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Browning CL, Green A, Gray EP, Hurt R, Kane AB. Manganese dioxide nanosheets induce mitochondrial toxicity in fish gill epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:400-417. [PMID: 33502918 PMCID: PMC8026737 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1874562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The development and production of engineered 2D nanomaterials are expanding exponentially, increasing the risk of their release into the aquatic environment. A recent study showed 2D MnO2 nanosheets, under development for energy and biomedical applications, dissolve upon interaction with biological reducing agents, resulting in depletion of intracellular glutathione levels within fish gill cells. However, little is known concerning their toxicity and interactions with subcellular organelles. To address this gap, we examined cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and mitochondrial effects of 2D MnO2 nanosheets using an in vitro fish gill cell line to represent a target tissue of rainbow trout, a freshwater indicator species. The data demonstrate cellular uptake of MnO2 nanosheets into lysosomes and potential mechanisms of dissolution within the lysosomal compartment. MnO2 nanosheets induced severe mitochondrial dysfunction at sub-cytotoxic doses. Quantitative, single cell fluorescent imaging revealed mitochondrial fission and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential following MnO2 nanosheet exposure. Seahorse analyses for cellular respiration revealed that MnO2 nanosheets inhibited basal respiration, maximal respiration and the spare respiratory capacity of gill cells, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced cellular respiratory activity. MnO2 nanosheet exposure also inhibited ATP production, further supporting the suppression of mitochondrial function and cellular respiration. Together, these observations indicate that 2D MnO2 nanosheets impair the ability of gill cells to respond to energy demands or prolonged stress. Finally, our data demonstrate significant differences in the toxicity of the 2D MnO2 nanosheets and their microparticle counterparts. This exemplifies the importance of considering the unique physical characteristics of 2D nanomaterials when conducting safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Browning
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Allen Green
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Evan P. Gray
- Civil Environmental and Construction Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert Hurt
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Smith MT, Guyton KZ, Kleinstreuer N, Borrel A, Cardenas A, Chiu WA, Felsher DW, Gibbons CF, Goodson WH, Houck KA, Kane AB, La Merrill MA, Lebrec H, Lowe L, McHale CM, Minocherhomji S, Rieswijk L, Sandy MS, Sone H, Wang A, Zhang L, Zeise L, Fielden M. The Key Characteristics of Carcinogens: Relationship to the Hallmarks of Cancer, Relevant Biomarkers, and Assays to Measure Them. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1887-1903. [PMID: 32152214 PMCID: PMC7483401 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The key characteristics (KC) of human carcinogens provide a uniform approach to evaluating mechanistic evidence in cancer hazard identification. Refinements to the approach were requested by organizations and individuals applying the KCs. We assembled an expert committee with knowledge of carcinogenesis and experience in applying the KCs in cancer hazard identification. We leveraged this expertise and examined the literature to more clearly describe each KC, identify current and emerging assays and in vivo biomarkers that can be used to measure them, and make recommendations for future assay development. We found that the KCs are clearly distinct from the Hallmarks of Cancer, that interrelationships among the KCs can be leveraged to strengthen the KC approach (and an understanding of environmental carcinogenesis), and that the KC approach is applicable to the systematic evaluation of a broad range of potential cancer hazards in vivo and in vitro We identified gaps in coverage of the KCs by current assays. Future efforts should expand the breadth, specificity, and sensitivity of validated assays and biomarkers that can measure the 10 KCs. Refinement of the KC approach will enhance and accelerate carcinogen identification, a first step in cancer prevention.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Kathryn Z Guyton
- Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alexandre Borrel
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Catherine F Gibbons
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
| | - William H Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Keith A Houck
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Herve Lebrec
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cliona M McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Linda Rieswijk
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Institute of Data Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Hideko Sone
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy and National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Amy Wang
- Office of the Report on Carcinogens, Division of National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Mark Fielden
- Expansion Therapeutics Inc, San Diego, California
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Fubini B, Aust AE, Bolton RE, Borm PJ, Bruch J, Ciapetti G, Donaldson K, Elias Z, Gold J, Jaurand MC, Kane AB, Lison D, Muhle H. Non-animal Tests for Evaluating the Toxicity of Solid Xenobiotics. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299802600505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bice Fubini
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, North Yorkshire YO4 1LZ, UK
| | - Ann E. Aust
- Department of Health Risk Analysis, University of Limburg, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E. Bolton
- Institut für Hygiene und Arbeitsmedizin, Universitäts-klinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 4300 Essen, Germany
| | - Paul J.A. Borm
- Laboratorio di Biocompatibilità dei Materiali da Impianto, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joachim Bruch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Napier University, 10 Golinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Gabriela Ciapetti
- INRS Laboratoire de Carcinogenèse In Vitro, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Ken Donaldson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zoe Elias
- INSERM, U139, Faculté de Medicine, 8 rue du General Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Julie Gold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Marie Claude Jaurand
- INSERM, U139, Faculté de Medicine, 8 rue du General Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Dominique Lison
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30.54, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hartwig Muhle
- Fraunhofer Institut Toxikologie und Aerosol-forschung, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Gray EP, Browning CL, Vaslet CA, Gion KD, Green A, Liu M, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Chemical and Colloidal Dynamics of MnO 2 Nanosheets in Biological Media Relevant for Nanosafety Assessment. Small 2020; 16:e2000303. [PMID: 32191401 PMCID: PMC7461694 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Many layered crystal phases can be exfoliated or assembled into ultrathin 2D nanosheets with novel properties not achievable by particulate or fibrous nanoforms. Among these 2D materials are manganese dioxide (MnO2 ) nanosheets, which have applications in batteries, catalysts, and biomedical probes. A novel feature of MnO2 is its sensitivity to chemical reduction leading to dissolution and Mn2+ release. Biodissolution is critical for nanosafety assessment of 2D materials, but the timing and location of MnO2 biodissolution in environmental or occupational exposure scenarios are poorly understood. This work investigates the chemical and colloidal dynamics of MnO2 nanosheets in biological media for environmental and human health risk assessment. MnO2 nanosheets are insoluble in most aqueous phases, but react with strong and weak reducing agents in biological fluid environments. In vitro, reductive dissolution can be slow enough in cell culture media for MnO2 internalization by cells in the form of intact nanosheets, which localize in vacuoles, react to deplete intracellular glutathione, and induce cytotoxicity that is likely mediated by intracellular Mn2+ release. The results are used to classify MnO2 nanosheets within a new hazard screening framework for 2D materials, and the implications of MnO2 transformations for nanotoxicity testing and nanosafety assessment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Gray
- The Department of Civil Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Cynthia L Browning
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Charles A Vaslet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kyle D Gion
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Allen Green
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Muchun Liu
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Robert H Hurt
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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Kabadi PK, Rodd AL, Simmons AE, Messier NJ, Hurt RH, Kane AB. A novel human 3D lung microtissue model for nanoparticle-induced cell-matrix alterations. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 30943996 PMCID: PMC6448215 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been shown to elicit the release of inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators, as well as histopathological changes in lungs of exposed animals. Current standards for testing MWCNTs and other nanoparticles (NPs) rely on low-throughput in vivo studies to assess acute and chronic toxicity and potential hazard to humans. Several alternative testing approaches utilizing two-dimensional (2D) in vitro assays to screen engineered NPs have reported conflicting results between in vitro and in vivo assays. Compared to conventional 2D in vitro or in vivo animal model systems, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro platforms have been shown to more closely recapitulate human physiology, providing a relevant, more efficient strategy for evaluating acute toxicity and chronic outcomes in a tiered nanomaterial toxicity testing paradigm. RESULTS As inhalation is an important route of nanomaterial exposure, human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells were co-cultured with macrophages to form scaffold-free 3D lung microtissues. Microtissues were exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes, M120 carbon black nanoparticles or crocidolite asbestos fibers for 4 or 7 days, then collected for characterization of microtissue viability, tissue morphology, and expression of genes and selected proteins associated with inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Our data demonstrate the utility of 3D microtissues in predicting chronic pulmonary endpoints following exposure to MWCNTs or asbestos fibers. These test nanomaterials were incorporated into 3D human lung microtissues as visualized using light microscopy. Differential expression of genes involved in acute inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling was detected using PCR arrays and confirmed using qRT-PCR analysis and Luminex assays of selected genes and proteins. CONCLUSION 3D lung microtissues provide an alternative testing platform for assessing nanomaterial-induced cell-matrix alterations and delineation of toxicity pathways, moving towards a more predictive and physiologically relevant approach for in vitro NP toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranita K Kabadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.,AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - April L Rodd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.
