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Li JH, Zhou A, Lee CD, Shah SN, Ji JH, Senthilkumar V, Padilla ET, Ball AB, Feng Q, Bustillos CG, Riggan L, Greige A, Divakaruni AS, Annese F, Coleman JAC, Skinner SA, Cowan CW, O'Sullivan TE. Author Correction: MEF2C regulates NK cell effector functions through control of lipid metabolism. Nat Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41590-024-01841-w. [PMID: 38641722 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Joey H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adalia Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cassidy D Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Siya N Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Hyun Ji
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vignesh Senthilkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eddie T Padilla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andréa B Ball
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qinyan Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian G Bustillos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luke Riggan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alain Greige
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fran Annese
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher W Cowan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Li JH, Zhou A, Lee CD, Shah SN, Ji JH, Senthilkumar V, Padilla ET, Ball AB, Feng Q, Bustillos CG, Riggan L, Greige A, Divakaruni AS, Annese F, Cooley Coleman JA, Skinner SA, Cowan CW, O'Sullivan TE. MEF2C regulates NK cell effector functions through control of lipid metabolism. Nat Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41590-024-01811-2. [PMID: 38589619 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical first line of defense against viral infection. Rare mutations in a small subset of transcription factors can result in decreased NK cell numbers and function in humans, with an associated increased susceptibility to viral infection. However, our understanding of the specific transcription factors governing mature human NK cell function is limited. Here we use a non-viral CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen targeting genes encoding 31 transcription factors differentially expressed during human NK cell development. We identify myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) as a master regulator of human NK cell functionality ex vivo. MEF2C-haploinsufficient patients and mice displayed defects in NK cell development and effector function, with an increased susceptibility to viral infection. Mechanistically, MEF2C was required for an interleukin (IL)-2- and IL-15-mediated increase in lipid content through regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathways. Supplementation with oleic acid restored MEF2C-deficient and MEF2C-haploinsufficient patient NK cell cytotoxic function. Therefore, MEF2C is a critical orchestrator of NK cell antiviral immunity by regulating SREBP-mediated lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adalia Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cassidy D Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Siya N Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Hyun Ji
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vignesh Senthilkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eddie T Padilla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andréa B Ball
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qinyan Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian G Bustillos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luke Riggan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alain Greige
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fran Annese
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher W Cowan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Jones AE, Rios A, Ibrahimovic N, Chavez C, Bayley NA, Ball AB, Hsieh WY, Sammarco A, Bianchi AR, Cortez AA, Graeber TG, Hoffmann A, Bensinger SJ, Divakaruni AS. The metabolic cofactor Coenzyme A enhances alternative macrophage activation via MyD88-linked signaling. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.28.587096. [PMID: 38585887 PMCID: PMC10996702 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Metabolites and metabolic co-factors can shape the innate immune response, though the pathways by which these molecules adjust inflammation remain incompletely understood. Here we show that the metabolic cofactor Coenzyme A (CoA) enhances IL-4 driven alternative macrophage activation [m(IL-4)] in vitro and in vivo. Unexpectedly, we found that perturbations in intracellular CoA metabolism did not influence m(IL-4) differentiation. Rather, we discovered that exogenous CoA provides a weak TLR4 signal which primes macrophages for increased receptivity to IL-4 signals and resolution of inflammation via MyD88. Mechanistic studies revealed MyD88-linked signals prime for IL-4 responsiveness, in part, by reshaping chromatin accessibility to enhance transcription of IL-4-linked genes. The results identify CoA as a host metabolic co-factor that influences macrophage function through an extrinsic TLR4-dependent mechanism, and suggests that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) can prime macrophages for alternative activation and resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Jones
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy Rios
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Neira Ibrahimovic
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carolina Chavez
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bayley
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andréa B Ball
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alessandro Sammarco
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amber R Bianchi
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Angel A Cortez
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Lead contact
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4
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Acevedo A, Jones AE, Danna BT, Turner R, Montales KP, Benincá C, Reue K, Shirihai OS, Stiles L, Wallace M, Wang Y, Bertholet AM, Divakaruni AS. The BCKDK inhibitor BT2 is a chemical uncoupler that lowers mitochondrial ROS production and de novo lipogenesis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105702. [PMID: 38301896 PMCID: PMC10910128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and branched-chain α-ketoacids are associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disease, but the molecular mechanisms underlying a putative causal relationship remain unclear. The branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) inhibitor BT2 (3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid) is often used in preclinical models to increase BCAA oxidation and restore steady-state BCAA and branched-chain α-ketoacid levels. BT2 administration is protective in various rodent models of heart failure and metabolic disease, but confoundingly, targeted ablation of Bckdk in specific tissues does not reproduce the beneficial effects conferred by pharmacologic inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that BT2, a lipophilic weak acid, can act as a mitochondrial uncoupler. Measurements of oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and patch-clamp electrophysiology show that BT2 increases proton conductance across the mitochondrial inner membrane independently of its inhibitory effect on BCKDK. BT2 is roughly sixfold less potent than the prototypical uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol and phenocopies 2,4-dinitrophenol in lowering de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial superoxide production. The data suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of BT2 may be attributable to the well-documented effects of mitochondrial uncoupling in alleviating cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracely Acevedo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bezawit T Danna
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rory Turner
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katrina P Montales
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yibin Wang
- DukeNUS School of Medicine, Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ambre M Bertholet
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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5
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Ollivier M, Soto JS, Linker KE, Moye SL, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Jones AE, Divakaruni AS, Kawaguchi R, Wohlschlegel JA, Khakh BS. Crym-positive striatal astrocytes gate perseverative behaviour. Nature 2024; 627:358-366. [PMID: 38418885 PMCID: PMC10937394 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes are heterogeneous glial cells of the central nervous system1-3. However, the physiological relevance of astrocyte diversity for neural circuits and behaviour remains unclear. Here we show that a specific population of astrocytes in the central striatum expresses μ-crystallin (encoded by Crym in mice and CRYM in humans) that is associated with several human diseases, including neuropsychiatric disorders4-7. In adult mice, reducing the levels of μ-crystallin in striatal astrocytes through CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of Crym resulted in perseverative behaviours, increased fast synaptic excitation in medium spiny neurons and dysfunctional excitatory-inhibitory synaptic balance. Increased perseveration stemmed from the loss of astrocyte-gated control of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals of orbitofrontal cortex-striatum projections. We found that perseveration could be remedied using presynaptic inhibitory chemogenetics8, and that this treatment also corrected the synaptic deficits. Together, our findings reveal converging molecular, synaptic, circuit and behavioural mechanisms by which a molecularly defined and allocated population of striatal astrocytes gates perseveration phenotypes that accompany neuropsychiatric disorders9-12. Our data show that Crym-positive striatal astrocytes have key biological functions within the central nervous system, and uncover astrocyte-neuron interaction mechanisms that could be targeted in treatments for perseveration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ollivier
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joselyn S Soto
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kay E Linker
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefanie L Moye
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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6
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Crowell PD, Giafaglione JM, Jones AE, Nunley NM, Hashimoto T, Delcourt AML, Petcherski A, Agrawal R, Bernard MJ, Diaz JA, Heering KY, Huang RR, Low JY, Matulionis N, Navone NM, Ye H, Zoubeidi A, Christofk HR, Rettig MB, Reiter RE, Haffner MC, Boutros PC, Shirihai OS, Divakaruni AS, Goldstein AS. MYC is a regulator of androgen receptor inhibition-induced metabolic requirements in prostate cancer. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113221. [PMID: 37815914 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancers are treated with therapies targeting the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. While many tumors initially respond to AR inhibition, nearly all develop resistance. It is critical to understand how prostate tumor cells respond to AR inhibition in order to exploit therapy-induced phenotypes prior to the outgrowth of treatment-resistant disease. Here, we comprehensively characterize the effects of AR blockade on prostate cancer metabolism using transcriptomics, metabolomics, and bioenergetics approaches. The metabolic response to AR inhibition is defined by reduced glycolysis, robust elongation of mitochondria, and increased reliance on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. We establish DRP1 activity and MYC signaling as mediators of AR-blockade-induced metabolic phenotypes. Rescuing DRP1 phosphorylation after AR inhibition restores mitochondrial fission, while rescuing MYC restores glycolytic activity and prevents sensitivity to complex I inhibition. Our study provides insight into the regulation of treatment-induced metabolic phenotypes and vulnerabilities in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston D Crowell
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jenna M Giafaglione
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas M Nunley
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Takao Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amelie M L Delcourt
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anton Petcherski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Raag Agrawal
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew J Bernard
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Johnny A Diaz
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kylie Y Heering
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rong Rong Huang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jin-Yih Low
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nedas Matulionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nora M Navone
- Department of GU Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew B Rettig
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of The Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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7
