STF(1), which inhibit the reverse ATPase reaction, and STF(2), a modulator of the action of these inhibitors. Despite significant homology to IF(1), STF(1) exhibits less than half ( approximately 40%) its inhibitory potency. The two-fold purpose of this bioinformatic study was to gain structural insight into the different inhibitory potencies of IF(1) and STF(1) and to determine to what extent yeast are unique in employing multiple peptides to regulate the ATP synthase. Sequence and secondary structural analyses and comparison with the known structure of bovine IF(1) predicted a dimeric structure for yeast STF(1) in which the C-terminal regions form a coiled-coil. Moreover, sequence comparisons showed that within this C-terminal region a conserved acidic residue (Asp 59) in yeast IF(1) is replaced by Asn in STF(1). In the known structure of bovine IF(1), predicted to be very similar to that of yeast IF(1), the residue Glu 68 corresponding to Asp 59 participates in the formation of a four-residue conserved acidic cluster in the middle of the coiled-coil in the C-terminal region. It is deduced here that this acidic cluster is likely to be important in the regulation of IF(1)'s inhibitory capacity and that replacement of conserved Asp 59 by Asn in STF(1) may reduce its potency. Although other homologs to the inhibitors IF(1) and STF(1) were not found in searches of available eukaryotic genomes, including human, a new homolog, named STF(3), with 65% identity to the modulator STF(2), was discovered within the yeast genome and identified to be expressed by searching the yeast EST database. Thus, yeast appears unique in regulating the ATP synthase by involving multiple peptides (IF(1), STF(1), STF(2), and perhaps STF(3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Hong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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Geschwind JFH, Ko YH, Torbenson MS, Magee C, Pedersen PL. Novel therapy for liver cancer: direct intraarterial injection of a potent inhibitor of ATP production. Cancer Res 2002; 62:3909-13. [PMID: 12124317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Most types of cancer are difficult to eradicate and some, like liver carcinomas, are almost always fatal. Significantly, we report here that direct intraarterial delivery of 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), a potent inhibitorof cell ATP production, to liver-implanted rabbit tumors, inflicts a rapid, lethal blow to most cancer cells therein. Moreover, systemic delivery of 3-BrPA suppresses "metastatic" tumors that arise in the lungs. In both cases, there is no apparent harm to other organs or to the animals. Thus, intraarterial delivery of agents like 3-BrPA directly to the site of the primary tumor, followed by systemic delivery only when necessary, may represent a powerful new strategy for arresting the growth of liver and other cancers while minimizing toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois H Geschwind
- Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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Ko YH, Pedersen PL. Cystic fibrosis: a brief look at some highlights of a decade of research focused on elucidating and correcting the molecular basis of the disease. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2001; 33:513-21. [PMID: 11804193 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012831322753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The disease Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the protein called CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, an ABC-transporter-like protein found in the plasma membrane of animal cells. CFTR is believed to function primarily as a Cl- channel, but evidence is mounting that this protein has other roles as well. Structurally, CFTR consists of a single polypeptide chain (1480 amino acids) that folds into 5 distinct domains. These include 2 transmembrane domains that are involved in channel formation; 2 nucleotide-binding domains (NBF1 and NBF2), the first of which clearly binds and hydrolyzes ATP; and 1 regulatory domain (R) that is phosphorylated in a cAMP-dependent process. Currently, the 3D structure of neither CFTR nor its domains has been elucidated, although both nucleotide domains have been modeled in 3D, and solution structures in 3D have been obtained for peptide segments of NBF1. The most common mutation causing CF is the deletion (delta) of a single phenylalanine (F) in position 508 within a putative helix located in NBF1. CF patients bearing this deltaF508 mutation frequently experience chronic lung infections, particularly by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and have a life span that rarely exceeds the age of 30. Since the CFTR gene was cloned and sequenced in 1989, there has been over a decade of research focused on understanding the molecular basis of CF caused by the deltaF508 mutation, with the ultimate objective of using the knowledge gained to carry out additional research designed to correct the underlying defect. In general, this pioneering or "ground roots" research has succeeded according to plan. This brief review summarizes some of the highlights with a focus on those studies conducted in the authors' laboratory. For us, this research has been both exciting and rewarding mainly because the results obtained, despite very limited funding, have provided considerable insight, not only into the chemical, molecular, and pathogenic basis of CF, but have made it possible for us and others to now develop novel, chemically rational, and "cost effective" strategies to identify agents that correct the structural defect in the deltaF508 CFTR protein causing most cases of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Ko
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA.
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Mathupala SP, Rempel A, Pedersen PL. Glucose catabolism in cancer cells: identification and characterization of a marked activation response of the type II hexokinase gene to hypoxic conditions. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:43407-12. [PMID: 11557773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108181200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common signatures of highly malignant tumors is their capacity to metabolize more glucose to lactic acid than their tissues of origin. Hepatomas exhibiting this phenotype are dependent on the high expression of type II hexokinase, which supplies such tumors with abundant amounts of glucose 6-phosphate, a significant carbon and energy source especially under hypoxic conditions. Here we report that the distal region of the hepatoma type II hexokinase promoter displays consensus motifs for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) that overlap E-box sequences known to be related in other gene promoters to glucose response. Moreover, we show that subjecting transfected hepatoma cells to hypoxic conditions activates the type II hexokinase promoter almost 3-fold, a value that approaches 7-fold in the presence of glucose. Consistent with these findings is the induction under hypoxic conditions of the HIF-1 protein. Reporter gene analyses with a series of nested deletion mutants of the hepatoma type II hexokinase promoter show that a significant fraction of the total activation observed under hypoxic conditions localizes to the distal region where the overlapping HIF-1/E-box sequences are located. Finally, DNase I footprint analysis with a segment of the promoter containing these elements reveals the binding of several nuclear proteins. In summary, these novel studies identify and characterize a marked glucose-modulated activation response of the type II hexokinase gene to hypoxic conditions within highly glycolytic hepatoma cells, a property that may help assure that such cells exhibit a growth and survival advantage over their parental cells of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mathupala
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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Abstract
The rabbit VX2 tumor when implanted in the liver has proven convenient as a model for studying hepatocellular carcinomas. However, its metabolic properties have not been well studied. Significantly, studies described here show that the VX2 tumor exhibits a high glycolytic/high hexokinase phenotype that is retained following implantation and growth in rabbit liver. In addition, results of a limited screen show that the glycolytic rate is inhibited best by 2-deoxyglucose (2DOG) and 3-bromopyruvate (3BrPA), the former compound of which is phosphorylated by hexokinase but not further metabolized, while the latter directly inhibits hexokinase. Finally, when tested on hepatoma cells in culture both inhibitors facilitated cell death. These studies underscore the usefulness of the VX2 tumor model for the study of advanced liver cancer and for selecting anti-hepatoma agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Ko
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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