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Ito S, Amioka N, Franklin MK, Wang P, Liang CL, Katsumata Y, Cai L, Temel RE, Daugherty A, Lu HS, Sawada H. Association of NOTCH3 With Elastic Fiber Dispersion in the Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta of Cynomolgus Monkeys. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:2301-2311. [PMID: 37855127 PMCID: PMC10843096 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regional heterogeneity of vascular components and transcriptomes is an important determinant of aortic biology. This notion has been explored in multiple mouse studies. In the present study, we examined the regional heterogeneity of aortas in nonhuman primates. METHODS Aortic samples were harvested from the ascending, descending thoracic, suprarenal, and infrarenal regions of young control monkeys and adult monkeys with high fructose consumption for 3 years. The regional heterogeneity of aortic structure and transcriptomes was examined by histological and bulk RNA sequencing analyses, respectively. RESULTS Immunostaining of CD31 and αSMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) revealed that endothelial and smooth muscle cells were distributed homogeneously across the aortic regions. In contrast, elastic fibers were less abundant and dispersed in the infrarenal aorta compared with other regions and associated with collagen deposition. Bulk RNA sequencing identified a distinct transcriptome related to the Notch signaling pathway in the infrarenal aorta with significantly increased NOTCH3 mRNA compared with other regions. Immunostaining revealed that NOTCH3 protein was increased in the media of the infrarenal aorta. The abundance of medial NOTCH3 was positively correlated with the dispersion of elastic fibers. Adult cynomolgus monkeys with high fructose consumption displayed vascular wall remodeling, such as smooth muscle cell loss and elastic fiber disruption, predominantly in the infrarenal region. The correlation between NOTCH3 and elastic fiber dispersion was enhanced in these monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Aortas of young cynomolgus monkeys display regional heterogeneity of their transcriptome and the structure of elastin and collagens. Elastic fibers in the infrarenal aorta are dispersed along with upregulation of medial NOTCH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Ito
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine
| | - Naofumi Amioka
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine
| | | | - Pengjun Wang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine
| | | | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, KY
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, KY
| | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine
- Saha Aortic Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine
- Saha Aortic Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine
- Saha Aortic Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine
- Saha Aortic Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY
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Ito S, Amioka N, Franklin MK, Wang P, Liang CL, Katsumata Y, Cai L, Temel RE, Daugherty A, Lu HS, Sawada H. Association of NOTCH3 with Elastic Fiber Dispersion in the Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta of Cynomolgus Monkeys. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.04.530901. [PMID: 37767086 PMCID: PMC10522327 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.04.530901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background The regional heterogeneity of vascular components and transcriptomes is an important determinant of aortic biology. This notion has been explored in multiple mouse studies. In the present study, we examined the regional heterogeneity of aortas in non-human primates. Methods Aortic samples were harvested from the ascending, descending, suprarenal, and infrarenal regions of young control monkeys and adult monkeys provided with high fructose for 3 years. The regional heterogeneity of aortic structure and transcriptomes was examined by histological and bulk RNA sequencing analyses. Results Immunostaining of CD31 and αSMA revealed that endothelial and smooth muscle cells were distributed homogeneously across the aortic regions. In contrast, elastic fibers were less abundant and dispersed in the infrarenal aorta compared to other regions and associated with collagen deposition. Bulk RNA sequencing identified a distinct transcriptome related to the Notch signaling pathway in the infrarenal aorta with significantly increased NOTCH3 mRNA compared to other regions. Immunostaining revealed that NOTCH3 protein was increased in the media of the infrarenal aorta. The abundance of medial NOTCH3 was positively correlated with the dispersion of elastic fibers. Adult cynomolgus monkeys provided with high fructose displayed vascular wall remodeling, such as smooth muscle cell loss and elastic fiber disruption, predominantly in the infrarenal region. The correlation between NOTCH3 and elastic fiber dispersion was enhanced in these monkeys. Conclusions Aortas of young cynomolgus monkeys display regional heterogeneity of their transcriptome and the structure of elastin and collagens. Elastic fibers in the infrarenal aorta are dispersed along with upregulation of medial NOTCH3. HIGHLIGHTS - The present study determined the regional heterogeneity of aortas from cynomolgus monkeys.- Aortas of young cynomolgus monkeys displayed region-specific aortic structure and transcriptomes.- Elastic fibers were dispersed in the infrarenal aorta along with increased NOTCH3 abundance in the media. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
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Cao D, Khan Z, Li X, Saito S, Bernstein EA, Victor AR, Ahmed F, Hoshi AO, Veiras LC, Shibata T, Che M, Cai L, Yamashita M, Temel RE, Giani JF, Luthringer DJ, Divakaruni AS, Okwan-Duodu D, Bernstein KE. Macrophage angiotensin-converting enzyme reduces atherosclerosis by increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and fundamentally changing lipid metabolism. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1825-1841. [PMID: 37225143 PMCID: PMC10681664 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The metabolic failure of macrophages to adequately process lipid is central to the aetiology of atherosclerosis. Here, we examine the role of macrophage angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in a mouse model of PCSK9-induced atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis in mice was induced with AAV-PCSK9 and a high-fat diet. Animals with increased macrophage ACE (ACE 10/10 mice) have a marked reduction in atherosclerosis vs. WT mice. Macrophages from both the aorta and peritoneum of ACE 10/10 express increased PPARα and have a profoundly altered phenotype to process lipids characterized by higher levels of the surface scavenger receptor CD36, increased uptake of lipid, increased capacity to transport long chain fatty acids into mitochondria, higher oxidative metabolism and lipid β-oxidation as determined using 13C isotope tracing, increased cell ATP, increased capacity for efferocytosis, increased concentrations of the lipid transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, and increased cholesterol efflux. These effects are mostly independent of angiotensin II. Human THP-1 cells, when modified to express more ACE, increase expression of PPARα, increase cell ATP and acetyl-CoA, and increase cell efferocytosis. CONCLUSION Increased macrophage ACE expression enhances macrophage lipid metabolism, cholesterol efflux, efferocytosis, and it reduces atherosclerosis. This has implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease with angiotensin II receptor antagonists vs. ACE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aaron R Victor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Faizan Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aoi O Hoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mingtian Che
- Biobank and Pathology Shared Resource, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Michifumi Yamashita
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Daniel J Luthringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Ye D, Wu C, Cai L, Howatt DA, Liang CL, Katsumata Y, Mullick AE, Temel RE, Danser AJ, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting hepatic angiotensinogen reduce atherosclerosis and liver steatosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Glob Transl Med 2023; 2:288. [PMID: 37293374 PMCID: PMC10249463 DOI: 10.36922/gtm.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-derived angiotensinogen (AGT) is the precursor of angiotensin II (AngII). We determined the effects of hepatocyte-specific (N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated) antisense oligonucleotides targeting AGT (GalNAc AGT ASO) on AngII-mediated blood pressure (BP) regulation and atherosclerosis and compared its effects with losartan, an AngII type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker, in hypercholesterolemic mice. Eight-week-old male low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficient mice were administered vehicle or GalNAc AGT ASO (1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg) subcutaneously beginning 2 weeks before the initiation of Western diet feeding. All mice were fed Western diet for 12 weeks. Their systolic BP was monitored by the tail-cuff technique, and the atherosclerotic lesion area was measured by an en face method. Although the effects of all 3 doses of GalNAc AGT ASO on plasma AGT concentrations were similar, GalNAc AGT ASO reduced BP and atherosclerotic lesion size in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, we compared the effects of GalNAc AGT ASO (5 mg/kg) with losartan (15 mg/kg/day). Compared to losartan, GalNAc AGT ASO led to more profound increases in plasma renin and reduction in BP but had similar effects on atherosclerosis. Remarkably, GalNAc AGT ASO also reduced liver steatosis, which was not observed in losartan-treated mice. In conclusion, the BP increase and atherosclerosis development in hypercholesterolemic mice are dependent on AngII generated from hepatic AGT. Deleting hepatic AGT improves diet-induced liver steatosis, and this occurs in an AT1 receptor-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dien Ye
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Congqing Wu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deborah A. Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ching-Ling Liang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Ryan E. Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - A.H. Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Kukida M, Cai L, Ye D, Sawada H, Katsumata Y, Franklin MK, Hecker PI, Campbell KS, Danser AHJ, Mullick AE, Daugherty A, Temel RE, Lu HS. Renal Angiotensinogen Is Predominantly Liver Derived in Nonhuman Primates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2851-2853. [PMID: 34496634 PMCID: PMC8551028 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Kukida
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.K., L.C., D.Y., H.S., M.K.F., P.I.H., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.K., L.C., D.Y., H.S., M.K.F., P.I.H., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Dien Ye
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.K., L.C., D.Y., H.S., M.K.F., P.I.H., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (D.Y., A.H.J.D.)
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.K., L.C., D.Y., H.S., M.K.F., P.I.H., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Saha Aortic Center (H.S., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Physiology (H.S., K.S.C., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics (Y.K.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (Y.K.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Michael K Franklin
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.K., L.C., D.Y., H.S., M.K.F., P.I.H., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Peter I Hecker
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.K., L.C., D.Y., H.S., M.K.F., P.I.H., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Kenneth S Campbell
- Department of Physiology (H.S., K.S.C., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (D.Y., A.H.J.D.)
| | | | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.K., L.C., D.Y., H.S., M.K.F., P.I.H., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Saha Aortic Center (H.S., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Physiology (H.S., K.S.C., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.K., L.C., D.Y., H.S., M.K.F., P.I.H., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Physiology (H.S., K.S.C., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.K., L.C., D.Y., H.S., M.K.F., P.I.H., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Saha Aortic Center (H.S., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Physiology (H.S., K.S.C., A.D., R.E.T., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Lang JM, Sedgeman LR, Cai L, Layne JD, Wang Z, Pan C, Lee R, Temel RE, Lusis AJ. Dietary and Pharmacologic Manipulations of Host Lipids and Their Interaction With the Gut Microbiome in Non-human Primates. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:646710. [PMID: 34513856 PMCID: PMC8426918 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.646710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome influences nutrient processing as well as host physiology. Plasma lipid levels have been associated with the microbiome, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown, and the effects of dietary lipids on the gut microbiome in humans are not well-studied. We used a compilation of four studies utilizing non-human primates (Chlorocebus aethiops and Macaca fascicularis) with treatments that manipulated plasma lipid levels using dietary and pharmacological techniques, and characterized the microbiome using 16S rDNA. High-fat diets significantly reduced alpha diversity (Shannon) and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio compared to chow diets, even when the diets had different compositions and were applied in different orders. When analyzed for differential abundance using DESeq2, Bulleidia, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Eubacterium, Coprocacillus, Lachnospira, Blautia, Coprococcus, and Oscillospira were greater in both chow diets while Succinivibrio, Collinsella, Streptococcus, and Lactococcus were greater in both high-fat diets (oleic blend or lard fat source). Dietary cholesterol levels did not affect the microbiome and neither did alterations of plasma lipid levels through treatments of miR-33 antisense oligonucleotide (anti-miR-33), Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), and inducible degrader of LDLR (IDOL) ASO. However, a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist shifted the microbiome and decreased bile acid levels. Fifteen genera increased with the LXR agonist, while seven genera decreased. Pseudomonas increased on the LXR agonist and was negatively correlated to deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and total bile acids while Ruminococcus was positively correlated with taurolithocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid. Seven of the nine bile acids identified in the feces significantly decreased due to the LXR agonist, and total bile acids (nmol/g) was reduced by 62%. These results indicate that plasma lipid levels have, at most, a modest effect on the microbiome, whereas bile acids, derived in part from plasma lipids, are likely responsible for the indirect relationship between lipid levels and the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Lang
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leslie R Sedgeman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lei Cai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Joseph D Layne
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Calvin Pan
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Richard Lee
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, United States
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Gatineau E, Arthur G, Poupeau A, Nichols K, Spear BT, Shelman NR, Graf GA, Temel RE, Yiannikouris FB. The prorenin receptor and its soluble form contribute to lipid homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E609-E618. [PMID: 33459178 PMCID: PMC7988779 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00135.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism. We previously identified the prorenin receptor (PRR) as a potential contributor to liver steatosis. Therefore, we aimed to determine the relative contribution of PRR and its soluble form, sPRR, to lipid homeostasis. PRR-floxed male mice were treated with an adeno-associated virus with thyroxine-binding globulin promoter-driven Cre to delete PRR in the liver [liver PRR knockout (KO) mice]. Hepatic PRR deletion did not change the body weight but increased liver weights. The deletion of PRR in the liver decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and triglyceride levels, but liver PRR KO mice exhibited higher plasma cholesterol levels and lower hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and Sortilin 1 (SORT1) proteins than control (CTL) mice. Surprisingly, hepatic PRR deletion elevated hepatic cholesterol, and up-regulated hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA-R) genes. In addition, the plasma levels of sPRR were significantly higher in liver PRR KO mice than in controls. In vitro studies in HepG2 cells demonstrated that sPRR treatment upregulated SREBP2, suggesting that sPRR could contribute to hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Interestingly, PRR, total cleaved and noncleaved sPRR contents, furin, and Site-1 protease (S1P) were elevated in the adipose tissue of liver PRR KO mice, suggesting that adipose tissue could contribute to the circulating pool of sPRR. Overall, this work supports previous works and opens a new area of investigation concerning the function of sPRR in lipid metabolism and adipose tissue-liver cross talk.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hepatic PRR and its soluble form, sPRR, contribute to triglyceride and cholesterol homeostasis and hepatic inflammation. Deletion of hepatic PRR decreased triglyceride levels through a PRR-PPARγ-dependent mechanism but increased hepatic cholesterol synthesis through sPRR-medicated upregulation of SREBP-2. Our study highlighted a new paradigm of cross talk between the liver and the adipose tissue involving cholesterol and sPRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gatineau
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gertrude Arthur
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Audrey Poupeau
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kellea Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Brett T Spear
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Nathan R Shelman
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Lifsey HC, Kaur R, Thompson BH, Bennett L, Temel RE, Graf GA. Stigmasterol stimulates transintestinal cholesterol excretion independent of liver X receptor activation in the small intestine. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 76:108263. [PMID: 31759199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in healthcare, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Elevated levels of plasma cholesterol are highly predictive of CVD and stroke and are the principal driver of atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, current cholesterol lowering agents, such as statins, are not known to reverse atherosclerotic disease once it has been established. In preclinical models, agonists of nuclear receptor, LXR, have been shown to reduce and reverse atherosclerosis. Phytosterols are bioactive non-cholesterol sterols that act as LXR agonists and regulate cholesterol metabolism and transport. We hypothesized that stigmasterol would act as an LXR agonist and alter intestinal cholesterol secretion to promote cholesterol elimination. Mice were fed a control diet, or a diet supplemented with stigmasterol (0.3% w/w) or T0901317 (0.015% w/w), a known LXR agonist. In this experiment we analyzed the sterol content of bile, intestinal perfusate, plasma, and feces. Additionally, the liver and small intestine were analyzed for relative levels of transcripts known to be regulated by LXR. We observed that T0901317 robustly promoted cholesterol elimination and acted as a strong LXR agonist. Stigmasterol promoted transintestinal cholesterol secretion through an LXR-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy
| | | | - Lisa Bennett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center; Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center.
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9
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Yi S, Zhang X, Sangji H, Liu Y, Allen SD, Xiao B, Bobbala S, Braverman CL, Cai L, Hecker PI, DeBerge M, Thorp EB, Temel RE, Stupp SI, Scott EA. Surface engineered polymersomes for enhanced modulation of dendritic cells during cardiovascular immunotherapy. Adv Funct Mater 2019; 29:1904399. [PMID: 34335131 PMCID: PMC8320590 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201904399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The principle cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by immunologically complex fatty lesions within the intima of arterial vessel walls. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of atherosclerotic inflammation, with mature DCs generating pro-inflammatory signals within vascular lesions and tolerogenic DCs eliciting atheroprotective cytokine profiles and regulatory T cell (Treg) activation. Here, we engineered the surface chemistry and morphology of synthetic nanocarriers composed of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene sulfide) copolymers to selectively target and modulate DCs by transporting the anti-inflammatory agent 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (aVD) and ApoB-100 derived antigenic peptide P210. Polymersomes decorated with an optimized surface display and density for a lipid construct of the P-D2 peptide, which binds CD11c on the DC surface, significantly enhanced the cytosolic delivery and resulting immunomodulatory capacity of aVD in vitro. Intravenous administration of the optimized polymersomes achieved selective targeting of DCs in atheroma and spleen compared to all other cell populations, including both immune and CD45- cells, and locally increased the presence of tolerogenic DCs and cytokines. aVD-loaded polymersomes significantly inhibited atherosclerotic lesion development in high fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice following 8 weeks of administration. Incorporation of the P210 peptide generated the largest reductions in vascular lesion area (~33%, p<0.001), macrophage content (~55%, p<0.001), and vascular stiffness (4.8-fold). These results correlated with an ~6.5-fold increase in levels of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells within atherosclerotic lesions. Our results validate the key role of DC immunomodulation during aVD-dependent inhibition of atherosclerosis and demonstrate the therapeutic enhancement and dosage lowering capability of cell-targeted nanotherapy in the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL 60208
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, IL 60208
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL 60208
| | - Hussain Sangji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL 60208
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, IL 60208
| | - Yugang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL 60208
| | - Sean D. Allen
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, IL 60208
| | - Baixue Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL 60208
| | - Sharan Bobbala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL 60208
| | | | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peter I. Hecker
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
| | - Mathew DeBerge
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, USA
| | - Edward B. Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL 60208
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, IL 60208
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, IL 60208
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, USA
| | - Evan A. Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL 60208
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, IL 60208
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, IL 60208
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, USA
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10
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Li J, Pijut SS, Wang Y, Ji A, Kaur R, Temel RE, van der Westhuyzen DR, Graf GA. Simultaneous Determination of Biliary and Intestinal Cholesterol Secretion Reveals That CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Alters Elimination Route in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1986-1995. [PMID: 31462090 PMCID: PMC6761010 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the impact of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) on the route of cholesterol elimination in mice. Approach and Results: We adapted our protocol for biliary cholesterol secretion with published methods for measuring transintestinal cholesterol elimination. Bile was diverted and biliary lipid secretion maintained by infusion of bile acid. The proximal small bowel was perfused with bile acid micelles. In high-fat, high-cholesterol-fed mice, the presence of a CETP transgene increased biliary cholesterol secretion at the expense of transintestinal cholesterol elimination. The increase in biliary cholesterol secretion was not associated with increases in hepatic SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) or ABCG5 (ATP-binding cassette G5) ABCG8. The decline in intestinal cholesterol secretion was associated with an increase in intestinal Niemann-Pick disease, type C1, gene-like 1 mRNA. Finally, we followed the delivery of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesteryl esters (CE) from plasma to bile and intestinal perfusates. HDL-CE favored the biliary pathway. Following high-fat feeding, the presence of CETP directed HDL-CE away from the bile and towards the intestine. The presence of CETP increased LDL-CE delivery to bile, whereas the appearance of LDL-CE in intestinal perfusate was near the lower limit of detection. CONCLUSIONS Biliary and intestinal cholesterol secretion can be simultaneously measured in mice and used as a model to examine factors that alter cholesterol elimination. Plasma factors, such as CETP, alter the route of cholesterol elimination from the body. Intestinal and biliary cholesterol secretion rates are independent of transhepatic or transintestinal delivery of HDL-CE, whereas LDL-CE was eliminated almost exclusively in the hepatobiliary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sonja S Pijut
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ailing Ji
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Barnstable Brown Center for Diabetes and Obesity, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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11
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Kim S, Graham MJ, Lee RG, Yang L, Kim S, Subramanian V, Layne JD, Cai L, Temel RE, Shih D, Lusis AJ, Berliner JA, Lee S. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) antisense oligonucleotide protected against hyperlipidemia-associated atherosclerosis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:306-315. [PMID: 30738642 PMCID: PMC6452438 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a representative EGF family member that interacts with EGFR under diverse stress environment. Previously, we reported that the HB-EGF-targeting using antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) effectively suppressed an aortic aneurysm in the vessel wall and circulatory lipid levels. In this study, we further examined the effects of the HB-EGF ASO administration on the development of hyperlipidemia-associated atherosclerosis using an atherogenic mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS The male and female LDLR deficient mice under Western diet containing 21% fat and 0.2% cholesterol content were cotreated with control and HB-EGF ASOs for 12 weeks. We observed that the HB-EGF ASO administration effectively downregulated circulatory VLDL- and LDL-associated lipid levels in circulation; concordantly, the HB-EGF targeting effectively suppressed the development of atherosclerosis in the aorta. An EGFR blocker BIBX1382 administration suppressed the hepatic TG secretion rate, suggesting a positive role of the HB-EGF signaling for the hepatic VLDL production. We newly observed that there was a significant improvement of the insulin sensitivity by the HB-EGF ASO administration in a mouse model under the Western diet as demonstrated by the improvement of the glucose and insulin tolerances. CONCLUSION The HB-EGF ASO administration effectively downregulated circulatory lipid levels by suppressing hepatic VLDL production rate, which leads to effective protection against atherosclerosis in the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - M J Graham
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - R G Lee
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - L Yang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - S Kim
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - V Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - J D Layne
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - L Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - R E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - D Shih
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - A J Lusis
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - J A Berliner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - S Lee
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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12
