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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Woolf
- Research Department of Medical Education, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital London, UK
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Bush AA. A Conceptual Framework for Exploring the Experiences of Underrepresented Racial Minorities in Pharmacy School. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2020; 84:7544. [PMID: 32292197 PMCID: PMC7055416 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To explore the social and academic experiences of students identifying as underrepresented racial minorities (URMs) in a pharmacy school, how they made meaning of their experiences, and the strategic actions they took to navigate towards degree completion. Methods. Twenty students from a school of pharmacy within a research-intensive institution participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed through several rounds of coding. Trustworthiness procedures included the use of multiple coders, a dependability audit, and analytic memos to promote reflexivity. Results. The study yields a conceptual model. Pre-pharmacy school factors such as pipeline programs, work experiences, family, and URM health professionals impacted students' interest in and encouragement to attend pharmacy school. Students reported experiences including a lack of diversity, feeling unwelcomed, and concerns about cultural competency and group work challenges. Students were motivated by URM faculty members, self-efficacy, and a sense of purpose. Students were inhibited by the mental impact of sociopolitical events, the pressures of representing their race/ethnicity, and feeling inferior. Students took several actions to navigate the school including "code-switching," finding solace and support with other URMs, seeking cultural competence-related experiences to complement the curriculum, and strategically remaining silent or speaking up during group work conflicts. Conclusion. This exploratory study provides a roadmap to better understand URM students' journey to pharmacy school and experiences therein. Findings could be used by pharmacy schools to create a more inclusive environment for URM students and provide future directions for scholars pursing diversity-related research agendas in health professions education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio A Bush
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Perdomo J, Tolliver D, Hsu H, He Y, Nash KA, Donatelli S, Mateo C, Akagbosu C, Alizadeh F, Power-Hays A, Rainer T, Zheng DJ, Kistin CJ, Vinci RJ, Michelson CD. Health Equity Rounds: An Interdisciplinary Case Conference to Address Implicit Bias and Structural Racism for Faculty and Trainees. MEDEDPORTAL : THE JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES 2019; 15:10858. [PMID: 32166114 PMCID: PMC7050660 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The medical community recognizes the importance of confronting structural racism and implicit bias to address health inequities. Several curricula aimed at teaching trainees about these issues are described in the literature. However, few curricula exist that engage faculty members as learners rather than teachers of these topics or target interdisciplinary audiences. METHODS We developed a longitudinal case conference curriculum called Health Equity Rounds (HER) to discuss and address the impact of structural racism and implicit bias on patient care. The curriculum engaged participants across training levels and disciplines on these topics utilizing case-based discussion, evidence-based exercises, and two relevant conceptual frameworks. It was delivered quarterly as part of a departmental case conference series. We evaluated HER's feasibility and acceptability by tracking conference attendance and administering postconference surveys. We analyzed quantitative survey data using descriptive statistics and qualitatively reviewed free-text comments. RESULTS We delivered seven 1-hour HER conferences at our institution from June 2016 to June 2018. A mean of 66 participants attended each HER. Most survey respondents (88% or more) indicated that HER promoted personal reflection on implicit bias, and 75% or more indicated that HER would impact their clinical practice. DISCUSSION HER provided a unique forum for practitioners across training levels to address structural racism and implicit bias. Our aim in dissemination is to provide meaningful tools for others to adapt at their own institutions, recognizing that HER should serve as a component of larger, multifaceted efforts to decrease structural racism and implicit bias in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Perdomo
- General Academic Pediatrics Fellow, Boston Children's Hospital
- Corresponding author:
| | - Destiny Tolliver
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
| | - Heather Hsu
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Yuan He
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
| | - Katherine A. Nash
- Instructor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
- Instructor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | - Camila Mateo
- Health Services Research Fellow, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Cynthia Akagbosu
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
| | - Faraz Alizadeh
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
| | - Alexandra Power-Hays
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
| | - Tyler Rainer
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
| | - Daniel J. Zheng
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
| | - Caroline J. Kistin
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Robert J. Vinci
- Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
- Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Catherine D. Michelson
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine
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Sukhera J, Wodzinski M, Rehman M, Gonzalez CM. The Implicit Association Test in health professions education: A meta-narrative review. PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 8:267-275. [PMID: 31535290 PMCID: PMC6820611 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-019-00533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Implicit bias is a growing area of interest among educators. Educational strategies used to elicit awareness of implicit biases commonly include the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Although the topic of implicit bias is gaining increased attention, emerging critique of the IAT suggests the need to subject its use to greater theoretical and empirical scrutiny. METHODS The authors employed a meta-narrative synthesis to review existing research on the use of the IAT in health professions education. Four databases were searched using key terms yielding 1151 titles. After title, abstract and full-text screening, 38 articles were chosen for inclusion. Coding and analysis of articles sought a meaningful synthesis of educational approaches relating to the IAT, and the assumptions and theoretical positions that informed these approaches. RESULTS Distinct, yet complementary, meta-narratives were found in the literature. The dominant perspective utilizes the IAT as a metric of implicit bias to evaluate the success of an educational activity. A contrasting narrative describes the IAT as a tool to promote awareness while triggering discussion and reflection. DISCUSSION Whether used as a tool to measure bias, raise awareness or trigger reflection, the use of the IAT provokes tension between distinct meta-narratives, posing a challenge to educators. Curriculum designers should consider the premise behind the IAT before using it, and be prepared to address potential reactions from learners such as defensiveness or criticism. Overall, findings suggest that educational approaches regarding implicit bias require critical reflexivity regarding assumptions, values and theoretical positioning related to the IAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Sukhera
