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vom Saal FS, Antoniou M, Belcher SM, Bergman A, Bhandari RK, Birnbaum LS, Cohen A, Collins TJ, Demeneix B, Fine AM, Flaws JA, Gayrard V, Goodson WH, Gore AC, Heindel JJ, Hunt PA, Iguchi T, Kassotis CD, Kortenkamp A, Mesnage R, Muncke J, Myers JP, Nadal A, Newbold RR, Padmanabhan V, Palanza P, Palma Z, Parmigiani S, Patrick L, Prins GS, Rosenfeld CS, Skakkebaek NE, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM, Swan SH, Taylor JA, Toutain PL, von Hippel FA, Welshons WV, Zalko D, Zoeller RT. The Conflict between Regulatory Agencies over the 20,000-Fold Lowering of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for Bisphenol A (BPA) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Environ Health Perspect 2024; 132:45001. [PMID: 38592230 PMCID: PMC11003459 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommended lowering their estimated tolerable daily intake (TDI) for bisphenol A (BPA) 20,000-fold to 0.2 ng / kg body weight ( BW ) / day . BPA is an extensively studied high production volume endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) associated with a vast array of diseases. Prior risk assessments of BPA by EFSA as well as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have relied on industry-funded studies conducted under good laboratory practice protocols (GLP) requiring guideline end points and detailed record keeping, while also claiming to examine (but rejecting) thousands of published findings by academic scientists. Guideline protocols initially formalized in the mid-twentieth century are still used by many regulatory agencies. EFSA used a 21st century approach in its reassessment of BPA and conducted a transparent, but time-limited, systematic review that included both guideline and academic research. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) opposed EFSA's revision of the TDI for BPA. OBJECTIVES We identify the flaws in the assumptions that the German BfR, as well as the FDA, have used to justify maintaining the TDI for BPA at levels above what a vast amount of academic research shows to cause harm. We argue that regulatory agencies need to incorporate 21st century science into chemical hazard identifications using the CLARITY-BPA (Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity) nonguideline academic studies in a collaborative government-academic program model. DISCUSSION We strongly endorse EFSA's revised TDI for BPA and support the European Commission's (EC) apparent acceptance of this updated BPA risk assessment. We discuss challenges to current chemical risk assessment assumptions about EDCs that need to be addressed by regulatory agencies to, in our opinion, become truly protective of public health. Addressing these challenges will hopefully result in BPA, and eventually other structurally similar bisphenols (called regrettable substitutions) for which there are known adverse effects, being eliminated from all food-related and many other uses in the EU and elsewhere. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13812.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S. vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Scott M. Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ake Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ramji K. Bhandari
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- Scientist Emeritus and Former Director, National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Scholar in Residence, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aly Cohen
- Integrative Rheumatology Associates, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Terrence J. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Comparative Physiology Laboratory, Natural History Museum, Paris, France
| | - Anne Marie Fine
- Environmental Medicine Education International, Mancos, Colorado, USA
| | - Jodi A. Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana—Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Veronique Gayrard
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - William H. Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrea C. Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jerrold J. Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patricia A. Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Christopher D. Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Retha R. Newbold
- Scientist Emeritus, NTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paola Palanza
- Unit of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Parmigiani
- Unit of Evolutionary and Functional Biology, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lyn Patrick
- Environmental Medicine Education International, Mancos, Colorado, USA
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cheryl S. Rosenfeld
- Biomedical Sciences, Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- MU Institute of Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Niels E. Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos Sonnenschein
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana M. Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shanna H. Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia A. Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- NTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frank A. von Hippel
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Wade V. Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel Zalko
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Zoeller RT. The Price We Pay for the Convenience of Plastics. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae022. [PMID: 38405220 PMCID: PMC10887449 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Muncke J, Andersson AM, Backhaus T, Belcher SM, Boucher JM, Carney Almroth B, Collins TJ, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Heindel JJ, von Hippel FA, Legler J, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Peterson Myers J, Nadal A, Nerin C, Soto AM, Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Wagner M, Zimmermann L, Thomas Zoeller R, Scheringer M. A vision for safer food contact materials: Public health concerns as drivers for improved testing. Environ Int 2023; 180:108161. [PMID: 37758599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) and food contact articles are ubiquitous in today's globalized food system. Chemicals migrate from FCMs into foodstuffs, so called food contact chemicals (FCCs), but current regulatory requirements do not sufficiently protect public health from hazardous FCCs because only individual substances used to make FCMs are tested and mostly only for genotoxicity while endocrine disruption and other hazard properties are disregarded. Indeed, FCMs are a known source of a wide range of hazardous chemicals, and they likely contribute to highly prevalent non-communicable diseases. FCMs can also include non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which often are unknown and therefore not subject to risk assessment. To address these important shortcomings, we outline how the safety of FCMs may be improved by (1) testing the overall migrate, including (unknown) NIAS, of finished food contact articles, and (2) expanding toxicological testing beyond genotoxicity to multiple endpoints associated with non-communicable diseases relevant to human health. To identify mechanistic endpoints for testing, we group chronic health outcomes associated with chemical exposure into Six Clusters of Disease (SCOD) and we propose that finished food contact articles should be tested for their impacts on these SCOD. Research should focus on developing robust, relevant, and sensitive in-vitro assays based on mechanistic information linked to the SCOD, e.g., through Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) or Key Characteristics of Toxicants. Implementing this vision will improve prevention of chronic diseases that are associated with hazardous chemical exposures, including from FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Dept. of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet and Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Scott M Belcher
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frank A von Hippel
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Juliette Legler
- Dept. of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Plastic Waste Innovation Hub, Department of Arts and Science, University College London, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Dept. of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Centre Cavaillès, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- College of Global Public Health and Grossman School of Medicine and Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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Zoeller RT, Birnbaum LS, Collins TJ, Heindel J, Hunt PA, Iguchi T, Kortenkamp A, Myers JP, vom Saal FS, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. European Medicines Agency Conflicts With the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) on Bisphenol A Regulation. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad107. [PMID: 37873497 PMCID: PMC10590640 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has revised their estimate of the toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA) and, as a result, have recommended reducing the tolerable daily intake (TDI) by 20 000-fold. This would essentially ban the use of BPA in food packaging such as can liners, plastic food containers, and in consumer products. To come to this conclusion, EFSA used a systematic approach according to a pre-established protocol and included all guideline and nonguideline studies in their analysis. They found that Th-17 immune cells increased with very low exposure to BPA and used this endpoint to revise the TDI to be human health protective. A number of regulatory agencies including the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have written formal disagreements with several elements of EFSA's proposal. The European Commission will now decide whether to accept EFSA's recommendation over the objections of EMA. If the Commission accepts EFSA's recommendation, it will be a landmark action using knowledge acquired through independent scientific studies focused on biomarkers of chronic disease to protect human health. The goal of this Perspective is to clearly articulate the monumental nature of this debate and decision and to explain what is at stake. Our perspective is that the weight of evidence clearly supports EFSA's proposal to reduce the TDI by 20 000-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- School of Science and Technology, University of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- Scholar in Residence, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Terrence J Collins
- Teresa Heinz Professor of Green Chemistry, and Director, Institute for Green Science, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Patricia A Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie, Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frederick S vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Carlos Sonnenschein
- Centre Cavaillès, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut for Advanced Studies, Nantes, France
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Ana M Soto
- Centre Cavaillès, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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Vandenberg LN, Zoeller RT, Prins GS, Trasande L. Evaluating adverse effects of environmental agents in food: a brief critique of the US FDA's criteria. Environ Health 2023; 22:38. [PMID: 37085808 PMCID: PMC10120250 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-00971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the US, the Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) is charged with protecting the safety of food from both pathogens and chemicals used in food production and food packaging. To protect the public in a transparent manner, the FDA needs to have an operational definition of what it considers to be an "adverse effect" so that it can take action against harmful agents. The FDA has recently published two statements where, for the first time, it defines the characteristics of an adverse effect that it uses to interpret toxicity studies. OBJECTIVE In this brief review, we examine two recent actions by the FDA, a proposed rule regarding a color additive used in vegetarian burgers and a decision not to recall fish with high levels of scombrotoxin. We evaluated the FDA's description of the criteria used to determine which outcomes should be considered adverse. OVERVIEW We describe three reasons why the FDA's criteria for "adverse effects" is not public health protective. These include an unscientific requirement for a monotonic dose response, which conflates hazard assessment and dose response assessment while also ignoring evidence for non-linear and non-monotonic effects for many environmental agents; a requirement that the effect be observed in both sexes, which fails to acknowledge the many sex- and gender-specific effects on physiology, disease incidence and severity, and anatomy; and a requirement that the effects are irreversible, which does not acknowledge the role of exposure timing or appreciate transgenerational effects that have been demonstrated for environmental chemicals. CONCLUSIONS The FDA's criteria for identifying adverse effects are inadequate because they are not science-based. Addressing this is important, because the acknowledgement of adverse effects is central to regulatory decisions and the protection of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, 240G Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Visiting Professor, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Hall M, Lanphear B, Chevrier J, Hornung R, Green R, Goodman C, Ayotte P, Martinez-Mier EA, Zoeller RT, Till C. Fluoride exposure and hypothyroidism in a Canadian pregnancy cohort. Sci Total Environ 2023; 869:161149. [PMID: 36764861 PMCID: PMC9992168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While fluoride can have thyroid-disrupting effects, associations between low-level fluoride exposure and thyroid conditions remain unclear, especially during pregnancy when insufficient thyroid hormones can adversely impact offspring development. OBJECTIVES We evaluated associations between fluoride exposure and hypothyroidism in a Canadian pregnancy cohort. METHODS We measured fluoride concentrations in drinking water and three dilution-corrected urine samples and estimated fluoride intake based on self-reported beverage consumption. We classified women enrolled in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals Study as euthyroid (n = 1301), subclinical hypothyroid (n = 100) or primary hypothyroid (n = 107) based on their thyroid hormone levels in trimester one. We used multinomial logistic regression to estimate the association between fluoride exposure and classification of either subclinical or primary hypothyroidism and considered maternal thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) status, a marker of autoimmune hypothyroidism, as an effect modifier. In a subsample of 466 mother-child pairs, we used linear regression to explore the association between maternal hypothyroidism and child Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) at ages 3-to-4 years and tested for effect modification by child sex. RESULTS A 0.5 mg/L increase in drinking water fluoride concentration was associated with a 1.65 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.04, 2.60) increased odds of primary hypothyroidism. In contrast, we did not find a significant association between urinary fluoride (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.00; 95%CI: 0.73, 1.39) or fluoride intake (aOR: 1.25; 95%CI: 0.99, 1.57) and hypothyroidism. Among women with normal TPOAb levels, the risk of primary hypothyroidism increased with both increasing water fluoride and fluoride intake (aOR water fluoride concentration: 2.85; 95%CI: 1.25, 6.50; aOR fluoride intake: 1.75; 95%CI: 1.27, 2.41). Children born to women with primary hypothyroidism had lower FSIQ scores compared to children of euthyroid women, especially among boys (B coefficient: -8.42; 95 % CI: -15.33, -1.50). DISCUSSION Fluoride in drinking water was associated with increased risk of hypothyroidism in pregnant women. Thyroid disruption may contribute to developmental neurotoxicity of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Hall