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Coffey AR, Kanke M, Smallwood TL, Albright J, Pitman W, Gharaibeh RZ, Hua K, Gertz E, Biddinger SB, Temel RE, Pomp D, Sethupathy P, Bennett BJ. microRNA-146a-5p association with the cardiometabolic disease risk factor TMAO. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:59-71. [PMID: 30633643 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00079.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a microbial choline metabolism byproduct that is processed in the liver and excreted into circulation, is associated with increased atherosclerotic lesion formation and cardiovascular disease risk. Genetic regulators of TMAO levels are largely unknown. In the present study, we used 288 mice from a genetically heterogeneous mouse population [Diversity Outbred (DO)] to determine hepatic microRNA associations with TMAO in the context of an atherogenic diet. We also validated findings in two additional animal models of atherosclerosis: liver-specific insulin receptor knockout mice fed a chow diet (LIRKO) and African green monkeys fed high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. Small RNA-sequencing analysis in DO mice, LIRKO mice, and African green monkeys identified only one hepatic microRNA (miR-146a-5p) that is aberrantly expressed across all three models. Moreover, miR-146a-5p levels are associated with circulating TMAO after atherogenic diet in each of these models. We also performed high-resolution genetic mapping and identified a novel quantitative trait locus on Chromosome 12 for TMAO levels. This interval includes two genes, Numb and Dlst, which are inversely correlated with both miR-146a and TMAO and are predicted targets of miR-146a. Both of these genes have been validated as direct targets of miR-146a, though in other cellular contexts. This is the first report to our knowledge of a link between miR-146 and TMAO. Our findings suggest that miR-146-5p, as well as one or more genes at the Chromosome 12 QTL (possibly Numb or Dlst), is strongly linked to TMAO levels and likely involved in the control of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha R Coffey
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Tangi L Smallwood
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jody Albright
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Wendy Pitman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of North Carolina , Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Kunjie Hua
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Erik Gertz
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Unit, Davis, California
| | - Sudha B Biddinger
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Brian J Bennett
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Unit, Davis, California
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13
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Hennessy EJ, van Solingen C, Scacalossi KR, Ouimet M, Afonso MS, Prins J, Koelwyn GJ, Sharma M, Ramkhelawon B, Carpenter S, Busch A, Chernogubova E, Matic LP, Hedin U, Maegdefessel L, Caffrey BE, Hussein MA, Ricci EP, Temel RE, Garabedian MJ, Berger JS, Vickers KC, Kanke M, Sethupathy P, Teupser D, Holdt LM, Moore KJ. The long noncoding RNA CHROME regulates cholesterol homeostasis in primate. Nat Metab 2019; 1:98-110. [PMID: 31410392 PMCID: PMC6691505 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human genome encodes thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), the majority of which are poorly conserved and uncharacterized. Here we identify a primate-specific lncRNA (CHROME), elevated in the plasma and atherosclerotic plaques of individuals with coronary artery disease, that regulates cellular and systemic cholesterol homeostasis. LncRNA CHROME expression is influenced by dietary and cellular cholesterol via the sterol-activated liver X receptor transcription factors, which control genes mediating responses to cholesterol overload. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we show that CHROME promotes cholesterol efflux and HDL biogenesis by curbing the actions of a set of functionally related microRNAs that repress genes in those pathways. CHROME knockdown in human hepatocytes and macrophages increases levels of miR-27b, miR-33a, miR-33b and miR-128, thereby reducing expression of their overlapping target gene networks and associated biologic functions. In particular, cells lacking CHROME show reduced expression of ABCA1, which regulates cholesterol efflux and nascent HDL particle formation. Collectively, our findings identify CHROME as a central component of the non-coding RNA circuitry controlling cholesterol homeostasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Hennessy
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Coen van Solingen
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaitlyn R. Scacalossi
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Milessa S. Afonso
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jurrien Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven
Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Graeme J. Koelwyn
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Carpenter
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology,
University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Albert Busch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum
Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ljubica Perisic Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum
Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Maryem A. Hussein
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of
Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emiliano P. Ricci
- INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en
Infectiologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon,
Lyon, France
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michael J. Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of
Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Berger
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kasey C. Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tenessee, USA
| | - Matthew Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine,
Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M. Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine,
Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Lameijer M, Binderup T, van Leent MMT, Senders ML, Fay F, Malkus J, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Teunissen AJP, Karakatsanis N, Robson P, Zhou X, Ye Y, Wojtkiewicz G, Tang J, Seijkens TTP, Kroon J, Stroes ESG, Kjaer A, Ochando J, Reiner T, Pérez-Medina C, Calcagno C, Fisher EA, Zhang B, Temel RE, Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Fayad ZA, Lutgens E, Mulder WJM, Duivenvoorden R. Author Correction: Efficacy and safety assessment of a TRAF6-targeted nanoimmunotherapy in atherosclerotic mice and non-human primates. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:623. [PMID: 31015637 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the version of this Article originally published, the surname of the author Edward A. Fisher was spelt incorrectly as 'Fischer'. This has now been corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix Lameijer
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Binderup
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging and Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mandy M T van Leent
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max L Senders
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francois Fay
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joost Malkus
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brenda L Sanchez-Gaytan
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abraham J P Teunissen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Karakatsanis
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Robson
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuxiang Ye
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Wojtkiewicz
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging and Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jordi Ochando
- Immunology Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Nephrology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular basis of the rare disease, sitosterolemia, has revolutionized our mechanistic understanding of how dietary sterols are excreted and how cholesterol is eliminated from the body. Two proteins, ABCG5 and ABCG8, encoded by the sitosterolemia locus, work as obligate dimers to pump sterols out of hepatocytes and enterocytes. ABCG5/ABCG8 are key in regulating whole-body sterol trafficking, by eliminating sterols via the biliary tree as well as the intestinal tract. Importantly, these transporters keep xenosterols from accumulating in the body. The sitosterolemia locus has been genetically associated with lipid levels and downstream atherosclerotic disease, as well as formation of gallstones and the risk of gallbladder cancer. While polymorphic variants raise or lower the risks of these phenotypes, loss of function of this locus leads to more dramatic phenotypes, such as premature atherosclerosis, platelet dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia, and, perhaps, increased endocrine disruption and liver dysfunction. Whether small amounts of xenosterol exposure over a lifetime cause pathology in normal humans with polymorphic variants at the sitosterolemia locus remains largely unexplored. The purpose of this review will be to summarize the current state of knowledge, but also highlight key conceptual and mechanistic issues that remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra B Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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16
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Lameijer M, Binderup T, van Leent MMT, Senders ML, Fay F, Malkus J, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Teunissen AJP, Karakatsanis N, Robson P, Zhou X, Ye Y, Wojtkiewicz G, Tang J, Seijkens TTP, Kroon J, Stroes ESG, Kjaer A, Ochando J, Reiner T, Pérez-Medina C, Calcagno C, Fisher EA, Zhang B, Temel RE, Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Fayad ZA, Lutgens E, Mulder WJM, Duivenvoorden R. Efficacy and safety assessment of a TRAF6-targeted nanoimmunotherapy in atherosclerotic mice and non-human primates. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:279-292. [PMID: 30936448 PMCID: PMC6447057 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage accumulation in atherosclerosis is directly linked to the destabilization and rupture of plaque, causing acute atherothrombotic events. Circulating monocytes enter the plaque and differentiate into macrophages, where they are activated by CD4+ T lymphocytes through CD40-CD40 ligand signalling. Here, we report the development and multiparametric evaluation of a nanoimmunotherapy that moderates CD40-CD40 ligand signalling in monocytes and macrophages by blocking the interaction between CD40 and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). We evaluated the biodistribution characteristics of the nanoimmunotherapy in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice and in non-human primates by in vivo positron-emission tomography imaging. In Apoe-/- mice, a 1-week nanoimmunotherapy treatment regimen achieved significant anti-inflammatory effects, which was due to the impaired migration capacity of monocytes, as established by a transcriptome analysis. The rapid reduction of plaque inflammation by the TRAF6-targeted nanoimmunotherapy and its favourable toxicity profiles in both mice and non-human primates highlights the translational potential of this strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix Lameijer
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Binderup
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging and Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mandy M T van Leent
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max L Senders
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francois Fay
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joost Malkus
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brenda L Sanchez-Gaytan
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abraham J P Teunissen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Karakatsanis
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Robson
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuxiang Ye
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Wojtkiewicz
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging and Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jordi Ochando
- Immunology Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Nephrology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Kim S, Yang L, Kim S, Lee RG, Graham MJ, Berliner JA, Lusis AJ, Cai L, Temel RE, Rateri DL, Lee S. Targeting hepatic heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) induces anti-hyperlipidemia leading to reduction of angiotensin II-induced aneurysm development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182566. [PMID: 28792970 PMCID: PMC5549937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The upregulated expression of heparin binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in the vessel and circulation is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we tested the effects of HB-EGF targeting using HB-EGF-specific antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) on the development of aortic aneurysm in a mouse aneurysm model. Approach and results Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficient mice (male, 16 weeks of age) were injected with control and HB-EGF ASOs for 10 weeks. To induce aneurysm, the mice were fed a high fat diet (22% fat, 0.2% cholesterol; w/w) at 5 week point of ASO administration and infused with angiotensin II (AngII, 1,000ng/kg/min) for the last 4 weeks of ASO administration. We confirmed that the HB-EGF ASO administration significantly downregulated HB-EGF expression in multiple tissues including the liver. Importantly, the HB-EGF ASO administration significantly suppressed development of aortic aneurysms including thoracic and abdominal types. Interestingly, the HB-EGF ASO administration induced a remarkable anti-hyperlipidemic effect by suppressing very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) level in the blood. Mechanistically, the HB-EGF targeting suppressed hepatic VLDL secretion rate without changing heparin-releasable plasma triglyceride (TG) hydrolytic activity or fecal neutral cholesterol excretion rate. Conclusion This result suggested that the HB-EGF targeting induced protection against aneurysm development through anti-hyperlipidemic effects. Suppression of hepatic VLDL production process appears to be a key mechanism for the anti-hyperlipidemic effects by the HB-EGF targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonwook Kim
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lihua Yang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Seongu Kim
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group at the Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group at the Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Berliner
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Debra L. Rateri
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sangderk Lee
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Cheng HS, Besla R, Li A, Chen Z, Shikatani EA, Nazari-Jahantigh M, Hammoutène A, Nguyen MA, Geoffrion M, Cai L, Khyzha N, Li T, MacParland SA, Husain M, Cybulsky MI, Boulanger CM, Temel RE, Schober A, Rayner KJ, Robbins CS, Fish JE. Paradoxical Suppression of Atherosclerosis in the Absence of microRNA-146a. Circ Res 2017. [PMID: 28637783 PMCID: PMC5542783 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inflammation is a key contributor to atherosclerosis. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) has been identified as a critical brake on proinflammatory nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling in several cell types, including endothelial cells and bone marrow (BM)-derived cells. Importantly, miR-146a expression is elevated in human atherosclerotic plaques, and polymorphisms in the miR-146a precursor have been associated with risk of coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVE To define the role of endogenous miR-146a during atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Paradoxically, Ldlr-/- (low-density lipoprotein receptor null) mice deficient in miR-146a develop less atherosclerosis, despite having highly elevated levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, cytokine levels are normalized in Ldlr-/-;miR-146a-/- mice receiving wild-type BM transplantation, and these mice have enhanced endothelial cell activation and elevated atherosclerotic plaque burden compared with Ldlr-/- mice receiving wild-type BM, demonstrating the atheroprotective role of miR-146a in the endothelium. We find that deficiency of miR-146a in BM-derived cells precipitates defects in hematopoietic stem cell function, contributing to extramedullary hematopoiesis, splenomegaly, BM failure, and decreased levels of circulating proatherogenic cells in mice fed an atherogenic diet. These hematopoietic phenotypes seem to be driven by unrestrained inflammatory signaling that leads to the expansion and eventual exhaustion of hematopoietic cells, and this occurs in the face of lower levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mice lacking miR-146a in BM-derived cells. Furthermore, we identify sortilin-1(Sort1), a known regulator of circulating low-density lipoprotein levels in humans, as a novel target of miR-146a. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that miR-146a regulates cholesterol metabolism and tempers chronic inflammatory responses to atherogenic diet by restraining proinflammatory signaling in endothelial cells and BM-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry S Cheng
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Rickvinder Besla
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Angela Li
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Zhiqi Chen
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Eric A Shikatani
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Maliheh Nazari-Jahantigh
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Adel Hammoutène
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - My-Anh Nguyen
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Michele Geoffrion
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Lei Cai
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Nadiya Khyzha
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Tong Li
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Mansoor Husain
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Myron I Cybulsky
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Ryan E Temel
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Andreas Schober
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Jason E Fish
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.).