| | - Alysha E Simmons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Norma J Messier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging industry based on commercialization of materials with one or more dimensions of 100 nm or less. Engineered nanomaterials are currently incorporated into thin films, porous materials, liquid suspensions, or filler/matrix nanocomposites with future applications predicted in energy and catalysis, microelectronics, environmental sensing and remediation, and nanomedicine. Carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional fibrous nanomaterials that physically resemble asbestos fibers. Toxicologic studies in rodents demonstrated that some types of carbon nanotubes can induce mesothelioma, and the World Health Organization evaluated long, rigid multiwall carbon nanotubes as possibly carcinogenic for humans in 2014. This review summarizes key physicochemical similarities and differences between asbestos fibers and carbon nanotubes. The "fiber pathogenicity paradigm" has been extended to include carbon nanotubes as well as other high-aspect-ratio fibrous nanomaterials including metallic nanowires. This paradigm identifies width, length, and biopersistence of high-aspect-ratio fibrous nanomaterials as critical determinants of lung disease, including mesothelioma, following inhalation. Based on recent theoretical modeling studies, a fourth factor, mechanical bending stiffness, will be considered as predictive of potential carcinogenicity. Novel three-dimensional lung tissue platforms provide an opportunity for in vitro screening of a wide range of high aspect ratio fibrous nanomaterials for potential lung toxicity prior to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Providence, RI, United States
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Gray EP, Browning CL, Wang M, Gion KD, Chao EY, Koski KJ, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Biodissolution and Cellular Response to MoO3 Nanoribbons and a New Framework for Early Hazard Screening for 2D Materials. Environ Sci Nano 2018; 5:2545-2559. [PMID: 31548890 PMCID: PMC6756761 DOI: 10.1039/c8en00362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are a broad class of synthetic ultra-thin sheet-like solids whose rapid pace of development motivates systematic study of their biological effects and safe design. A challenge for this effort is the large number of new materials and their chemical diversity. Recent work suggests that many 2D materials will be thermodynamically unstable and thus non-persistent in biological environments. Such information could inform and accelerate safety assessment, but experimental data to confirm the thermodynamic predictions is lacking. Here we propose a framework for early hazard screening of nanosheet materials based on biodissolution studies in reactive media, specially chosen for each material to match chemically feasible degradation pathways. Simple dissolution and in vitro tests allow grouping of nanosheet materials into four classes: A, potentially biopersistent; B: slowly degradable (>24-48 hours); C, biosoluble with potentially hazardous degradation products; and D, biosoluble with low-hazard degradation products. The proposed framework is demonstrated through an experimental case study on MoO3 nanoribbons, which have a dual 2D / 1D morphology and have been reported to be stable in aqueous stock solutions. The nanoribbons are shown to undergo rapid dissolution in biological simulant fluids and in cell culture, where they elicit no adverse responses up to 100μg ml-1 dose. These results place MoO3 nanoribbons in Class D, and assigns them a low priority for further nanotoxicology testing. We anticipate use of this framework could accelerate the risk assessment for the large set of new powdered 2D nanosheet materials, and promote their safe design and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Gray
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Cynthia L Browning
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Mengjing Wang
- The Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 156 George Street, Providence RI, 02912, United States
| | - Kyle D Gion
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Eric Y Chao
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Kristie J Koski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave. Davis CA 95616.
| | - Agnes B Kane
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Robert H Hurt
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
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Rodd AL, Castilho CJ, Chaparro CEF, Rangel-Mendez JR, Hurt RH, Kane AB. Impact of emerging, high-production-volume graphene-based materials on the bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene to brine shrimp and fish liver cells. Environ Sci Nano 2018; 5:2144-2161. [PMID: 31565225 PMCID: PMC6764784 DOI: 10.1039/c8en00352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With increasing commercialization of high volume, two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials comes a greater likelihood of environmental release. In aquatic environments, black carbon binds contaminants like aromatic hydrocarbons, leading to changes in their uptake, bioavailability, and toxicity. Engineered carbon nanomaterials can also adsorb pollutants onto their carbon surfaces, and nanomaterial physicochemical properties can influence this contaminant interaction. We used 2D graphene nanoplatelets and isometric carbon black nanoparticles to evaluate the influence of particle morphology and surface properties on adsorption and bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene, a model aromatic hydrocarbon, to brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) and a fish liver cell line (PLHC-1). Acellular adsorption studies show that while high surface area carbon black (P90) was most effective at a given concentration, 2D graphene nanoplatelets (G550) adsorbed more benzo(a)pyrene than carbon black with comparable surface area (M120). In both biological models, co-exposure to nanomaterials lead to reduced bioavailability, with G550 graphene nanoplatelets cause a greater reduction in bioavailability or response than the M120 carbon black nanoparticles. However, on a mass basis the high surface area P90 carbon black was most effective. The trends in bioavailability and adsorption were consistent across all biological and acellular studies, demonstrating the biological relevance of these results in different models of aquatic organisms. While adsorption is limited by surface area, 2D graphene nanoplatelets adsorb more benzo(a)pyrene than carbon black nanoparticles of similar surface area and charge, demonstrating that both surface area and shape play important roles in the adsorption and bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene to carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Rodd
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | | | - Carlos EF Chaparro
- Division of Environmental Science, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - J Rene Rangel-Mendez
- Division of Environmental Science, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
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Rodd AL, Messier NJ, Vaslet CA, Kane AB. A 3D fish liver model for aquatic toxicology: Morphological changes and Cyp1a induction in PLHC-1 microtissues after repeated benzo(a)pyrene exposures. Aquat Toxicol 2017; 186:134-144. [PMID: 28282620 PMCID: PMC5436724 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To identify the potential environmental impacts of aquatic pollutants, rapid and sensitive screening tools are needed to assess adaptive and toxic responses. This study characterizes a novel fish liver microtissue model, produced with the cell line PLHC-1, as an in vitro aquatic toxicity testing platform. These 3D microtissues remain viable and stable throughout the 8-day testing period and relative to 2D monolayers, show increased basal expression of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 1A (Cyp1a). To evaluate pulsed, low-dose exposures at environmentally relevant concentrations, microtissue responsiveness to the model toxicant benzo(a)pyrene was assessed after single and repeated exposures for determination of both immediate and persistent effects. Significant induction of Cyp1a gene and protein expression was detected after a single 24h exposure to as little as 1nM benzo(a)pyrene, and after a 24h recovery period, Cyp1a expression declined in a dose-dependent manner. However, cell death continued to increase during the recovery period and alterations in microtissue architecture occurred at higher concentrations. To evaluate a pulsed or repeated exposure scenario, microtissues were exposed to benzo(a)pyrene, allowed to recover, then exposed a second time for 24h. Following pre-exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, cyp1a expression remained equally inducible and the pattern and level of Cyp1a protein response to a second exposure were comparable. However, pre-exposure to 1μM or 5μM of benzo(a)pyrene resulted in increased cell death, greater disruption of microtissue architecture, and alterations in cell morphology. Together, this study demonstrates the capabilities of this PLHC-1 microtissue model for sensitive assessment of liver toxicants over time and following single and repeated exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Rodd
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Norma J Messier
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Charles A Vaslet
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Kuempel ED, Jaurand MC, Møller P, Morimoto Y, Kobayashi N, Pinkerton KE, Sargent LM, Vermeulen RCH, Fubini B, Kane AB. Evaluating the mechanistic evidence and key data gaps in assessing the potential carcinogenicity of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:1-58. [PMID: 27537422 PMCID: PMC5555643 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1206061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In an evaluation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the IARC Monograph 111, the Mechanisms Subgroup was tasked with assessing the strength of evidence on the potential carcinogenicity of CNTs in humans. The mechanistic evidence was considered to be not strong enough to alter the evaluations based on the animal data. In this paper, we provide an extended, in-depth examination of the in vivo and in vitro experimental studies according to current hypotheses on the carcinogenicity of inhaled particles and fibers. We cite additional studies of CNTs that were not available at the time of the IARC meeting in October 2014, and extend our evaluation to include carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Finally, we identify key data gaps and suggest research needs to reduce uncertainty. The focus of this review is on the cancer risk to workers exposed to airborne CNT or CNF during the production and use of these materials. The findings of this review, in general, affirm those of the original evaluation on the inadequate or limited evidence of carcinogenicity for most types of CNTs and CNFs at this time, and possible carcinogenicity of one type of CNT (MWCNT-7). The key evidence gaps to be filled by research include: investigation of possible associations between in vitro and early-stage in vivo events that may be predictive of lung cancer or mesothelioma, and systematic analysis of dose-response relationships across materials, including evaluation of the influence of physico-chemical properties and experimental factors on the observation of nonmalignant and malignant endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen D Kuempel
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Marie-Claude Jaurand
- b Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche , UMR 1162 , Paris , France
- c Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Descartes , Paris , France
- d University Institute of Hematology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot , Paris , France
- e University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Saint-Denis , France