- Psychology Department, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rick Hornung
- Retired; Consultant to Psychology Department, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rivka Green
- Psychology Department, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carly Goodman
- Psychology Department, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Christine Till
- Psychology Department, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Engel SM, Villanger GD, Herring A, Nethery RC, Drover S, Zoeller RT, Meltzer HM, Zeiner P, Knudsen GP, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Longnecker MP, Aase H. Gestational thyroid hormone concentrations and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2023; 37:218-228. [PMID: 36482860 PMCID: PMC10038840 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal thyroid function plays an important role in foetal brain development; however, little consensus exists regarding the relationship between normal variability in thyroid hormones and common neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the association between mid-pregnancy maternal thyroid function and risk of clinically diagnosed ADHD in offspring. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Among children born 2003 or later, we randomly sampled singleton ADHD cases obtained through linkage with the Norwegian Patient Registry (n = 298) and 554 controls. Concentrations of maternal triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), T3-Uptake, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) were measured in maternal plasma, collected at approximately 17 weeks' gestation. Indices of free T4 (FT4i) and free T3 (FT3i) were calculated. We used multivariable adjusted logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and accounted for missing covariate data using multiple imputation. We used restricted cubic splines to assess non-linear trends and provide flexible representations. We examined effect measure modification by dietary iodine and selenium intake. In sensitivity analyses, we excluded women with clinically significant thyroid disorders (n = 73). RESULTS High maternal T3 was associated with increased risk of ADHD (5th vs 1st quintile odds ratio 2.27, 95% confidence interval 1.21, 4.26). For FT4i, both the lowest and highest quintiles were associated with an approximate 1.6-fold increase in risk of ADHD, with similar trends found for T4. The FT4i association was modified by dietary iodine intake such that the highest risk strata were confined to the low intake group. CONCLUSIONS Both high and low concentrations of maternal thyroid hormones, although within population reference ranges, increase the risk of ADHD in offspring. Increased susceptibility may be found among women with low dietary intake of iodine and selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Engel
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | | | - Amy Herring
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Rachel C. Nethery
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Samantha Drover
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA USA
| | | | | | | | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo
| | | | - Heidi Aase
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones (predominantly thyroxine, T4, and triiodothyronine, T3) are essential for normal development and for adult physiology. There are several challenges, however, that make identifying chemicals that produce adverse effects by interfering with the thyroid system difficult. First, individual variability in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones represent only about 10% of the population reference range that is considered to be "normal." This means that populations studies evaluating the relationship between chemical exposure and serum thyroid hormones must be large enough to overcome this internal variance. In addition, we know that there are chemicals that do not produce changes in thyroid hormone levels, but nevertheless impact thyroid signaling in target tissues. A good example is that of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCB exposure during development are clearly associated with cognitive deficits in humans. But PCB exposure isn't uniformly associated with a reduction in serum thyroid hormone in human populations despite mechanistic studies showing that PCBs reduce serum T4 in animals. In contrast, perchlorate is a chemical that inhibits iodide uptake, thereby reducing thyroid hormone synthesis and serum hormone levels. Human studies have been variable in identifying a relationship between thyroid hormone and perchlorate exposure, but studies also show that dietary iodine, cigarette smoking and other factors can modify this relationship. The conclusion is that identifying chemicals that interfere with thyroid hormone could depend on in vitro analysis of chemicals that interact with different proteins important for thyroid hormone to function properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Reeves KW, Vieyra G, Grimes NP, Meliker J, Jackson RD, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace R, Zoeller RT, Bigelow C, Hankinson SE, Manson JE, Cauley JA, Calafat AM. Urinary Phthalate Biomarkers and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2567-e2579. [PMID: 33754148 PMCID: PMC8266434 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that could disrupt normal physiologic function, triggering detrimental impacts on bone. OBJECTIVE We evaluated associations between urinary phthalate biomarkers and BMD in postmenopausal women participating in the prospective Women's Health Initiative (WHI). METHODS We included WHI participants enrolled in the BMD substudy and selected for a nested case-control study of phthalates and breast cancer (N = 1255). We measured 13 phthalate biomarkers and creatinine in 2 to 3 urine samples per participant collected over 3 years, when all participants were cancer free. Total hip and femoral neck BMD were measured at baseline and year 3, concurrent with urine collection, via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. We fit multivariable generalized estimating equation models and linear mixed-effects models to estimate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations, respectively, with stratification on postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) use. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate and the sum of di-isobutyl phthalate metabolites were inversely associated with total hip BMD among HT nonusers, but not among HT users. Longitudinal analyses showed greater declines in total hip BMD among HT nonusers and with highest concentrations of mono-3-carboxyoctyl phthalate (-1.80%; 95% CI, -2.81% to -0.78%) or monocarboxynonyl phthalate (-1.84%; 95% CI, -2.80% to -0.89%); similar associations were observed with femoral neck BMD. Among HT users, phthalate biomarkers were not associated with total hip or femoral neck BMD change. CONCLUSION Certain phthalate biomarkers are associated with greater percentage decreases in total hip and femoral neck BMD. These findings suggest that phthalate exposure may have clinically important effects on BMD, and potentially fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Reeves
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Gabriela Vieyra
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Nydjie P Grimes
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Jaymie Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - Robert Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Carol Bigelow
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
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10
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Heindel JJ, Belcher S, Flaws JA, Prins GS, Ho SM, Mao J, Patisaul HB, Ricke W, Rosenfeld CS, Soto AM, Vom Saal FS, Zoeller RT. Data integration, analysis, and interpretation of eight academic CLARITY-BPA studies. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 98:29-60. [PMID: 32682780 PMCID: PMC7365109 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity" (CLARITY-BPA) was a comprehensive "industry-standard" Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-compliant 2-year chronic exposure study of bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity that was supplemented by hypothesis-driven independent investigator-initiated studies. The investigator-initiated studies were focused on integrating disease-associated, molecular, and physiological endpoints previously found by academic scientists into an industry standard guideline-compliant toxicity study. Thus, the goal of this collaboration was to provide a more comprehensive dataset upon which to base safety standards and to determine whether industry-standard tests are as sensitive and predictive as molecular and disease-associated endpoints. The goal of this report is to integrate the findings from the investigator-initiated studies into a comprehensive overview of the observed impacts of BPA across the multiple organs and systems analyzed. For each organ system, we provide the rationale for the study, an overview of methodology, and summarize major findings. We then compare the results of the CLARITY-BPA studies across organ systems with the results of previous peer-reviewed studies from independent labs. Finally, we discuss potential influences that contributed to differences between studies. Developmental exposure to BPA can lead to adverse effects in multiple organs systems, including the brain, prostate gland, urinary tract, ovary, mammary gland, and heart. As published previously, many effects were at the lowest dose tested, 2.5μg/kg /day, and many of the responses were non-monotonic. Because the low dose of BPA affected endpoints in the same animals across organs evaluated in different labs, we conclude that these are biologically - and toxicologically - relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 94924, United States.
| | - Scott Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, United States
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45267, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Jiude Mao
- Biomedical Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - William Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53705, United States
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Biomedical Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Ana M Soto
- Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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11
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Demeneix B, Vandenberg LN, Ivell R, Zoeller RT. Thresholds and Endocrine Disruptors: An Endocrine Society Policy Perspective. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa085. [PMID: 33834149 PMCID: PMC8010901 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of a threshold of adversity in toxicology is neither provable nor disprovable. As such, it is not a scientific question but a theoretical one. Yet, the belief in thresholds has led to traditional ways of interpreting data derived from regulatory guideline studies of the toxicity of chemicals. This includes, for example, the use of standard “uncertainty factors” when a “No Adverse Effect Level” (or similar “benchmark dose”) is either observed, or not observed. In the context of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), this approach is demonstrably inappropriate. First, the efficacy of a hormone on different endpoints can vary by several orders of magnitude. This feature of hormone action also applies to EDCs that can interfere with that hormone. For this reason, we argue that the choice of endpoint for use in regulation is critical, but note that guideline studies were not designed with this in mind. Second, the biological events controlled by hormones in development not only change as development proceeds but are different from events controlled by hormones in the adult. Again, guideline endpoints were also not designed with this in mind, especially since the events controlled by hormones can be both temporally and spatially specific. The Endocrine Society has laid out this logic over several years and in several publications. Rather than being extreme views, they represent what is known about hormones and the chemicals that can interfere with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Demeneix
- UMR 7221, Muséum National d´Histoire Naturelle, Département Régulation Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Morrill Science Center, Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst Massachusetts.,School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro Sweden
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12
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Lebeaux RM, Doherty BT, Gallagher LG, Zoeller RT, Hoofnagle AN, Calafat AM, Karagas MR, Yolton K, Chen A, Lanphear BP, Braun JM, Romano ME. Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substance mixtures and thyroid hormone concentrations in maternal and cord sera: The HOME Study. Environ Res 2020; 185:109395. [PMID: 32222633 PMCID: PMC7657649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous. Previous studies have found associations between PFAS and thyroid hormones in maternal and cord sera, but the results are inconsistent. To further address this research question, we used mixture modeling to assess the associations with individual PFAS, interactions among PFAS chemicals, and the overall mixture. METHODS We collected data through the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective cohort study that between 2003 and 2006 enrolled 468 pregnant women and their children in the greater Cincinnati, Ohio region. We assessed the associations of maternal serum PFAS concentrations measured during pregnancy with maternal (n = 185) and cord (n = 256) sera thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) using two mixture modeling approaches (Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation) and multivariable linear regression. Additional models considered thyroid autoantibodies, other non-PFAS chemicals, and iodine deficiency as potential confounders or effect measure modifiers. RESULTS PFAS, considered individually or as mixtures, were generally not associated with any thyroid hormones. A doubling of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) had a positive association with cord serum TSH in BKMR models but the 95% Credible Interval included the null (β = 0.09; 95% CrI: -0.08, 0.27). Using BKMR and multivariable models, we found that among children born to mothers with higher thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFOS, and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) were associated with decreased cord FT4 suggesting modification by maternal TPOAb status. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maternal serum PFAS concentrations measured in the second trimester of pregnancy are not strongly associated with thyroid hormones in maternal and cord sera. Further analyses using robust mixture models in other cohorts are required to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Lebeaux