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Cao D, Saito S, Xu L, Fan W, Li X, Ahmed F, Jovanovic P, Shibata T, Che M, Bernstein EA, Gianni J, Divakaruni AS, Okwan-Duodu D, Khan Z, Riera CE, Chen F, Bernstein KE. Myeloid cell ACE shapes cellular metabolism and function in PCSK-9 induced atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1278383. [PMID: 37928535 PMCID: PMC10623052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is defined by impaired lipid handling by macrophages which increases intracellular lipid accumulation. This dysregulation of macrophages triggers the accumulation of apoptotic cells and chronic inflammation which contributes to disease progression. We previously reported that mice with increased macrophage-specific angiotensin-converting enzyme, termed ACE10/10 mice, resist atherosclerosis in an adeno-associated virus-proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (AAV-PCSK9)-induced model. This is due to increased lipid metabolism by macrophages which contributes to plaque resolution. However, the importance of ACE in peripheral blood monocytes, which are the primary precursors of lesional-infiltrating macrophages, is still unknown in atherosclerosis. Here, we show that the ACE-mediated metabolic phenotype is already triggered in peripheral blood circulating monocytes and that this functional modification is directly transferred to differentiated macrophages in ACE10/10 mice. We found that Ly-6Clo monocytes were increased in atherosclerotic ACE10/10 mice. The monocytes isolated from atherosclerotic ACE10/10 mice showed enhanced lipid metabolism, elevated mitochondrial activity, and increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels which implies that ACE overexpression is already altered in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we observed increased oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and spontaneous physical activity in ACE10/10 mice compared to WT mice in atherosclerotic conditions, indicating enhanced systemic energy consumption. Thus, ACE overexpression in myeloid lineage cells modifies the metabolic function of peripheral blood circulating monocytes which differentiate to macrophages and protect against atherosclerotic lesion progression due to better lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - LiMin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Frontier Inspection Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Faizan Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Predrag Jovanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mingtian Che
- Biobank and Pathology Shared Resource, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ellen A. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jorge Gianni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ajit S. Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Stanford University, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Celine E. Riera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fanfan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kenneth E. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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8
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Desousa BR, Kim KKO, Jones AE, Ball AB, Hsieh WY, Swain P, Morrow DH, Brownstein AJ, Ferrick DA, Shirihai OS, Neilson A, Nathanson DA, Rogers GW, Dranka BP, Murphy AN, Affourtit C, Bensinger SJ, Stiles L, Romero N, Divakaruni AS. Calculation of ATP production rates using the Seahorse XF Analyzer. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56380. [PMID: 37548091 PMCID: PMC10561364 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are the dominant ATP-generating pathways in mammalian metabolism. The balance between these two pathways is often shifted to execute cell-specific functions in response to stimuli that promote activation, proliferation, or differentiation. However, measurement of these metabolic switches has remained mostly qualitative, making it difficult to discriminate between healthy, physiological changes in energy transduction or compensatory responses due to metabolic dysfunction. We therefore present a broadly applicable method to calculate ATP production rates from oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis using Seahorse XF Analyzer data and empirical conversion factors. We quantify the bioenergetic changes observed during macrophage polarization as well as cancer cell adaptation to in vitro culture conditions. Additionally, we detect substantive changes in ATP utilization upon neuronal depolarization and T cell receptor activation that are not evident from steady-state ATP measurements. This method generates a single readout that allows the direct comparison of ATP produced from oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in live cells. Additionally, the manuscript provides a framework for tailoring the calculations to specific cell systems or experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Desousa
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Kristen KO Kim
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Andréa B Ball
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Wei Y Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Danielle H Morrow
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | | | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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9
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Acevedo A, Jones AE, Danna BT, Turner R, Montales KP, Benincá C, Reue K, Shirihai OS, Stiles L, Wallace M, Wang Y, Bertholet AM, Divakaruni AS. The BCKDK inhibitor BT2 is a chemical uncoupler that lowers mitochondrial ROS production and de novo lipogenesis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.15.553413. [PMID: 37645724 PMCID: PMC10461965 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and branched-chain α-ketoacids (BCKAs) are associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disease, but the molecular mechanisms underlying a putative causal relationship remain unclear. The branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) inhibitor BT2 is often used in preclinical models to increase BCAA oxidation and restore steady-state BCAA and BCKA levels. BT2 administration is protective in various rodent models of heart failure and metabolic disease, but confoundingly, targeted ablation of Bckdk in specific tissues does not reproduce the beneficial effects conferred by pharmacologic inhibition. Here we demonstrate that BT2, a lipophilic weak acid, can act as a mitochondrial uncoupler. Measurements of oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and patch-clamp electrophysiology show BT2 increases proton conductance across the mitochondrial inner membrane independently of its inhibitory effect on BCKDK. BT2 is roughly five-fold less potent than the prototypical uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), and phenocopies DNP in lowering de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial superoxide production. The data suggest the therapeutic efficacy of BT2 may be attributable to the well-documented effects of mitochondrial uncoupling in alleviating cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracely Acevedo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bezawit T Danna
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rory Turner
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katrina P Montales
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yibin Wang
- DukeNUS School of Medicine, Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 8 College Road, Mail Code 169857, Singapore
| | - Ambre M Bertholet
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Lead contact
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10
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Cao D, Khan Z, Li X, Saito S, Bernstein EA, Victor AR, Ahmed F, Hoshi AO, Veiras LC, Shibata T, Che M, Cai L, Yamashita M, Temel RE, Giani JF, Luthringer DJ, Divakaruni AS, Okwan-Duodu D, Bernstein KE. Macrophage angiotensin-converting enzyme reduces atherosclerosis by increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and fundamentally changing lipid metabolism. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1825-1841. [PMID: 37225143 PMCID: PMC10681664 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The metabolic failure of macrophages to adequately process lipid is central to the aetiology of atherosclerosis. Here, we examine the role of macrophage angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in a mouse model of PCSK9-induced atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis in mice was induced with AAV-PCSK9 and a high-fat diet. Animals with increased macrophage ACE (ACE 10/10 mice) have a marked reduction in atherosclerosis vs. WT mice. Macrophages from both the aorta and peritoneum of ACE 10/10 express increased PPARα and have a profoundly altered phenotype to process lipids characterized by higher levels of the surface scavenger receptor CD36, increased uptake of lipid, increased capacity to transport long chain fatty acids into mitochondria, higher oxidative metabolism and lipid β-oxidation as determined using 13C isotope tracing, increased cell ATP, increased capacity for efferocytosis, increased concentrations of the lipid transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, and increased cholesterol efflux. These effects are mostly independent of angiotensin II. Human THP-1 cells, when modified to express more ACE, increase expression of PPARα, increase cell ATP and acetyl-CoA, and increase cell efferocytosis. CONCLUSION Increased macrophage ACE expression enhances macrophage lipid metabolism, cholesterol efflux, efferocytosis, and it reduces atherosclerosis. This has implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease with angiotensin II receptor antagonists vs. ACE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aaron R Victor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Faizan Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aoi O Hoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mingtian Che
- Biobank and Pathology Shared Resource, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Michifumi Yamashita
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Daniel J Luthringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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11
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Yan T, Julio AR, Villanueva M, Jones AE, Ball AB, Boatner LM, Turmon AC, Nguyễn KB, Yen SL, Desai HS, Divakaruni AS, Backus KM. Proximity-labeling chemoproteomics defines the subcellular cysteinome and inflammation-responsive mitochondrial redoxome. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:811-827.e7. [PMID: 37419112 PMCID: PMC10510412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteinaceous cysteines function as essential sensors of cellular redox state. Consequently, defining the cysteine redoxome is a key challenge for functional proteomic studies. While proteome-wide inventories of cysteine oxidation state are readily achieved using established, widely adopted proteomic methods such as OxICAT, Biotin Switch, and SP3-Rox, these methods typically assay bulk proteomes and therefore fail to capture protein localization-dependent oxidative modifications. Here we establish the local cysteine capture (Cys-LoC) and local cysteine oxidation (Cys-LOx) methods, which together yield compartment-specific cysteine capture and quantitation of cysteine oxidation state. Benchmarking of the Cys-LoC method across a panel of subcellular compartments revealed more than 3,500 cysteines not previously captured by whole-cell proteomic analysis. Application of the Cys-LOx method to LPS-stimulated immortalized murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDM), revealed previously unidentified, mitochondrially localized cysteine oxidative modifications upon pro-inflammatory activation, including those associated with oxidative mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Yan
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ashley R Julio
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Miranda Villanueva
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los A ngeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andréa B Ball
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los A ngeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lisa M Boatner
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexandra C Turmon
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kaitlyn B Nguyễn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los A ngeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephanie L Yen
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heta S Desai
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los A ngeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Keriann M Backus
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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12