| | - Peter Møller
- f Department of Public Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Yasuo Morimoto
- g Department of Occupational Pneumology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu City , Japan
| | | | - Kent E Pinkerton
- i Center for Health and the Environment, University of California , Davis , California , USA
| | - Linda M Sargent
- j National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- k Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Bice Fubini
- l Department of Chemistry and "G.Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Agnes B Kane
- m Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
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Wang Z, von dem Bussche A, Qiu Y, Valentin TM, Gion K, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Chemical Dissolution Pathways of MoS2 Nanosheets in Biological and Environmental Media. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:7208-17. [PMID: 27267956 PMCID: PMC5217159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Material stability and dissolution in aqueous media are key issues to address in the development of a new nanomaterial intended for technological application. Dissolution phenomena affect biological and environmental persistence; fate, transport, and biokinetics; device and product stability; and toxicity pathways and mechanisms. This article shows that MoS2 nanosheets are thermodynamically and kinetically unstable to O2-oxidation under ambient conditions in a variety of aqueous media. The oxidation is accompanied by nanosheet degradation and release of soluble molybdenum and sulfur species, and generates protons that can colloidally destabilize the remaining sheets. The oxidation kinetics are pH-dependent, and a kinetic law is developed for use in biokinetic and environmental fate modeling. MoS2 nanosheets fabricated by chemical exfoliation with n-butyl-lithium are a mixture of 1T (primary) and 2H (secondary) phases and oxidize rapidly with a typical half-life of 1-30 days. Ultrasonically exfoliated sheets are in pure 2H phase, and oxidize much more slowly. Cytotoxicity experiments on MoS2 nanosheets and molybdate ion controls reveal the relative roles of the nanosheet and soluble fractions in the biological response. These results indicate that MoS2 nanosheets will not show long-term persistence in living systems and oxic natural waters, with important implications for biomedical applications and environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Wang
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Annette von dem Bussche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Yang Qiu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | | | - Kyle Gion
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Corresponding Author: Robert H. Hurt, , Tel: 401-863-2685
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12
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Holden PA, Gardea-Torresdey J, Klaessig F, Turco RF, Mortimer M, Hund-Rinke K, Hubal EAC, Avery D, Barceló D, Behra R, Cohen Y, Deydier-Stephan L, Lee Ferguson P, Fernandes TF, Harthorn BH, Henderson WM, Hoke RA, Hristozov D, Johnston JM, Kane AB, Kapustka L, Keller AA, Lenihan HS, Lovell W, Murphy CJ, Nisbet RM, Petersen EJ, Salinas ER, Scheringer M, Sharma M, Speed DE, Sultan Y, Westerhoff P, White JC, Wiesner MR, Wong EM, Xing B, Horan MS, Godwin HA, Nel AE. Considerations of Environmentally Relevant Test Conditions for Improved Evaluation of Ecological Hazards of Engineered Nanomaterials. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:6124-45. [PMID: 27177237 PMCID: PMC4967154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly entering the environment with uncertain consequences including potential ecological effects. Various research communities view differently whether ecotoxicological testing of ENMs should be conducted using environmentally relevant concentrations-where observing outcomes is difficult-versus higher ENM doses, where responses are observable. What exposure conditions are typically used in assessing ENM hazards to populations? What conditions are used to test ecosystem-scale hazards? What is known regarding actual ENMs in the environment, via measurements or modeling simulations? How should exposure conditions, ENM transformation, dose, and body burden be used in interpreting biological and computational findings for assessing risks? These questions were addressed in the context of this critical review. As a result, three main recommendations emerged. First, researchers should improve ecotoxicology of ENMs by choosing test end points, duration, and study conditions-including ENM test concentrations-that align with realistic exposure scenarios. Second, testing should proceed via tiers with iterative feedback that informs experiments at other levels of biological organization. Finally, environmental realism in ENM hazard assessments should involve greater coordination among ENM quantitative analysts, exposure modelers, and ecotoxicologists, across government, industry, and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jorge Gardea-Torresdey
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Fred Klaessig
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Pennsylvania Bio Nano Systems, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901, United States
| | - Ronald F. Turco
- College of Agriculture, Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, D-57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - David Avery
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institut Català de Recerca de l’Aigua (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Girona 17003, Spain
| | - Renata Behra
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yoram Cohen
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Patrick Lee Ferguson
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Barbara Herr Harthorn
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Center for Nanotechnology in Society, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - William Matthew Henderson
- Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Robert A. Hoke
- E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Danail Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Venice 30123, Italy
| | - John M. Johnston
- Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | | | - Arturo A. Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hunter S. Lenihan
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wess Lovell
- Vive Crop Protection Inc, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Roger M. Nisbet
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Elijah J. Petersen
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Edward R. Salinas
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, D-67056, Germany
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA International Science Consortium, Ltd., London N1 9RL, England, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Speed
- Globalfoundries, Corporate EHS, Hopewell Junction, New York 12533, United States
| | - Yasir Sultan
- Environment Canada, Gatineau, Quebec J8X 4C8, Canada
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jason C. White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Mark R. Wiesner
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Eva M. Wong
- Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Meghan Steele Horan
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hilary A. Godwin
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - André E. Nel
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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13
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Godwin H, Nameth C, Avery D, Bergeson LL, Bernard D, Beryt E, Boyes W, Brown S, Clippinger AJ, Cohen Y, Doa M, Hendren CO, Holden P, Houck K, Kane AB, Klaessig F, Kodas T, Landsiedel R, Lynch I, Malloy T, Miller MB, Muller J, Oberdorster G, Petersen EJ, Pleus RC, Sayre P, Stone V, Sullivan KM, Tentschert J, Wallis P, Nel AE. Nanomaterial categorization for assessing risk potential to facilitate regulatory decision-making. ACS Nano 2015; 9:3409-17. [PMID: 25791861 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For nanotechnology to meet its potential as a game-changing and sustainable technology, it is important to ensure that the engineered nanomaterials and nanoenabled products that gain entry to the marketplace are safe and effective. Tools and methods are needed for regulatory purposes to allow rapid material categorization according to human health and environmental risk potential, so that materials of high concern can be targeted for additional scrutiny, while material categories that pose the least risk can receive expedited review. Using carbon nanotubes as an example, we discuss how data from alternative testing strategies can be used to facilitate engineered nanomaterial categorization according to risk potential and how such an approach could facilitate regulatory decision-making in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Beryt
- ¶Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - William Boyes
- □Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | | | - Amy J Clippinger
- ○PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoram Cohen
- ●Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Maria Doa
- △Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- ▲Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia Holden
- ▽Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Keith Houck
- □Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Agnes B Kane
- ▼Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Frederick Klaessig
- ⬡Pennsylvania Bio Nano Systems, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901, United States
| | - Toivo Kodas
- ⬢Cabot Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- ††Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Timothy Malloy
- §§University of California School of Law, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mary Beth Miller
- ⊥⊥Applied NanoStructured Solutions, L.L.C., Lockheed Martin Company, Baltimore, Maryland 21220, United States
| | | | | | - Elijah J Petersen
- □□Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | | | - Philip Sayre
- △Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Vicki Stone
- ○○School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Kristie M Sullivan
- ●●Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| | | | - Philip Wallis
- ▲▲SouthWest NanoTechnologies, Norman, Oklahoma 73071, United States
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14
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Qiu Y, Wang Z, Owens ACE, Kulaots I, Chen Y, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Antioxidant chemistry of graphene-based materials and its role in oxidation protection technology. Nanoscale 2014; 6:11744-55. [PMID: 25157875 PMCID: PMC4312421 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03275f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional nanomaterials have potential as a new class of antioxidants that combine physical barrier function with ultrahigh surface area for free radical scavenging. This work presents the first measurements of the chemical reactivities of graphene-based materials toward a set of model free radicals and reactive oxygen species using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and sacrificial dye protection assays. Graphene-based materials are shown to protect a variety of molecular targets from oxidation by these species, and to be highly effective as hydroxyl-radical scavengers. When the hydroxyl radical is produced photolytically, the overall antioxidant effect is a combination of preventative antioxidant activity (UV absorption) and ˙OH radical scavenging. Few-layer graphene is more active than monolayer graphene oxide, despite its lower surface area, which indicates that the primary scavenging sites are associated with the sp(2)-carbon network rather than oxygen-containing functional groups. To explain this trend, we propose that GO is a weak hydrogen donor, due to the non-phenolic nature of most OH groups on GO, which reside at basal sp(3)-carbon sites that do not allow for radical resonance stabilization following hydrogen donation. As an example application of graphene antioxidant behavior, we show that encapsulation of TiO2 nanoparticles in graphene nanosacks reduces undesired photo-oxidative damage to nearby organic target molecules, which suggests graphene encapsulation as a new approach to managing adverse environmental or health impacts of redox-active nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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15