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19
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Li J, Ji A, Temel RE, van der Westhuyzen DR, Graf GA. Abstract 390: The Absence of Abcg5 Abcg8 Reveals a Sexually Dimorphic Adaption to Impaired Biliary Cholesterol Secretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.37.suppl_1.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
The ABCG5 ABCG8 (G5G8) sterol transporter is the primary mechanism for biliary cholesterol secretion, but mice maintain fecal sterol excretion in its absence. The mechanism by which mice maintain sterol excretion in the absence of this pathway is not known. Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is an alternative pathway to hepatobiliary secretion. We investigated the impact of G5G8 deficiency on TICE in the absence of Sitosterolemia.
Methods and Results:
We compared both hepatobiliary and transintestinal cholesterol excretion rates in wild-type (WT) and G5G8 deficient mice of both sexes. WT and G5G8 were maintained on a plant-sterol free diet from the time of weaning to prevent the development of secondary phenotypes associated with Sitosterolemia. Biliary and intestinal cholesterol secretion rates were determined by biliary diversion with simultaneous perfusion of the proximal 10 cm of the small bowel. Among WT mice, biliary cholesterol secretion was greater in female mice compared to males. Conversely, male mice exhibited greater rates of TICE than females. As expected, WT mice had higher biliary cholesterol secretion rates than their G5G8 deficient littermates. However, the decline in biliary cholesterol secretion was far less in male mice compared to females in the absence of G5G8. In female mice, the absence of G5G8 resulted in a two-fold increase in TICE, whereas males were unaffected.
Conclusion:
Female mice are more dependent upon the biliary pathway for cholesterol excretion, whereas males are more dependent upon TICE. G5G8 independent pathways are present for both biliary and intestinal cholesterol secretion. Female and male mice differ in their adaptation to G5G8 deficiency in order to maintain fecal sterol excretion.
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20
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Brown JM, Temel RE, Graf GA. Para-bile-osis Establishes a Role for Nonbiliary Macrophage to Feces Reverse Cholesterol Transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:738-739. [PMID: 28446467 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Brown
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (J.M.B.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (R.E.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (G.A.G.)
| | - Ryan E Temel
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (J.M.B.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (R.E.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (G.A.G.)
| | - Gregory A Graf
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (J.M.B.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (R.E.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (G.A.G.).
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21
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Cai L, Layne JD, Paxton SM, Burkett CR, Lee R, Temel RE. Abstract 439: Atherosclerosis Development is Reduced in Mice With Blunted Biliary Cholesterol Secretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.36.suppl_1.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the arteries drives atherosclerosis development. It is believed that biliary cholesterol secretion is crucial for eliminating excess cholesterol from the body via reverse cholesterol transport. In the current study, we wanted to determine the impact of reduced biliary cholesterol secretion on atherosclerosis development in mice. Decreased biliary cholesterol secretion was achieved by hepatic over-expression of human NPC1L1 (L1Tg mice) combined with knockdown of hepatic ABCG5/G8 function using an ABCG8 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). LDLR-/- and LDLR-/-/L1Tg mice received either control or ABCG8 ASO and were fed a high fat (42% Kcal)/low cholesterol diet (0.015% wt/wt) for 20 weeks. As expected, L1Tg mice and mice with hepatic ABCG8 knockdown had an >70% reduction in biliary cholesterol. The dramatic decrease in biliary cholesterol did not increase plasma cholesterol, and in fact mice with hepatic ABCG8 knockdown had reduced VLDL cholesterol. Even more surprising, aortic atherosclerosis was significantly decreased in mice with compromised biliary cholesterol secretion. LDLR-/-/L1Tg treated with ABCG8 ASO had a >90% reduction in biliary cholesterol yet had ~70% less atherosclerosis compared to LDLR-/- controls. Moreover, reducing biliary cholesterol had no impact on macrophage reverse cholesterol transport, fecal excretion of neutral sterol, and hepatic expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis (HMG CoA reductase/synthase) and HDL metabolism (ABCA1 and SR-BI). These results indicate that atherosclerosis development can be decreased by shunting cholesterol away from biliary secretion and potentially towards trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion or bile acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Joseph D Layne
- Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | | | - Richard Lee
- Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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22
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Ouimet M, Hennessy EJ, van Solingen C, Koelwyn GJ, Hussein MA, Ramkhelawon B, Rayner KJ, Temel RE, Perisic L, Hedin U, Maegdefessel L, Garabedian MJ, Holdt LM, Teupser D, Moore KJ. miRNA Targeting of Oxysterol-Binding Protein-Like 6 Regulates Cholesterol Trafficking and Efflux. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:942-951. [PMID: 26941018 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholesterol homeostasis is fundamental to human health and is, thus, tightly regulated. MicroRNAs exert potent effects on biological pathways, including cholesterol metabolism, by repressing genes with related functions. We reasoned that this mode of pathway regulation could be exploited to identify novel genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we identify oxysterol-binding protein-like 6 (OSBPL6) as a novel target of 2 miRNA hubs regulating cholesterol homeostasis: miR-33 and miR-27b. Characterization of OSBPL6 revealed that it is transcriptionally regulated in macrophages and hepatocytes by liver X receptor and in response to cholesterol loading and in mice and nonhuman primates by Western diet feeding. OSBPL6 encodes the OSBPL-related protein 6 (ORP6), which contains dual membrane- and endoplasmic reticulum-targeting motifs. Subcellular localization studies showed that ORP6 is associated with the endolysosomal network and endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting a role for ORP6 in cholesterol trafficking between these compartments. Accordingly, knockdown of OSBPL6 results in aberrant clustering of endosomes and promotes the accumulation of free cholesterol in these structures, resulting in reduced cholesterol esterification at the endoplasmic reticulum. Conversely, ORP6 overexpression enhances cholesterol trafficking and efflux in macrophages and hepatocytes. Moreover, we show that hepatic expression of OSBPL6 is positively correlated with plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a cohort of 200 healthy individuals, whereas its expression is reduced in human atherosclerotic plaques. CONCLUSIONS These studies identify ORP6 as a novel regulator of cholesterol trafficking that is part of the miR-33 and miR-27b target gene networks that contribute to the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Ouimet
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Elizabeth J Hennessy
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Coen van Solingen
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Graeme J Koelwyn
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Maryem A Hussein
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Katey J Rayner
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Ljubica Perisic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael J Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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23
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Layne JD, McDaniel AL, Marshall SM, Kavanagh K, Esau CC, Moore KJ, Temel RE. Abstract 127: Effects of miR-33 Antagonism on Glucose and Triglyceride Metabolism in Nonhuman Primates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.35.suppl_1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). While strategies to lower LDL cholesterol have been successful in reducing CVD-related mortality, there is still an unmet need for developing therapies to reduce the residual risk of atherosclerotic CVD. Plasma HDL cholesterol levels are inversely correlated with CVD risk and thus novel therapies to increase plasma HDL cholesterol levels have garnered much attention in recent years. MicroRNA-33a and b (miR-33a/b) are intronically-encoded microRNAs residing in the sterol response element binding protein genes
SREBF2
and
SREBF1
and suppress the expression of the genes involved in cholesterol efflux and fatty acid oxidation. Recent studies show that antagonism of miR-33 results in increased ABCA1expression and elevated plasma HDL levels in both mice and nonhuman primates. However, findings in mice suggest that long term miR-33 antagonism may lead to hepatic steatosis and increased production of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), the precursor to proatherogenic LDL. In the current study, cynomolgus monkeys were fed a high carbohydrate diet plus Kool Aid prior to administration of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) specific for miR-33a/b. As expected, miR-33 antagonism resulted in elevated plasma total cholesterol levels, predominantly due to increased HDL. No differences in plasma LDL or triglycerides were observed between treatment groups. MiR-33a/b antagonism had no effect on VLDL triglyceride secretion rates. Anti-miR-33 treatment did not promote hepatic lipid accumulation or adversely affect liver transaminase levels. Glucose tolerance tests revealed no differences in either plasma glucose or insulin levels in response to miR-33a/b antagonism. These findings suggest that anti-miR-33 therapy raises HDL cholesterol without negatively impacting either triglyceride or glucose homeostasis in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Layne
- Saha Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | | | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Dept of Pathology, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Kathryn J Moore
- Leon H. Charney Div of Cardiology, New York Univ Sch of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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24
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Temel RE, Brown JM. A new model of reverse cholesterol transport: enTICEing strategies to stimulate intestinal cholesterol excretion. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:440-51. [PMID: 25930707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of mortality in most developed countries. Although recent failed clinical trials and Mendelian randomization studies have called into question the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) hypothesis, it remains well accepted that stimulating the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) can prevent or even regress atherosclerosis. The prevailing model for RCT is that cholesterol from the artery wall must be delivered to the liver where it is secreted into bile before leaving the body through fecal excretion. However, many studies have demonstrated that RCT can proceed through a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE). The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge of the TICE pathway, with emphasis on points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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25
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Warrier M, Shih DM, Burrows AC, Ferguson D, Gromovsky AD, Brown AL, Marshall S, McDaniel A, Schugar RC, Wang Z, Sacks J, Rong X, Vallim TDA, Chou J, Ivanova PT, Myers DS, Brown HA, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Liu X, Parini P, Tontonoz P, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL, Temel RE, Brown JM. The TMAO-Generating Enzyme Flavin Monooxygenase 3 Is a Central Regulator of Cholesterol Balance. Cell Rep 2015; 10:326-338. [PMID: 25600868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of the gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) have recently been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Here, we performed transcriptional profiling in mouse models of altered reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and serendipitously identified the TMAO-generating enzyme flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) as a powerful modifier of cholesterol metabolism and RCT. Knockdown of FMO3 in cholesterol-fed mice alters biliary lipid secretion, blunts intestinal cholesterol absorption, and limits the production of hepatic oxysterols and cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, FMO3 knockdown stimulates basal and liver X receptor (LXR)-stimulated macrophage RCT, thereby improving cholesterol balance. Conversely, FMO3 knockdown exacerbates hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation in part by decreasing hepatic oxysterol levels and subsequent LXR activation. FMO3 is thus identified as a central integrator of hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol metabolism, inflammation, and ER stress. These studies suggest that the gut microbiota-driven TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway is a key regulator of lipid metabolism and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Warrier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Diana M Shih
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy C Burrows
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anthony D Gromovsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Allison McDaniel
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Sacks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xin Rong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Jeff Chou
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David S Myers
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paolo Parini
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aldon J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Okla M, Ha JH, Temel RE, Chung S. BMP7 drives human adipogenic stem cells into metabolically active beige adipocytes. Lipids 2014; 50:111-20. [PMID: 25534037 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adult humans have a substantial amount of inducible-brown (or beige) fat, which is associated with increased energy expenditure and reduced weight gain via thermogenesis. Despite the identification of key regulators of beige adipogenesis, impacts of dietary factors on adaptive thermogenesis are largely unknown, partly due to a lack of validated human cell models. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) is known to promote brown adipogenesis in rodent and human progenitor cells. However, controversy still surrounds the cellular identity in BMP7-mediated transition of white to brown adipocytes. The aim of this study was to confirm BMP7-derived human adipocytes as a relevant in vitro model of human beige adipocyte by verifying the cellular lineage and metabolic activity. In this study, we hypothesized that pre-exposure of the stromal vascular (SV) fraction of primary human adipogenic precursor cells (hASC) to BMP7 would convert metabolically active brown adipocytes. Our results showed that exposure of hASC to human BMP7 was associated with significant escalation of (1) UCP1 gene expression, a signature gene of brown adipocytes, (2) beige specific marker gene expression (i.e., CD137 and TMEM26), (3) glucose and fatty acid uptake, and (4) basal and cAMP-stimulated oxygen consumption rate compared to white adipocyte control. Taken together, we demonstrated that BMP7 mediates conversion of hASC into metabolically active beige adipocytes. By confirming the cellular identity and metabolic activity, this BMP7-induced human beige adipocytes from hASC should aid in the discovery and assessment of bioactive molecules to promote adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshail Okla
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, 316G Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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27
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Hong C, Marshall SM, McDaniel AL, Graham M, Layne JD, Cai L, Scotti E, Boyadjian R, Kim J, Chamberlain BT, Tangirala RK, Jung ME, Fong L, Lee R, Young SG, Temel RE, Tontonoz P. The LXR-Idol axis differentially regulates plasma LDL levels in primates and mice. Cell Metab 2014; 20:910-918. [PMID: 25440061 PMCID: PMC4261644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The LXR-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase IDOL controls LDLR receptor stability independent of SREBP and PCSK9, but its relevance to plasma lipid levels is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the effects of the LXR-IDOL axis are both tissue and species specific. In mice, LXR agonist induces Idol transcript levels in peripheral tissues but not in liver, and does not change plasma LDL levels. Accordingly, Idol-deficient mice exhibit elevated LDLR protein levels in peripheral tissues, but not in the liver. By contrast, LXR activation in cynomolgus monkeys induces hepatic IDOL expression, reduces LDLR protein levels, and raises plasma LDL levels. Knockdown of IDOL in monkeys with an antisense oligonucleotide blunts the effect of LXR agonist on LDL levels. These results implicate IDOL as a modulator of plasma lipid levels in primates and support further investigation into IDOL inhibition as a potential strategy for LDL lowering in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Hong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephanie M Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Allison L McDaniel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mark Graham
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Joseph D Layne
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Elena Scotti
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rima Boyadjian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brian T Chamberlain
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rajendra K Tangirala
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael E Jung
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Loren Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard Lee
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Zhang
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.Z.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (R.E.T.); and Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.M.).