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Brett T Doherty
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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13
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Vandenberg LN, Prins GS, Patisaul HB, Zoeller RT. The Use and Misuse of Historical Controls in Regulatory Toxicology: Lessons from the CLARITY-BPA Study. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5613539. [PMID: 31690949 PMCID: PMC7182062 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) including Bisphenol A (BPA), animal studies show that environmentally relevant exposures cause harm; human studies are consistent with these findings. Yet, regulatory agencies charged with protecting public health continue to conclude that human exposures to these EDCs pose no risk. One reason for the disconnect between the scientific consensus on EDCs in the endocrinology community and the failure to act in the regulatory community is the dependence of the latter on so-called "guideline studies" to evaluate hazards, and the inability to incorporate independent scientific studies in risk assessment. The Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on Toxicity (CLARITY) study was intended to bridge this gap, combining a "guideline" study with independent hypothesis-driven studies designed to be more appropriate to evaluate EDCs. Here we examined an aspect of "guideline" studies, the use of so-called "historical controls," which are essentially control data borrowed from prior studies to aid in the interpretation of current findings. The US Food and Drug Administration authors used historical controls to question the plausibility of statistically significant BPA-related effects in the CLARITY study. We examined the use of historical controls on 5 outcomes in the CLARITY "guideline" study: mammary neoplasms, pituitary neoplasms, kidney nephropathy, prostate inflammation and adenomas, and body weight. Using US Food and Drug Administration-proposed historical control data, our evaluation revealed that endpoints used in "guideline" studies are not as reproducible as previously held. Combined with other data comparing the effects of ethinyl estradiol in 2 "guideline" studies including CLARITY-BPA, we conclude that near-exclusive reliance on "guideline" studies can result in scientifically invalid conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Laura N. Vandenberg, PhD, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, 171C Goessmann, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003. E-mail:
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine; Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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14
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Kortenkamp A, Axelstad M, Baig AH, Bergman Å, Bornehag CG, Cenijn P, Christiansen S, Demeneix B, Derakhshan A, Fini JB, Frädrich C, Hamers T, Hellwig L, Köhrle J, Korevaar TI, Lindberg J, Martin O, Meima ME, Mergenthaler P, Nikolov N, Du Pasquier D, Peeters RP, Platzack B, Ramhøj L, Remaud S, Renko K, Scholze M, Stachelscheid H, Svingen T, Wagenaars F, Wedebye EB, Zoeller RT. Removing Critical Gaps in Chemical Test Methods by Developing New Assays for the Identification of Thyroid Hormone System-Disrupting Chemicals-The ATHENA Project. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3123. [PMID: 32354186 PMCID: PMC7247692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The test methods that currently exist for the identification of thyroid hormone system-disrupting chemicals are woefully inadequate. There are currently no internationally validated in vitro assays, and test methods that can capture the consequences of diminished or enhanced thyroid hormone action on the developing brain are missing entirely. These gaps put the public at risk and risk assessors in a difficult position. Decisions about the status of chemicals as thyroid hormone system disruptors currently are based on inadequate toxicity data. The ATHENA project (Assays for the identification of Thyroid Hormone axis-disrupting chemicals: Elaborating Novel Assessment strategies) has been conceived to address these gaps. The project will develop new test methods for the disruption of thyroid hormone transport across biological barriers such as the blood-brain and blood-placenta barriers. It will also devise methods for the disruption of the downstream effects on the brain. ATHENA will deliver a testing strategy based on those elements of the thyroid hormone system that, when disrupted, could have the greatest impact on diminished or enhanced thyroid hormone action and therefore should be targeted through effective testing. To further enhance the impact of the ATHENA test method developments, the project will develop concepts for better international collaboration and development in the area of thyroid hormone system disruptor identification and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Marta Axelstad
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Asma H. Baig
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Åke Bergman
- School of Science and Technology, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Cenijn
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VUA, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Christiansen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 7, rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Arash Derakhshan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 7, rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Frädrich
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, Charitė - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Hamers
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VUA, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lina Hellwig
- Dept. of Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Charité-BIH Centrum Therapy and Research, BIH Stem Cell Core Facility, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, Charitė - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim I.M. Korevaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Lindberg
- Department of C4hemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, Research Institutes Sweden, RISE, SE-151 36 Sodertalje, Sweden
| | - Olwenn Martin
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Marcel E. Meima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Mergenthaler
- Dept. of Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, D-10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolai Nikolov
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Robin P. Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Platzack
- Department of C4hemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, Research Institutes Sweden, RISE, SE-151 36 Sodertalje, Sweden
| | - Louise Ramhøj
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 7, rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Kostja Renko
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, Charitė - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Harald Stachelscheid
- Charité-BIH Centrum Therapy and Research, BIH Stem Cell Core Facility, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, D-10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Terje Svingen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fabian Wagenaars
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VUA, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Bay Wedebye
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- School of Science and Technology, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden
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15
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Doherty BT, Kosarek N, Hoofnagle AN, Xu Y, Zoeller RT, Yolton K, Chen A, Lanphear BP, Braun JM, Romano ME. Maternal, cord, and three-year-old child serum thyroid hormone concentrations in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:366-372. [PMID: 31901217 PMCID: PMC7251780 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy may influence offspring thyroid function, though relations between maternal and child thyroid function are incompletely understood. We sought to characterize relations between maternal, cord and child thyroid hormone concentrations in a population of mother-child pairs with largely normal thyroid function. METHODS In a prospective birth cohort, we measured thyroid hormone concentrations in 203 mothers at 16 gestational weeks, 273 newborns and 159 children at 3 years among participants in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate associations of maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy with cord serum thyroid hormones and also estimated associations of maternal and cord thyroid hormones with child thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). RESULTS Each doubling of maternal TSH was associated with a 16.4% increase of newborn TSH (95% CI: 3.9%, 30.5%), and each doubling of newborn TSH concentrations was associated with a 10.4% increase in child TSH concentrations at 3 years (95% CI: 0.1%, 21.7%). An interquartile range increase in cord FT4 concentrations was associated with an 11.7% decrease in child TSH concentrations at 3 years (95% CI: -20.2%, -2.3%). CONCLUSIONS We observed relationships between maternal, newborn and child thyroid hormone concentrations in the HOME Study. Our study contributes to understandings of interindividual variability in thyroid function among mother-child pairs, which may inform future efforts to identify risk factors for thyroid disorders or thyroid-related health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett T Doherty
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Noelle Kosarek
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Andy N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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16
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Muncke J, Andersson AM, Backhaus T, Boucher JM, Carney Almroth B, Castillo Castillo A, Chevrier J, Demeneix BA, Emmanuel JA, Fini JB, Gee D, Geueke B, Groh K, Heindel JJ, Houlihan J, Kassotis CD, Kwiatkowski CF, Lefferts LY, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Myers JP, Nadal A, Nerin C, Pelch KE, Fernández SR, Sargis RM, Soto AM, Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Wagner M, Wu C, Zoeller RT, Scheringer M. Impacts of food contact chemicals on human health: a consensus statement. Environ Health 2020; 19:25. [PMID: 32122363 PMCID: PMC7053054 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-0572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Food packaging is of high societal value because it conserves and protects food, makes food transportable and conveys information to consumers. It is also relevant for marketing, which is of economic significance. Other types of food contact articles, such as storage containers, processing equipment and filling lines, are also important for food production and food supply. Food contact articles are made up of one or multiple different food contact materials and consist of food contact chemicals. However, food contact chemicals transfer from all types of food contact materials and articles into food and, consequently, are taken up by humans. Here we highlight topics of concern based on scientific findings showing that food contact materials and articles are a relevant exposure pathway for known hazardous substances as well as for a plethora of toxicologically uncharacterized chemicals, both intentionally and non-intentionally added. We describe areas of certainty, like the fact that chemicals migrate from food contact articles into food, and uncertainty, for example unidentified chemicals migrating into food. Current safety assessment of food contact chemicals is ineffective at protecting human health. In addition, society is striving for waste reduction with a focus on food packaging. As a result, solutions are being developed toward reuse, recycling or alternative (non-plastic) materials. However, the critical aspect of chemical safety is often ignored. Developing solutions for improving the safety of food contact chemicals and for tackling the circular economy must include current scientific knowledge. This cannot be done in isolation but must include all relevant experts and stakeholders. Therefore, we provide an overview of areas of concern and related activities that will improve the safety of food contact articles and support a circular economy. Our aim is to initiate a broader discussion involving scientists with relevant expertise but not currently working on food contact materials, and decision makers and influencers addressing single-use food packaging due to environmental concerns. Ultimately, we aim to support science-based decision making in the interest of improving public health. Notably, reducing exposure to hazardous food contact chemicals contributes to the prevention of associated chronic diseases in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Justin M Boucher
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- Department Adaptation du Vivant, Unité mixte de recherche 7221, CNRS (French National Research Center) and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jorge A Emmanuel
- Institute of Environmental & Marine Sciences, Silliman University, Dumaguete, Philippines
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Department Adaptation du Vivant, Unité mixte de recherche 7221, CNRS (French National Research Center) and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - David Gee
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia Groh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA, USA
| | - Jane Houlihan
- Healthy Babies Bright Futures, Charlottesville, V.A., USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Y Lefferts
- Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie, Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Universitas Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Robert M Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Changqing Wu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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La Merrill MA, Vandenberg LN, Smith MT, Goodson W, Browne P, Patisaul HB, Guyton KZ, Kortenkamp A, Cogliano VJ, Woodruff TJ, Rieswijk L, Sone H, Korach KS, Gore AC, Zeise L, Zoeller RT. Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:45-57. [PMID: 31719706 PMCID: PMC6902641 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous chemicals that interfere with hormone action, thereby increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes, including cancer, reproductive impairment, cognitive deficits and obesity. A complex literature of mechanistic studies provides evidence on the hazards of EDC exposure, yet there is no widely accepted systematic method to integrate these data to help identify EDC hazards. Inspired by work to improve hazard identification of carcinogens using key characteristics (KCs), we have developed ten KCs of EDCs based on our knowledge of hormone actions and EDC effects. In this Expert Consensus Statement, we describe the logic by which these KCs are identified and the assays that could be used to assess several of these KCs. We reflect on how these ten KCs can be used to identify, organize and utilize mechanistic data when evaluating chemicals as EDCs, and we use diethylstilbestrol, bisphenol A and perchlorate as examples to illustrate this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Masschusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, Sutter Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patience Browne