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Ngo J, Choi DW, Stanley IA, Stiles L, Molina AJA, Chen P, Lako A, Sung ICH, Goswami R, Kim M, Miller N, Baghdasarian S, Kim‐Vasquez D, Jones AE, Roach B, Gutierrez V, Erion K, Divakaruni AS, Liesa M, Danial NN, Shirihai OS. Mitochondrial morphology controls fatty acid utilization by changing CPT1 sensitivity to malonyl-CoA. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111901. [PMID: 36917141 PMCID: PMC10233380 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial morphology are associated with nutrient utilization, but the precise causalities and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, using cellular models representing a wide variety of mitochondrial shapes, we show a strong linear correlation between mitochondrial fragmentation and increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) rates. Forced mitochondrial elongation following MFN2 over-expression or DRP1 depletion diminishes FAO, while forced fragmentation upon knockdown or knockout of MFN2 augments FAO as evident from respirometry and metabolic tracing. Remarkably, the genetic induction of fragmentation phenocopies distinct cell type-specific biological functions of enhanced FAO. These include stimulation of gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes, induction of insulin secretion in islet β-cells exposed to fatty acids, and survival of FAO-dependent lymphoma subtypes. We find that fragmentation increases long-chain but not short-chain FAO, identifying carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) as the downstream effector of mitochondrial morphology in regulation of FAO. Mechanistically, we determined that fragmentation reduces malonyl-CoA inhibition of CPT1, while elongation increases CPT1 sensitivity to malonyl-CoA inhibition. Overall, these findings underscore a physiologic role for fragmentation as a mechanism whereby cellular fuel preference and FAO capacity are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ngo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUCLACALos AngelesUSA
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUCLACALos AngelesUSA
- Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
| | - Dong Wook Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolMABostonUSA
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural SciencesChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Illana A Stanley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolMABostonUSA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUCLACALos AngelesUSA
| | - Anthony J A Molina
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyUCSD School of MedicineCALa JollaUSA
| | - Pei‐Hsuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolMABostonUSA
| | - Ana Lako
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolMABostonUSA
| | - Isabelle Chiao Han Sung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolMABostonUSA
- Yale‐NUS CollegeUniversity Town, NUSSingapore
| | - Rishov Goswami
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolMABostonUSA
| | - Min‐young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural SciencesChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Nathanael Miller
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
- Obesity Research Center, Molecular MedicineBoston University School of MedicineMABostonUSA
| | - Siyouneh Baghdasarian
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
| | - Doyeon Kim‐Vasquez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUCLACALos AngelesUSA
| | - Brett Roach
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
| | - Vincent Gutierrez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
| | - Karel Erion
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUCLACALos AngelesUSA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUCLACALos AngelesUSA
- Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
- Molecular Biology Institute of BarcelonaIBMB‐CSICBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nika N Danial
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolMABostonUSA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolMABostonUSA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMABostonUSA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology InstituteUCLACALos AngelesUSA
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUCLACALos AngelesUSA
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13
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Fernandez-Del-Rio L, Benincá C, Villalobos F, Shu C, Stiles L, Liesa M, Divakaruni AS, Acin-Perez R, Shirihai OS. A novel approach to measure complex V ATP hydrolysis in frozen cell lysates and tissue homogenates. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201628. [PMID: 36918278 PMCID: PMC10019470 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial depolarization can initiate reversal activity of ATP synthase, depleting ATP by its hydrolysis. We have recently shown that increased ATP hydrolysis contributes to ATP depletion leading to a maladaptation in mitochondrial disorders, where maximal hydrolytic capacity per CV content is increasing. However, despite its importance, ATP hydrolysis is not a commonly studied parameter because of the limitations of the currently available methods. Methods that measure CV hydrolytic activity indirectly require the isolation of mitochondria and involve the introduction of detergents, preventing their utilization in clinical studies or any high-throughput analyses. Here, we describe a novel approach to assess maximal ATP hydrolytic capacity and maximal respiratory capacity in a single assay in cell lysates, PBMCs, and tissue homogenates that were previously frozen. The methodology described here has the potential to be used in clinical samples to determine adaptive and maladaptive adjustments of CV function in diseases, with the added benefit of being able to use frozen samples in a high-throughput manner and to explore ATP hydrolysis as a drug target for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Fernandez-Del-Rio
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frankie Villalobos
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Shu
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Yan T, Julio AR, Villanueva M, Jones AE, Ball AB, Boatner LM, Turmon AC, Yen SL, Desai HS, Divakaruni AS, Backus KM. Proximity-labeling chemoproteomics defines the subcellular cysteinome and inflammation-responsive mitochondrial redoxome. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.22.525042. [PMID: 36711448 PMCID: PMC9882296 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.22.525042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteinaceous cysteines function as essential sensors of cellular redox state. Consequently, defining the cysteine redoxome is a key challenge for functional proteomic studies. While proteome-wide inventories of cysteine oxidation state are readily achieved using established, widely adopted proteomic methods such as OxiCat, Biotin Switch, and SP3-Rox, they typically assay bulk proteomes and therefore fail to capture protein localization-dependent oxidative modifications. To obviate requirements for laborious biochemical fractionation, here, we develop and apply an unprecedented two step cysteine capture method to establish the Local Cysteine Capture (Cys-LoC), and Local Cysteine Oxidation (Cys-LOx) methods, which together yield compartment-specific cysteine capture and quantitation of cysteine oxidation state. Benchmarking of the Cys-LoC method across a panel of subcellular compartments revealed more than 3,500 cysteines not previously captured by whole cell proteomic analysis. Application of the Cys-LOx method to LPS stimulated murine immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDM), revealed previously unidentified mitochondria-specific inflammation-induced cysteine oxidative modifications including those associated with oxidative phosphorylation. These findings shed light on post-translational mechanisms regulating mitochondrial function during the cellular innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Yan
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ashley R. Julio
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Miranda Villanueva
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anthony E. Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andréa B. Ball
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lisa M. Boatner
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alexandra C. Turmon
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Yen
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heta S. Desai
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S. Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Keriann M. Backus
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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15
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Acín-Pérez R, Montales KP, Nguyen KB, Brownstein AJ, Stiles L, Divakaruni AS. Isolation of Mitochondria from Mouse Tissues for Functional Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2675:77-96. [PMID: 37258757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3247-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Methods for isolating mitochondria from different rodent tissues have been established for decades. Although the general principles for crude mitochondrial preparations are largely shared across tissues - tissue disruption followed by differential centrifugation - critical differences exist for isolation from different tissues to optimize mitochondrial yield and function. This protocol offers a unified resource for preparations of isolated mitochondria from mouse liver, kidney, heart, brain, skeletal muscle, and brown and white adipose tissue suitable for functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katrina P Montales
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn B Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Divakaruni AS, Jastroch M. A practical guide for the analysis, standardization and interpretation of oxygen consumption measurements. Nat Metab 2022; 4:978-994. [PMID: 35971004 PMCID: PMC9618452 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of oxygen consumption is a powerful and uniquely informative experimental technique. It can help identify mitochondrial mechanisms of action following pharmacologic and genetic interventions, and characterize energy metabolism in physiology and disease. The conceptual and practical benefits of respirometry have made it a frontline technique to understand how mitochondrial function can interface with-and in some cases control-cell physiology. Nonetheless, an appreciation of the complexity and challenges involved with such measurements is required to avoid common experimental and analytical pitfalls. Here we provide a practical guide to oxygen consumption measurements covering the selection of experimental models and instrumentation, as well as recommendations for the collection, interpretation and normalization of data. These guidelines are provided with the intention of aiding experimental design and enhancing the overall reputability, transparency and reliability of oxygen consumption measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Hazim RA, Paniagua AE, Tang L, Yang K, Kim KKO, Stiles L, Divakaruni AS, Williams DS. Vitamin B3, nicotinamide, enhances mitochondrial metabolism to promote differentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102286. [PMID: 35868562 PMCID: PMC9396405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian retina, a metabolic ecosystem exists in which photoreceptors acquire glucose from the choriocapillaris with the help of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). While the photoreceptor cells are primarily glycolytic, exhibiting Warburg-like metabolism, the RPE is reliant on mitochondrial respiration. However, the ways in which mitochondrial metabolism affect RPE cellular functions are not clear. We first used the human RPE cell line, ARPE-19, to examine mitochondrial metabolism in the context of cellular differentiation. We show that nicotinamide induced rapid differentiation of ARPE-19 cells, which was reversed by removal of supplemental nicotinamide. During the nicotinamide-induced differentiation, we observed using quantitative PCR, Western blotting, electron microscopy, and metabolic respiration and tracing assays that (1) mitochondrial gene and protein expression increased, (2) mitochondria became larger with more tightly folded cristae, and (3) mitochondrial metabolism was enhanced. In addition, we show that primary cultures of human fetal RPE cells responded similarly in the presence of nicotinamide. Furthermore, disruption of mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate attenuated the nicotinamide-induced differentiation of the RPE cells. Together, our results demonstrate a remarkable effect of nicotinamide on RPE metabolism. We also identify mitochondrial respiration as a key contributor to the differentiated state of the RPE and thus to many of the RPE functions that are essential for retinal health and photoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni A Hazim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute
| | | | - Lisa Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute
| | - Krista Yang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kristen K O Kim
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology. UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine. Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Molecular Biology Institute; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
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18
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Hagiwara A, Yao J, Raymond C, Cho NS, Everson R, Patel K, Morrow DH, Desousa BR, Mareninov S, Chun S, Nathanson DA, Yong WH, Andrei G, Divakaruni AS, Salamon N, Pope WB, Nghiemphu PL, Liau LM, Cloughesy TF, Ellingson BM. "Aerobic glycolytic imaging" of human gliomas using combined pH-, oxygen-, and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 32:102882. [PMID: 34911188 PMCID: PMC8609049 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolytic imaging combines pH-, oxygen-, and perfusion-weighted MRI. Aerobic glycolytic imaging depicts abnormal glucose metabolism of gliomas. IDH wild-type gliomas show higher aerobic glycolytic index compared with mutants. Aerobic glycolytic index in IDH wild-type glioma is correlated with glucose uptake. Aerobic glycolytic index in IDH mutant glioma is correlated to lactate transporters.