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Rodd A, Creighton MA, Vaslet CA, Rangel-Mendez JR, Hurt RH, Kane AB. Effects of surface-engineered nanoparticle-based dispersants for marine oil spills on the model organism Artemia franciscana. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:6419-27. [PMID: 24823274 PMCID: PMC4046867 DOI: 10.1021/es500892m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles are under active consideration as alternatives to chemical dispersants for large-scale petroleum spills. Fine carbon particles with engineered surface chemistry have been shown to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions, but the environmental impacts of large-scale particle introduction to the marine environment are unknown. Here we study the impact of surface-engineered carbon-black materials on brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) as a model marine microcrustacean. Mortality was characterized at 50-1000 mg/L, and levels of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) were characterized at sublethal particle concentrations (25-50 mg/L). Functionalized carbon black (CB) nanoparticles were found to be nontoxic at all concentrations, while hydrophobic (annealed) and as-produced CB induced adverse effects at high concentrations. CB was also shown to adsorb benzene, a model hydrocarbon representing the more soluble and toxic low-molecular weight aromatic fraction of petroleum, but the extent of adsorption was insufficient to mitigate benzene toxicity to Artemia in coexposure experiments. At lower benzene concentrations (25-75 mg/L), coexposure with annealed and as-produced CB increased hsp70 protein levels. This study suggests that surface functionalization for increased hydrophilicity can not only improve the performance of CB-based dispersants but also reduce their adverse environmental impacts on marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- April
L. Rodd
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown
University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Megan A. Creighton
- School
of Engineering and Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Charles A. Vaslet
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown
University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - J. Rene Rangel-Mendez
- Division
of Environmental Sciences, Instituto Potosino
de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- School
of Engineering and Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown
University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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16
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Abstract
Copper-based nanoparticles are an important class of materials with applications as catalysts, conductive inks, and antimicrobial agents. Environmental and safety issues are particularly important for copper-based nanomaterials because of their potential large-scale use and their high redox activity and toxicity reported from in vitro studies. Elemental nanocopper oxidizes readily upon atmospheric exposure during storage and use, so copper oxides are highly relevant phases to consider in studies of environmental and health impacts. Here we show that copper oxide nanoparticles undergo profound chemical transformations under conditions relevant to living systems and the natural environment. Copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO-NP) dissolution occurs at lysosomal pH (4-5), but not at neutral pH in pure water. Despite the near-neutral pH of cell culture medium, CuO-NPs undergo significant dissolution in media over time scales relevant to toxicity testing because of ligand-assisted ion release, in which amino acid complexation is an important contributor. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy shows that dissolved copper in association with CuO-NPs are the primary redox-active species. CuO-NPs also undergo sulfidation by a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism, and the new sulfide surfaces act as catalysts for sulfide oxidation. Copper sulfide NPs are found to be much less cytotoxic than CuO-NPs, which is consistent with the very low solubility of CuS. Despite this low solubility of CuS, EPR studies show that sulfidated CuO continues to generate some ROS activity due to the release of free copper by H2O2 oxidation during the Fenton-chemistry-based EPR assay. While sulfidation can serve as a natural detoxification process for nanosilver and other chalcophile metals, our results suggest that sulfidation may not fully and permanently detoxify copper in biological or environmental compartments that contain reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Annette Von Dem Bussche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Pranita K. Kabadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Address correspondence to
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17
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Nel AE, Nasser E, Godwin H, Avery D, Bahadori T, Bergeson L, Beryt E, Bonner JC, Boverhof D, Carter J, Castranova V, Deshazo JR, Hussain SM, Kane AB, Klaessig F, Kuempel E, Lafranconi M, Landsiedel R, Malloy T, Miller MB, Morris J, Moss K, Oberdorster G, Pinkerton K, Pleus RC, Shatkin JA, Thomas R, Tolaymat T, Wang A, Wong J. A multi-stakeholder perspective on the use of alternative test strategies for nanomaterial safety assessment. ACS Nano 2013; 7:6422-33. [PMID: 23924032 PMCID: PMC4004078 DOI: 10.1021/nn4037927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There has been a conceptual shift in toxicological studies from describing what happens to explaining how the adverse outcome occurs, thereby enabling a deeper and improved understanding of how biomolecular and mechanistic profiling can inform hazard identification and improve risk assessment. Compared to traditional toxicology methods, which have a heavy reliance on animals, new approaches to generate toxicological data are becoming available for the safety assessment of chemicals, including high-throughput and high-content screening (HTS, HCS). With the emergence of nanotechnology, the exponential increase in the total number of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in research, development, and commercialization requires a robust scientific approach to screen ENM safety in humans and the environment rapidly and efficiently. Spurred by the developments in chemical testing, a promising new toxicological paradigm for ENMs is to use alternative test strategies (ATS), which reduce reliance on animal testing through the use of in vitro and in silico methods such as HTS, HCS, and computational modeling. Furthermore, this allows for the comparative analysis of large numbers of ENMs simultaneously and for hazard assessment at various stages of the product development process and overall life cycle. Using carbon nanotubes as a case study, a workshop bringing together national and international leaders from government, industry, and academia was convened at the University of California, Los Angeles, to discuss the utility of ATS for decision-making analyses of ENMs. After lively discussions, a short list of generally shared viewpoints on this topic was generated, including a general view that ATS approaches for ENMs can significantly benefit chemical safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre E Nel
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
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18
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Creighton MA, Rangel-Mendez JR, Huang J, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Graphene-Induced Adsorptive and Optical Artifacts During In Vitro Toxicology Assays. Small 2013; 9:1921-1927. [PMID: 25018686 PMCID: PMC4088950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Rene Rangel-Mendez
- División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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19
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Abstract
As graphene technologies progress to commercialization and large-scale manufacturing, issues of material and processing safety will need to be more seriously considered. The single word "graphene" actually represents a family of related materials with large variations in number of layers, surface area, lateral dimensions, stiffness, and surface chemistry. Many of these materials have aerodynamic diameters below 5 μm and can potentially be inhaled into the human lung. Graphene materials show several unique modes of interaction with biological molecules, tissues, and cells. The limited literature suggests that graphene materials can be either benign or harmful and that the biological response varies according to a material's physicochemical properties and biologically effective dose. The present article reviews the current literature on the graphene-biological interface with an emphasis on the mechanisms and fundamental biological responses relevant to material safety and also to potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish C. Jachak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University
| | | | - Yang Qiu
- School of Engineering, Brown University
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- School of Engineering and Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University
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20
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Abstract
The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in consumer and medical products provides strong motivation for a careful assessment of their environmental and human health risks. Recent studies have shown that Ag-NPs released to the natural environment undergo profound chemical transformations that can affect silver bioavailability, toxicity, and risk. Less is known about Ag-NP chemical transformations in biological systems, though the medical literature clearly reports that chronic silver ingestion produces argyrial deposits consisting of silver-, sulfur-, and selenium-containing particulate phases. Here we show that Ag-NPs undergo a rich set of biochemical transformations, including accelerated oxidative dissolution in gastric acid, thiol binding and exchange, photoreduction of thiol- or protein-bound silver to secondary zerovalent Ag-NPs, and rapid reactions between silver surfaces and reduced selenium species. Selenide is also observed to rapidly exchange with sulfide in preformed Ag(2)S solid phases. The combined results allow us to propose a conceptual model for Ag-NP transformation pathways in the human body. In this model, argyrial silver deposits are not translocated engineered Ag-NPs, but rather secondary particles formed by partial dissolution in the GI tract followed by ion uptake, systemic circulation as organo-Ag complexes, and immobilization as zerovalent Ag-NPs by photoreduction in light-affected skin regions. The secondary Ag-NPs then undergo detoxifying transformations into sulfides and further into selenides or Se/S mixed phases through exchange reactions. The formation of secondary particles in biological environments implies that Ag-NPs are not only a product of industrial nanotechnology but also have long been present in the human body following exposure to more traditional chemical forms of silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Zhongying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Frances D. Liu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Address correspondence to