- Environmental Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn Z Guyton
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Vincent J Cogliano
- Office of the Science Advisor, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda Rieswijk
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Institute of Data Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hideko Sone
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology, Section Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of the Director, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment of the California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Masschusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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18
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Khan KM, Parvez F, Zoeller RT, Hocevar BA, Kamendulis LM, Rohlman D, Eunus M, Graziano J. Thyroid hormones and neurobehavioral functions among adolescents chronically exposed to groundwater with geogenic arsenic in Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 2019; 678:278-287. [PMID: 31075594 PMCID: PMC6544172 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater, the major source of drinking water in Bengal Delta Plain, is contaminated with geogenic arsenic (As) enrichment affecting millions of people. Children exposed to tubewell water containing As may be associated with thyroid dysfunction, which in turn may impact neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, data to support such relationship is sparse. The purpose of this study was to examine if chronic water As (WAs) from Holocene alluvial aquifers in this region was associated with serum thyroid hormone (TH) and if TH biomarkers were related to neurobehavioral (NB) performance in a group of adolescents. A sample of 32 healthy adolescents were randomly drawn from a child cohort in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Half of these participants were consistently exposed to low WAs (<10 μg/L) and the remaining half had high WAs exposure (≥10 μg/L) since birth. Measurements included serum total triiodothyronine (tT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb); concurrent WAs and urinary arsenic (UAs); and adolescents' NB performance. WAs and UAs were positively and significantly correlated with TPOAb but were not correlated with TSH, tT3 and fT4. After accounting for covariates, both WAs and UAs demonstrated positive but non-significant relationships with TSH and TPOAb and negative but non-significant relationships with tT3 and fT4. TPOAb was significantly associated with reduced NB performance indicated by positive associations with latencies in simple reaction time (b = 82.58; p < 0.001) and symbol digit (b = 276.85; p = 0.005) tests. TSH was significantly and negatively associated with match-to-sample correct count (b = -0.95; p = 0.05). Overall, we did not observe significant associations between arsenic exposure and TH biomarkers although the relationships were in the expected directions. We observed TH biomarkers to be related to reduced NB performance as hypothesized. Our study indicated a possible mechanism of As-induced neurotoxicity, which requires further investigations for confirmatory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Khan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Barbara A Hocevar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Lisa M Kamendulis
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Diane Rohlman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | | | - Joseph Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Bansal R, Zoeller RT. CLARITY-BPA: Bisphenol A or Propylthiouracil on Thyroid Function and Effects in the Developing Male and Female Rat Brain. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1771-1785. [PMID: 31135896 PMCID: PMC6937519 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The CLARITY-BPA experiment, a large collaboration between the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the National Toxicology Program, and the US Food and Drug Administration, is designed to test the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on a variety of endocrine systems and end points. The specific aim of this subproject was to test the effect of BPA exposure on thyroid functions and thyroid hormone action in the developing brain. Timed-pregnant National Center for Toxicological Research Sprague-Dawley rats (strain code 23) were dosed by gavage with vehicle control (0.3% carboxymethylcellulose) or one of five doses of BPA [2.5, 25, 250, 2500, or 25,000 µg/kg body weight (bw) per day] or ethinyl estradiol (EE) at 0.05 or 0.50 µg/kg bw/d (n = 8 for each group) beginning on gestational day 6. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 1 (day of birth is PND 0), the pups were directly gavaged with the same dose of vehicle, BPA, or EE. We also obtained a group of animals treated with 3 ppm propylthiouracil in the drinking water and an equal number of concordant controls. Neither BPA nor EE affected serum thyroid hormones or thyroid hormone‒sensitive end points in the developing brain at PND 15. In contrast, propylthiouracil (PTU) reduced serum T4 to the expected degree (80% reduction) and elevated serum TSH. Few effects of PTU were observed in the male brain and none in the female brain. As a result, it is difficult to interpret the negative effects of BPA on the thyroid in this rat strain because the thyroid system appears to respond differently from that of other rat strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Bansal
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: R. Thomas Zoeller, PhD, Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003. E-mail:
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20
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Zoeller RT, Doan L, Demeneix B, Gore AC, Nadal A, Tan S. Update on Activities in Endocrine Disruptor Research and Policy. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1681-1683. [PMID: 31070722 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For nearly 15 years, the Endocrine Society has engaged in a coordinated effort to engage the issue of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This effort is based on an effective collaboration between scientists and physician members of the Endocrine Society and a competent and professional staff that supports membership efforts to study EDC actions and translate this knowledge to regulatory agencies. This is a brief history of these important efforts to inform the broad readership of Endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Loretta Doan
- American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Washington DC
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- USM-501 Muséum National d´Histoire Naturelle, Département Régulation Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Bioingeniería and CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
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21
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Sethi S, Morgan RK, Feng W, Lin Y, Li X, Luna C, Koch M, Bansal R, Duffel MW, Puschner B, Zoeller RT, Lehmler HJ, Pessah IN, Lein PJ. Comparative Analyses of the 12 Most Abundant PCB Congeners Detected in Human Maternal Serum for Activity at the Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Ryanodine Receptor. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:3948-3958. [PMID: 30821444 PMCID: PMC6457253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose significant risk to the developing human brain; however, mechanisms of PCB developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) remain controversial. Two widely posited mechanisms are tested here using PCBs identified in pregnant women in the MARBLES cohort who are at increased risk for having a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). As determined by gas chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry, the mean PCB level in maternal serum was 2.22 ng/mL. The 12 most abundant PCBs were tested singly and as a mixture mimicking the congener profile in maternal serum for activity at the thyroid hormone receptor (THR) and ryanodine receptor (RyR). Neither the mixture nor the individual congeners (2 fM to 2 μM) exhibited agonistic or antagonistic activity in a THR reporter cell line. However, as determined by equilibrium binding of [3H]ryanodine to RyR1-enriched microsomes, the mixture and the individual congeners (50 nM to 50 μM) increased RyR activity by 2.4-19.2-fold. 4-Hydroxy (OH) and 4-sulfate metabolites of PCBs 11 and 52 had no TH activity; but 4-OH PCB 52 had higher potency than the parent congener toward RyR. These data support evidence implicating RyRs as targets in environmentally triggered NDDs and suggest that PCB effects on the THR are not a predominant mechanism driving PCB DNT. These findings provide scientific rationale regarding a point of departure for quantitative risk assessment of PCB DNT, and identify in vitro assays for screening other environmental pollutants for DNT potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rhianna K. Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yanping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Corey Luna
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Madison Koch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ruby Bansal
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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22
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Díaz Santana MV, Hankinson SE, Bigelow C, Sturgeon SR, Zoeller RT, Tinker L, Manson JAE, Calafat AM, Meliker JR, Reeves KW. Urinary concentrations of phthalate biomarkers and weight change among postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study. Environ Health 2019; 18:20. [PMID: 30866962 PMCID: PMC6417117 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some phthalates are endocrine disrupting chemicals used as plasticizers in consumer products, and have been associated with obesity in cross-sectional studies, yet prospective evaluations of weight change are lacking. Our objective was to evaluate associations between phthalate biomarker concentrations and weight and weight change among postmenopausal women. METHODS We performed cross-sectional (N = 997) and longitudinal analyses (N = 660) among postmenopausal Women's Health Initiative participants. We measured 13 phthalate metabolites and creatinine in spot urine samples provided at baseline. Participants' weight and height measured at in-person clinic visits at baseline, year 3, and year 6 were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). We fit multivariable multinomial logistic regression models to explore cross-sectional associations between each phthalate biomarker and baseline BMI category. We evaluated longitudinal associations between each biomarker and weight change using mixed effects linear regression models. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, urinary concentrations of some biomarkers were positively associated with obesity prevalence (e.g. sum of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites [ΣDEHP] 4th vs 1st quartile OR = 3.29, 95% CI 1.80-6.03 [p trend< 0.001] vs normal). In longitudinal analyses, positive trends with weight gain between baseline and year 3 were observed for mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-hydroxybutyl phthalate, and mono-hydroxyisobutyl phthalate (e.g. + 2.32 kg [95% CI 0.93-3.72] for 4th vs 1st quartile of MEP; p trend < 0.001). No statistically significant associations were observed between biomarkers and weight gain over 6 years. CONCLUSIONS Certain phthalates may contribute to short-term weight gain among postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V. Díaz Santana
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 411 Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Susan E. Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 411 Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Carol Bigelow
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 411 Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Susan R. Sturgeon
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 411 Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA USA
| | - Lesley Tinker
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jo Ann E. Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jaymie R. Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Katherine W. Reeves
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 411 Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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23
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Reeves KW, Santana MD, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Zoeller RT, Bigelow C, Hou L, Wactawski-Wende J, Liu S, Tinker L, Calafat AM. Predictors of urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations in postmenopausal women. Environ Res 2019; 169:122-130. [PMID: 30447499 PMCID: PMC6347530 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are ubiquitous endocrine disrupting chemicals present in a wide variety of consumer products. However, the personal characteristics associated with phthalate exposure are unclear. OBJECTIVES We sought to describe personal, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics associated with phthalate metabolite concentrations in an ongoing study nested within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured thirteen phthalate metabolites in two or three archived urine samples collected in 1993-2001 from each of 1257 WHI participants (2991 observations). We fit multivariable generalized estimating equation models to predict urinary biomarker concentrations from personal, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics. RESULTS Older age was predictive of lower concentrations of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP), mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP), and the sum of di-n-butyl phthalate metabolites (ΣDBP). Phthalate metabolite concentrations varied by race/region, with generally higher concentrations observed among non-Whites and women from the West region. Higher neighborhood socioeconomic status predicted lower MBzP concentrations, and higher education predicted lower monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and higher concentrations of the sum of metabolites of di-isobutyl phthalate (ΣDiBP). Overweight/obesity predicted higher MBzP, MCOP, monocarboxynonyl phthalate (MCNP), MCPP, and the sum of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ΣDEHP) and lower MEP concentrations. Alcohol consumption predicted higher concentrations of MEP and ΣDBP, while current smokers had higher ΣDBP concentrations. Better diet quality as assessed by Healthy Eating Index 2005 scores predicted lower concentrations of MBzP, ΣDiBP, and ΣDEHP. CONCLUSION Factors predictive of lower biomarker concentrations included increased age and healthy behaviors (e.g. lower alcohol intake, lower body mass index, not smoking, higher quality diet, and moderate physical activity). Racial group (generally higher among non-Whites) and geographic regions (generally higher in Northeast and West compared to South regions) also were predictive of phthalate biomarker concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Reeves
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Mary Díaz Santana
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Carol Bigelow