Purpose To quantify abnormal metabolism of diffuse gliomas using “aerobic glycolytic imaging” and investigate its biological correlation. Methods All subjects underwent a pH-weighted amine chemical exchange saturation transfer spin-and-gradient-echo echoplanar imaging (CEST-SAGE-EPI) and dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI. Relative oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF) was estimated as the ratio of reversible transverse relaxation rate R2′ to normalized relative cerebral blood volume. An aerobic glycolytic index (AGI) was derived by the ratio of pH-weighted image contrast (MTRasym at 3.0 ppm) to rOEF. AGI was compared between different tumor types (N = 51, 30 IDH mutant and 21 IDH wild type). Metabolic MR parameters were correlated with 18F-FDG uptake (N = 8, IDH wild-type glioblastoma), expression of key glycolytic proteins using immunohistochemistry (N = 38 samples, 21 from IDH mutant and 17 from IDH wild type), and bioenergetics analysis on purified tumor cells (N = 7, IDH wild-type high grade). Results AGI was significantly lower in IDH mutant than wild-type gliomas (0.48 ± 0.48 vs. 0.70 ± 0.48; P = 0.03). AGI was strongly correlated with 18F-FDG uptake both in non-enhancing tumor (Spearman, ρ = 0.81; P = 0.01) and enhancing tumor (ρ = 0.81; P = 0.01). AGI was significantly correlated with glucose transporter 3 (ρ = 0.71; P = 0.004) and hexokinase 2 (ρ = 0.73; P = 0.003) in IDH wild-type glioma, and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (ρ = 0.59; P = 0.009) in IDH mutant glioma. Additionally, a significant correlation was found between AGI derived from bioenergetics analysis and that estimated from MRI (ρ = 0.79; P = 0.04). Conclusion AGI derived from molecular MRI was correlated with glucose uptake (18F-FDG and glucose transporter 3/hexokinase 2) and cellular AGI in IDH wild-type gliomas, whereas AGI in IDH mutant gliomas appeared associated with monocarboxylate transporter density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Hagiwara
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jingwen Yao
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catalina Raymond
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas S Cho
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Everson
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kunal Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danielle H Morrow
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon R Desousa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sergey Mareninov
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saewon Chun
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gafita Andrei
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noriko Salamon
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Whitney B Pope
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Phioanh L Nghiemphu
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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19
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Meriwether D, Jones AE, Ashby JW, Solorzano-Vargas RS, Dorreh N, Noori S, Grijalva V, Ball AB, Semis M, Divakaruni AS, Mack JJ, Herschman HR, Martin MG, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST. Macrophage COX2 Mediates Efferocytosis, Resolution Reprogramming, and Intestinal Epithelial Repair. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1095-1120. [PMID: 35017061 PMCID: PMC8873959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Phagocytosis (efferocytosis) of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages anchors the resolution of intestinal inflammation. Efferocytosis prevents secondary necrosis and inhibits further inflammation, and also reprograms macrophages to facilitate tissue repair and promote resolution function. Macrophage efferocytosis and efferocytosis-dependent reprogramming are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. We previously reported that absence of macrophage cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) exacerbates inflammatory bowel disease-like intestinal inflammation. To elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanism, we investigated here whether COX2 mediates macrophage efferocytosis and efferocytosis-dependent reprogramming, including intestinal epithelial repair capacity. METHODS Using apoptotic neutrophils and synthetic apoptotic targets, we determined the effects of macrophage specific Cox2 knockout and pharmacological COX2 inhibition on the efferocytosis capacity of mouse primary macrophages. COX2-mediated efferocytosis-dependent eicosanoid lipidomics was determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Small intestinal epithelial organoids were employed to assay the effects of COX2 on efferocytosis-dependent intestinal epithelial repair. RESULTS Loss of COX2 impaired efferocytosis in mouse primary macrophages, in part, by affecting the binding capacity of macrophages for apoptotic cells. This effect was comparable to that of high-dose lipopolysaccharide and was accompanied by both dysregulation of macrophage polarization and the inhibited expression of genes involved in apoptotic cell binding. COX2 modulated the production of efferocytosis-dependent lipid inflammatory mediators that include the eicosanoids prostaglandin I2, prostaglandin E2, lipoxin A4, and 15d-PGJ2; and further affected secondary efferocytosis. Finally, macrophage efferocytosis induced, in a macrophage COX2-dependent manner, a tissue restitution and repair phenotype in intestinal epithelial organoids. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage COX2 potentiates efferocytosis capacity and efferocytosis-dependent reprogramming, facilitating macrophage intestinal epithelial repair capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Meriwether
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: David Meriwether, PhD, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-5347. fax: 310-206-3605.
| | - Anthony E. Jones
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julianne W. Ashby
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - R. Sergio Solorzano-Vargas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nasrin Dorreh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shoreh Noori
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Victor Grijalva
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andréa B. Ball
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Margarita Semis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ajit S. Divakaruni
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julia J. Mack
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Harvey R. Herschman
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin G. Martin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan M. Fogelman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Srinivasa T. Reddy, PhD, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Room 43-144 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679. fax: 310-206-3605.
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20
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Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) is a rate-controlling enzyme for long-chain fatty acid oxidation. This manuscript provides protocols for measuring CPT-1-mediated respiration in permeabilized, adherent cell monolayers and mitochondria freshly isolated from tissue, along with examples to assess the potency and specificity of interventions targeting CPT-1. Strengths of the approach include ease, speed, and breadth of analysis, whereas drawbacks include loss of physiological regulation in reductionist systems and indirect assessment of CPT-1 enzymatic activity. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Divakaruni et al. (2018). Protocol for pathway-specific respiration using Seahorse XF Analyzer Detailed steps for both isolated mitochondria and plasma membrane-permeabilized cells Examples given for specific inhibition of long-chain fatty acid oxidation
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Yang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mary T Doan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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21
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Jacques V, Bolze S, Hallakou-Bozec S, Czarnik AW, Divakaruni AS, Fouqueray P, Murphy AN, Van der Ploeg LHT, DeWitt S. Deuterium-Stabilized ( R)-Pioglitazone (PXL065) Is Responsible for Pioglitazone Efficacy in NASH yet Exhibits Little to No PPARγ Activity. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:1412-1425. [PMID: 34430785 PMCID: PMC8369945 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The antidiabetic drug pioglitazone is, to date, the most efficacious oral drug recommended off-label for the treatment of nondiabetic or diabetic patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, weight gain and edema side effects have limited its use for NASH. Pioglitazone is a mixture of two stereoisomers ((R)-pioglitazone and (S)-pioglitazone) that interconvert in vitro and in vivo. We aimed to characterize their individual pharmacology to develop a safer and potentially more potent drug for NASH. We stabilized the stereoisomers of pioglitazone with deuterium at the chiral center. Preclinical studies with deuterium-stabilized (R)-pioglitazone (PXL065) and (S)-pioglitazone demonstrated that (R)-pioglitazone retains the efficacy of pioglitazone in NASH, including reduced hepatic triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte enlargement, and fibrosis. Although both stereoisomers inhibit the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, PXL065 shows limited to no peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activity, whereas (S)-pioglitazone appears responsible for the PPARγ activity and associated weight gain. Nonetheless, in preclinical models, both stereoisomers reduce plasma glucose and hepatic fibrosis to the same extent as pioglitazone, suggesting that these benefits may also be mediated by altered mitochondrial metabolism. In a phase 1a clinical study, we demonstrated safety and tolerability of single 7.5-mg, 22.5-mg, and 30-mg doses of PXL065 as well as preferential exposure to the (R)-stereoisomer in comparison to 45-mg pioglitazone. Conclusion: PXL065 at a dose lower than 22.5 mg is predicted to exhibit efficacy for NASH equal to, or greater than, 45-mg pioglitazone without the potentially detrimental weight gain and edema. The development of PXL065 for NASH represents a unique opportunity to leverage the therapeutic benefits of pioglitazone, while reducing or eliminating PPARγ-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA.,Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA.,Cytokinetics IncSouth San FranciscoCAUSA
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22
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Jones AE, Arias NJ, Acevedo A, Reddy ST, Divakaruni AS, Meriwether D. A Single LC-MS/MS Analysis to Quantify CoA Biosynthetic Intermediates and Short-Chain Acyl CoAs. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080468. [PMID: 34436409 PMCID: PMC8401288 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor for dozens of reactions in intermediary metabolism. Dysregulation of CoA synthesis or acyl CoA metabolism can result in metabolic or neurodegenerative disease. Although several methods use liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify acyl CoA levels in biological samples, few allow for simultaneous measurement of intermediates in the CoA biosynthetic pathway. Here we describe a simple sample preparation and LC-MS/MS method that can measure both short-chain acyl CoAs and biosynthetic precursors of CoA. The method does not require use of a solid phase extraction column during sample preparation and exhibits high sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. It reproduces expected changes from known effectors of cellular CoA homeostasis and helps clarify the mechanism by which excess concentrations of etomoxir reduce intracellular CoA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E. Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
| | - Nataly J. Arias
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
| | - Aracely Acevedo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S. Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.D.); (D.M.)
| | - David Meriwether
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (A.S.D.); (D.M.)
