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Hernandez Nopsa JF, Daglish GJ, Hagstrum DW, Leslie JF, Phillips TW, Scoglio C, Thomas-Sharma S, Walter GH, Garrett KA. Ecological Networks in Stored Grain: Key Postharvest Nodes for Emerging Pests, Pathogens, and Mycotoxins. Bioscience 2015; 65:985-1002. [PMID: 26955074 PMCID: PMC4718207 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is at peak quality soon after harvest. Subsequently, diverse biota use wheat as a resource in storage, including insects and mycotoxin-producing fungi. Transportation networks for stored grain are crucial to food security and provide a model system for an analysis of the population structure, evolution, and dispersal of biota in networks. We evaluated the structure of rail networks for grain transport in the United States and Eastern Australia to identify the shortest paths for the anthropogenic dispersal of pests and mycotoxins, as well as the major sources, sinks, and bridges for movement. We found important differences in the risk profile in these two countries and identified priority control points for sampling, detection, and management. An understanding of these key locations and roles within the network is a new type of basic research result in postharvest science and will provide insights for the integrated pest management of high-risk subpopulations, such as pesticide-resistant insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Hernandez Nopsa
- John F. Hernandez Nopsa ( ) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and the Plant Pathology Department at the University of Florida (UF), in Gainesville, and was formerly a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University (KSU), in Manhattan, and affiliated with the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), in Canberra, Australia. Gregory J. Daglish is a principal research scientist at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, in Queensland, and is affiliated with the CRC. David W. Hagstrum is a professor in the Department of Entomology at KSU. John F. Leslie is a university distinguished professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Thomas W. Phillips is Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. Endowed Professor in Stored-Product Protection in the Department of Entomology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Caterina Scoglio is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Sara Thomas-Sharma was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is currently in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Gimme H. Walter is a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and is affiliated with the CRC. Karen A. Garrett ( ) is a preeminent professor in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Plant Pathology Department at UF, is affiliated with the CRC, and was formerly a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU
| | - Gregory J Daglish
- John F. Hernandez Nopsa ( ) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and the Plant Pathology Department at the University of Florida (UF), in Gainesville, and was formerly a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University (KSU), in Manhattan, and affiliated with the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), in Canberra, Australia. Gregory J. Daglish is a principal research scientist at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, in Queensland, and is affiliated with the CRC. David W. Hagstrum is a professor in the Department of Entomology at KSU. John F. Leslie is a university distinguished professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Thomas W. Phillips is Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. Endowed Professor in Stored-Product Protection in the Department of Entomology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Caterina Scoglio is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Sara Thomas-Sharma was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is currently in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Gimme H. Walter is a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and is affiliated with the CRC. Karen A. Garrett ( ) is a preeminent professor in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Plant Pathology Department at UF, is affiliated with the CRC, and was formerly a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU
| | - David W Hagstrum
- John F. Hernandez Nopsa ( ) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and the Plant Pathology Department at the University of Florida (UF), in Gainesville, and was formerly a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University (KSU), in Manhattan, and affiliated with the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), in Canberra, Australia. Gregory J. Daglish is a principal research scientist at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, in Queensland, and is affiliated with the CRC. David W. Hagstrum is a professor in the Department of Entomology at KSU. John F. Leslie is a university distinguished professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Thomas W. Phillips is Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. Endowed Professor in Stored-Product Protection in the Department of Entomology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Caterina Scoglio is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Sara Thomas-Sharma was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is currently in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Gimme H. Walter is a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and is affiliated with the CRC. Karen A. Garrett ( ) is a preeminent professor in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Plant Pathology Department at UF, is affiliated with the CRC, and was formerly a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU
| | - John F Leslie
- John F. Hernandez Nopsa ( ) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and the Plant Pathology Department at the University of Florida (UF), in Gainesville, and was formerly a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University (KSU), in Manhattan, and affiliated with the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), in Canberra, Australia. Gregory J. Daglish is a principal research scientist at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, in Queensland, and is affiliated with the CRC. David W. Hagstrum is a professor in the Department of Entomology at KSU. John F. Leslie is a university distinguished professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Thomas W. Phillips is Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. Endowed Professor in Stored-Product Protection in the Department of Entomology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Caterina Scoglio is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Sara Thomas-Sharma was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is currently in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Gimme H. Walter is a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and is affiliated with the CRC. Karen A. Garrett ( ) is a preeminent professor in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Plant Pathology Department at UF, is affiliated with the CRC, and was formerly a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU
| | - Thomas W Phillips
- John F. Hernandez Nopsa ( ) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and the Plant Pathology Department at the University of Florida (UF), in Gainesville, and was formerly a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University (KSU), in Manhattan, and affiliated with the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), in Canberra, Australia. Gregory J. Daglish is a principal research scientist at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, in Queensland, and is affiliated with the CRC. David W. Hagstrum is a professor in the Department of Entomology at KSU. John F. Leslie is a university distinguished professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Thomas W. Phillips is Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. Endowed Professor in Stored-Product Protection in the Department of Entomology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Caterina Scoglio is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Sara Thomas-Sharma was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is currently in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Gimme H. Walter is a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and is affiliated with the CRC. Karen A. Garrett ( ) is a preeminent professor in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Plant Pathology Department at UF, is affiliated with the CRC, and was formerly a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU
| | - Caterina Scoglio
- John F. Hernandez Nopsa ( ) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and the Plant Pathology Department at the University of Florida (UF), in Gainesville, and was formerly a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University (KSU), in Manhattan, and affiliated with the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), in Canberra, Australia. Gregory J. Daglish is a principal research scientist at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, in Queensland, and is affiliated with the CRC. David W. Hagstrum is a professor in the Department of Entomology at KSU. John F. Leslie is a university distinguished professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Thomas W. Phillips is Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. Endowed Professor in Stored-Product Protection in the Department of Entomology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Caterina Scoglio is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Sara Thomas-Sharma was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is currently in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Gimme H. Walter is a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and is affiliated with the CRC. Karen A. Garrett ( ) is a preeminent professor in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Plant Pathology Department at UF, is affiliated with the CRC, and was formerly a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU
| | - Sara Thomas-Sharma
- John F. Hernandez Nopsa ( ) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and the Plant Pathology Department at the University of Florida (UF), in Gainesville, and was formerly a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University (KSU), in Manhattan, and affiliated with the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), in Canberra, Australia. Gregory J. Daglish is a principal research scientist at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, in Queensland, and is affiliated with the CRC. David W. Hagstrum is a professor in the Department of Entomology at KSU. John F. Leslie is a university distinguished professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Thomas W. Phillips is Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. Endowed Professor in Stored-Product Protection in the Department of Entomology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Caterina Scoglio is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Sara Thomas-Sharma was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is currently in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Gimme H. Walter is a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and is affiliated with the CRC. Karen A. Garrett ( ) is a preeminent professor in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Plant Pathology Department at UF, is affiliated with the CRC, and was formerly a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU
| | - Gimme H Walter
- John F. Hernandez Nopsa ( ) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and the Plant Pathology Department at the University of Florida (UF), in Gainesville, and was formerly a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University (KSU), in Manhattan, and affiliated with the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), in Canberra, Australia. Gregory J. Daglish is a principal research scientist at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, in Queensland, and is affiliated with the CRC. David W. Hagstrum is a professor in the Department of Entomology at KSU. John F. Leslie is a university distinguished professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Thomas W. Phillips is Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. Endowed Professor in Stored-Product Protection in the Department of Entomology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Caterina Scoglio is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Sara Thomas-Sharma was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is currently in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Gimme H. Walter is a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and is affiliated with the CRC. Karen A. Garrett ( ) is a preeminent professor in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Plant Pathology Department at UF, is affiliated with the CRC, and was formerly a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU
| | - Karen A Garrett
- John F. Hernandez Nopsa ( ) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and the Plant Pathology Department at the University of Florida (UF), in Gainesville, and was formerly a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University (KSU), in Manhattan, and affiliated with the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), in Canberra, Australia. Gregory J. Daglish is a principal research scientist at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, in Queensland, and is affiliated with the CRC. David W. Hagstrum is a professor in the Department of Entomology at KSU. John F. Leslie is a university distinguished professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Thomas W. Phillips is Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. Endowed Professor in Stored-Product Protection in the Department of Entomology at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Caterina Scoglio is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at KSU and is affiliated with the CRC. Sara Thomas-Sharma was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU and is currently in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Gimme H. Walter is a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and is affiliated with the CRC. Karen A. Garrett ( ) is a preeminent professor in the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Plant Pathology Department at UF, is affiliated with the CRC, and was formerly a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at KSU
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Mutiga SK, Hoffmann V, Harvey JW, Milgroom MG, Nelson RJ. Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination of Maize in Western Kenya. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1250-1261. [PMID: 25894319 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-14-0269-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a survey of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize in western Kenya. In a regional survey of aflatoxin conducted in 2009 across three agroecological zones within three administrative regions, milled maize samples were collected from 985 patrons of 26 hammer mills. Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 49% of samples and was above the regulatory (10 ppb) in 15% of the samples overall; 65% of samples from a drought-prone area were over the limit. In a detailed survey in Bungoma County, we investigated aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in four popular maize varieties at harvest and after 2 and 4 months of storage. We collected whole-grain samples from farmers' storage sheds and milled samples from patrons of local mills. Mean aflatoxin contamination was identical for storage sheds and mills at 2.3 ppb. In all, 41% of the samples from mills had detectable aflatoxin, with 4% over the regulatory limit, whereas 87% had detectable fumonisin, with 50% over the regulatory limit (1 ppm). Mean contamination levels did not change during storage. Maize varieties differed in fumonisin contamination, with the most popular varieties vulnerable to both mycotoxins and weevils, which are potential factors in exacerbating mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin surveillance is important not just in areas known previously for aflatoxin contamination and acute poisoning but also is needed in all maize-producing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mutiga
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - V Hoffmann
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - J W Harvey
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - M G Milgroom
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - R J Nelson
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Ashiq S. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:159-175. [PMID: 33401806 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Ashiq
- Ashiq is from Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
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