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health and Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine, and Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lesley Tinker
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Reeves KW, Díaz Santana M, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Zoeller RT, Bigelow C, Sturgeon SR, Spiegelman D, Tinker L, Luo J, Chen B, Meliker J, Bonner MR, Cote ML, Cheng TYD, Calafat AM. Urinary Phthalate Biomarker Concentrations and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:1059-1067. [PMID: 30629220 PMCID: PMC6792088 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing laboratory and animal model evidence supports the potentially carcinogenic effects of some phthalates, chemicals used as plasticizers in a wide variety of consumer products, including cosmetics, medications, and vinyl flooring. However, prospective data on whether phthalates are associated with human breast cancer risk are lacking. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) prospective cohort (n = 419 invasive case subjects and 838 control subjects). Control subjects were matched 2:1 to case subjects on age, enrollment date, follow-up time, and WHI study group. We quantified 13 phthalate metabolites and creatinine in two or three urine samples per participant over one to three years. Multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer risk associated with each phthalate biomarker up to 19 years of follow-up. RESULTS Overall, we did not observe statistically significant positive associations between phthalate biomarkers and breast cancer risk in multivariable analyses (eg, 4th vs 1st quartile of diethylhexyl phthalate, OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.17). Results were generally similar in analyses restricted to disease subtypes, to nonusers of postmenopausal hormone therapy, stratified by body mass index, or to case subjects diagnosed within three, five, or ten years. CONCLUSIONS In the first prospective analysis of phthalates and postmenopausal breast cancer, phthalate biomarker concentrations did not result in an increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Reeves
- Correspondence to: Katherine W. Reeves, PhD, MPH, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 411 Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003 (e-mail: )
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Drover SSM, Villanger GD, Aase H, Skogheim TS, Longnecker MP, Zoeller RT, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Knudsen GP, Zeiner P, Engel SM. Maternal Thyroid Function During Pregnancy or Neonatal Thyroid Function and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. Epidemiology 2019; 30:130-144. [PMID: 30299402 PMCID: PMC6359926 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in children, yet its etiology is poorly understood. Early thyroid hormone disruption may contribute to the development of ADHD. Disrupted maternal thyroid hormone function has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. Among newborns, early-treated congenital hypothyroidism has been consistently associated with later cognitive deficits. METHODS We systematically reviewed literature on the association between maternal or neonatal thyroid hormones and ADHD diagnosis or symptoms. We searched Embase, Pubmed, Cinahl, PsycInfo, ERIC, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published or available ahead of print as of April 2018. RESULTS We identified 28 eligible articles: 16 studies of maternal thyroid hormones, seven studies of early-treated congenital hypothyroidism, and five studies of neonatal thyroid hormones. The studies provide moderate evidence for an association between maternal thyroid hormone levels and offspring ADHD, some evidence for an association between early-treated congenital hypothyroidism and ADHD, and little evidence for an association between neonatal thyroid hormone levels and later ADHD. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed articles suggest an association between maternal thyroid function and ADHD, and possibly between early-treated congenital hypothyroidism and ADHD. Study limitations, however, weaken the conclusions in our systematic review, underlining the need for more research. Importantly, there was much variation in the measurement of thyroid hormone function and of ADHD symptoms. Recommendations for future research include using population-based designs, attending to measurement issues for thyroid hormones and ADHD, considering biologically relevant covariates (e.g., iodine intake), and assessing nonlinear dose-responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S M Drover
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Gro D Villanger
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Physical and Mental health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Aase
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Physical and Mental health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thea S Skogheim
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Physical and Mental health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew P Longnecker
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | | | - Gun P Knudsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Physical and Mental health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Zeiner
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Vuong AM, Braun JM, Webster GM, Thomas Zoeller R, Hoofnagle AN, Sjödin A, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Chen A. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and thyroid hormones in children at age 3 years. Environ Int 2018; 117:339-347. [PMID: 29787984 PMCID: PMC5997562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) reduce serum thyroid hormone concentrations in animal studies, but few studies have examined the impact of early-life PBDE exposures on thyroid hormone disruption in childhood. METHODS We used data from 162 mother-child pairs from the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment Study (2003-2006, Cincinnati, OH). We measured PBDEs in maternal serum at 16 ± 3 weeks gestation and in child serum at 1-3 years. Thyroid hormones were measured in serum at 3 years. We used multiple informant models to investigate associations between prenatal and early-life PBDE exposures and thyroid hormone levels at age 3 years. RESULTS Prenatal PBDEs were associated with decreased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels at age 3 years. A 10-fold increase in prenatal ∑PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, and -153) was associated with a 27.6% decrease (95% CI -40.8%, -11.3%) in TSH. A ten-fold increase in prenatal ∑PBDEs was associated with a 0.25 pg/mL (0.07, 0.43) increase in free triiodothyronine (FT3). Child sex modified associations between prenatal PBDEs and thyroid hormones, with significant decrements in TSH among females and decreased free T4 (FT4) in males. Prenatal ∑PBDEs were not associated with TT4, FT4, or total T3. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest an inverse relationship between prenatal ∑PBDEs and TSH at 3 years. Associations may be sexually dimorphic, with an inverse relationship between prenatal BDE-47 and -99 and TSH in females and null associations among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Vuong
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati 45267, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St, Box G-S121-2, Providence 02912, RI, USA
| | - Glenys M Webster
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant St, Amherst 01003, MA, USA
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, NW120, Seattle 98195, WA, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop F-20, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta 30341, GA, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7035, Cincinnati 45229, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati 45267, OH, USA.
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Braun JM, Chen A, Hoofnagle A, Papandonatos GD, Jackson-Browne M, Hauser R, Romano ME, Karagas MR, Yolton K, Thomas Zoeller R, Lanphear BP. Associations of early life urinary triclosan concentrations with maternal, neonatal, and child thyroid hormone levels. Horm Behav 2018; 101:77-84. [PMID: 29154791 PMCID: PMC5970023 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triclosan, an antimicrobial agent used in some consumer products, reduces endogenous thyroid hormone concentrations in rodents. Despite ubiquitous triclosan exposure and the importance of thyroid hormones for normal fetal development, few human studies have examined the impact of triclosan exposure on maternal, neonatal, or child thyroid hormones. METHODS In the HOME Study, a prospective cohort from Cincinnati, OH, we measured urinary triclosan concentrations up to three times in pregnant women between 16weeks and delivery, and up to three times in children between age 1-3years. We quantified serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone and total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in mothers at 16-weeks gestation (n=202), neonates at delivery (n=274), and children at age 3years (n=153). We estimated covariate-adjusted differences in thyroid hormones with a 10-fold increase in triclosan using linear regression and multiple informants models. RESULTS Triclosan was not associated with thyroid hormones during pregnancy. We observed a few associations of triclosan concentrations with thyroid hormone concentrations in neonates at delivery and children at age 3years. Higher gestational triclosan, particularly around the time of delivery, was associated with lower cord serum total thyroxine (β: 0.3μg/dL; 95% CI: -0.6, -0.0). Childhood triclosan, particularly at age 1year, was positively associated with total thyroxine at age 3years (β: 0.7μg/dL; 95% CI: 0.3, 1.2). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that triclosan exposure may influence some features of neonatal and early child thyroid function. Given the large number of comparisons we made, these findings should be replicated in other cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Andrew Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - George D Papandonatos
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Medina Jackson-Browne
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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Romano ME, Eliot MN, Zoeller RT, Hoofnagle AN, Calafat AM, Karagas MR, Yolton K, Chen A, Lanphear BP, Braun JM. Maternal urinary phthalate metabolites during pregnancy and thyroid hormone concentrations in maternal and cord sera: The HOME Study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:623-631. [PMID: 29606598 PMCID: PMC5972051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates, endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are commonly found in consumer products, may adversely affect thyroid hormones, but findings from prior epidemiologic studies are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES In a prospective cohort study, we investigated whether maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and phthalate mixtures measured during pregnancy were associated with thyroid hormones among pregnant women and newborns. METHODS We measured nine phthalate metabolites [monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), and four monoesthers of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] in urine collected at approximately 16 and 26 weeks' gestation among women in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment Study (2003-2006, Cincinnati, Ohio). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free and total thyroxine and triiodothyronine were measured in maternal serum at 16 weeks' gestation (n = 202) and cord serum at delivery (n = 276). We used multivariable linear regression to assess associations between individual urinary phthalate metabolites and concentrations of maternal or cord serum thyroid hormones. We used weighted quantile sum regression (WQS) to create a phthalate index describing combined concentrations of phthalate metabolites and to investigate associations of the phthalate index with individual thyroid hormones. RESULTS With each 10-fold increase in 16-week maternal urinary MEP, maternal serum total thyroxine (TT4) decreased by 0.52 μg/dL (95% CI: -1.01, -0.03). For each 10-fold increase in average (16- and 26-week) maternal urinary MBzP, cord serum TSH decreased by 19% (95% CI: -33.1, -1.9). Among mothers, the phthalate index was inversely associated with maternal serum TT4 (WQS beta = -0.60; 95% CI: -1.01, -0.18). Among newborns, the phthalate index was inversely associated with both cord serum TSH (WQS beta = -0.11; 95% CI: -0.20, -0.03) and TT4 (WQS beta = -0.53; 95% CI: -0.90, -0.16). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that co-exposure to multiple phthalates was inversely associated with certain thyroid hormones (TT4 in pregnant women and newborns, and TSH in newborns) in this birth cohort. These findings highlight the need to study chemical mixtures in environmental epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Melissa N Eliot
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Reeves KW, Diaz SM, Hankinson SE, Bigelow C, Zoeller RT, Manson J, Spiegelman D, Tinker L. Phthalate Metabolites and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mounting laboratory and animal model evidence supports the potentially carcinogenic effects of phthalates, chemicals used as plasticizers in a wide variety of consumer products (e.g., cosmetics, medications, vinyl flooring). Phthalate metabolites (PMs) are measurable in nearly 100% of the U.S. population, though levels vary widely, and also have been reported in human breast milk. However, prospective data on whether phthalates affect human breast cancer risk is lacking. Methods We conducted a nested case-control study within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) prospective cohort (N = 419 invasive cases and 838 matched controls). Controls were matched 2:1 on age, enrollment date, follow-up time, and study group (WHI clinical trial or observational study). We measured a panel of thirteen PMs and creatinine in two or three urine samples per participant over 1 to 3 years. Multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (RR, 95% CI) for breast cancer risk associated with each PM, with incorporation of measurement error correction approaches to account for the moderate within-participant variability of PMs. Results Overall, we did not observe statistically significant associations between individual PMs and breast cancer risk in analyses adjusted for matching factors, creatinine, body mass index, smoking status, and race/ethnicity: e.g., mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP; p trend = 0.31; e.g., RR 0.91, 95% CI, 0.62–1.33), monoethyl phthalate (MEP; p trend = 0.16; e.g., RR 0.80, 95% CI, 0.55–1.16 for 4th quartile vs. 1st quartile), monohydroxy-isobutyl phthalate (MHiBP; p trend = 0.11; e.g., RR 0.78, 95% CI, 0.51–1.18 for 4th quartile vs. 1st quartile, and monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP; p trend = 0.11; e.g., RR 0.86, 95% CI, 0.57–1.28 for 4th quartile vs. 1st quartile). Conclusions These results indicate that urinary phthalate metabolite levels are not related to increased breast cancer risk. However, some phthalate metabolites may be associated with decreased risk, possibly through anti-estrogenic actions. Future analyses will explore grouping metabolites by parent phthalate and also will separately evaluate breast cancer risk by tumor estrogen receptor status and explore potential effect modification.