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Pietruska JR, Liu X, Smith A, McNeil K, Weston P, Zhitkovich A, Hurt R, Kane AB. Bioavailability, intracellular mobilization of nickel, and HIF-1α activation in human lung epithelial cells exposed to metallic nickel and nickel oxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:138-48. [PMID: 21828359 PMCID: PMC3196652 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Micron-sized particles of poorly soluble nickel compounds, but not metallic nickel, are established human and rodent carcinogens. In contrast, little is known about the toxic effects of a growing number of Ni-containing materials in the nano-sized range. Here, we performed physicochemical characterization of NiO and metallic Ni nanoparticles and examined their metal ion bioavailability and toxicological properties in human lung epithelial cells. Cellular uptake of metallic Ni and NiO nanoparticles, but not metallic Ni microparticles, was associated with the release of Ni(II) ions after 24-48 h as determined by Newport Green fluorescence. Similar to soluble NiCl₂, NiO nanoparticles induced stabilization and nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) transcription factor followed by upregulation of its target NRDG1 (Cap43). In contrast to no response to metallic Ni microparticles, nickel nanoparticles caused a rapid and prolonged activation of the HIF-1α pathway that was stronger than that induced by soluble Ni(II). Soluble NiCl₂ and NiO nanoparticles were equally toxic to H460 human lung epithelial cells and primary human bronchial epithelial cells; metallic Ni nanoparticles showed lower toxicity and Ni microparticles were nontoxic. Cytotoxicity induced by all forms of Ni occurred concomitant with activation of an apoptotic response, as determined by dose- and time-dependent cleavage of caspases and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Our results show that metallic Ni nanoparticles, in contrast to micron-sized Ni particles, activate a toxicity pathway characteristic of carcinogenic Ni compounds. Moderate cytotoxicity and sustained activation of the HIF-1α pathway by metallic Ni nanoparticles could promote cell transformation and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation
| | - Robert Hurt
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation
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Abstract
Graphene is a single-atom thick, two-dimensional sheet of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms isolated from its three-dimensional parent material, graphite. Related materials include few-layer-graphene (FLG), ultrathin graphite, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene nanosheets (GNS). This review proposes a systematic nomenclature for this set of Graphene-Family Nanomaterials (GFNs) and discusses specific materials properties relevant for biomolecular and cellular interactions. We discuss several unique modes of interaction between GFNs and nucleic acids, lipid bilayers, and conjugated small molecule drugs and dyes. Some GFNs are produced as dry powders using thermal exfoliation, and in these cases, inhalation is a likely route of human exposure. Some GFNs have aerodynamic sizes that can lead to inhalation and substantial deposition in the human respiratory tract, which may impair lung defense and clearance leading to the formation of granulomas and lung fibrosis. The limited literature on in vitro toxicity suggests that GFNs can be either benign or toxic to cells, and it is hypothesized that the biological response will vary across the material family depending on layer number, lateral size, stiffness, hydrophobicity, surface functionalization, and dose. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in target cells is a potential mechanism for toxicity, although the extremely high hydrophobic surface area of some GFNs may also lead to significant interactions with membrane lipids leading to direct physical toxicity or adsorption of biological molecules leading to indirect toxicity. Limited in vivo studies demonstrate systemic biodistribution and biopersistence of GFNs following intravenous delivery. Similar to other smooth, continuous, biopersistent implants or foreign bodies, GFNs have the potential to induce foreign body tumors. Long-term adverse health impacts must be considered in the design of GFNs for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and fluorescence-based biomolecular sensing. Future research is needed to explore fundamental biological responses to GFNs including systematic assessment of the physical and chemical material properties related to toxicity. Complete materials characterization and mechanistic toxicity studies are essential for safer design and manufacturing of GFNs in order to optimize biological applications with minimal risks for environmental health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa C Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Shi X, von dem Bussche A, Hurt RH, Kane AB, Gao H. Cell entry of one-dimensional nanomaterials occurs by tip recognition and rotation. Nat Nanotechnol 2011; 6:714-9. [PMID: 21926979 PMCID: PMC3215144 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Materials with high aspect ratio, such as carbon nanotubes and asbestos fibres, have been shown to cause length-dependent toxicity in certain cells because these long materials prevent complete ingestion and this frustrates the cell. Biophysical models have been proposed to explain how spheres and elliptical nanostructures enter cells, but one-dimensional nanomaterials have not been examined. Here, we show experimentally and theoretically that cylindrical one-dimensional nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes enter cells through the tip first. For nanotubes with end caps or carbon shells at their tips, uptake involves tip recognition through receptor binding, rotation that is driven by asymmetric elastic strain at the tube-bilayer interface, and near-vertical entry. The precise angle of entry is governed by the relative timescales for tube rotation and receptor diffusion. Nanotubes without caps or shells on their tips show a different mode of membrane interaction, posing an interesting question as to whether modifying the tips of tubes may help avoid frustrated uptake by cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Shi
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Annette von dem Bussche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.B.K. and H.G. ;
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.B.K. and H.G. ;
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Sanchez VC, Weston P, Yan A, Hurt RH, Kane AB. A 3-dimensional in vitro model of epithelioid granulomas induced by high aspect ratio nanomaterials. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:17. [PMID: 21592387 PMCID: PMC3120675 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The most common causes of granulomatous inflammation are persistent pathogens and poorly-degradable irritating materials. A characteristic pathological reaction to intratracheal instillation, pharyngeal aspiration, or inhalation of carbon nanotubes is formation of epithelioid granulomas accompanied by interstitial fibrosis in the lungs. In the mesothelium, a similar response is induced by high aspect ratio nanomaterials, including asbestos fibers, following intraperitoneal injection. This asbestos-like behaviour of some engineered nanomaterials is a concern for their potential adverse health effects in the lungs and mesothelium. We hypothesize that high aspect ratio nanomaterials will induce epithelioid granulomas in nonadherent macrophages in 3D cultures. Results Carbon black particles (Printex 90) and crocidolite asbestos fibers were used as well-characterized reference materials and compared with three commercial samples of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Doses were identified in 2D and 3D cultures in order to minimize acute toxicity and to reflect realistic occupational exposures in humans and in previous inhalation studies in rodents. Under serum-free conditions, exposure of nonadherent primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages to 0.5 μg/ml (0.38 μg/cm2) of crocidolite asbestos fibers or MWCNTs, but not carbon black, induced macrophage differentiation into epithelioid cells and formation of stable aggregates with the characteristic morphology of granulomas. Formation of multinucleated giant cells was also induced by asbestos fibers or MWCNTs in this 3D in vitro model. After 7-14 days, macrophages exposed to high aspect ratio nanomaterials co-expressed proinflammatory (M1) as well as profibrotic (M2) phenotypic markers. Conclusions Induction of epithelioid granulomas appears to correlate with high aspect ratio and complex 3D structure of carbon nanotubes, not with their iron content or surface area. This model offers a time- and cost-effective platform to evaluate the potential of engineered high aspect ratio nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods and metallic nanowires, to induce granulomas following inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa C Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Abstract
Exposure to asbestos fibers is associated with non-neoplastic pleural diseases including plaques, fibrosis, and benign effusions, as well as with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma. Translocation and retention of fibers are fundamental processes in understanding the interactions between the dose and dimensions of fibers retained at this anatomic site and the subsequent pathological reactions. The initial interaction of fibers with target cells in the pleura has been studied in cellular models in vitro and in experimental studies in vivo. The proposed biological mechanisms responsible for non-neoplastic and neoplastic pleural diseases and the physical and chemical properties of asbestos fibers relevant to these mechanisms are critically reviewed. Understanding mechanisms of asbestos fiber toxicity may help us anticipate the problems from future exposures both to asbestos and to novel fibrous materials such as nanotubes. Gaps in our understanding have been outlined as guides for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brad Black
- Center for Asbestos Related Disease, Libby, Montana
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Sarin L, Sanchez VC, Yan A, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Selenium-carbon bifunctional nanoparticles for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Adv Mater 2010; 22:5207-5211. [PMID: 20859946 PMCID: PMC3217214 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201002607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Love Sarin
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (USA)
| | - Vanesa C. Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (USA)
| | - Aihui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (USA)
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (USA)