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23
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Tucci J, Chen T, Margulis K, Orgel E, Paszkiewicz RL, Cohen MD, Oberley MJ, Wahhab R, Jones AE, Divakaruni AS, Hsu CC, Noll SE, Sheng X, Zare RN, Mittelman SD. Adipocytes Provide Fatty Acids to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:665763. [PMID: 33968771 PMCID: PMC8100891 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.665763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that adipocytes play an active role in the cancer microenvironment. We have previously reported that adipocytes interact with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells, contributing to chemotherapy resistance and treatment failure. In the present study, we investigated whether part of this resistance is due to adipocyte provision of lipids to ALL cells. Methods We cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and tested whether ALL cells or ALL-released cytokines induced FFA release. We investigated whether ALL cells took up these FFA, and using fluorescent tagged BODIPY-FFA and lipidomics, evaluated which lipid moieties were being transferred from adipocytes to ALL. We evaluated the effects of adipocyte-derived lipids on ALL cell metabolism using a Seahorse XF analyzer and expression of enzymes important for lipid metabolism, and tested whether these lipids could protect ALL cells from chemotherapy. Finally, we evaluated a panel of lipid synthesis and metabolism inhibitors to determine which were affected by the presence of adipocytes. Results Adipocytes release free fatty acids (FFA) when in the presence of ALL cells. These FFA are taken up by the ALL cells and incorporated into triglycerides and phospholipids. Some of these lipids are stored in lipid droplets, which can be utilized in states of fuel deprivation. Adipocytes preferentially release monounsaturated FFA, and this can be attenuated by inhibiting the desaturating enzyme steroyl-CoA decarboxylase-1 (SCD1). Adipocyte-derived FFA can relieve ALL cell endogenous lipogenesis and reverse the cytotoxicity of pharmacological acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibition. Further, adipocytes alter ALL cell metabolism, shifting them from glucose to FFA oxidation. Interestingly, the unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, protects ALL cells from modest concentrations of chemotherapy, such as those that might be present in the ALL microenvironment. In addition, targeting lipid synthesis and metabolism can potentially reverse adipocyte protection of ALL cells. Conclusion These findings uncover a previously unidentified interaction between ALL cells and adipocytes, leading to transfer of FFA for use as a metabolic fuel and macromolecule building block. This interaction may contribute to ALL resistance to chemotherapy, and could potentially be targeted to improve ALL treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tucci
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ting Chen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Katherine Margulis
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Etan Orgel
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca L Paszkiewicz
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael D Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew J Oberley
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Wahhab
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sarah E Noll
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Xia Sheng
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Steven D Mittelman
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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24
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Veliova M, Ferreira CM, Benador IY, Jones AE, Mahdaviani K, Brownstein AJ, Desousa BR, Acín-Pérez R, Petcherski A, Assali EA, Stiles L, Divakaruni AS, Prentki M, Corkey BE, Liesa M, Oliveira MF, Shirihai OS. Blocking mitochondrial pyruvate import in brown adipocytes induces energy wasting via lipid cycling. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49634. [PMID: 33275313 PMCID: PMC7726774 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined fatty acid esterification and lipolysis, termed lipid cycling, is an ATP‐consuming process that contributes to energy expenditure. Therefore, interventions that stimulate energy expenditure through lipid cycling are of great interest. Here we find that pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) in brown adipocytes activates lipid cycling and energy expenditure, even in the absence of adrenergic stimulation. We show that the resulting increase in ATP demand elevates mitochondrial respiration coupled to ATP synthesis and fueled by lipid oxidation. We identify that glutamine consumption and the Malate‐Aspartate Shuttle are required for the increase in Energy Expenditure induced by MPC inhibition in Brown Adipocytes (MAShEEBA). We thus demonstrate that energy expenditure through enhanced lipid cycling can be activated in brown adipocytes by decreasing mitochondrial pyruvate availability. We present a new mechanism to increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation in brown adipocytes, which does not require adrenergic stimulation of mitochondrial uncoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Veliova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Ferreira
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ilan Y Benador
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kiana Mahdaviani
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra J Brownstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Cellular Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon R Desousa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anton Petcherski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Essam A Assali
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of The Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc Prentki
- Department of Nutrition, , Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcus F Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Jones AE, Sheng L, Acevedo A, Veliova M, Shirihai OS, Stiles L, Divakaruni AS. Forces, fluxes, and fuels: tracking mitochondrial metabolism by integrating measurements of membrane potential, respiration, and metabolites. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C80-C91. [PMID: 33147057 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00235.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Assessing mitochondrial function in cell-based systems is a central component of metabolism research. However, the selection of an initial measurement technique may be complicated given the range of parameters that can be studied and the need to define the mitochondrial (dys)function of interest. This methods-focused review compares and contrasts the use of mitochondrial membrane potential measurements, plate-based respirometry, and metabolomics and stable isotope tracing. We demonstrate how measurements of 1) cellular substrate preference, 2) respiratory chain activity, 3) cell activation, and 4) mitochondrial biogenesis are enriched by integrating information from multiple methods. This manuscript is meant to serve as a perspective to help choose which technique might be an appropriate initial method to answer a given question, as well as provide a broad "roadmap" for designing follow-up assays to enrich datasets or resolve ambiguous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aracely Acevedo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michaela Veliova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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26
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Sperry J, Condro MC, Guo L, Braas D, Vanderveer-Harris N, Kim KK, Pope WB, Divakaruni AS, Lai A, Christofk H, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR, Le Belle JE, Kornblum HI. Glioblastoma Utilizes Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies for Growth Allowing Progression during Ketogenic Diet Therapy. iScience 2020; 23:101453. [PMID: 32861192 PMCID: PMC7471621 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) metabolism has traditionally been characterized by a primary dependence on aerobic glycolysis, prompting the use of the ketogenic diet (KD) as a potential therapy. In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of the KD in GBM and assessed the role of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in promoting GBM propagation. In vitro assays revealed FA utilization throughout the GBM metabolome and growth inhibition in nearly every cell line in a broad spectrum of patient-derived glioma cells treated with FAO inhibitors. In vivo assessments revealed that knockdown of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), the rate-limiting enzyme for FAO, reduced the rate of tumor growth and increased survival. However, the unrestricted ketogenic diet did not reduce tumor growth and for some models significantly reduced survival. Altogether, these data highlight important roles for FA and ketone body metabolism that could serve to improve targeted therapies in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantzen Sperry
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael C. Condro
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lea Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Vanderveer-Harris
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristen K.O. Kim
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Whitney B. Pope
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S. Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heather Christofk
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Janel E. Le Belle
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harley I. Kornblum
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Chella Krishnan K, Floyd RR, Sabir S, Jayasekera DW, Leon-Mimila PV, Jones AE, Cortez AA, Shravah V, Péterfy M, Stiles L, Canizales-Quinteros S, Divakaruni AS, Huertas-Vazquez A, Lusis AJ. Liver Pyruvate Kinase Promotes NAFLD/NASH in Both Mice and Humans in a Sex-Specific Manner. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:389-406. [PMID: 32942044 PMCID: PMC7788245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The etiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly understood, with males and certain populations exhibiting markedly increased susceptibility. Using a systems genetics approach involving multi-omic analysis of ∼100 diverse inbred strains of mice, we recently identified several candidate genes driving NAFLD. We investigated the role of one of these, liver pyruvate kinase (L-PK or Pklr), in NAFLD by using patient samples and mouse models. METHODS We examined L-PK expression in mice of both sexes and in a cohort of bariatric surgery patients. We used liver-specific loss- and gain-of-function strategies in independent animal models of diet-induced steatosis and fibrosis. After treatment, we measured several metabolic phenotypes including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, liver steatosis, and fibrosis. Liver tissues were used for gene expression and immunoblotting, and liver mitochondria bioenergetics was characterized. RESULTS In both mice and humans, L-PK expression is up-regulated in males via testosterone and is strongly associated with NAFLD severity. In a steatosis model, L-PK silencing in male mice improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and lactate/pyruvate tolerance compared with controls. Furthermore, these animals had reduced plasma cholesterol levels and intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation. Conversely, L-PK overexpression in male mice resulted in augmented disease phenotypes. In contrast, female mice overexpressing L-PK were unaffected. Mechanistically, L-PK altered mitochondrial pyruvate flux and its incorporation into citrate, and this, in turn, increased liver triglycerides via up-regulated de novo lipogenesis and increased PNPLA3 levels accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction. Also, L-PK increased plasma cholesterol levels via increased PCSK9 levels. On the other hand, L-PK silencing reduced de novo lipogenesis and PNPLA3 and PCSK9 levels and improved mitochondrial function. Finally, in fibrosis model, we demonstrate that L-PK silencing in male mice reduced both liver steatosis and fibrosis, accompanied by reduced de novo lipogenesis and improved mitochondrial function. CONCLUSIONS L-PK acts in a male-specific manner in the development of liver steatosis and fibrosis. Because NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis exhibit sexual dimorphism, our results have important implications for the development of personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthickeyan Chella Krishnan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Karthickeyan Chella Krishnan, PhD, UCLA Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 951679, Los Angeles, California 90095-1679. fax: (310) 794-7345, or
| | - Raquel R. Floyd
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Simon Sabir
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dulshan W. Jayasekera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paola V. Leon-Mimila
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anthony E. Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angel A. Cortez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Varun Shravah
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Miklós Péterfy
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine/Division of Endocrinology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ajit S. Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adriana Huertas-Vazquez
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Aldons J. Lusis, PhD, UCLA Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 951679, Los Angeles, California 90095-1679.
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28
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Hsieh WY, Zhou QD, York AG, Williams KJ, Scumpia PO, Kronenberger EB, Hoi XP, Su B, Chi X, Bui VL, Khialeeva E, Kaplan A, Son YM, Divakaruni AS, Sun J, Smale ST, Flavell RA, Bensinger SJ. Toll-Like Receptors Induce Signal-Specific Reprogramming of the Macrophage Lipidome. Cell Metab 2020; 32:128-143.e5. [PMID: 32516576 PMCID: PMC7891175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages reprogram their lipid metabolism in response to activation signals. However, a systems-level understanding of how different pro-inflammatory stimuli reshape the macrophage lipidome is lacking. Here, we use complementary "shotgun" and isotope tracer mass spectrometry approaches to define the changes in lipid biosynthesis, import, and composition of macrophages induced by various Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammatory cytokines. "Shotgun" lipidomics data revealed that different TLRs and cytokines induce macrophages to acquire distinct lipidomes, indicating their specificity in reshaping lipid composition. Mechanistic studies showed that differential reprogramming of lipid composition is mediated by the opposing effects of MyD88- and TRIF-interferon-signaling pathways. Finally, we applied these insights to show that perturbing reprogramming of lipid composition can enhance inflammation and promote host defense to bacterial challenge. These studies provide a framework for understanding how inflammatory stimuli reprogram lipid composition of macrophages while providing a knowledge platform to exploit differential lipidomics to influence immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Quan D Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Autumn G York
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eliza B Kronenberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xen Ping Hoi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Baolong Su
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xun Chi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Viet L Bui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elvira Khialeeva
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amber Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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29
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Acin-Perez R, Benador IY, Petcherski A, Veliova M, Benavides GA, Lagarrigue S, Caudal A, Vergnes L, Murphy AN, Karamanlidis G, Tian R, Reue K, Wanagat J, Sacks H, Amati F, Darley-Usmar VM, Liesa M, Divakaruni AS, Stiles L, Shirihai OS. A novel approach to measure mitochondrial respiration in frozen biological samples. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104073. [PMID: 32432379 PMCID: PMC7327496 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Respirometry is the gold standard measurement of mitochondrial oxidative function, as it reflects the activity of the electron transport chain complexes working together. However, the requirement for freshly isolated mitochondria hinders the feasibility of respirometry in multi‐site clinical studies and retrospective studies. Here, we describe a novel respirometry approach suited for frozen samples by restoring electron transfer components lost during freeze/thaw and correcting for variable permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes. This approach preserves 90–95% of the maximal respiratory capacity in frozen samples and can be applied to isolated mitochondria, permeabilized cells, and tissue homogenates with high sensitivity. We find that primary changes in mitochondrial function, detected in fresh tissue, are preserved in frozen samples years after collection. This approach will enable analysis of the integrated function of mitochondrial Complexes I to IV in one measurement, collected at remote sites or retrospectively in samples residing in tissue biobanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ilan Y Benador
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anton Petcherski
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michaela Veliova
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gloria A Benavides
- Department of Pathology and Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sylviane Lagarrigue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arianne Caudal
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Rong Tian
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Wanagat
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harold Sacks
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Amati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor M Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology and Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Divakaruni AS. Control of Macrophage Activation by Coenzyme A. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Cordes T, Lucas A, Divakaruni AS, Murphy AN, Cabrales P, Metallo CM. Itaconate modulates tricarboxylic acid and redox metabolism to mitigate reperfusion injury. Mol Metab 2020; 32:122-135. [PMID: 32029222 PMCID: PMC6961711 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) drives oxidative stress and injurious metabolic processes that lead to redox imbalance, inflammation, and tissue damage. However, the key mediators of reperfusion injury remain unclear, and therefore, there is considerable interest in therapeutically targeting metabolism and the cellular response to oxidative stress. METHODS The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular, metabolic, and physiological impact of itaconate treatment to mitigate reperfusion injuries in in vitro and in vivo model systems. We conducted metabolic flux and bioenergetic studies in response to exogenous itaconate treatment in cultures of primary rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. In addition, we administered itaconate to mouse models of cerebral reperfusion injury with ischemia or traumatic brain injury followed by hemorrhagic shock resuscitation. We quantitatively characterized the metabolite levels, neurological behavior, markers of redox stress, leukocyte adhesion, arterial blood flow, and arteriolar diameter in the brains of the treated/untreated mice. RESULTS We demonstrate that the "immunometabolite" itaconate slowed tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism and buffered redox imbalance via succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibition and induction of anti-oxidative stress response in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons. The addition of itaconate to reperfusion fluids after mouse cerebral IR injury increased glutathione levels and reduced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) to improve neurological function. Plasma organic acids increased post-reperfusion injury, while administration of itaconate normalized these metabolites. In mouse cranial window models, itaconate significantly improved hemodynamics while reducing leukocyte adhesion. Further, itaconate supplementation increased survival in mice experiencing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that itaconate transiently inhibits SDH to gradually "awaken" mitochondrial function upon reperfusion that minimizes ROS and tissue damage. Collectively, our data indicate that itaconate acts as a mitochondrial regulator that controls redox metabolism to improve physiological outcomes associated with IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alfredo Lucas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA.