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Zota AR, Mitro SD, Robinson JF, Hamilton EG, Park JS, Parry E, Zoeller RT, Woodruff TJ. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) in maternal and fetal tissues, and associations with fetal cytochrome P450 gene expression. Environ Int 2018; 112:269-278. [PMID: 29316516 PMCID: PMC6561508 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human fetal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites (OH-PBDEs) are unique from adults, and in combination with a different metabolic profile, may make fetal development more sensitive to adverse health outcomes from these exposures. However, we lack data to characterize human fetal PBDE exposures and the metabolic factors that can influence these exposures. OBJECTIVE We examined differences between 2nd trimester maternal and fetal exposures to PBDEs and OH-PBDEs. We also characterized fetal cytochrome P450 (CYP) mRNA expression and its associations with PBDE exposures. METHODS We collected paired samples of maternal serum and fetal liver (n=86) with a subset having matched placenta (n=50). We measured PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, and mRNA expression of CYP genes (e.g. CYP1A1, -2E1, -2J2, -2C9) in all samples. As a sensitivity analysis, we measured PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in umbilical cord serum from a subset (n=22). RESULTS BDE-47 was detected in ≥96% of all tissues. Unadjusted ∑PBDEs concentrations were highest in fetal liver (geometric mean (GM)=0.72ng/g), whereas lipid-adjusted concentrations were highest in cord serum (111.12ng/g lipid). In both cases, fetal concentrations were approximately two times higher than maternal serum levels (GM=0.33ng/g or 48.75ng/g lipid). ΣOH-PBDEs were highest in maternal and cord sera and 20-200 times lower than PBDE concentrations. In regression models, maternal BDE-47 explained more of the model variance of liver than of placenta BDE-47 concentrations (adjusted R2=0.79 vs 0.48, respectively). In adjusted logistic regression models, ∑PBDEs were positively associated with expression of CYP2E1 and -2J2 (placenta), and -1A1 (liver) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that under normal conditions of mid-gestation, the human fetus is directly exposed to concentrations of PBDEs that may be higher than previously estimated based on maternal serum and that these exposures are associated with the expression of mRNAs coding for CYP enzymes. These results will help frame and interpret findings from studies that use maternal or cord blood as proxy measures of fetal exposures, and will inform the molecular pathways by which PBDEs affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami R Zota
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Susanna D Mitro
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Joshua F Robinson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily G Hamilton
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emily Parry
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Heindel JJ, Vom Saal FS, Blumberg B, Bovolin P, Calamandrei G, Ceresini G, Cohn BA, Fabbri E, Gioiosa L, Kassotis C, Legler J, La Merrill M, Rizzi L, Machtinger R, Mantovani A, Mendez MA, Montanini L, Molteni L, Nagel SC, Parmigiani S, Panzica G, Paterlini S, Pomatto V, Ruzzin J, Sartor G, Schug TT, Street ME, Suvorov A, Volpi R, Zoeller RT, Palanza P. Correction to: Parma consensus statement on metabolic disruptors. Environ Health 2017; 16:130. [PMID: 29212512 PMCID: PMC5719727 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
After publication of the article [1], it has been brought to our attention that the thirteenth author of this article has had their name spelt incorrectly. In the original article the spelling "Laura Rizzir" was used. In fact the correct spelling should be "Laura Rizzi".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | | | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Patrizia Bovolin
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Insituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Graziano Ceresini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Elena Fabbri
- Interdepartment Center for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Laura Gioiosa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Juliette Legler
- Department of Toxicology and Environmental Health, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michele La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura Rizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | | | - Michelle A Mendez
- School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Susan C Nagel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Giancarlo Panzica
- Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Paterlini
- Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Pomatto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jérôme Ruzzin
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Giorgio Sartor
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Thaddeus T Schug
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Maria E Street
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Riccardo Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Paola Palanza
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Zoeller RT, Heindel JJ. Do Environmental Chemicals Make Us Fat? Endocrinology 2017; 158:3086-3087. [PMID: 28977612 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Program in Endocrine Disruption Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, California 92924
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Halden RU, Lindeman AE, Aiello AE, Andrews D, Arnold WA, Fair P, Fuoco RE, Geer LA, Johnson PI, Lohmann R, McNeill K, Sacks VP, Schettler T, Weber R, Zoeller RT, Blum A. The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:064501. [PMID: 28632490 PMCID: PMC5644973 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban documents a consensus of more than 200 scientists and medical professionals on the hazards of and lack of demonstrated benefit from common uses of triclosan and triclocarban. These chemicals may be used in thousands of personal care and consumer products as well as in building materials. Based on extensive peer-reviewed research, this statement concludes that triclosan and triclocarban are environmentally persistent endocrine disruptors that bioaccumulate in and are toxic to aquatic and other organisms. Evidence of other hazards to humans and ecosystems from triclosan and triclocarban is presented along with recommendations intended to prevent future harm from triclosan, triclocarban, and antimicrobial substances with similar properties and effects. Because antimicrobials can have unintended adverse health and environmental impacts, they should only be used when they provide an evidence-based health benefit. Greater transparency is needed in product formulations, and before an antimicrobial is incorporated into a product, the long-term health and ecological impacts should be evaluated. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1788.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patricia Fair
- Medical University of South Carolina , Department of Public Health Sciences, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca E Fuoco
- Health Research Communication Strategies , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura A Geer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate School of Public Health , Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Paula I Johnson
- California Safe Cosmetics Program, California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography , Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ted Schettler
- Science and Environmental Health Network, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arlene Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
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Villanger GD, Learner E, Longnecker MP, Ask H, Aase H, Zoeller RT, Knudsen GP, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Zeiner P, Engel SM. Effects of Sample Handling and Analytical Procedures on Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Pregnant Women's Plasma. Epidemiology 2017; 28:365-369. [PMID: 27984425 PMCID: PMC5378640 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal thyroid function is a critical mediator of fetal brain development. Pregnancy-related physiologic changes and handling conditions of blood samples may influence thyroid hormone biomarkers. We investigated the reliability of thyroid hormone biomarkers in plasma of pregnant women under various handling conditions. METHODS We enrolled 17 pregnant women; collected serum and plasma were immediately frozen. Additional plasma aliquots were subjected to different handling conditions before the analysis of thyroid biomarkers: storage at room temperature for 24 or 48 hours before freezing and an extra freeze-thaw cycle. We estimated free thyroid hormone indices in plasma based on T3 uptake. RESULTS High correlations between plasma and serum (>0.94) and intraclass correlation coefficients for plasma handling conditions (0.96 to 1.00) indicated excellent reliability for all thyroid hormone biomarkers. CONCLUSION Delayed freezing and freeze-thaw cycles did not affect reliability of biomarkers of thyroid function in plasma during pregnancy. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro D. Villanger
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Mental and Physical Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emily Learner
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew P. Longnecker
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Helga Ask
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Mental and Physical Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Aase
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Mental and Physical Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Gun P. Knudsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Mental and Physical Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Pål Zeiner
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Attina TM, Hauser R, Sathyanarayana S, Hunt PA, Bourguignon JP, Myers JP, DiGangi J, Zoeller RT, Trasande L. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the USA: a population-based disease burden and cost analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:996-1003. [PMID: 27765541 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contribute to disease and dysfunction and incur high associated costs (>1% of the gross domestic product [GDP] in the European Union). Exposure to EDCs varies widely between the USA and Europe because of differences in regulations and, therefore, we aimed to quantify disease burdens and related economic costs to allow comparison. METHODS We used existing models for assessing epidemiological and toxicological studies to reach consensus on probabilities of causation for 15 exposure-response relations between substances and disorders. We used Monte Carlo methods to produce realistic probability ranges for costs across the exposure-response relation, taking into account uncertainties. Estimates were made based on population and costs in the USA in 2010. Costs for the European Union were converted to US$ (€1=$1·33). FINDINGS The disease costs of EDCs were much higher in the USA than in Europe ($340 billion [2·33% of GDP] vs $217 billion [1·28%]). The difference was driven mainly by intelligence quotient (IQ) points loss and intellectual disability due to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (11 million IQ points lost and 43 000 cases costing $266 billion in the USA vs 873 000 IQ points lost and 3290 cases costing $12·6 billion in the European Union). Accounting for probability of causation, in the European Union, organophosphate pesticides were the largest contributor to costs associated with EDC exposure ($121 billion), whereas in the USA costs due to pesticides were much lower ($42 billion). INTERPRETATION EDC exposure in the USA contributes to disease and dysfunction, with annual costs taking up more than 2% of the GDP. Differences from the European Union suggest the need for improved screening for chemical disruption to endocrine systems and proactive prevention. FUNDING Endocrine Society, Ralph S French Charitable Foundation, and Broad Reach Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Attina
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Patricia A Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourguignon
- Paediatric Endocrinology, CHU Liège and Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Joseph DiGangi
- International Persistent Organic Pollutant Elimination Network, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; New York University Wagner School of Public Service, New York, NY, USA; NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, Department of Nutrition, Food and Public Health, New York, NY, USA; NYU College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
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Solecki R, Kortenkamp A, Bergman Å, Chahoud I, Degen GH, Dietrich D, Greim H, Håkansson H, Hass U, Husoy T, Jacobs M, Jobling S, Mantovani A, Marx-Stoelting P, Piersma A, Ritz V, Slama R, Stahlmann R, van den Berg M, Zoeller RT, Boobis AR. Scientific principles for the identification of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: a consensus statement. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1001-1006. [PMID: 27714423 PMCID: PMC5306068 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruption is a specific form of toxicity, where natural and/or anthropogenic chemicals, known as "endocrine disruptors" (EDs), trigger adverse health effects by disrupting the endogenous hormone system. There is need to harmonize guidance on the regulation of EDs, but this has been hampered by what appeared as a lack of consensus among scientists. This publication provides summary information about a consensus reached by a group of world-leading scientists that can serve as the basis for the development of ED criteria in relevant EU legislation. Twenty-three international scientists from different disciplines discussed principles and open questions on ED identification as outlined in a draft consensus paper at an expert meeting hosted by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin, Germany on 11-12 April 2016. Participants reached a consensus regarding scientific principles for the identification of EDs. The paper discusses the consensus reached on background, definition of an ED and related concepts, sources of uncertainty, scientific principles important for ED identification, and research needs. It highlights the difficulty in retrospectively reconstructing ED exposure, insufficient range of validated test systems for EDs, and some issues impacting on the evaluation of the risk from EDs, such as non-monotonic dose-response and thresholds, modes of action, and exposure assessment. This report provides the consensus statement on EDs agreed among all participating scientists. The meeting facilitated a productive debate and reduced a number of differences in views. It is expected that the consensus reached will serve as an important basis for the development of regulatory ED criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Helen Håkansson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Hass
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Trine Husoy
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Susan Jobling
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Vera Ritz
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Remy Slama
- Inserm, CNRS and University Grenoble-Alpes Joint Research Centre, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Martin van den Berg
- Institute of Risk Assessment Studies (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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37