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Pietruska JR, Johnston T, Zhitkovich A, Kane AB. XRCC1 deficiency sensitizes human lung epithelial cells to genotoxicity by crocidolite asbestos and Libby amphibole. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:1707-1713. [PMID: 20705543 PMCID: PMC3205592 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asbestos induces DNA and chromosomal damage, but the DNA repair pathways protecting human cells against its genotoxicity are largely unknown. Polymorphisms in XRCC1 have been associated with altered susceptibility to asbestos-related diseases. However, it is unclear whether oxidative DNA damage repaired by XRCC1 contributes to asbestos-induced chromosomal damage. OBJECTIVES We sought to examine the importance of XRCC1 in protection against genotoxic effects of crocidolite and Libby amphibole asbestos. METHODS We developed a genetic model of XRCC1 deficiency in human lung epithelial H460 cells and evaluated genotoxic responses to carcinogenic fibers (crocidolite asbestos, Libby amphibole) and nongenotoxic materials (wollastonite, titanium dioxide). RESULTS XRCC1 knockdown sensitized cells to the clastogenic and cytotoxic effects of oxidants [hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), bleomycin] but not to the nonoxidant paclitaxel. XRCC1 knockdown strongly enhanced genotoxicity of amphibole fibers as evidenced by elevated formation of clastogenic micronuclei. Crocidolite induced primarily clastogenic micronuclei, whereas Libby amphibole induced both clastogenic and aneugenic micronuclei. Crocidolite and bleomycin were potent inducers of nuclear buds, which were enhanced by XRCC1 deficiency. Libby amphibole and H₂O₂ did not induce nuclear buds, irrespective of XRCC1 status. Crocidolite and Libby amphibole similarly activated the p53 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative DNA damage repaired by XRCC1 (oxidized bases, single-strand breaks) is a major cause of chromosomal breaks induced by crocidolite and Libby amphibole. Nuclear buds are a novel biomarker of genetic damage induced by exposure to crocidolite asbestos, which we suggest are associated with clustered DNA damage. These results provide mechanistic evidence for the epidemiological association between XRCC1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to asbestos-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie R Pietruska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Miselis NR, Lau BW, Wu Z, Kane AB. Kinetics of host cell recruitment during dissemination of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Cancer Microenviron 2010; 4:39-50. [PMID: 21505561 PMCID: PMC3047623 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-010-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diffuse malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor which displays a median survival of 11.2 months and a 5-year survival of less than 5% emphasizing the need for more effective treatments. This study uses an orthotopic model of malignant mesothelioma established in syngeneic, immunocompetent C57Bl/6 mice which produce malignant ascites and solid tumors that accurately replicate the histopathology of the human disease. Host stromal and immune cell accumulation within malignant ascites and solid tumors was determined using immunofluorescent labeling with confocal microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. An expression profile of cytokines and chemokines was produced using quantitative real-time PCR arrays. Tumor spheroids and solid tumors show progressive growth and infiltration with host stromal and immune cells including macrophages, endothelial cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes, and a novel cell type, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The kinetics of host cell accumulation and inflammatory mediator expression within the tumor ascites divides tumor progression into two distinct phases. The first phase is characterized by progressive macrophage and T lymphocyte recruitment, with a cytokine profile consistent with regulatory T lymphocytes differentiation and suppression of T cell function. The second phase is characterized by decreased expression of macrophage chemotactic and T-cell regulating factors, an increase in MDSCs, and increased expression of several cytokines which stimulate differentiation of MDSCs. This cellular and expression profile suggests a mechanism by which host immune cells promote diffuse malignant mesothelioma progression. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12307-010-0048-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. Miselis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Bonnie W. Lau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Zhijin Wu
- Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
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Lau BW, Kane AB. SDF1/CXCL12 is involved in recruitment of stem-like progenitor cells to orthotopic murine malignant mesothelioma spheroids. Anticancer Res 2010; 30:2153-2160. [PMID: 20651364 PMCID: PMC3641861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Tumor progression is influenced by the microenvironment. We found stem cells are recruited to malignant mesothelioma spheroids. We aimed to determine if stem cell recruitment depends on the chemokine SDF1, and if inhibition of the cognate receptor CXCR4 affects tumor growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS The kinetics of stem cell recruitment was determined using immunofluorescence staining, BrdU incorporation and eGFP transgenic mice. Chemokines were identified using PCR array. Inhibitors of CXCR4 were used to determine the effect on cell migration and tumor progression. RESULTS The increasing number of stem cells found in tumor spheroids over time is attributed to cell recruitment. Stem cell migration in vitro was enhanced by exogenous SDF1 and abrogated by CXCR4 inhibition and. CXCR4 inhibition reduced tumor burden in vivo. CONCLUSION SDF1 is a candidate chemokine for recruitment of stem cells to malignant peritoneal mesothelioma and a potential target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie W Lau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Box G-8235, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Abstract
Recent research has led to increased concern about the potential adverse human health impacts of carbon nanotubes, and further work is needed to better characterize those risks and develop risk management strategies. One of the most important determinants of the chronic pathogenic potential of a respirable fiber is its biological durability, which affects the long-term dose retained in the lungs, or biopersistence. The present article characterizes the biodurability of single-walled carbon nanotubes using an in vitro assay simulating the phagolysosome. Biodurability is observed to depend on the chemistry of nanotube surface functionalization. Single-walled nanotubes with carboxylated surfaces are unique in their ability to undergo 90-day degradation in a phagolysosomal simulant leading to length reduction and accumulation of ultrafine solid carbonaceous debris. Unmodified, ozone-treated, and aryl-sulfonated tubes do not degrade under these conditions. We attribute the difference to the unique chemistry of acid carboxylation, which not only introduces COOH surface groups, but also causes collateral damage to the tubular graphenic backbone in the form of neighboring active sites that provide points of attack for further oxidative degradation. These results suggest the strategic use of surface carboxylation in nanotube applications where biodegradation may improve safety or add function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Sanchez VC, Pietruska JR, Miselis NR, Hurt RH, Kane AB. Biopersistence and potential adverse health impacts of fibrous nanomaterials: what have we learned from asbestos? Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2009; 1:511-29. [PMID: 20049814 PMCID: PMC2864601 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human diseases associated with exposure to asbestos fibers include pleural fibrosis and plaques, pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis), lung cancer, and diffuse malignant mesothelioma. The critical determinants of fiber bioactivity and toxicity include not only fiber dimensions, but also shape, surface reactivity, crystallinity, chemical composition, and presence of transition metals. Depending on their size and dimensions, inhaled fibers can penetrate the respiratory tract to the distal airways and into the alveolar spaces. Fibers can be cleared by several mechanisms, including the mucociliary escalator, engulfment, and removal by macrophages, or through splitting and chemical modification. Biopersistence of long asbestos fibers can lead to inflammation, granuloma formation, fibrosis, and cancer. Exposure to synthetic carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), is considered a potential health hazard because of their physical similarities with asbestos fibers. Respiratory exposure to CNTs can produce an inflammatory response, diffuse interstitial fibrosis, and formation of fibrotic granulomas similar to that observed in asbestos-exposed animals and humans. Given the known cytotoxic and carcinogenic properties of asbestos fibers, toxicity of fibrous nanomaterials is a topic of intense study. The mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity remain to be fully elucidated, but recent evidence suggests points of similarity with asbestos fibers, including a role for generation of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity. Considering the rapid increase in production and use of fibrous nanomaterials, it is imperative to gain a thorough understanding of their biologic activity to avoid the human health catastrophe that has resulted from widespread use of asbestos fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa C. Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jodie R. Pietruska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nathan R. Miselis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Abstract
Animal models of diffuse malignant mesothelioma have historically been used to assess carcinogenicity of various fiber types and to study the pathogenesis of this unusual neoplasm. Pleural and peritoneal mesotheliomas have been induced in rodents following exposure to erionite or asbestos fibers, radionuclides, particulate nickel compounds, and chemicals such as 3-methylcholanthrene. The role of SV40 virus as a cofactor with asbestos fibers in the development of diffuse malignant mesotheliomas in humans has been explored in animal models. SV40 virus alone induces mesotheliomas in hamsters. Generation of new transgenic mouse strains with targeted expression of SV40 large T and small t antigens in the mesothelium would be very useful for mechanistic studies. Human malignant mesotheliomas frequently show hypermethylation or deletions at the Cdkn2a/Arf and Cdkn2b gene loci and deletions or mutations at the NF2 gene locus. Heterozygous Nf2 (+/-) mice exposed to crocidolite asbestos fibers exhibited accelerated development of malignant mesotheliomas compared to wild-type littermates. Loss of the wild-type Nf2 allele, leading to biallelic inactivation, was observed in nine mesothelioma cell lines derived from Nf2 (+/-) mice. Similar to human malignant mesotheliomas, tumors from Nf2 (+/-) mice showed frequent homozygous deletions of the Cdkn2a/Arf locus and adjacent Cdkn2b tumor suppressor gene. As in the human disease, murine mesotheliomas also showed constitutive activation of Akt. This murine model of asbestos carcinogenesis recapitulates the molecular and histopathological features of the human disease and has significant implications for preclinical testing of novel preventive or therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes B Kane
- Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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Guo L, Von Dem Bussche A, Buechner M, Yan A, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Adsorption of essential micronutrients by carbon nanotubes and the implications for nanotoxicity testing. Small 2008; 4:721-7. [PMID: 18504717 PMCID: PMC3209620 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (USA)
| | - Annette Von Dem Bussche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (USA)
| | - Michelle Buechner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (USA)
| | - Aihui Yan
- Department of Chemistry Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (USA)
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (USA), Fax: (+1) 401-863-9008
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (USA), Fax: (+1) 401-863-9120