| | - Ryan E Temel
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.Z.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (R.E.T.); and Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Martel
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.Z.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (R.E.T.); and Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.M.)
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29
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Medina MW, Bauzon F, Naidoo D, Theusch E, Stevens K, Schilde J, Schubert C, Mangravite LM, Rudel LL, Temel RE, Runz H, Krauss RM. Transmembrane protein 55B is a novel regulator of cellular cholesterol metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1917-23. [PMID: 25035345 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interindividual variation in pathways affecting cellular cholesterol metabolism can influence levels of plasma cholesterol, a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Inherent variation among immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines from different donors can be leveraged to discover novel genes that modulate cellular cholesterol metabolism. The objective of this study was to identify novel genes that regulate cholesterol metabolism by testing for evidence of correlated gene expression with cellular levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) mRNA, a marker for cellular cholesterol homeostasis, in a large panel of lymphoblastoid cell lines. APPROACH AND RESULTS Expression array profiling was performed on 480 lymphoblastoid cell lines established from participants of the Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics (CAP) statin clinical trial, and transcripts were tested for evidence of correlated expression with HMGCR as a marker of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Of these, transmembrane protein 55b (TMEM55B) showed the strongest correlation (r=0.29; P=4.0E-08) of all genes not previously implicated in cholesterol metabolism and was found to be sterol regulated. TMEM55B knockdown in human hepatoma cell lines promoted the decay rate of the low-density lipoprotein receptor, reduced cell surface low-density lipoprotein receptor protein, impaired low-density lipoprotein uptake, and reduced intracellular cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report identification of TMEM55B as a novel regulator of cellular cholesterol metabolism through the combination of gene expression profiling and functional studies. The findings highlight the value of an integrated genomic approach for identifying genes that influence cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa W Medina
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.).
| | - Frederick Bauzon
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
| | - Devesh Naidoo
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
| | - Elizabeth Theusch
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
| | - Kristen Stevens
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
| | - Jessica Schilde
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
| | - Christian Schubert
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
| | - Lara M Mangravite
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
| | - Ryan E Temel
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
| | - Heiko Runz
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.W.M., F.B., D.N., E.T., K.S., R.M.K.); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (J.S., H.R.); Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA (L.M.M.); Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (L.L.R., R.E.T.); and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., H.R.)
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Chung S, Cuffe H, Marshall SM, McDaniel AL, Ha JH, Kavanagh K, Hong C, Tontonoz P, Temel RE, Parks JS. Dietary cholesterol promotes adipocyte hypertrophy and adipose tissue inflammation in visceral, but not in subcutaneous, fat in monkeys. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1880-7. [PMID: 24969772 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive caloric intake is associated with obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction. However, the role of dietary cholesterol in this process is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether increasing dietary cholesterol intake alters adipose tissue cholesterol content, adipocyte size, and endocrine function in nonhuman primates. APPROACH AND RESULTS Age-matched, male African Green monkeys (n=5 per group) were assigned to 1 of 3 diets containing 0.002 (low [Lo]), 0.2 (medium [Med]), or 0.4 (high [Hi]) mg cholesterol/kcal. After 10 weeks of diet feeding, animals were euthanized for adipose tissue, liver, and plasma collection. With increasing dietary cholesterol, free cholesterol (FC) content and adipocyte size increased in a stepwise manner in visceral, but not in subcutaneous fat, with a significant association between visceral adipocyte size and FC content (r(2)=0.298; n=15; P=0.035). In visceral fat, dietary cholesterol intake was associated with (1) increased proinflammatory gene expression and macrophage recruitment, (2) decreased expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and lipoprotein uptake, and (3) increased expression of proteins involved in FC efflux. CONCLUSIONS Increasing dietary cholesterol selectively increases visceral fat adipocyte size, FC and macrophage content, and proinflammatory gene expression in nonhuman primates. Visceral fat cells seem to compensate for increased dietary cholesterol by limiting cholesterol uptake/synthesis and increasing FC efflux pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonkyu Chung
- From the Department of Pathology, Sections on Lipid Sciences (S.C., H.C., S.M.M., A.L.M., R.E.T., J.S.P.) and Comparative Medicine (K.K.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (S.C.); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville (S.C., J.-H.H.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (C.H., P.T.)
| | - Helen Cuffe
- From the Department of Pathology, Sections on Lipid Sciences (S.C., H.C., S.M.M., A.L.M., R.E.T., J.S.P.) and Comparative Medicine (K.K.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (S.C.); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville (S.C., J.-H.H.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (C.H., P.T.)
| | - Stephanie M Marshall
- From the Department of Pathology, Sections on Lipid Sciences (S.C., H.C., S.M.M., A.L.M., R.E.T., J.S.P.) and Comparative Medicine (K.K.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (S.C.); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville (S.C., J.-H.H.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (C.H., P.T.)
| | - Allison L McDaniel
- From the Department of Pathology, Sections on Lipid Sciences (S.C., H.C., S.M.M., A.L.M., R.E.T., J.S.P.) and Comparative Medicine (K.K.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (S.C.); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville (S.C., J.-H.H.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (C.H., P.T.)
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- From the Department of Pathology, Sections on Lipid Sciences (S.C., H.C., S.M.M., A.L.M., R.E.T., J.S.P.) and Comparative Medicine (K.K.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (S.C.); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville (S.C., J.-H.H.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (C.H., P.T.)
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- From the Department of Pathology, Sections on Lipid Sciences (S.C., H.C., S.M.M., A.L.M., R.E.T., J.S.P.) and Comparative Medicine (K.K.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (S.C.); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville (S.C., J.-H.H.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (C.H., P.T.)
| | - Cynthia Hong
- From the Department of Pathology, Sections on Lipid Sciences (S.C., H.C., S.M.M., A.L.M., R.E.T., J.S.P.) and Comparative Medicine (K.K.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (S.C.); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville (S.C., J.-H.H.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (C.H., P.T.)
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- From the Department of Pathology, Sections on Lipid Sciences (S.C., H.C., S.M.M., A.L.M., R.E.T., J.S.P.) and Comparative Medicine (K.K.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (S.C.); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville (S.C., J.-H.H.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (C.H., P.T.)
| | - Ryan E Temel
- From the Department of Pathology, Sections on Lipid Sciences (S.C., H.C., S.M.M., A.L.M., R.E.T., J.S.P.) and Comparative Medicine (K.K.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (S.C.); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville (S.C., J.-H.H.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (C.H., P.T.)
| | - John S Parks
- From the Department of Pathology, Sections on Lipid Sciences (S.C., H.C., S.M.M., A.L.M., R.E.T., J.S.P.) and Comparative Medicine (K.K.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (S.C.); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville (S.C., J.-H.H.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (C.H., P.T.).