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Slama R, Bourguignon JP, Demeneix B, Ivell R, Panzica G, Kortenkamp A, Zoeller RT. Scientific Issues Relevant to Setting Regulatory Criteria to Identify Endocrine-Disrupting Substances in the European Union. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124:1497-1503. [PMID: 27108591 PMCID: PMC5047779 DOI: 10.1289/ehp217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as exogenous compounds or mixtures that alter function(s) of the endocrine system and consequently cause adverse effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, or (sub)populations. European regulations on pesticides, biocides, cosmetics, and industrial chemicals require the European Commission to establish scientific criteria to define EDs. OBJECTIVES We address the scientific relevance of four options for the identification of EDs proposed by the European Commission. DISCUSSION Option 1, which does not define EDs and leads to using interim criteria unrelated to the WHO definition of EDs, is not relevant. Options 2 and 3 rely on the WHO definition of EDs, which is widely accepted by the scientific community, with option 3 introducing additional categories based on the strength of evidence (suspected EDs and endocrine-active substances). Option 4 adds potency to the WHO definition, as a decision criterion. We argue that potency is dependent on the adverse effect considered and is scientifically ambiguous, and note that potency is not used as a criterion to define other particularly hazardous substances such as carcinogens and reproductive toxicants. The use of potency requires a context that goes beyond hazard identification and corresponds to risk characterization, in which potency (or, more relevantly, the dose-response function) is combined with exposure levels. CONCLUSIONS There is scientific agreement regarding the adequacy of the WHO definition of EDs. The potency concept is not relevant to the identification of particularly serious hazards such as EDs. As is common practice for carcinogens, mutagens, and reproductive toxicants, a multi-level classification of ED based on the WHO definition, and not considering potency, would be relevant (corresponding to option 3 proposed by the European Commission). CITATION Slama R, Bourguignon JP, Demeneix B, Ivell R, Panzica G, Kortenkamp A, Zoeller RT. 2016. Scientific issues relevant to setting regulatory criteria to identify endocrine disrupting substances in the European Union. Environ Health Perspect 124:1497-1503; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology, IAB (Institute of Advanced Biosciences), Inserm, CNRS, University Grenoble-Alpes, IAB joint research center, Grenoble (La Tronche), France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourguignon
- Pediatric Endocrinology, CHU Liège and Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Department RDDM, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS/MNHN 7221, Paris, France
| | - Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences, and
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo Panzica
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Kassotis CD, Bromfield JJ, Klemp KC, Meng CX, Wolfe A, Zoeller RT, Balise VD, Isiguzo CJ, Tillitt DE, Nagel SC. Adverse Reproductive and Developmental Health Outcomes Following Prenatal Exposure to a Hydraulic Fracturing Chemical Mixture in Female C57Bl/6 Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3469-81. [PMID: 27560547 PMCID: PMC5393361 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional oil and gas operations using hydraulic fracturing can contaminate surface and groundwater with endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We have previously shown that 23 of 24 commonly used hydraulic fracturing chemicals can activate or inhibit the estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, progesterone, and/or thyroid receptors in a human endometrial cancer cell reporter gene assay and that mixtures can behave synergistically, additively, or antagonistically on these receptors. In the current study, pregnant female C57Bl/6 dams were exposed to a mixture of 23 commonly used unconventional oil and gas chemicals at approximately 3, 30, 300, and 3000 μg/kg·d, flutamide at 50 mg/kg·d, or a 0.2% ethanol control vehicle via their drinking water from gestational day 11 through birth. This prenatal exposure to oil and gas operation chemicals suppressed pituitary hormone concentrations across experimental groups (prolactin, LH, FSH, and others), increased body weights, altered uterine and ovary weights, increased heart weights and collagen deposition, disrupted folliculogenesis, and other adverse health effects. This work suggests potential adverse developmental and reproductive health outcomes in humans and animals exposed to these oil and gas operation chemicals, with adverse outcomes observed even in the lowest dose group tested, equivalent to concentrations reported in drinking water sources. These endpoints suggest potential impacts on fertility, as previously observed in the male siblings, which require careful assessment in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kassotis
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Animal Sciences (J.J.B.) and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program (J.J.B.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M.,V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.) and Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Pediatrics (A.W.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Biology (RTZ), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and United States Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - John J Bromfield
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Animal Sciences (J.J.B.) and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program (J.J.B.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M.,V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.) and Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Pediatrics (A.W.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Biology (RTZ), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and United States Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Kara C Klemp
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Animal Sciences (J.J.B.) and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program (J.J.B.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M.,V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.) and Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Pediatrics (A.W.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Biology (RTZ), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and United States Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Chun-Xia Meng
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Animal Sciences (J.J.B.) and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program (J.J.B.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M.,V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.) and Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Pediatrics (A.W.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Biology (RTZ), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and United States Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Andrew Wolfe
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Animal Sciences (J.J.B.) and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program (J.J.B.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M.,V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.) and Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Pediatrics (A.W.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Biology (RTZ), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and United States Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Animal Sciences (J.J.B.) and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program (J.J.B.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M.,V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.) and Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Pediatrics (A.W.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Biology (RTZ), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and United States Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Victoria D Balise
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Animal Sciences (J.J.B.) and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program (J.J.B.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M.,V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.) and Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Pediatrics (A.W.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Biology (RTZ), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and United States Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Chiamaka J Isiguzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Animal Sciences (J.J.B.) and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program (J.J.B.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M.,V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.) and Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Pediatrics (A.W.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Biology (RTZ), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and United States Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Donald E Tillitt
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Animal Sciences (J.J.B.) and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program (J.J.B.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M.,V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.) and Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Pediatrics (A.W.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Biology (RTZ), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and United States Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Susan C Nagel
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Animal Sciences (J.J.B.) and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program (J.J.B.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M.,V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.) and Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Pediatrics (A.W.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Biology (RTZ), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and United States Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
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Bourguignon JP, Slama R, Bergman Å, Demeneix B, Ivell R, Kortenkamp A, Panzica G, Trasande L, Zoeller RT. Science-based regulation of endocrine disrupting chemicals in Europe: which approach? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:643-646. [PMID: 27312524 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bourguignon
- Pediatric Endocrinology, CHU Liège and Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, B4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Rémy Slama
- Inserm, CNRS and University Grenoble Alpes, IAB Joint Research Center, Team of Environmental Epidemiology, Grenoble, France
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7221, Department RDDM, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences & School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Brunel University London, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Uxbridge, UK
| | - GianCarlo Panzica
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine and Population health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- University of Massachusetts, Biology Department, Amherst, MA, USA
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40
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Kortenkamp A, Bourguignon JP, Slama R, Bergman Å, Demeneix B, Ivell R, Panzica G, Trasande L, Zoeller RT. EU regulation of endocrine disruptors: a missed opportunity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:649-650. [PMID: 27377541 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kortenkamp
- Brunel University London, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourguignon
- Pediatric Endocrinology, CHU Liège and Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rémy Slama
- Inserm, CNRS and University Grenoble Alpes, IAB Joint Research Center, Team of Environmental Epidemiology, Grenoble, France
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7221, Department RDDM, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences & School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - GianCarlo Panzica
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine and Population health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- University of Massachusetts, Biology Department, Amherst, MA, USA
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Bennett D, Bellinger DC, Birnbaum LS, Bradman A, Chen A, Cory-Slechta DA, Engel SM, Fallin MD, Halladay A, Hauser R, Hertz-Picciotto I, Kwiatkowski CF, Lanphear BP, Marquez E, Marty M, McPartland J, Newschaffer CJ, Payne-Sturges D, Patisaul HB, Perera FP, Ritz B, Sass J, Schantz SL, Webster TF, Whyatt RM, Woodruff TJ, Zoeller RT, Anderko L, Campbell C, Conry JA, DeNicola N, Gould RM, Hirtz D, Huffling K, Landrigan PJ, Lavin A, Miller M, Mitchell MA, Rubin L, Schettler T, Tran HL, Acosta A, Brody C, Miller E, Miller P, Swanson M, Witherspoon NO. Project TENDR: Targeting Environmental Neuro-Developmental Risks The TENDR Consensus Statement. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124:A118-22. [PMID: 27479987 PMCID: PMC4937840 DOI: 10.1289/ehp358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Summary: Children in America today are at an unacceptably high risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders that affect the brain and nervous system including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disabilities, and other learning and behavioral disabilities. These are complex disorders with multiple causes—genetic, social, and environmental. The contribution of toxic chemicals to these disorders can be prevented. Approach: Leading scientific and medical experts, along with children’s health advocates, came together in 2015 under the auspices of Project TENDR: Targeting Environmental Neuro-Developmental Risks to issue a call to action to reduce widespread exposures to chemicals that interfere with fetal and children’s brain development. Based on the available scientific evidence, the TENDR authors have identified prime examples of toxic chemicals and pollutants that increase children’s risks for neurodevelopmental disorders. These include chemicals that are used extensively in consumer products and that have become widespread in the environment. Some are chemicals to which children and pregnant women are regularly exposed, and they are detected in the bodies of virtually all Americans in national surveys conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The vast majority of chemicals in industrial and consumer products undergo almost no testing for developmental neurotoxicity or other health effects. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we assert that the current system in the United States for evaluating scientific evidence and making health-based decisions about environmental chemicals is fundamentally broken. To help reduce the unacceptably high prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in our children, we must eliminate or significantly reduce exposures to chemicals that contribute to these conditions. We must adopt a new framework for assessing chemicals that have the potential to disrupt brain development and prevent the use of those that may pose a risk. This consensus statement lays the foundation for developing recommendations to monitor, assess, and reduce exposures to neurotoxic chemicals. These measures are urgently needed if we are to protect healthy brain development so that current and future generations can reach their fullest potential.