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Miselis NR, Wu ZJ, Van Rooijen N, Kane AB. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages in an orthotopic murine model of diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:788-99. [PMID: 18375821 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are a mixture of neoplastic and host stromal cells, which establish a microenvironment that contributes to tumor progression. In this study, the contribution of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to tumor growth and metastasis was examined using an orthotopic, immunocompetent murine model of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. The expression profile of cytokines and chemokines in solid tumors was consistent with a M2-polarized, TAM-mediated immunosuppressive microenvironment. TAMs were targeted using liposome-encapsulated clodronate (CLIP). Exposure of tumor spheroids to CM-DiI-labeled CLIP in situ confirms targeting of macrophages and not mesothelioma cells. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) delivery of CLIP produced apoptosis in tumor spheroids and solid tumors in contrast to delivery of liposome-encapsulated PBS or PBS. Mice received an i.p. injection of mesothelioma cells with CLIP delivered i.p. every 5 days. This treatment protocol produces a 4-fold reduction in the number of tumors, a 17-fold reduction in the relative tumor burden, and a 5-fold reduction in invasion and metastasis when compared with mice exposed to liposome-encapsulated PBS or PBS. Following transplantation of tumor spheroids and treatment with CLIP, mice showed a 4-fold reduction in the number of tumors and a 15-fold reduction in relative tumor burden. Mice bearing established tumors showed a 2-fold reduction in the number of tumors and relative tumor burden when exposed to half the previous dose of CLIP delivered by repeated i.p. injection. These reductions in tumor burden are statistically significant and identify TAMs as an important host-derived cell that contributes to growth, invasion, and metastasis in diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Miselis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Box G-E531, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Abstract
There is substantial evidence for toxicity and/or carcinogenicity upon inhalation of pure transition metals in fine particulate form. Carbon nanotube catalyst residues may trigger similar metal-mediated toxicity, but only if the metal is bioavailable and not fully encapsulated within fluid-protective carbon shells. Recent studies have documented the presence of bioavailable iron and nickel in a variety of commercial as-produced and vendor "purified" nanotubes, and the present article examines techniques to avoid or remove this bioavailable metal. First, data are presented on the mechanisms potentially responsible for free metal in "purified" samples, including kinetic limitations during metal dissolution, the re-deposition or adsorption of metal on nanotube outer surfaces, and carbon shell damage during last-step oxidation or one-pot purification. Optimized acid treatment protocols are presented for targeting the free metal, considering the effects of acid strength, composition, time, and conditions for post-treatment water washing. Finally, after optimized acid treatment, it is shown that the remaining, non-bioavailable (encapsulated) metal persists in a stable and biologically unavailable form up to two months in an in vitro biopersistence assay, suggesting that simple removal of bioavailable (free) metal is a promising strategy for reducing nanotube health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lin Guo
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Daniel Morris
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Yan A, Von Dem Bussche A, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate as a Safe, Antioxidant Surfactant for Processing Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes. Carbon N Y 2007; 45:2463-2470. [PMID: 19081834 PMCID: PMC2598771 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the physical interactions between carbon nanomaterials and tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS). TPGS is a synthetic amphiphile that undergoes enzymatic cleavage to deliver the lipophilic antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) to cell membranes, and is FDA approved as a water-soluble vitamin E nutritional supplement and drug delivery vehicle. Here we show that TPGS 1000 is capable of dispersing multi-wall and single-wall carbon nanotubes in aqueous media, and for multiwall tubes is more effective than the commonly used non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. TPGS is also capable of solubilizing C(60) in aqueous phases by dissolving fullerene in the core of its spherical micelles. Drying of these solutions leads to fullerene/TPGS phase separation and the self-assembly of highly ordered asymmetric nanoparticles, with fullerene nanocrystals attached to the hydrophobic end of crystalline TPGS nanobrushes. The article discusses surface charge, colloidal stability, and the potential applications of TPGS as a safe surfactant for "green" processing of carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Annette Von Dem Bussche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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Abstract
SV40 virus has emerged as a potential cofactor with asbestos in the development of diffuse malignant mesothelioma, but its precise role in the pathogenesis of this tumor is unclear. SV40 large T antigen is known to inactivate cellular proteins involved in DNA damage and senescence, including p53 and pRb. We hypothesize that SV40 oncoproteins will sensitize mesothelial cells to DNA damage induced by asbestos or chemotherapeutic agents. SV40 oncoprotein expression in murine mesothelial cell lines enhanced spontaneous and asbestos-induced double-strand breaks, indicated by gamma-H2AX foci, and potentiated micronucleus formation. Mesothelial cells exposed to asbestos or bleomycin for 96 h acquired senescent-like morphology and displayed elevated senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, reduced bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation, and reduced colony formation. SV40 oncoprotein expression abrogated the senescent phenotype, and transfected cell lines showed an increase in both BrdUrd incorporation and colony formation after prolonged DNA damage. Murine mesothelial cell lines lacking wild-type p53 due to a point mutation or gene rearrangement also failed to senesce in response to asbestos or chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, stress-induced senescence in human mesothelial cell lines was impaired by SV40 oncoprotein expression (MeT-5A), p53 small interfering RNA, or spontaneous p53 mutation (REN). These studies suggest that exposure to DNA-damaging agents can induce senescence in both murine and human mesothelioma cell lines and suggest a major, although not exclusive, role for p53 in this response. SV40 virus may contribute to mesothelioma progression by impairing stress-induced senescence, in part through p53 inactivation, thereby favoring survival and proliferation of mesothelial cells that have sustained DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie R Pietruska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Altomare DA, Vaslet CA, Skele KL, De Rienzo A, Devarajan K, Jhanwar SC, McClatchey AI, Kane AB, Testa JR. A mouse model recapitulating molecular features of human mesothelioma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8090-5. [PMID: 16166281 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma has been linked to asbestos exposure and generally has a poor prognosis because it is often diagnosed in advanced stages and is refractory to conventional therapy. Human malignant mesotheliomas accumulate multiple somatic genetic alterations, including inactivation of the NF2 and CDKN2A/ARF tumor suppressor genes. To better understand the significance of NF2 inactivation in malignant mesothelioma and identify tumor suppressor gene alterations that cooperate with NF2 loss of function in malignant mesothelioma pathogenesis, we treated Nf2 (+/-) knockout mice with asbestos to induce malignant mesotheliomas. Asbestos-exposed Nf2 (+/-) mice exhibited markedly accelerated malignant mesothelioma tumor formation compared with asbestos-treated wild-type (WT) littermates. Loss of the WT Nf2 allele, leading to biallelic inactivation, was observed in all nine asbestos-induced malignant mesotheliomas from Nf2 (+/-) mice and in 50% of malignant mesotheliomas from asbestos-exposed WT mice. For a detailed comparison with the murine model, DNA analyses were also done on a series of human malignant mesothelioma samples. Remarkably, similar to human malignant mesotheliomas, tumors from Nf2 (+/-) mice showed frequent homologous deletions of the Cdkn2a/Arf locus and adjacent Cdkn2b tumor suppressor gene, as well as reciprocal inactivation of Tp53 in a subset of tumors that retained the Arf locus. As in the human disease counterpart, malignant mesotheliomas from the Nf2 (+/-) mice also showed frequent activation of Akt kinase, which plays a central role in tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance. Thus, this murine model of environmental carcinogenesis faithfully recapitulates many of the molecular features of human malignant mesothelioma and has significant implications for the further characterization of malignant mesothelioma pathogenesis and preclinical testing of novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Altomare
- Human Genetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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Altomare DA, You H, Xiao GH, Ramos-Nino ME, Skele KL, De Rienzo A, Jhanwar SC, Mossman BT, Kane AB, Testa JR. Human and mouse mesotheliomas exhibit elevated AKT/PKB activity, which can be targeted pharmacologically to inhibit tumor cell growth. Oncogene 2005; 24:6080-9. [PMID: 15897870 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesotheliomas (MMs) are very aggressive tumors that respond poorly to standard chemotherapeutic approaches. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway has been implicated in tumor aggressiveness, in part by mediating cell survival and reducing sensitivity to chemotherapy. Using antibodies recognizing the phosphorylated/activated form of AKT kinases, we observed elevated phospho-AKT staining in 17 of 26 (65%) human MM specimens. In addition, AKT phosphorylation was consistently observed in MMs arising in asbestos-treated mice and in MM cell xenografts. Consistent with reports implicating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met receptor signaling in MM, all 14 human and murine MM cell lines had HGF-inducible AKT activity. One of nine human MM cell lines had elevated AKT activity under serum-starvation conditions, which was associated with a homozygous deletion of PTEN, the first reported in MM. Treatment of this cell line with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin resulted in growth arrest in G1 phase. Treatment of MM cells with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 in combination with cisplatin had greater efficacy in inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis than either agent alone. Collectively, these data indicate that MMs frequently express elevated AKT activity, which may be targeted pharmacologically to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy. These findings also suggest that mouse models of MM may be useful for future preclinical studies of pharmaceuticals targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Altomare