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32
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Cao DY, Spivia WR, Veiras LC, Khan Z, Peng Z, Jones AE, Bernstein EA, Saito S, Okwan-Duodu D, Parker SJ, Giani JF, Divakaruni AS, Van Eyk JE, Bernstein KE. ACE overexpression in myeloid cells increases oxidative metabolism and cellular ATP. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1369-1384. [PMID: 31871049 PMCID: PMC6996878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) affects blood pressure. In addition, ACE overexpression in myeloid cells increases their immune function. Using MS and chemical analysis, we identified marked changes of intermediate metabolites in ACE-overexpressing macrophages and neutrophils, with increased cellular ATP (1.7-3.0-fold) and Krebs cycle intermediates, including citrate, isocitrate, succinate, and malate (1.4-3.9-fold). Increased ATP is due to ACE C-domain catalytic activity; it is reversed by an ACE inhibitor but not by an angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist. In contrast, macrophages from ACE knockout (null) mice averaged only 28% of the ATP levels found in WT mice. ACE overexpression does not change cell or mitochondrial size or number. However, expression levels of the electron transport chain proteins NDUFB8 (complex I), ATP5A, and ATP5β (complex V) are significantly increased in macrophages and neutrophils, and COX1 and COX2 (complex IV) are increased in macrophages overexpressing ACE. Macrophages overexpressing ACE have increased mitochondrial membrane potential (24% higher), ATP production rates (29% higher), and maximal respiratory rates (37% higher) compared with WT cells. Increased cellular ATP underpins increased myeloid cell superoxide production and phagocytosis associated with increased ACE expression. Myeloid cells overexpressing ACE indicate the existence of a novel pathway in which myeloid cell function can be enhanced, with a key feature being increased cellular ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Weston R Spivia
- Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Zhenzi Peng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Sarah J Parker
- Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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33
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Jones AE, Divakaruni AS. Macrophage activation as an archetype of mitochondrial repurposing. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 71:100838. [PMID: 31954522 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are metabolic organelles essential not only for energy transduction, but also a range of other functions such as biosynthesis, ion and metal homeostasis, maintenance of redox balance, and cell signaling. A hallmark example of how mitochondria can rebalance these processes to adjust cell function is observed in macrophages. These innate immune cells are responsible for a remarkable breadth of processes including pathogen elimination, antigen presentation, debris clearance, and wound healing. These diverse, polarized functions often include similarly disparate alterations in the metabolic phenotype associated with their execution. In this chapter, mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling are viewed through the lens of macrophage polarization: both classical, pro-inflammatory activation and alternative, anti-inflammatory activation are associated with substantive changes to mitochondrial metabolism. Emphasis is placed on recent evidence that aims to clarify the essential - rather than associative - mitochondrial alterations, as well as accumulating data suggesting a degree of plasticity within the metabolic phenotypes that can support pro- and anti-inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Jones
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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34
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Cao DY, Spivia WR, Veiras LC, Khan Z, Peng Z, Jones AE, Bernstein EA, Saito S, Okwan-Duodu D, Parker SJ, Giani JF, Divakaruni AS, Van Eyk JE, Bernstein KE. ACE overexpression in myeloid cells increases oxidative metabolism and cellular ATP. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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35
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Wortham M, Benthuysen JR, Wallace M, Savas JN, Mulas F, Divakaruni AS, Liu F, Albert V, Taylor BL, Sui Y, Saez E, Murphy AN, Yates JR, Metallo CM, Sander M. Integrated In Vivo Quantitative Proteomics and Nutrient Tracing Reveals Age-Related Metabolic Rewiring of Pancreatic β Cell Function. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2904-2918.e8. [PMID: 30517875 PMCID: PMC6317899 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell physiology changes substantially throughout life, yet the mechanisms that drive these changes are poorly understood. Here, we performed comprehensive in vivo quantitative proteomic profiling of pancreatic islets from juvenile and 1-year-old mice. The analysis revealed striking differences in abundance of enzymes controlling glucose metabolism. We show that these changes in protein abundance are associated with higher activities of glucose metabolic enzymes involved in coupling factor generation as well as increased activity of the coupling factor-dependent amplifying pathway of insulin secretion. Nutrient tracing and targeted metabolomics demonstrated accelerated accumulation of glucose-derived metabolites and coupling factors in islets from 1-year-old mice, indicating that age-related changes in glucose metabolism contribute to improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion with age. Together, our study provides an in-depth characterization of age-related changes in the islet proteome and establishes metabolic rewiring as an important mechanism for age-associated changes in β cell function. Organismal age impacts fundamental aspects of β cell physiology. Wortham et al. apply proteomics and targeted metabolomics to islets from juvenile and adult mice, revealing age-related changes in metabolic enzyme abundance and production of coupling factors that enhance insulin secretion. This work provides insight into age-associated changes to the β cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wortham
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacqueline R Benthuysen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Francesca Mulas
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fenfen Liu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Verena Albert
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brandon L Taylor
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yinghui Sui
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maike Sander
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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36
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Woodall BP, Orogo AM, Najor RH, Cortez MQ, Moreno ER, Wang H, Divakaruni AS, Murphy AN, Gustafsson ÅB. Parkin does not prevent accelerated cardiac aging in mitochondrial DNA mutator mice. JCI Insight 2019; 5:127713. [PMID: 30990467 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin plays an important role in regulating clearance of dysfunctional or unwanted mitochondria in tissues, including the heart. However, whether Parkin also functions to prevent cardiac aging by maintaining a healthy population of mitochondria is still unclear. Here, we have examined the role of Parkin in the context of mtDNA damage and myocardial aging using a mouse model carrying a proofreading defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG). We observed both decreased Parkin protein levels and development of cardiac hypertrophy in POLG hearts with age; however, cardiac hypertrophy in POLG mice was neither rescued, nor worsened by cardiac specific overexpression or global deletion of Parkin, respectively. Unexpectedly, mitochondrial fitness did not substantially decline with age in POLG mice when compared to WT. We found that baseline mitophagy receptor-mediated mitochondrial turnover and biogenesis were enhanced in aged POLG hearts. We also observed the presence of megamitochondria in aged POLG hearts. Thus, these processes may limit the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria as well as the degree of cardiac functional impairment in the aging POLG heart. Overall, our results demonstrate that Parkin is dispensable for constitutive mitochondrial quality control in a mtDNA mutation model of cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amabel M Orogo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Rita H Najor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | | | | | - Hongxia Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Åsa B Gustafsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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37
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Divakaruni AS, Hsieh WY, Minarrieta L, Duong TN, Kim KKO, Desousa BR, Andreyev AY, Bowman CE, Caradonna K, Dranka BP, Ferrick DA, Liesa M, Stiles L, Rogers GW, Braas D, Ciaraldi TP, Wolfgang MJ, Sparwasser T, Berod L, Bensinger SJ, Murphy AN. Etomoxir Inhibits Macrophage Polarization by Disrupting CoA Homeostasis. Cell Metab 2018; 28:490-503.e7. [PMID: 30043752 PMCID: PMC6125190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation has been shown to play an important role in interleukin-4 (IL-4)-mediated macrophage polarization (M(IL-4)). However, many of these conclusions are based on the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 with high concentrations of etomoxir that far exceed what is required to inhibit enzyme activity (EC90 < 3 μM). We employ genetic and pharmacologic models to demonstrate that LCFA oxidation is largely dispensable for IL-4-driven polarization. Unexpectedly, high concentrations of etomoxir retained the ability to disrupt M(IL-4) polarization in the absence of Cpt1a or Cpt2 expression. Although excess etomoxir inhibits the adenine nucleotide translocase, oxidative phosphorylation is surprisingly dispensable for M(IL-4). Instead, the block in polarization was traced to depletion of intracellular free coenzyme A (CoA), likely resulting from conversion of the pro-drug etomoxir into active etomoxiryl CoA. These studies help explain the effect(s) of excess etomoxir on immune cells and reveal an unappreciated role for CoA metabolism in macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lucía Minarrieta
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tin N Duong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kristen K O Kim
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brandon R Desousa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander Y Andreyev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Caitlyn E Bowman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kacey Caradonna
- Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Boulevard, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Brian P Dranka
- Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Boulevard, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - David A Ferrick
- Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Boulevard, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - George W Rogers
- Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Boulevard, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Metabolomics Center and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Theodore P Ciaraldi
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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38
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Raud B, Roy DG, Divakaruni AS, Tarasenko TN, Franke R, Ma EH, Samborska B, Hsieh WY, Wong AH, Stüve P, Arnold-Schrauf C, Guderian M, Lochner M, Rampertaap S, Romito K, Monsale J, Brönstrup M, Bensinger SJ, Murphy AN, McGuire PJ, Jones RG, Sparwasser T, Berod L. Etomoxir Actions on Regulatory and Memory T Cells Are Independent of Cpt1a-Mediated Fatty Acid Oxidation. Cell Metab 2018; 28:504-515.e7. [PMID: 30043753 PMCID: PMC6747686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
T cell subsets including effector (Teff), regulatory (Treg), and memory (Tmem) cells are characterized by distinct metabolic profiles that influence their differentiation and function. Previous research suggests that engagement of long-chain fatty acid oxidation (LC-FAO) supports Foxp3+ Treg cell and Tmem cell survival. However, evidence for this is mostly based on inhibition of Cpt1a, the rate-limiting enzyme for LC-FAO, with the drug etomoxir. Using genetic models to target Cpt1a specifically in T cells, we dissected the role of LC-FAO in primary, memory, and regulatory T cell responses. Here we show that the ACC2/Cpt1a axis is largely dispensable for Teff, Tmem, or Treg cell formation, and that the effects of etomoxir on T cell differentiation and function are independent of Cpt1a expression. Together our data argue that metabolic pathways other than LC-FAO fuel Tmem or Treg differentiation and suggest alternative mechanisms for the effects of etomoxir that involve mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Raud
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Niedersachsen 30625, Germany
| | - Dominic G Roy
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tatyana N Tarasenko
- Metabolism, Infection, and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raimo Franke
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eric H Ma
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Bozena Samborska
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alison H Wong
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Philipp Stüve
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Niedersachsen 30625, Germany
| | - Catharina Arnold-Schrauf
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Niedersachsen 30625, Germany
| | - Melanie Guderian
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Niedersachsen 30625, Germany
| | - Matthias Lochner
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Niedersachsen 30625, Germany
| | - Shakuntala Rampertaap
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kimberly Romito
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Monsale
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peter J McGuire
- Metabolism, Infection, and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Russell G Jones
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Niedersachsen 30625, Germany.