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Marshall SM, Gromovsky AD, Kelley KL, Davis MA, Wilson MD, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Rudel LL, Brown JM, Temel RE. Acute sterol o-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) knockdown rapidly mobilizes hepatic cholesterol for fecal excretion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98953. [PMID: 24901470 PMCID: PMC4047063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is LDL cholesterol, which can be reduced by increasing cholesterol excretion from the body. Fecal cholesterol excretion can be driven by a hepatobiliary as well as a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). We previously showed that chronic knockdown of the hepatic cholesterol esterifying enzyme sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) increased fecal cholesterol loss via TICE. To elucidate the initial events that stimulate TICE, C57Bl/6 mice were fed a high cholesterol diet to induce hepatic cholesterol accumulation and were then treated for 1 or 2 weeks with an antisense oligonucleotide targeting SOAT2. Within 2 weeks of hepatic SOAT2 knockdown (SOAT2HKD), the concentration of cholesteryl ester in the liver was reduced by 70% without a reciprocal increase in hepatic free cholesterol. The rapid mobilization of hepatic cholesterol stores resulted in a ∼ 2-fold increase in fecal neutral sterol loss but no change in biliary cholesterol concentration. Acute SOAT2HKD increased plasma cholesterol carried primarily in lipoproteins enriched in apoB and apoE. Collectively, our data suggest that acutely reducing SOAT2 causes hepatic cholesterol to be swiftly mobilized and packaged onto nascent lipoproteins that feed cholesterol into the TICE pathway for fecal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony D. Gromovsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Kelley
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martha D. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Rosanne M. Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence L. Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Marshall SM, Kelley KL, Davis MA, Wilson MD, McDaniel AL, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Rudel LL, Brown JM, Temel RE. Reduction of VLDL secretion decreases cholesterol excretion in niemann-pick C1-like 1 hepatic transgenic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84418. [PMID: 24404162 PMCID: PMC3880293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective way to reduce LDL cholesterol, the primary risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, is to increase cholesterol excretion from the body. Our group and others have recently found that cholesterol excretion can be facilitated by both hepatobiliary and transintestinal pathways. However, the lipoprotein that moves cholesterol through the plasma to the small intestine for transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) is unknown. To test the hypothesis that hepatic very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) support TICE, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) were used to knockdown hepatic expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), which is necessary for VLDL assembly. While maintained on a high cholesterol diet, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 hepatic transgenic (L1Tg) mice, which predominantly excrete cholesterol via TICE, and wild type (WT) littermates were treated with control ASO or MTP ASO. In both WT and L1Tg mice, MTP ASO decreased VLDL triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol secretion. Regardless of treatment, L1Tg mice had reduced biliary cholesterol compared to WT mice. However, only L1Tg mice treated with MTP ASO had reduced fecal cholesterol excretion. Based upon these findings, we conclude that VLDL or a byproduct such as LDL can move cholesterol from the liver to the small intestine for TICE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Kelley
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martha D. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allison L. McDaniel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Rosanne M. Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence L. Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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McDaniel AL, Temel RE, Brown JM, Lee RG, Graham MJ, Crooke RM. Abstract 106: Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion and Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport are not Stimulated in Hepatic ABCG8 Knockdown Mice Treated with an LXR Agonist. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a recently discovered pathway by which cholesterol travels from plasma to the small intestine for direct excretion into the feces. Hallmarks of animal models with TICE include severely diminished biliary cholesterol secretion but near normal levels of hepatic cholesterol and fecal neutral sterol excretion. Using an ATP binding cassette transporter G8 (ABCG8) antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to knock down ABCG8 specifically in liver (G8
HKD
), we created a novel mouse model with significantly decreased biliary cholesterol excretion but a 658% increase in hepatic cholesterol accumulation and a 78% reduction in fecal neutral sterol excretion, indicating a dysfunction in the TICE pathway. LXR agonists have previously been shown to stimulate the TICE pathway. In order to more definitively prove the TICE pathway was disfunctional in G8
HKD
mice, we treated wild type (WT) and G8
HKD
mice with the LXR agonist T0901317 and measured markers of TICE stimulation. As expected, in WT mice, T0901317 doubled biliary cholesterol concentrations. A similar effect was seen in G8
HKD
mice treated with T0901317, but biliary cholesterol concentrations remained significantly less than their WT counterparts. These levels of biliary cholesterol closely mirrored hepatic ABCG8 mRNA expression. T0901317 stimulated fecal neutral sterol excretion by >1000% in wild type mice but only by 190% in G8
HKD
mice. These data indicate that TICE is disfunctional in G8
HDK
mice since the pathway was not stimulated to the same extent in WT and G8
HKD
mice by an LXR agonist. Some controversy remains over whether the TICE pathway transports macrophage derived cholesterol. In order to address this issue, we performed a macrophage RCT assay on WT and TICE disfunctional G8
HKD
mice. T0901317 stimulated macrophage RCT (fecal neutral sterol 3H dpm) by >2300% in wild type mice but only by 370% in G8
HKD
mice. T0901317 increased fecal acidic sterol 3H count by 65-75% in both wild type and G8
HKD
mice. These results indicate that macrophage RCT is impaired when the TICE pathway is decreased. In sum, our data shows that hepatic ABCG8 plays a key role in the TICE pathway and that impairing the TICE pathway through hepatic ABCG8 knockdown causes decreased macrophage RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L McDaniel
- Dept of Pathology - Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Dept of Pathology - Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - J M Brown
- Dept of Pathology - Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA
| | - Roseanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA
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Beason DP, Hsu JE, Marshall SM, McDaniel AL, Temel RE, Abboud JA, Soslowsky LJ. Hypercholesterolemia increases supraspinatus tendon stiffness and elastic modulus across multiple species. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2013; 22:681-6. [PMID: 22981355 PMCID: PMC3525802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than one-quarter of Americans have hypercholesterolemia and/or are being treated with cholesterol-lowering medications. Given the systemic nature of hypercholesterolemia and remaining questions regarding its effect on tendons at a local level, we sought to assess the utility of small versus large animal model systems for translational studies by exploring the effect of hypercholesterolemia on supraspinatus tendon elastic mechanical properties in mice, rats, and monkeys. We hypothesized that stiffness and elastic modulus would be increased in tendons across species due to hypercholesterolemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Supraspinatus tendons from normal (control) and high-cholesterol (HC) mice, rats, and monkeys were used in this study. After dissection, tendons were geometrically measured and tensile tested with tissue strain measured optically. RESULTS Overall, HC animals had significantly altered plasma lipid profiles. Biomechanical testing showed a significant increase in stiffness compared with control in HC mice and rats, as well as a nonsignificant trend for HC monkeys. Elastic modulus was also significantly increased in HC mice and monkeys, with HC rats showing a trend. CONCLUSIONS The consistency of our findings across species and between small and large animals, combined with the fact that the aged mice were exposed to lifelong hypercholesterolemia (compared with rats and nonhuman primates, which were fed HC diets), suggests that these increased properties may be inherent to the effect of hypercholesterolemia on supraspinatus tendon rather than due to an effect of cumulative exposure time to the effects of HC. Further investigation is needed to confirm this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Beason
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason E. Hsu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Marshall
- Department of Pathology – Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Allison L. McDaniel
- Department of Pathology – Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Department of Pathology – Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joseph A. Abboud
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Louis J. Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Louis J. Soslowsky, PhD, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36 and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA,
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Temel RE, Hong C, McDaniel AL, Marshall SM, Horton JD, Tontonoz P. Abstract 61: LXR Agonist Treatment of Nonhuman Primates Increases LDL Cholesterol due to Decreased Hepatic LDL Receptor Expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is a process whereby cholesterol from foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques is removed by HDL, transported to the liver, secreted into bile, and excreted in the feces. Treatment of mice with LXR agonist can significantly increase RCT and inhibit atherosclerosis. Therefore, it would be anticipated that LXR agonists would also increase RCT and be anti-atherogenic in humans. However, cynomolgus monkeys treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 had significant increases in LDLc, which could be due to elevated hepatic expression of the inducible degrader of the LDL receptor (IDOL). IDOL is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes the ubiquitination of the LDL receptor (LDLR) on its cytoplasmic domain, thereby targeting it for degradation. We recently discovered that GW3965 treatment of mice caused an ~3-fold increase in IDOL expression in the small intestine and consequently increased the turnover of the LDLR. In livers of GW3965 treated mice, LDLR protein was unchanged and IDOL expression was only increased by ~20%. However, treatment of human hepatoma cells with GW3965 increased IDOL 7-fold resulting in very low levels of LDLR protein expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that in humans and nonhuman primates, LXR agonist treatment would increase LDLc by inducing IDOL-dependent degradation of hepatic LDLR. After treating cynomolgus monkeys with GW3965 for 7 days, we found that HDLc was increased by ~20% while LDLc was increased by ~100%. The increase in LDLc was accompanied by a dramatic increase in plasma apoB100 and apoE concentration and a significant decrease in hepatic LDLR protein. We are currently determining the potential role of hepatic IDOL expression on these effects. We also found that unlike mice, monkeys treated with GW3965 did not display an increase in hepatic lipids, biliary cholesterol, and fecal neutral sterol excretion. These findings show that LXR activation has very different effects on lipoprotein metabolism and RCT in monkeys compared to mice. Our data suggest that LXR agonists are likely to exert both pro- and anti-atherosclerotic effects in primates and that these complex effects must be considered in the development of LXR agonists as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Temel
- Pathology/Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Cynthia Hong
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Allison L McDaniel
- Pathology/Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | | | - Peter Tontonoz
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Warrier M, Marshall S, McDaniel A, Wilson M, Brown A, Wang Z, Shih D, Lusis AJ, Lee R, Hazen SL, Temel RE, Brown JM. Abstract 65: Flavin Monoxygenase 3 (FMO3) is a Novel Regulator of Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism and Transintestinal Cholesterol Efflux (TICE). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a novel route for cholesterol disposal through intestine known as transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) that significantly contributes to fecal neutral sterol loss. This pathway is an integral part of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), yet major mechanisms regulating TICE are not well understood. Using an unbiased transcriptional profiling approach in mouse models of augmented TICE, we found that hepatic expression of the enzyme Flavin monoxygenase 3 (FMO3) was dramatically repressed. At the same time we identified this enzyme through transcriptional profiling, it was reported that plasma levels of its product trimethylamineoxide (TMAO) are highly predictive of atheroslcerosis in humans, and TMAO is proatherogenic in mice. To further understand FMO3’s role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism we used antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to knockdown FMO3 expression in mouse liver in C57BL/6 mice fed either low (0.02%) or high (0.2%) levels of dietary cholesterol. As expected, FMO3 knockdown (>90% knockdown in the liver) increased the TMA/TMAO ratio in plasma more than 3-fold. Interestingly, knockdown of FMO biliary cholesterol levels were reduced by 60%, whereas fecal cholesterol loss was quite normal in FMO3 ASO treated mice fed a high cholesterol diet, which phenocopies a previously described mouse model where TICE predominates (NPC1L1-liver transgenic mice). ASO-mediated knockdown of FMO3 also unexpectedly reduced hepatic cholesteryl ester (CE) storage by 70% in mice fed 0.2% cholesterol. In parallel, knockdown of FMO3 reduces plasma VLDL cholesterol levels and the secretion rate of VLDL cholesteryl ester, but not triacylglycerol in cholesterol fed mice. FMO3 knockdown also reduced the hepatic expression of several liver X receptor (LXR) target genes, while increasing expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis. Collectively, these studies have identified FMO3 as a novel regulator of hepatic cholesterol metabolism and TICE. Given that plasma levels of FMO3’s product (TMAO) are strongly associated with atherosclerosis development in humans, and production of TMAO promotes atherosclerosis in mice, these studies have important implications for future cardiovascular drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Warrier
- Pathology - Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Stepahie Marshall
- Pathology - Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Allison McDaniel
- Pathology - Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Martha Wilson
- Pathology - Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Amanda Brown