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Allen JG, Gale S, Zoeller RT, Spengler JD, Birnbaum L, McNeely E. PBDE flame retardants, thyroid disease, and menopausal status in U.S. women. Environ Health 2016; 15:60. [PMID: 27215290 PMCID: PMC4877989 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women have elevated rates of thyroid disease compared to men. Environmental toxicants have been implicated as contributors to this dimorphism, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), flame retardant chemicals that disrupt thyroid hormone action. PBDEs have also been implicated in the disruption of estrogenic activity, and estrogen levels regulate thyroid hormones. Post-menopausal women may therefore be particularly vulnerable to PBDE induced thyroid effects, given low estrogen reserves. The objective of this study was to test for an association between serum PBDE concentrations and thyroid disease in women from the United States (U.S.), stratified by menopause status. METHODS Serum PBDE concentrations (BDEs 47, 99, 100 and 153) from the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) and reports on thyroid problems were available in the NHANES 2003-2004 cycle. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models accounting for population-weighted survey techniques and controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), education, smoking, alcohol consumption and thyroid medication. Menopause status was obtained by self-reported absence of menstruation in the previous 12 months and declared menopause. RESULTS Women in the highest quartile of serum concentrations for BDEs 47, 99, and 100 had increased odds of currently having thyroid disease (ORs: 1.5, 1.8, 1.5, respectively) compared to the reference group (1st and 2nd quartiles combined); stronger associations were observed when the analysis was restricted to postmenopausal women (ORs: 2.2, 3.6, 2.0, respectively). CONCLUSION Exposure to BDEs 47, 99, and 100 is associated with thyroid disease in a national sample of U.S. women, with greater effects observed post-menopause, suggesting that the disruption of thyroid signaling by PBDEs may be enhanced by the altered estrogen levels during menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Sara Gale
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - John D Spengler
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Linda Birnbaum
- National Cancer Institute/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Eileen McNeely
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Zoeller RT, Bergman Å, Becher G, Bjerregaard P, Bornman R, Brandt I, Iguchi T, Jobling S, Kidd KA, Kortenkamp A, Skakkebaek N, Toppari J, Vandenberg L. The Path Forward on Endocrine Disruptors Requires Focus on the Basics. Toxicol Sci 2016; 149:272. [PMID: 26811417 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Leung
- Division of Endocrinology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Endocrinology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tim I.M. Korevaar
- The Generation R Study Group; Department of Internal Medicine; Rotterdam Thyroid Center; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- The Generation R Study Group; Department of Internal Medicine; Rotterdam Thyroid Center; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gregory A. Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Endocrinology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Barbara A. Demeneix
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Trasande L, Zoeller RT, Hass U, Kortenkamp A, Grandjean P, Myers JP, DiGangi J, Hunt PM, Rudel R, Sathyanarayana S, Bellanger M, Hauser R, Legler J, Skakkebaek NE, Heindel JJ. Burden of disease and costs of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in the European Union: an updated analysis. Andrology 2016; 4:565-72. [PMID: 27003928 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A previous report documented that endocrine disrupting chemicals contribute substantially to certain forms of disease and disability. In the present analysis, our main objective was to update a range of health and economic costs that can be reasonably attributed to endocrine disrupting chemical exposures in the European Union, leveraging new burden and disease cost estimates of female reproductive conditions from accompanying report. Expert panels evaluated the epidemiologic evidence, using adapted criteria from the WHO Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group, and evaluated laboratory and animal evidence of endocrine disruption using definitions recently promulgated by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The Delphi method was used to make decisions on the strength of the data. Expert panels consensus was achieved for probable (>20%) endocrine disrupting chemical causation for IQ loss and associated intellectual disability; autism; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; endometriosis; fibroids; childhood obesity; adult obesity; adult diabetes; cryptorchidism; male infertility, and mortality associated with reduced testosterone. Accounting for probability of causation, and using the midpoint of each range for probability of causation, Monte Carlo simulations produced a median annual cost of €163 billion (1.28% of EU Gross Domestic Product) across 1000 simulations. We conclude that endocrine disrupting chemical exposures in the EU are likely to contribute substantially to disease and dysfunction across the life course with costs in the hundreds of billions of Euros per year. These estimates represent only those endocrine disrupting chemicals with the highest probability of causation; a broader analysis would have produced greater estimates of burden of disease and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Trasande
- New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Wagner School of Public Service, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Food & Public Health, NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Global Institute of Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - R T Zoeller
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - U Hass
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - A Kortenkamp
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - P Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J P Myers
- Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - P M Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, Newton, MA, USA
| | - S Sathyanarayana
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Bellanger
- EHESP School of Public Health, Paris, France
| | - R Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Legler
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N E Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, EDMaRC and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J J Heindel
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:E1-E150. [PMID: 26544531 PMCID: PMC4702494 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1221] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Endocrine Society's first Scientific Statement in 2009 provided a wake-up call to the scientific community about how environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect health and disease. Five years later, a substantially larger body of literature has solidified our understanding of plausible mechanisms underlying EDC actions and how exposures in animals and humans-especially during development-may lay the foundations for disease later in life. At this point in history, we have much stronger knowledge about how EDCs alter gene-environment interactions via physiological, cellular, molecular, and epigenetic changes, thereby producing effects in exposed individuals as well as their descendants. Causal links between exposure and manifestation of disease are substantiated by experimental animal models and are consistent with correlative epidemiological data in humans. There are several caveats because differences in how experimental animal work is conducted can lead to difficulties in drawing broad conclusions, and we must continue to be cautious about inferring causality in humans. In this second Scientific Statement, we reviewed the literature on a subset of topics for which the translational evidence is strongest: 1) obesity and diabetes; 2) female reproduction; 3) male reproduction; 4) hormone-sensitive cancers in females; 5) prostate; 6) thyroid; and 7) neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. Our inclusion criteria for studies were those conducted predominantly in the past 5 years deemed to be of high quality based on appropriate negative and positive control groups or populations, adequate sample size and experimental design, and mammalian animal studies with exposure levels in a range that was relevant to humans. We also focused on studies using the developmental origins of health and disease model. No report was excluded based on a positive or negative effect of the EDC exposure. The bulk of the results across the board strengthen the evidence for endocrine health-related actions of EDCs. Based on this much more complete understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability, these findings can be much better translated to human health. Armed with this information, researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers can guide regulators and policymakers as they make responsible decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gore
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - V A Chappell
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - S E Fenton
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J A Flaws
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - A Nadal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - G S Prins
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J Toppari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - R T Zoeller
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. Executive Summary to EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:593-602. [PMID: 26414233 PMCID: PMC4702495 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Executive Summary to the Endocrine Society's second Scientific Statement on environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) provides a synthesis of the key points of the complete statement. The full Scientific Statement represents a comprehensive review of the literature on seven topics for which there is strong mechanistic, experimental, animal, and epidemiological evidence for endocrine disruption, namely: obesity and diabetes, female reproduction, male reproduction, hormone-sensitive cancers in females, prostate cancer, thyroid, and neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. EDCs such as bisphenol A, phthalates, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diethyl ethers, and dioxins were emphasized because these chemicals had the greatest depth and breadth of available information. The Statement also included thorough coverage of studies of developmental exposures to EDCs, especially in the fetus and infant, because these are critical life stages during which perturbations of hormones can increase the probability of a disease or dysfunction later in life. A conclusion of the Statement is that publications over the past 5 years have led to a much fuller understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability. These findings will prove useful to researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers in translating the science of endocrine disruption to improved public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gore
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - V A Chappell
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - S E Fenton
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J A Flaws
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - A Nadal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - G S Prins
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J Toppari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - R T Zoeller
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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48
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Kassotis CD, Klemp KC, Vu DC, Lin CH, Meng CX, Besch-Williford CL, Pinatti L, Zoeller RT, Drobnis EZ, Balise VD, Isiguzo CJ, Williams MA, Tillitt DE, Nagel SC. Endocrine-Disrupting Activity of Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Adverse Health Outcomes After Prenatal Exposure in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4458-73. [PMID: 26465197 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oil and natural gas operations have been shown to contaminate surface and ground water with endocrine-disrupting chemicals. In the current study, we fill several gaps in our understanding of the potential environmental impacts related to this process. We measured the endocrine-disrupting activities of 24 chemicals used and/or produced by oil and gas operations for five nuclear receptors using a reporter gene assay in human endometrial cancer cells. We also quantified the concentration of 16 of these chemicals in oil and gas wastewater samples. Finally, we assessed reproductive and developmental outcomes in male C57BL/6J mice after the prenatal exposure to a mixture of these chemicals. We found that 23 commonly used oil and natural gas operation chemicals can activate or inhibit the estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, progesterone, and/or thyroid receptors, and mixtures of these chemicals can behave synergistically, additively, or antagonistically in vitro. Prenatal exposure to a mixture of 23 oil and gas operation chemicals at 3, 30, and 300 μg/kg · d caused decreased sperm counts and increased testes, body, heart, and thymus weights and increased serum testosterone in male mice, suggesting multiple organ system impacts. Our results suggest possible adverse developmental and reproductive health outcomes in humans and animals exposed to potential environmentally relevant levels of oil and gas operation chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kassotis
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Kara C Klemp
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Danh C Vu
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Chung-Ho Lin
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Chun-Xia Meng
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Cynthia L Besch-Williford
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Lisa Pinatti
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Erma Z Drobnis
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Victoria D Balise
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Chiamaka J Isiguzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Donald E Tillitt
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Susan C Nagel
- Nicholas School of the Environment (C.D.K.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.C.K., C.-X.M., E.Z.D., V.D.B., C.J.I., S.C.N.), Department of Forestry (D.C.V., C.-H.L.), Division of Biological Sciences (V.D.B., M.A.W., S.C.N.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; IDEXX RADIL Pathology Services (C.L.B.-W.), Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Biology (L.P., R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and US Geological Survey (D.E.T.), Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201
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49
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Vuong AM, Webster GM, Romano ME, Braun JM, Zoeller RT, Hoofnagle AN, Sjödin A, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Chen A. Maternal Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposure and Thyroid Hormones in Maternal and Cord Sera: The HOME Study, Cincinnati, USA. Environ Health Perspect 2015; 123:1079-85. [PMID: 25893858 PMCID: PMC4590759 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) reduce blood concentrations of thyroid hormones in laboratory animals, but it is unclear whether PBDEs disrupt thyroid hormones in pregnant women or newborn infants. OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between maternal PBDE levels and thyroid hormone concentrations in maternal and cord sera. METHODS We used data from the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME)Study, a prospective birth cohort of 389 pregnant women in Cincinnati, Ohio, who were enrolled from 2003 through 2006 and delivered singleton infants. Maternal serum PBDE concentrations were measured at enrollment (16 ± 3 weeks of gestation). Thyroid hormone concentrations were measured in maternal serum at enrollment (n = 187) and in cord serum samples (n = 256). RESULTS Median maternal serum concentrations of BDEs 28 and 47 were 1.0 and 19.1 ng/g lipid, respectively. A 10-fold increase in BDEs 28 and 47 concentrations was associated with a 0.85-μg/dL [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.05, 1.64] and 0.82-μg/dL (95% CI: 0.12, 1.51) increase in maternal total thyroxine concentrations (TT4), respectively. Both congeners were also positively associated with maternal free thyroxine (FT4). We also observed positive associations between BDE-47 and maternal total and free triiodothyronine (TT3 and FT3). A 10-fold increase in BDE-28 was associated with elevated FT3 concentrations (β = 0.14 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.26). In contrast, maternal PBDE levels were not associated with thyroid hormone concentrations in cord serum. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maternal PBDE exposure, particularly BDEs 28 and 47, are associated with maternal concentrations of T4 and T3 during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Vuong
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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50
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Heindel JJ, vom Saal FS, Blumberg B, Bovolin P, Calamandrei G, Ceresini G, Cohn BA, Fabbri E, Gioiosa L, Kassotis C, Legler J, La Merrill M, Rizzir L, Machtinger R, Mantovani A, Mendez MA, Montanini L, Molteni L, Nagel SC, Parmigiani S, Panzica G, Paterlini S, Pomatto V, Ruzzin J, Sartor G, Schug TT, Street ME, Suvorov A, Volpi R, Zoeller RT, Palanza P. Parma consensus statement on metabolic disruptors. Environ Health 2015; 14:54. [PMID: 26092037 PMCID: PMC4473834 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A multidisciplinary group of experts gathered in Parma Italy for a workshop hosted by the University of Parma, May 16-18, 2014 to address concerns about the potential relationship between environmental metabolic disrupting chemicals, obesity and related metabolic disorders. The objectives of the workshop were to: 1. Review findings related to the role of environmental chemicals, referred to as "metabolic disruptors", in obesity and metabolic syndrome with special attention to recent discoveries from animal model and epidemiology studies; 2. Identify conclusions that could be drawn with confidence from existing animal and human data; 3. Develop predictions based on current data; and 4. Identify critical knowledge gaps and areas of uncertainty. The consensus statements are intended to aid in expanding understanding of the role of metabolic disruptors in the obesity and metabolic disease epidemics, to move the field forward by assessing the current state of the science and to identify research needs on the role of environmental chemical exposures in these diseases. We propose broadening the definition of obesogens to that of metabolic disruptors, to encompass chemicals that play a role in altered susceptibility to obesity, diabetes and related metabolic disorders including metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J. Heindel
- />Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Bruce Blumberg
- />Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Patrizia Bovolin
- />Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- />Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Insituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Graziano Ceresini
- />Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Elena Fabbri
- />Interdepartment Center for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Laura Gioiosa
- />Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Juliette Legler
- />Department of Toxicology and Environmental Health, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michele La Merrill
- />Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Laura Rizzir
- />Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ronit Machtinger
- />Sheba Medical Center and Tel-Aviv University, Tel –Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Michelle A. Mendez
- />School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Luisa Montanini
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Susan C. Nagel
- />Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | | | - Giancarlo Panzica
- />Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Paterlini
- />Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Pomatto
- />Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jérôme Ruzzin
- />Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Giorgio Sartor
- />Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Thaddeus T. Schug
- />Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Maria E. Street
- />Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- />Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Riccardo Volpi
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- />Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA USA
| | - Paola Palanza
- />Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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