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Niedersachsen 30625, Germany.
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Woodall BP, Orogo AM, Divakaruni AS, Cortez MQ, Wang H, Murphy AN, Gustafsson ÅB. Abstract 283: Parkin Fails to Rescue Age-Dependent Cardiomyopathy in Mitochondrial DNA Mutator Mice. Circ Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/res.123.suppl_1.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temporal decline in mitochondrial function is widely considered to be a driver of cardiomyocyte aging, which in turn contributes to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the aging population. The accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria appears to be a direct consequence of reduced autophagy and mitochondrial quality control in the aging heart. Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays a critical role in this process, marking dysfunctional mitochondria for degradation by autophagosomes; however, whether Parkin functions to prevent cardiac aging by maintaining a healthy population of mitochondria is still unclear. To examine the role of Parkin in the context of mtDNA damage and myocardial aging, we used a mouse model carrying a proofreading defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG). We observed a significant decrease in Parkin protein levels in the hearts of aged (6 months) POLG mice, in spite of elevated Parkin mRNA. Seahorse analysis revealed a decrease in cardiac mitochondrial respiration in 6-month POLG mice. While cardiac structure and function were similar in both genotypes, POLG mice displayed modest but significant cardiac hypertrophy at this age. Next, we generated mice with concomitant Parkin deletion or cardiac specific Parkin overexpression with the mutant POLG. However, loss of Parkin did not exacerbate the accelerated cardiac aging phenotype observed in the POLG mice, and enhancing cardiac Parkin protein levels did not rescue the mitochondrial dysfunction or the cardiac hypertrophy observed in POLG mice up to 12 months of age. Surprisingly, we found that Parkin levels were reduced in POLG hearts, even with cardiac specific overexpression of Parkin. Translation of Parkin was unperturbed in 12-month POLGxParkin TG hearts, suggesting instead that Parkin protein stability is compromised in aged POLG hearts, a hypothesis we are currently testing. We also found both diminished protein ubiquitination and reduced degradation of Mfn1, a known Parkin substrate, in POLGxParkin TG hearts compared to Parkin TG hearts. These results provide new insights into mitophagy and aging, and suggest that Parkin plays a minor role in baseline mitochondrial maintenance and that overexpression of Parkin fails to prevent the cardiac aging process.
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Sessions AO, Min P, Cordes T, Weickert BJ, Divakaruni AS, Murphy AN, Metallo CM, Engler AJ. Preserved cardiac function by vinculin enhances glucose oxidation and extends health- and life-span. APL Bioeng 2018; 2. [PMID: 30105314 PMCID: PMC6086353 DOI: 10.1063/1.5019592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite limited regenerative capacity as we age, cardiomyocytes maintain their function in part through compensatory mechanisms, e.g., Vinculin reinforcement of intercalated discs in aged organisms. This mechanism, which is conserved from flies to non-human primates, creates a more crystalline sarcomere lattice that extends lifespan, but systemic connections between the cardiac sarcomere structure and lifespan extension are not apparent. Using the rapidly aging fly system, we found that cardiac-specific Vinculin-overexpression [Vinculin heart-enhanced (VincHE)] increases heart contractility, maximal cardiac mitochondrial respiration, and organismal fitness with age. Systemic metabolism also dramatically changed with age and VincHE; steady state sugar concentrations, as well as aerobic glucose metabolism, increase in VincHE and suggest enhanced energy substrate utilization with increased cardiac performance. When cardiac stress was induced with the complex I inhibitor rotenone, VincHE hearts sustain contractions unlike controls. This work establishes a new link between the cardiac cytoskeleton and systemic glucose utilization and protects mitochondrial function from external stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla O Sessions
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Peter Min
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Barry J Weickert
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Adam J Engler
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Divakaruni AS, Andreyev AY, Rogers GW, Murphy AN. In situ measurements of mitochondrial matrix enzyme activities using plasma and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization agents. Anal Biochem 2017; 552:60-65. [PMID: 28987935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activities of enzymes localized to the mitochondrial matrix of mammalian cells are often critical regulatory steps in cellular metabolism. As such, measurement of matrix enzyme activities in response to genetic modifications or drug interventions is often desired. However, measurements in intact cells are often hampered by the presence of other isozymes in the cytoplasm as well as the inability to deliver enzyme substrates across cellular membranes. Classic approaches to liberate matrix enzymes utilize harsh treatments that disrupt intracellular architecture or require significant starting material to allow mitochondrial isolation prior to sample extraction. We describe a method using permeabilization reagents for both the plasma and mitochondrial membranes to allow in situ measurement of matrix enzyme activities. It is applied to adherent cell monolayers in 96-well plates treated with perfringolysin O to permeabilize the plasma membrane and alamethicin to permeabilize the mitochondrial inner membrane. We present three examples validated with inhibitor sensitivity: (i) Complex I-mediated oxygen consumption driven by NADH, (ii) ATP hydrolysis by the F1FO complex measuring pH changes in an Agilent Seahorse XF Analyzer, and (iii) Mitochondrial glutaminase (GLS1) activity in a coupled reaction monitoring NADH fluorescence in a plate reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit S Divakaruni
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, 23-305 Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, United States.