- Pathology - Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Ohio, Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Diana Shih
- Medicine - Div of Endocrinology, David Geffen Sch of Medicine, Univ of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, CA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Medicine - Div of Cardiology, David Geffen Sch of Medicine, Univ of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, CA
| | - Richard Lee
- Antisense Drug Discovery, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA, CA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Ohio, Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Pathology - Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Pathology - Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Marshall SM, Wilson MD, Kelley KL, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Rudel LL, Brown JM, Temel RE. Abstract 396: Acute Hepatic ACAT2 Knockdown Transiently Increases Plasma and Hepatic Free Cholesterol and Fecal Neutral Sterol Excretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the advent of statins, atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease (ASCVD) remains the number one killer of Americans. A way to reduce LDL cholesterol, the primary risk factor of ASCVD, is to increase cholesterol excretion from the body. Our group and others have recently found that cholesterol excretion can be facilitated by both biliary and non-biliary pathways. The lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol from the liver through the plasma to the small intestine for transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is not yet known. We have previously shown that chronic knockdown in mice of hepatic acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), a cellular enzyme that converts free cholesterol (FC) into cholesteryl ester (CE), appeared to cause the formation of hepatic apoB-containing lipoproteins that preferentially trafficked cholesterol to the small intestine for TICE. We tested the hypothesis that the plasma concentration of TICE-competent, apoB-containing lipoproteins, could be increased by preloading the liver with cholesterol and then acutely depleting the cholesterol by knocking down hepatic ACAT2 with antisense oligonucleotides (ASO). After feeding a high cholesterol (0.2% wt/wt) diet for six weeks, C57BL/6 mice were treated with control non-targeting ASO or ACAT2 ASO for one or two weeks. After only one week of ACAT2 knockdown (ACAT2KD) hepatic ACAT2 protein expression was decreased nearly 80%. This translated into a 50% decrease in hepatic CE concentration in conjunction with a rarely seen 2-fold increase in hepatic FC concentration. Acute hepatic ACAT2KD increased plasma FC levels by 25%, which subsided after two weeks of treatment. The increased plasma FC was primarily associated with large and small LDL. After one week of hepatic ACAT2KD mice had a minor, non-significant increase in biliary cholesterol levels but had a 2-fold increase in fecal neutral sterol (FNS) excretion. In summary our data show that when CE is rapidly cleared from the liver, FNS levels dramatically increase with a transient increase in hepatic and plasma FC levels. We believe that in the ACAT2KD mice the increased plasma FC associated with LDL is feeding into TICE thus resulting in increased FNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martha D Wilson
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Kathryn L Kelley
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Richard G Lee
- Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA
| | | | - Mark J Graham
- Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - J M Brown
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
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Bura KS, Lord C, Marshall S, McDaniel A, Thomas G, Warrier M, Zhang J, Davis MA, Sawyer JK, Shah R, Wilson MD, Dikkers A, Tietge UJF, Collet X, Rudel LL, Temel RE, Brown JM. Intestinal SR-BI does not impact cholesterol absorption or transintestinal cholesterol efflux in mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1567-1577. [PMID: 23564696 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m034454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) can proceed through the classic hepatobiliary route or through the nonbiliary transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) pathway. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) plays a critical role in the classic hepatobiliary route of RCT. However, the role of SR-BI in TICE has not been studied. To examine the role of intestinal SR-BI in TICE, sterol balance was measured in control mice and mice transgenically overexpressing SR-BI in the proximal small intestine (SR-BI(hApoCIII-ApoAIV-Tg)). SR-BI(hApoCIII-ApoAIV-Tg) mice had significantly lower plasma cholesterol levels compared with wild-type controls, yet SR-BI(hApoCIII-ApoAIV-Tg) mice had normal fractional cholesterol absorption and fecal neutral sterol excretion. Both in the absence or presence of ezetimibe, intestinal SR-BI overexpression had no impact on the amount of cholesterol excreted in the feces. To specifically study effects of intestinal SR-BI on TICE we crossed SR-BI(hApoCIII-ApoAIV-Tg) mice into a mouse model that preferentially utilized the TICE pathway for RCT (Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 liver transgenic), and likewise found no alterations in cholesterol absorption or fecal sterol excretion. Finally, mice lacking SR-BI in all tissues also exhibited normal cholesterol absorption and fecal cholesterol disposal. Collectively, these results suggest that SR-BI is not rate limiting for intestinal cholesterol absorption or for fecal neutral sterol loss through the TICE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwardeep S Bura
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Caleb Lord
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Allison McDaniel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Gwyn Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Manya Warrier
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Matthew A Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Janet K Sawyer
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Ramesh Shah
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Martha D Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Arne Dikkers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Collet
- INSERM U1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases of Rangueil Hospital, BP 84225, Toulouse, France
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
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McDaniel AL, Alger HM, Sawyer JK, Kelley KL, Kock ND, Brown JM, Temel RE, Rudel LL. Phytosterol feeding causes toxicity in ABCG5/G8 knockout mice. Am J Pathol 2013; 182:1131-8. [PMID: 23380580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant sterols, or phytosterols, are very similar in structure to cholesterol and are abundant in typical diets. The reason for poor absorption of plant sterols by the body is still unknown. Mutations in the ABC transporters G5 and G8 are known to cause an accumulation of plant sterols in blood and tissues (sitosterolemia). To determine the significance of phytosterol exclusion from the body, we fed wild-type and ABCG5/G8 knockout mice a diet enriched with plant sterols. The high-phytosterol diet was extremely toxic to the ABCG5/G8 knockout mice but had no adverse effects on wild-type mice. ABCG5/G8 knockout mice died prematurely and developed a phenotype that included high levels of plant sterols in many tissues, liver abnormalities, and severe cardiac lesions. This study is the first to report such toxic effects of phytosterol accumulation in ABCG5/G8 knockout mice. We believe these new data support the conclusion that plant sterols are excluded from the body because they are toxic when present at high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L McDaniel
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Saddar S, Carriere V, Lee WR, Tanigaki K, Yuhanna IS, Parathath S, Morel E, Warrier M, Sawyer JK, Gerard RD, Temel RE, Brown JM, Connelly M, Mineo C, Shaul PW. Scavenger receptor class B type I is a plasma membrane cholesterol sensor. Circ Res 2012; 112:140-51. [PMID: 23023567 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.280081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Signal initiation by the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI), which is important to actions of HDL on endothelium and other processes, requires cholesterol efflux and the C-terminal transmembrane domain. The C-terminal transmembrane domain uniquely interacts with plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol. OBJECTIVE The molecular basis and functional significance of SR-BI interaction with PM cholesterol are unknown. We tested the hypotheses that the interaction is required for SR-BI signaling, and that it enables SR-BI to serve as a PM cholesterol sensor. METHODS AND RESULTS In studies performed in COS-M6 cells, mutation of a highly conserved C-terminal transmembrane domain glutamine to alanine (SR-BI-Q445A) decreased PM cholesterol interaction with the receptor by 71% without altering HDL binding or cholesterol uptake or efflux, and it yielded a receptor incapable of HDL-induced signaling. Signaling prompted by cholesterol efflux to methyl-β-cyclodextrin also was prevented, indicating that PM cholesterol interaction with the receptor enables it to serve as a PM cholesterol sensor. Using SR-BI-Q445A, we further demonstrated that PM cholesterol sensing by SR-BI does not influence SR-BI-mediated reverse cholesterol transport to the liver in mice. However, the PM cholesterol sensing does underlie apolipoprotein B intracellular trafficking in response to postprandial micelles or methyl-β-cyclodextrin in cultured enterocytes, and it is required for HDL activation of endothelial NO synthase and migration in cultured endothelial cells and HDL-induced angiogenesis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Through interaction with PM cholesterol, SR-BI serves as a PM cholesterol sensor, and the resulting intracellular signaling governs processes in both enterocytes and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Saddar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Rayner KJ, Sheedy FJ, Esau C, Hussain FN, Temel RE, Parathath S, van Gils J, Rayner A, Chang A, Suarez Y, Fernandez-Hernando C, Fisher EA, Moore KJ. Abstract 45: Antiatherosclerotic Effects of miR-33 Inhibition: Increased Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Alternative-Activation (M2) of Macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.32.suppl_1.a45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasma HDL levels have a protective role in atherosclerosis, yet clinical therapies to raise HDL and exploit its atheroprotective effects have remained elusive. Recent studies identified miR-33 as an intronic microRNA, located within the SREBF2 gene, that suppresses expression of the cholesterol transporter ABC transporter A1 (ABCA1) and lowers HDL levels. Conversely, mechanisms that inhibit miR-33 increase ABCA1 and plasma HDL, suggesting that antagonism of miR-33 may be atheroprotective. We hypothesized that systemic delivery of an oligonucleotide inhibitor of miR-33 would increase plasma HDL and promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), and therefore have a beneficial impact on atherosclerosis. To test this, we treated Ldlr
-/-
mice with established atherosclerotic plaques with anti-miR33 or a control anti-miR for 4 weeks. Treatment with anti-miR-33 increased circulating HDL levels by 37% and enhanced RCT to the plasma, liver, and feces by up to 80%. Consistent with this, anti-miR33-treated mice showed a marked reduction in plaque size and lipid content, as well as an increase in indicators of plaque stability. Laser capture microdissection of lesional CD68+ cells demonstrated that anti-miR33 oligonucleotides directly targeted the plaque macrophages, where they enhanced ABCA1 expression and cholesterol removal. Moreover, macrophages from anti-miR33-treated mice showed an enrichment in anti-inflammatory M2 markers (Arg1, Il10) and reduced expression of proinflammatory M1 markers (iNos and Tnfa). Notably, overexpression of miR-33 in pMφ in vitro decreases markers of the M2 phenotype, Arg1 and Il-4, and increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as Tnfa and Il-1b. In contrast, anti-miR-33 polarizes pMφ to an M2 phenotype (Arg1, Fizz1, Il-10 and Il-4), with an associated downregulation of inflammatory genes (Tnfa, Il-1b). Overall, these results indicate that anti-miR33 has multiple beneficial effects on atherosclerosis, including increasing HDL and RCT, and reducing lesional inflammation by promoting macrophage polarization to the reparative M2 state, highlighting the promise for anti-miR33 therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ryan E Temel
- Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Marshall SM, Kelley KL, Davis M, Wilson MD, Rudel LL, Brown JM, Temel RE. Abstract 68: Reducing Hepatic Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Production by Knockdown of Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Decreases Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.32.suppl_1.a68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease (ASCVD) remains the number one killer of Americans. A way to reduce the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), the primary risk factor of ASCVD, is to increase cholesterol excretion from the body. Our group and others have recently found that cholesterol excretion can be facilitated by both biliary and non-biliary pathways. The lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol from the liver through the plasma to the small intestine (SI) for transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is not yet known. We hypothesized that cholesterol leaves the liver via very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) for TICE. We assessed this hypothesis by using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to knockdown hepatic expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), which is necessary for VLDL assembly. While maintained on a high cholesterol (0.2% wt/wt) diet for six weeks, wild type (WT) mice and hepatic Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 transgenic mice (L1Tg), which predominantly excrete cholesterol via TICE, were treated with control ASO or MTP ASO. In both WT and L1Tg mice, MTP ASO decreased hepatic MTP protein expression by 60% and increased hepatic total cholesterol concentration 3.5 fold. Regardless of treatment with control or MTP ASO, L1Tg mice had an 80% reduction in biliary cholesterol compared to WT mice. However, L1Tg mice treated with MTP ASO displayed a 60% reduction in fecal neutral sterol (FNS) excretion. In summary our data show that when VLDL production is decreased in mice with reduced biliary cholesterol secretion capacity, FNS excretion is impaired. These data support our conclusion that cholesterol leaves the liver through VLDL for TICE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn L Kelley
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Matthew Davis
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Martha D Wilson
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - John M Brown
