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Halden RU, Lindeman AE, Aiello AE, Andrews D, Arnold WA, Fair P, Fuoco RE, Geer LA, Johnson PI, Lohmann R, McNeill K, Sacks VP, Schettler T, Weber R, Zoeller RT, Blum A. The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:064501. [PMID: 28632490 PMCID: PMC5644973 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban documents a consensus of more than 200 scientists and medical professionals on the hazards of and lack of demonstrated benefit from common uses of triclosan and triclocarban. These chemicals may be used in thousands of personal care and consumer products as well as in building materials. Based on extensive peer-reviewed research, this statement concludes that triclosan and triclocarban are environmentally persistent endocrine disruptors that bioaccumulate in and are toxic to aquatic and other organisms. Evidence of other hazards to humans and ecosystems from triclosan and triclocarban is presented along with recommendations intended to prevent future harm from triclosan, triclocarban, and antimicrobial substances with similar properties and effects. Because antimicrobials can have unintended adverse health and environmental impacts, they should only be used when they provide an evidence-based health benefit. Greater transparency is needed in product formulations, and before an antimicrobial is incorporated into a product, the long-term health and ecological impacts should be evaluated. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1788.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patricia Fair
- Medical University of South Carolina , Department of Public Health Sciences, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca E Fuoco
- Health Research Communication Strategies , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura A Geer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate School of Public Health , Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Paula I Johnson
- California Safe Cosmetics Program, California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography , Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ted Schettler
- Science and Environmental Health Network, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arlene Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
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Sacks VP, Lohmann R. Freely dissolved PBDEs in water and porewater of an urban estuary. Environ Pollut 2012; 162:287-93. [PMID: 22243876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene passive samplers (PE) were deployed in Narragansett Bay, RI, to examine freely dissolved concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface, bottom, and sediment porewater. PBDE congeners in the water column and porewater were below 3 pg L(-1). In the surface water, only PBDE congeners containing up to 5 bromines were detected, while in the deeper water congeners 153 and 154 (6 bromines) were also detected. Activity ratios of surface-bottom water and porewater-bottom water suggested that lower brominated (di-tetra) congeners reached Narragansett Bay from surface waters and sediments. PBDEs in the surface water probably originated from a combination of air-water exchange, freshwater runoff, rivers, and wastewater treatment plants. It is suggested that deep water was the source of higher brominated PBDEs to the Bay implying that the more hydrophobic PBDEs reached depth on particles and/or that these congeners were degraded in sediments. On-going sources supply PBDEs to Narragansett Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P Sacks
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
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Sacks VP, Lohmann R. Development and use of polyethylene passive samplers to detect triclosans and alkylphenols in an urban estuary. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:2270-2277. [PMID: 21341696 DOI: 10.1021/es1040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To be able to use polyethylene passive samplers (PE) in the field, the partitioning constants between PE and water (K(PEw)) of the compounds examined must be known. The K(PEw)s of triclosan (TCS), methyl-triclosan (MTCS), n-nonylphenol (n-NP), nonylphenol-technical mix (NP-tech), n-octylphenol (n-OP), and t-octylphenol (t-OP) were measured as a function of pH, temperature, and salinity, and a salt effect was calculated for TCS, n-OP, and t-OP. Log K(PEw)s used for calculating dissolved concentrations were taken from 20 °C studies taking salt into account: 3.42 (TCS), 4.53 (MTCS), 4.20 (n-NP), 3.69 (n-OP), and 2.87 (t-OP). The K(PEw) of hydroxyl-group containing compounds were strongly affected by pH, whereas MTCS with its methoxy-group was not. Measured K(PEw)s could not be estimated from octanol-water partitioning constants due to the semipolar makeup of the compounds investigated. Instead, a good correlation (K(PEw) = 0.679 × K(hdw) + 1.033, r(2) = 0.984, p = 0.001) was obtained with hexadecane-water partitioning constants (K(hdw)) predicted from COSMOtherm. During deployments in Narragansett Bay (RI) in the fall of 2009, concentrations of MTCS and t-OP in surface and bottom waters ranged from 40-225 pg L(-1) and 3.5-11 ng L(-1), respectively. These concentrations are far below EC(50) values for rainbow trout. Surface/bottom and bottom/porewater activity ratios were calculated. These indicated surface waters as the main source of MTCS, while surface water as well as sediments were sources of t-OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P Sacks
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
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