- Human Genetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Yuan ZL, Guan YJ, Wang L, Wei W, Kane AB, Chin YE. Central role of the threonine residue within the p+1 loop of receptor tyrosine kinase in STAT3 constitutive phosphorylation in metastatic cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:9390-400. [PMID: 15485908 PMCID: PMC522220 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.21.9390-9400.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) RET, MET, and RON all carry the Met(p+1loop)-->Thr point mutation (i.e., 2B mutation), leading to the formation of tumors with high metastatic potential. Utilizing a novel antibody array, we identified constitutive phosphorylation of STAT3 in cells expressing the 2B mutation but not wild-type RET. MET or RON with the 2B mutation also constitutively phosphorylated STAT3. Members of the EPH, the only group of wild-type RTK that carry Thr(p+1loop) residue, are often expressed unexpectedly in different types of cancers. Ectopic expression of wild-type but not Thr(p+1loop)-->Met substituted EPH family members constitutively phosphorylated STAT3. In both RTK(Metp+1loop) with 2B mutation and wild-type EPH members the Thr(p+1loop) residue is required for constitutive kinase autophosphorylation and STAT3 recruitment. In multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B (MEN-2B) patients expressing RET(M918T), nuclear enrichment of STAT3 and elevated expression of CXCR4 was detected in metastatic thyroid C-cell carcinoma in the liver. In breast adenocarcinoma cell lines expressing multiple EPH members, STAT3 constitutively bound to the promoters of MUC1, MUC4, and MUC5B genes. Inhibiting STAT3 expression resulted in reduced expression of these metastasis-related genes and inhibited mobility. These findings provide insight into Thr(p+1loop) residue in RTK autophosphorylation and constitutive activation of STAT3 in metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Long Yuan
- Department of Surgery Science, Brown University School of Medicine/Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St., Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Abstract
Asbestos fibers produce diffuse malignant mesotheliomas in chronic rodent inhalation assays or after direct intrapleural or intraperitoneal injection. In vitro models have provided evidence that asbestos fibers are genotoxic carcinogens that can directly or indirectly generate reactive oxygen- and nitrogen-derived species that cause DNA damage. Heterozygous p53+/- mice show an increased incidence and reduced latency of malignant mesotheliomas induced by weekly intraperitoneal injections of crocidolite asbestos fibers. In this study, we investigated whether loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the p53 tumor-suppressor gene locus contributes to accelerated tumor progression. LOH was found in 50% of the tumors produced in heterozygous p53+/- mice. In contrast to tumors that arise in p53+/+ mice or those that retained one p53 allele, LOH was associated with large tumor masses with central areas of necrosis, local invasion, and penetration of lymphatics. Increased tumor size was not associated with increased levels of cell proliferation as determined by BrdU incorporation, but it was correlated with a reduction in apoptosis as determined morphologically and by the TUNEL assay. Wild-type p53 protein is essential for cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage and in maintenance of genomic stability. Cell lines established from tumors that showed LOH at the p53 tumor-suppressor gene locus were nearly tetraploid. These results suggest that p53 haplo-insufficiency sensitizes mice to the clastogenic or aneuploidogenic effects of crocidolite asbestos fibers, resulting in a shorter latent period. As solid tumors develop, spontaneous loss of the wild-type allele accompanied by decreased apoptosis and genetic instability is associated with accelerated tumor growth, invasion, and lymphatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Vaslet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Abstract
Asbestos fibers and crystalline silica are carcinogenic to humans when inhaled into the lungs. Asbestos fibers and cigarette smoke most likely act as cofactors in the induction of lung cancer. Point mutations in the K-ras oncogene and the p53 tumor-suppressor gene are frequent in lung cancers and are consistent with the known mutagenic spectrum of tobacco-smoke carcinogens. The FHIT tumor suppressor gene is also frequently inactivated in lung cancers of smokers and in workers who were exposed to asbestos. Recent molecular studies of p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations and p53 protein expression in the lungs of patients with lung cancer and occupational exposure to crystalline silica and other dusts have been conducted. Mutations in the p53 gene were detected at a frequency similar to those in smoking-related lung cancers. Expression of p53 protein can be detected by immunohisto-chemistry in preneoplastic epithelial lesions in the lungs of smokers and workers. Human malignant mesotheliomas frequently show overexpression of p53 protein; however, point mutations at the p53 tumor suppressor gene or ras oncogene locus are rare. Most cases of malignant mesotheliomas have codeletions of the p15 and p16 tumor suppressor genes and alterations at the NF2 tumor suppressor gene locus with monosomy of chromosome 22. The molecular alterations characteristic of malignant mesotheliomas may develop during later stages of tumor progression and may not reflect the direct genotoxic effects of fibers on the target cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Kane
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
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Fubini B, Aust AE, Bolton RE, Borm PJ, Bruch J, Ciapetti G, Donaldson K, Elias Z, Gold J, Jaurand MC, Kane AB, Lison D, Muhle H. Non-animal Tests for Evaluating the Toxicity of Solid Xenobiotics. Altern Lab Anim 1998; 26:579-617. [PMID: 26042488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Fubini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Fisica e Chimica dei Materiali, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - A E Aust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, USA
| | - R E Bolton
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, UK
| | - P J Borm
- Department of Health Risk Analysis, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Bruch
- Institut für Hygiene und Arbeitsmedizin, Universitäts-klinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - G Ciapetti
- Laboratorio di Biocompatibilità dei Materiali da Impianto, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - K Donaldson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Z Elias
- INRS Laboratoire de Carcinogenèse In Vitro, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy Cedex, France
| | - J Gold
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - A B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - D Lison
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Muhle
- Fraunhofer Institut Toxikologie und Aerosol-forschung, Hannover, Germany
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Goodglick LA, Vaslet CA, Messier NJ, Kane AB. Growth factor responses and protooncogene expression of murine mesothelial cell lines derived from asbestos-induced mesotheliomas. Toxicol Pathol 1997; 25:565-73. [PMID: 9437800 DOI: 10.1177/019262339702500605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Repeated intraperitoneal injections of crocidolite asbestos fibers induced diffuse malignant mesotheliomas in mice. A series of mesothelial cell lines was isolated from mice at different stages in the development of these tumors. The cell lines isolated from mice with mesotheliomas recapitulated their growth pattern in vivo and were tumorigenic when reinjected into syngeneic mice. Similar to human mesothelial cells, growth of the murine cell lines was stimulated by epidermal growth factor. Reactive mesothelial cells and mesotheliomas expressed the receptor for this growth factor. Crocidolite asbestos fibers have been reported to induce sustained expression of the c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes in rat pleural mesothelial cells in vitro (Heintz et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 3299-303, 1993). Human malignant mesotheliomas have been shown to express c-fos in situ (Ramael et al, Histol. Histopathol. 10: 639-643, 1995). Two of the cell lines derived from highly invasive murine mesotheliomas overexpressed c-fos and c-jun. This murine model recapitulates the histopathology, growth factor responses, and protooncogene expression of human malignant mesotheliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Goodglick
- Department of Pathology, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Marsella JM, Liu BL, Vaslet CA, Kane AB. Susceptibility of p53-deficient mice to induction of mesothelioma by crocidolite asbestos fibers. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105 Suppl 5:1069-72. [PMID: 9400702 PMCID: PMC1470134 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105s51069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of mesothelial cells to asbestos fibers in vitro has been shown to induce DNA damage mediated by oxidants. An early cellular response to DNA damage is increased expression of the p53 protein. This protein induces transcription of genes that activate cell cycle checkpoints or induce apoptosis. A murine mesothelial cell line that spontaneously acquired a point mutation in the p53 gene shows increased sensitivity to DNA damage induced by crocidolite asbestos fibers. It is hypothesized that p53-deficient mice will show increased sensitivity to the genotoxic effects of asbestos and accelerated development of malignant mesotheliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Marsella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Abstract
The mesothelial lining is a target for the fibrotic and carcinogenic effects of mineral fibers. Fiber geometry, dimensions, chemical composition, surface reactivity, and biopersistence at the target tissue have been proposed to contribute to these toxic endpoints. We established a dose-response relationship between the number of fibers delivered to the parietal peritoneal lining, inflammation, and mesothelial cell proliferation induced by intraperitoneal injection of crocidolite asbestos fibers in mice. Persistence of these inflammatory and proliferative responses depended on persistence of fibers at the target tissue. Intraperitoneal injection of wollastonite fibers induced an early inflammatory and proliferative response that subsided after 21 days. Approximately 50% of wollastonite fibers were recovered by bleach digestion after 21 days and only 2% were recovered after 6 months. In contrast, the number of fibers recovered from tissue digests had not declined 6 months after injection of crocidolite asbestos. These results support the hypothesis that biopersistent fibers cause persistent inflammation and chronic mesothelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Macdonald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
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Cistulli CA, Sorger T, Marsella JM, Vaslet CA, Kane AB. Spontaneous p53 mutation in murine mesothelial cells: increased sensitivity to DNA damage induced by asbestos and ionizing radiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996; 141:264-71. [PMID: 8917699 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1996.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The p53 gene regulates the G1 cell cycle checkpoint in response to DNA damage. A primary murine mesothelial cell line (D9) spontaneously acquired a point mutation at codon 135 in exon 5 of the p53 gene, resulting in substitution of alanine for proline; early passage D9 cells expressed wild-type p53. The growth rate of late passage D9 cells that acquired the p53 mutation was increased compared to that of early passage cells; however, this mutation was not sufficient to confer tumorigenicity to this cell line. Mammalian cells that express wild-type p53 show a transient arrest in G1 after exposure to ionizing radiation. Early passage D9 cells showed a G1 arrest following ionizing radiation, while late passage D9 cells arrested in G2 or mitosis. The clastogenic effects of ionizing radiation can be demonstrated by the cytokinesis-arrested micronucleus assay. Following treatment with cytochalasin B to arrest cytokinesis, ionizing radiation induced micronuclei in 50% of late passage D9 cells compared to 15% of early passage cells. After exposure to 15 micrograms/cm2 of crocidolite asbestos fibers, 18% of late passage cells had micronuclei compared to 4% of early passage cells. It is hypothesized that loss of the G1 cell cycle checkpoint contributes to genetic instability in murine mesothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Cistulli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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