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is critical for disposal of excess cholesterol from the body. Although it is generally accepted that RCT requires biliary secretion, recent studies show that RCT persists in genetic or surgical models of biliary insufficiency. Discovery of this nonbiliary pathway has opened new possibilities of targeting the intestine as an inducible cholesterol excretory organ. In this review we highlight the relative contribution and therapeutic potential for both biliary and nonbiliary components of RCT. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, the proximal small intestine has gained attention for its underappreciated ability to secrete cholesterol in a process called transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). Although this intestinal pathway for RCT is quantitatively less important than the biliary route under normal physiological conditions, TICE is highly inducible, providing a novel therapeutic opportunity for treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In fact, recent studies show that intestine-specific activation of RCT protects against ASCVD in mice. SUMMARY It is well known that the small intestine plays a gatekeeper role in the maintenance of cholesterol balance. Through integrated regulation of cholesterol absorption and TICE, the small intestine is a key target for new therapies against ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Temel
- Department of Pathology-Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology-Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
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44
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Owens AP, Passam FH, Antoniak S, Marshall SM, McDaniel AL, Rudel L, Williams JC, Hubbard BK, Dutton JA, Wang J, Tobias PS, Curtiss LK, Daugherty A, Kirchhofer D, Luyendyk JP, Moriarty PM, Nagarajan S, Furie BC, Furie B, Johns DG, Temel RE, Mackman N. Monocyte tissue factor-dependent activation of coagulation in hypercholesterolemic mice and monkeys is inhibited by simvastatin. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:558-68. [PMID: 22214850 DOI: 10.1172/jci58969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. It also is associated with platelet hyperactivity, which increases morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms by which hypercholesterolemia produces a procoagulant state remain undefined. Atherosclerosis is associated with accumulation of oxidized lipoproteins within atherosclerotic lesions. Small quantities of oxidized lipoproteins are also present in the circulation of patients with coronary artery disease. We therefore hypothesized that hypercholesterolemia leads to elevated levels of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in plasma and that this induces expression of the procoagulant protein tissue factor (TF) in monocytes. In support of this hypothesis, we report here that oxLDL induced TF expression in human monocytic cells and monocytes. In addition, patients with familial hypercholesterolemia had elevated levels of plasma microparticle (MP) TF activity. Furthermore, a high-fat diet induced a time-dependent increase in plasma MP TF activity and activation of coagulation in both LDL receptor-deficient mice and African green monkeys. Genetic deficiency of TF in bone marrow cells reduced coagulation in hypercholesterolemic mice, consistent with a major role for monocyte-derived TF in the activation of coagulation. Similarly, a deficiency of either TLR4 or TLR6 reduced levels of MP TF activity. Simvastatin treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice and monkeys reduced oxLDL, monocyte TF expression, MP TF activity, activation of coagulation, and inflammation, without affecting total cholesterol levels. Our results suggest that the prothrombotic state associated with hypercholesterolemia is caused by oxLDL-mediated induction of TF expression in monocytes via engagement of a TLR4/TLR6 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Phillip Owens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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45
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Rayner KJ, Sheedy FJ, Esau CC, Hussain FN, Temel RE, Parathath S, van Gils JM, Rayner AJ, Chang AN, Suarez Y, Fernandez-Hernando C, Fisher EA, Moore KJ. Antagonism of miR-33 in mice promotes reverse cholesterol transport and regression of atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2921-31. [PMID: 21646721 DOI: 10.1172/jci57275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma HDL levels have a protective role in atherosclerosis, yet clinical therapies to raise HDL levels have remained elusive. Recent advances in the understanding of lipid metabolism have revealed that miR-33, an intronic microRNA located within the SREBF2 gene, suppresses expression of the cholesterol transporter ABC transporter A1 (ABCA1) and lowers HDL levels. Conversely, mechanisms that inhibit miR-33 increase ABCA1 and circulating HDL levels, suggesting that antagonism of miR-33 may be atheroprotective. As the regression of atherosclerosis is clinically desirable, we assessed the impact of miR-33 inhibition in mice deficient for the LDL receptor (Ldlr-/- mice), with established atherosclerotic plaques. Mice treated with anti-miR33 for 4 weeks showed an increase in circulating HDL levels and enhanced reverse cholesterol transport to the plasma, liver, and feces. Consistent with this, anti-miR33-treated mice showed reductions in plaque size and lipid content, increased markers of plaque stability, and decreased inflammatory gene expression. Notably, in addition to raising ABCA1 levels in the liver, anti-miR33 oligonucleotides directly targeted the plaque macrophages, in which they enhanced ABCA1 expression and cholesterol removal. These studies establish that raising HDL levels by anti-miR33 oligonucleotide treatment promotes reverse cholesterol transport and atherosclerosis regression and suggest that it may be a promising strategy to treat atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katey J Rayner
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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46
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Medina MW, Gao F, Naidoo D, Rudel LL, Temel RE, McDaniel AL, Marshall SM, Krauss RM. Coordinately regulated alternative splicing of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19420. [PMID: 21559365 PMCID: PMC3084847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake are transcriptionally regulated in response to cellular sterol content in a coordinated manner. A number of these genes, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and LDL receptor (LDLR), undergo alternative splicing, resulting in reductions of enzyme or protein activity. Here we demonstrate that cellular sterol depletion suppresses, and sterol loading induces, alternative splicing of multiple genes involved in the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis including HMGCR and LDLR, the key regulators of cellular cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, respectively. These changes were observed in both in vitro studies of the HepG2 human hepatoma derived cell line, as well as in vivo studies of St. Kitts vervets, also known as African green monkeys, a commonly used primate model for investigating cholesterol metabolism. These effects are mediated in part by sterol regulation of polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1), since knock-down of PTBP1 eliminates sterol induced changes in alternative splicing of several of these genes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that influence HMGCR and LDLR alternative splicing (rs3846662 and rs688, respectively), have been associated with variation in plasma LDL-cholesterol levels. Sterol-induced changes in alternative splicing are blunted in carriers of the minor alleles for each of these SNPs, indicating an interaction between genetic and non-genetic regulation of this process. Our results implicate alternative splicing as a novel mechanism of enhancing the robust transcriptional response to conditions of cellular cholesterol depletion or accumulation. Thus coordinated regulation of alternative splicing may contribute to cellular cholesterol homeostasis as well as plasma LDL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Wong Medina
- Department of Atherosclerosis Research, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America.
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47
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Abstract
Reduction of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol through statin therapy has only modestly decreased coronary heart disease (CHD)-associated mortality in developed countries, which has prompted the search for alternative therapeutic strategies for CHD. Major efforts are now focused on therapies that augment high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), and ultimately increase the fecal disposal of cholesterol. The process of RCT has long been thought to simply involve HDL-mediated delivery of peripheral cholesterol to the liver for biliary excretion out of the body. However, recent studies have revealed a novel pathway for RCT that does not rely on biliary secretion. This non-biliary pathway rather involves the direct excretion of cholesterol by the proximal small intestine. Compared to RCT therapies that augment biliary sterol loss, modulation of non-biliary fecal sterol loss through the intestine is a much more attractive therapeutic strategy, given that excessive biliary cholesterol secretion can promote gallstone formation. However, we are at an early stage in understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the non-biliary pathway for RCT, and much additional work is required in order to effectively target this pathway for CHD prevention. The purpose of this review is to discuss our current understanding of biliary and non-biliary contributions to RCT with particular emphasis on the possibility of targeting the intestine as an inducible cholesterol secretory organ.
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48
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Temel RE, Sawyer JK, Yu L, Lord C, Degirolamo C, McDaniel A, Marshall S, Wang N, Shah R, Rudel LL, Brown JM. Biliary sterol secretion is not required for macrophage reverse cholesterol transport. Cell Metab 2010; 12:96-102. [PMID: 20620999 PMCID: PMC2913877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the intestine may play a direct facilitative role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), independent of hepatobiliary secretion. In order to understand the nonbiliary pathway for RCT, we created both genetic and surgical models of biliary cholesterol insufficiency. To genetically inhibit biliary cholesterol secretion, we generated mice in which Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) was overexpressed in the liver. Compared to controls, NPC1L1(Liver-Tg) mice exhibit a >90% decrease in biliary cholesterol secretion, yet mass fecal sterol loss and macrophage RCT are normal. To surgically inhibit biliary emptying into the intestine, we have established an acute biliary diversion model. Strikingly, macrophage RCT persists in mice surgically lacking the ability to secrete bile into the intestine. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that mass fecal sterol loss and macrophage RCT can proceed in the absence of biliary sterol secretion, challenging the obligate role of bile in RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Temel
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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49
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Temel RE, Brown JM, Ma Y, Tang W, Rudel LL, Ioannou YA, Davies JP, Yu L. Diosgenin stimulation of fecal cholesterol excretion in mice is not NPC1L1 dependent. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:915-23. [PMID: 19141868 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800631-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diosgenin exists in some food supplements and herbal medicines and lowers plasma cholesterol by increasing fecal cholesterol excretion. It is believed that diosgenin promotes fecal cholesterol excretion by stimulating biliary cholesterol secretion and decreasing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) was recently identified as an essential protein for intestinal cholesterol absorption. To determine the relative contribution of biliary secretion and intestinal absorption of cholesterol in diosgenin-stimulated fecal cholesterol excretion, wild-type (WT) and NPC1L1-knockout (L1KO) mice were fed a diet with or without 1% diosgenin. Fecal cholesterol excretion (mumol/day/100 g body weight) increased in diosgenin-fed WT and L1KO mice from 4.2 to 52 and from 63 to 140, respectively. Surprisingly, this increase in diosgenin-treated versus untreated L1KO mice (77) was even greater than that seen in diosgenin-treated versus untreated WT mice (47.8). Additionally, WT and L1KO mice fed the diosgenin diet had similar increases in biliary cholesterol concentration, despite unaltered hepatic expression of the hepatobiliary cholesterol transporter, ATP binding cassette transporters G5 and G8. Facilitated cholesterol excretion in diosgenin-treated WT and L1KO mice was associated with decreased hepatic and plasma cholesterol and increased liver expression of cholesterol synthetic genes. In contrast, diosgenin had no effect on the intestinal expression of NPC1L1 and cholesterol synthetic genes. In an in vitro assay, diosgenin was unable to block NPC1L1-dependent cholesterol uptake. In conclusion, diosgenin stimulation of fecal cholesterol excretion is independent of NPC1L1-mediated cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Temel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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50
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Temel RE, Tang W, Ma Y, Rudel LL, Willingham MC, Ioannou YA, Davies JP, Nilsson LM, Yu L. Hepatic Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 regulates biliary cholesterol concentration and is a target of ezetimibe. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1968-78. [PMID: 17571164 PMCID: PMC1888567 DOI: 10.1172/jci30060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) is required for cholesterol absorption. Intestinal NPC1L1 appears to be a target of ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor that effectively lowers plasma LDL-cholesterol in humans. However, human liver also expresses NPC1L1. Hepatic function of NPC1L1 was previously unknown, but we recently discovered that NPC1L1 localizes to the canalicular membrane of primate hepatocytes and that NPC1L1 facilitates cholesterol uptake in hepatoma cells. Based upon these findings, we hypothesized that hepatic NPC1L1 allows the retention of biliary cholesterol by hepatocytes and that ezetimibe disrupts hepatic function of NPC1L1. To test this hypothesis, transgenic mice expressing human NPC1L1 in hepatocytes (L1-Tg mice) were created. Hepatic overexpression of NPC1L1 resulted in a 10- to 20-fold decrease in biliary cholesterol concentration, but not phospholipid and bile acid concentrations. This decrease was associated with a 30%-60% increase in plasma cholesterol, mainly because of the accumulation of apoE-rich HDL. Biliary and plasma cholesterol concentrations in these animals were virtually returned to normal with ezetimibe treatment. These findings suggest that in humans, ezetimibe may reduce plasma cholesterol by inhibiting NPC1L1 function in both intestine and liver, and hepatic NPC1L1 may have evolved to protect the body from excessive biliary loss of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Temel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weiqing Tang
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yinyan Ma
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lawrence L. Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark C. Willingham
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yiannis A. Ioannou
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna P. Davies
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa-Mari Nilsson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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