| | - Alexander Y Andreyev
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pharmacology, 9500 Gilman Drive #0636, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - George W Rogers
- Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 95051, United States
| | - Anne N Murphy
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pharmacology, 9500 Gilman Drive #0636, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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Garcia-Carbonell R, Divakaruni AS, Lodi A, Vicente-Suarez I, Saha A, Cheroutre H, Boss GR, Tiziani S, Murphy AN, Guma M. Critical Role of Glucose Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:1614-26. [PMID: 26815411 DOI: 10.1002/art.39608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Up-regulation of glucose metabolism has been implicated not only in tumor cell growth but also in immune cells upon activation. However, little is known about the metabolite profile in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). This study was undertaken to evaluate whether changes in glucose metabolism in RA FLS could play a role in inflammation and joint damage. METHODS Synovium and FLS were obtained from patients with RA and patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The rate of glycolysis after stimulation of FLS with lipopolysaccharide and platelet-derived growth factor BB was measured using glycolysis stress test technology. FLS function was evaluated using a glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG). After stimulation of the FLS, a migration scratch assay, MTT assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to measure the effect of 2-DG on FLS migration, viability of the FLS, and cytokine secretion, respectively. IRDye 800CW 2-DG was used to assess glucose uptake in the arthritic joints and stromal cells of mice after K/BxN mouse serum transfer. The mice were injected daily, intraperitoneally, with 3-bromopyruvate (BrPa; 5 mg/kg) to assess the effect of inhibition of glycolysis in vivo. RESULTS Compared to human OA FLS, the balance between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation was shifted toward glycolysis in RA FLS. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression correlated with baseline functions of the RA FLS. Glucose deprivation or incubation of the FLS with glycolytic inhibitors impaired cytokine secretion and decreased the rate of proliferation and migration of the cells. In a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis, GLUT1 mRNA expression in the synovial lining cells was observed, and increased levels of glucose uptake and glycolytic gene expression were detected in the stromal compartment of the arthritic mouse joints. Inhibition of glycolysis by BrPa, administered in vivo, significantly decreased the severity of arthritis in this mouse model. CONCLUSION Targeting metabolic pathways is a novel approach to understanding the mechanisms of disease. Inhibition of glycolysis may directly modulate synoviocyte-mediated inflammatory functions and could be an effective treatment strategy for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arindam Saha
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Gerry R Boss
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | | | - Anne N Murphy
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Monica Guma
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
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Hashem SI, Murphy AN, Divakaruni AS, Klos ML, Nelson BC, Gault EC, Rowland TJ, Perry CN, Gu Y, Dalton ND, Bradford WH, Devaney EJ, Peterson KL, Jones KL, Taylor MR, Chen J, Chi NC, Adler ED. Impaired mitophagy facilitates mitochondrial damage in Danon disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 108:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Divakaruni AS, Wallace M, Buren C, Martyniuk K, Andreyev AY, Li E, Fields JA, Cordes T, Reynolds IJ, Bloodgood BL, Raymond LA, Metallo CM, Murphy AN. Inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier protects from excitotoxic neuronal death. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1091-1105. [PMID: 28254829 PMCID: PMC5379957 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cortical neurons and hippocampal slice cultures, blocking mitochondrial pyruvate uptake rewires metabolism to increase reliance on glutamate to fuel the TCA cycle. This diminishes the readily releasable pool of neuronal glutamate and minimizes the positive-feedback cascade of excitotoxic injury. Glutamate is the dominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, but under conditions of metabolic stress it can accumulate to excitotoxic levels. Although pharmacologic modulation of excitatory amino acid receptors is well studied, minimal consideration has been given to targeting mitochondrial glutamate metabolism to control neurotransmitter levels. Here we demonstrate that chemical inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) protects primary cortical neurons from excitotoxic death. Reductions in mitochondrial pyruvate uptake do not compromise cellular energy metabolism, suggesting neuronal metabolic flexibility. Rather, MPC inhibition rewires mitochondrial substrate metabolism to preferentially increase reliance on glutamate to fuel energetics and anaplerosis. Mobilizing the neuronal glutamate pool for oxidation decreases the quantity of glutamate released upon depolarization and, in turn, limits the positive-feedback cascade of excitotoxic neuronal injury. The finding links mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism to glutamatergic neurotransmission and establishes the MPC as a therapeutic target to treat neurodegenerative diseases characterized by excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Caodu Buren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kelly Martyniuk
- Division of Biological Sciences, Neurobiology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alexander Y Andreyev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Edward Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jerel A Fields
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ian J Reynolds
- Discovery Research, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., West Chester, PA 19380
| | - Brenda L Bloodgood
- Division of Biological Sciences, Neurobiology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lynn A Raymond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Divakaruni AS, Rogers GW, Andreyev AY, Murphy AN. The CPT inhibitor etomoxir has an off-target effect on the adenine nucleotide translocase and respiratory complex I. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.04.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang H, Badur MG, Divakaruni AS, Parker SJ, Jäger C, Hiller K, Murphy AN, Metallo CM. Distinct Metabolic States Can Support Self-Renewal and Lipogenesis in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Different Culture Conditions. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1536-1547. [PMID: 27477285 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) depend primarily on glycolysis and only increase oxidative metabolism during differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that both glycolytic and oxidative metabolism can support hPSC growth and that the metabolic phenotype of hPSCs is largely driven by nutrient availability. We comprehensively characterized hPSC metabolism by using (13)C/(2)H stable isotope tracing and flux analysis to define the metabolic pathways supporting hPSC bioenergetics and biosynthesis. Although glycolytic flux consistently supported hPSC growth, chemically defined media strongly influenced the state of mitochondrial respiration and fatty acid metabolism. Lipid deficiency dramatically reprogramed pathways associated with fatty acid biosynthesis and NADPH regeneration, altering the mitochondrial function of cells and driving flux through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Lipid supplementation mitigates this metabolic reprogramming and increases oxidative metabolism. These results demonstrate that self-renewing hPSCs can present distinct metabolic states and highlight the importance of medium nutrients on mitochondrial function and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mehmet G Badur
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Seth J Parker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christian Jäger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, 4367 Luxembourg
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, 4367 Luxembourg
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Cordes T, Wallace M, Michelucci A, Divakaruni AS, Sapcariu SC, Sousa C, Koseki H, Cabrales P, Murphy AN, Hiller K, Metallo CM. Immunoresponsive Gene 1 and Itaconate Inhibit Succinate Dehydrogenase to Modulate Intracellular Succinate Levels. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14274-14284. [PMID: 27189937 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.685792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is emerging as a hallmark of the innate immune response, and the dynamic control of metabolites such as succinate serves to facilitate the execution of inflammatory responses in macrophages and other immune cells. Immunoresponsive gene 1 (Irg1) expression is induced by inflammatory stimuli, and its enzyme product cis-aconitate decarboxylase catalyzes the production of itaconate from the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Here we identify an immunometabolic regulatory pathway that links Irg1 and itaconate production to the succinate accumulation that occurs in the context of innate immune responses. Itaconate levels and Irg1 expression correlate strongly with succinate during LPS exposure in macrophages and non-immune cells. We demonstrate that itaconate acts as an endogenous succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor to cause succinate accumulation. Loss of itaconate production in activated macrophages from Irg1(-/-) mice decreases the accumulation of succinate in response to LPS exposure. This metabolic network links the innate immune response and tricarboxylic acid metabolism to function of the electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg,; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Sean C Sapcariu
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Carole Sousa
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg,; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,.
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Ding B, Parmigiani A, Divakaruni AS, Archer K, Murphy AN, Budanov AV. Sestrin2 is induced by glucose starvation via the unfolded protein response and protects cells from non-canonical necroptotic cell death. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22538. [PMID: 26932729 PMCID: PMC4773760 DOI: 10.1038/srep22538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sestrin2 is a member of a family of stress responsive proteins, which controls cell
viability via antioxidant activity and regulation of the mammalian target of
rapamycin protein kinase (mTOR). Sestrin2 is induced by different stress insults,
which diminish ATP production and induce energetic stress in the cells. Glucose is a
critical substrate for ATP production utilized via glycolysis and mitochondrial
respiration as well as for glycosylation of newly synthesized proteins in the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. Thus, glucose starvation causes both energy
deficiency and activation of ER stress followed by the unfolding protein response
(UPR). Here, we show that UPR induces Sestrin2 via ATF4 and NRF2 transcription
factors and demonstrate that Sestrin2 protects cells from glucose starvation-induced
cell death. Sestrin2 inactivation sensitizes cells to necroptotic cell death that is
associated with a decline in ATP levels and can be suppressed by Necrostatin 7. We
propose that Sestrin2 protects cells from glucose starvation-induced cell death via
regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxiao Ding
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Anita Parmigiani
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kellie Archer
- Department of Biostatistics, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrei V Budanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Fields JA, Serger E, Campos S, Divakaruni AS, Kim C, Smith K, Trejo M, Adame A, Spencer B, Rockenstein E, Murphy AN, Ellis RJ, Letendre S, Grant I, Masliah E. HIV alters neuronal mitochondrial fission/fusion in the brain during HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 86:154-69. [PMID: 26611103 PMCID: PMC4713337 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) still occur in approximately 50% of HIV patients, and therapies to combat HAND progression are urgently needed. HIV proteins are released from infected cells and cause neuronal damage, possibly through mitochondrial abnormalities. Altered mitochondrial fission and fusion is implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we hypothesized that mitochondrial fission/fusion may be dysregulated in neurons during HAND. We have identified decreased mitochondrial fission protein (dynamin 1-like; DNM1L) in frontal cortex tissues of HAND donors, along with enlarged and elongated mitochondria localized to the soma of damaged neurons. Similar pathology was observed in the brains of GFAP-gp120 tg mice. In vitro, recombinant gp120 decreased total and active DNM1L levels, reduced the level of Mitotracker staining, and increased extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in primary neurons. DNM1L knockdown enhanced the effects of gp120 as measured by reduced Mitotracker signal in the treated cells. Interestingly, overexpression of DNM1L increased the level of Mitotracker staining in primary rat neurons and reduced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the GFAP-gp120-tg mice. These data suggest that mitochondrial biogenesis dynamics are shifted towards mitochondrial fusion in brains of HAND patients and this may be due to gp120-induced reduction in DNM1L activity. Promoting mitochondrial fission during HIV infection of the CNS may restore mitochondrial biogenesis and prevent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Serger
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sofia Campos
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kendall Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Margarita Trejo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Giacco F, Du X, Carratú A, Gerfen GJ, D'Apolito M, Giardino I, Rasola A, Marin O, Divakaruni AS, Murphy AN, Shah MS, Brownlee M. GLP-1 Cleavage Product Reverses Persistent ROS Generation After Transient Hyperglycemia by Disrupting an ROS-Generating Feedback Loop. Diabetes 2015; 64:3273-84. [PMID: 26294429 PMCID: PMC4542449 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The assumption underlying current diabetes treatment is that lowering the level of time-averaged glucose concentrations, measured as HbA1c, prevents microvascular complications. However, 89% of variation in risk of retinopathy, microalbuminuria, or albuminuria is due to elements of glycemia not captured by mean HbA1c values. We show that transient exposure to high glucose activates a multicomponent feedback loop that causes a stable left shift of the glucose concentration-reactive oxygen species (ROS) dose-response curve. Feedback loop disruption by the GLP-1 cleavage product GLP-1(9-36)(amide) reverses the persistent left shift, thereby normalizing persistent overproduction of ROS and its pathophysiologic consequences. These data suggest that hyperglycemic spikes high enough to activate persistent ROS production during subsequent periods of normal glycemia but too brief to affect the HbA1c value are a major determinant of the 89% of diabetes complications risk not captured by HbA1c. The phenomenon and mechanism described in this study provide a basis for the development of both new biomarkers to complement HbA1c and novel therapeutic agents, including GLP-1(9-36)(amide), for the prevention and treatment of diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Giacco
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Xueliang Du
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Anna Carratú
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gary J Gerfen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Maria D'Apolito
- Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ida Giardino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Manasi S Shah
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Michael Brownlee
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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