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Michael Wodzinski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Cristina M Gonzalez
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, USA
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Phelan SM, Burke SE, Cunningham BA, Perry SP, Hardeman RR, Dovidio JF, Herrin J, Dyrbye LN, White RO, Yeazel MW, Onyeador IN, Wittlin NM, Harden K, van Ryn M. The Effects of Racism in Medical Education on Students' Decisions to Practice in Underserved or Minority Communities. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2019; 94:1178-1189. [PMID: 30920443 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000002719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between manifestations of racism in medical school and subsequent changes in graduating medical students' intentions to practice in underserved or minority communities, compared with their attitudes and intentions at matriculation. METHOD The authors used repeated-measures data from a longitudinal study of 3,756 students at 49 U.S. medical schools that were collected from 2010 to 2014. They conducted generalized linear mixed models to estimate whether manifestations of racism in school curricula/policies, school culture/climate, or student attitudes/behaviors predicted first- to fourth-year changes in students' intentions to practice in underserved communities or primarily with minority populations. Analyses were stratified by students' practice intentions (no/undecided/yes) at matriculation. RESULTS Students' more negative explicit racial attitudes were associated with decreased intention to practice with underserved or minority populations at graduation. Service learning experiences and a curriculum focused on improving minority health were associated with increased intention to practice in underserved communities. A curriculum focused on minority health/disparities, students' perceived skill at developing relationships with minority patients, the proportion of minority students at the school, and the perception of a tense interracial environment were all associated with increased intention to care for minority patients. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that racism manifested at multiple levels in medical schools was associated with graduating students' decisions to provide care in high-need communities. Strategies to identify and eliminate structural racism and its manifestations in medical school are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Phelan
- S.M. Phelan is associate professor, Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. S.E. Burke is assistant professor, Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York. B.A. Cunningham is assistant professor, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota. S.P. Perry is assistant professor, Departments of Psychology and Medical Social Sciences, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. R.R. Hardeman is assistant professor, Division of Health Policy & Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota. J.F. Dovidio is professor, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. J. Herrin is assistant professor, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. L.N. Dyrbye is professor, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. R.O. White is assistant professor, Department of Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida. M.W. Yeazel is professor, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. I.N. Onyeador is postdoctoral fellow, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. N.M. Wittlin is a PhD candidate, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. K. Harden is senior program coordinator, Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. M. van Ryn is distinguished professor, School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, and founder/president, Institute for Equity & Inclusion Sciences, Portland, Oregon
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Hordijk R, Hendrickx K, Lanting K, MacFarlane A, Muntinga M, Suurmond J. Defining a framework for medical teachers' competencies to teach ethnic and cultural diversity: Results of a European Delphi study. MEDICAL TEACHER 2019; 41:68-74. [PMID: 29490534 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2018.1439160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical students need to be trained in delivering diversity-responsive health care but unknown is what competencies teachers need. The aim of this study was to devise a framework of competencies for diversity teaching. METHODS An open-ended questionnaire about essential diversity teaching competencies was sent to a panel. This resulted in a list of 74 teaching competencies, which was sent in a second round to the panel for rating. The final framework of competencies was approved by the panel. RESULTS Thirty-four experts participated. The final framework consisted of 10 competencies that were seen as essential for all medical teachers: (1) ability to critically reflect on own values and beliefs; (2) ability to communicate about individuals in a nondiscriminatory, nonstereotyping way; (3) empathy for patients regardless of ethnicity, race or nationality; (4) awareness of intersectionality; (5) awareness of own ethnic and cultural background; (6) knowledge of ethnic and social determinants of physical and mental health of migrants; (7) ability to reflect with students on the social or cultural context of the patient relevant to the medical encounter; (8) awareness that teachers are role models in the way they talk about patients from different ethnic, cultural and social backgrounds; (9) empathy for students of diverse ethnic, cultural and social background; (10) ability to engage, motivate and let all students participate. CONCLUSIONS This framework of teaching competencies can be used in faculty development programs to adequately train all medical teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Hordijk
- a Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Kristin Hendrickx
- b Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Katja Lanting
- a Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeanine Suurmond
- a Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Gonzalez CM, Garba RJ, Liguori A, Marantz PR, McKee MD, Lypson ML. How to Make or Break Implicit Bias Instruction: Implications for Curriculum Development. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2018; 93:S74-S81. [PMID: 30365433 PMCID: PMC6211195 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000002386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze faculty experiences regarding facilitating discussions as part of the institution's curriculum on racial and ethnic implicit bias recognition and management. METHOD Between July 2014 and September 2016, the authors conducted 21 in-depth interviews with faculty who had experience teaching in implicit bias instruction or were interested in facilitating discussions related to implicit bias and the Implicit Association Test. Grounded theory methodology was used to analyze interview transcripts. RESULTS Participants identified challenges that affect their ability to facilitate instruction in implicit bias. Faculty described the influence of their own background and identities as well as the influence of institutional values on their ability to facilitate implicit bias discussions. They noted the impact of resistant learners and faculty during discussions and made suggestions for institutional measures including the need for implementation of formalized longitudinal implicit bias curricula and faculty development. CONCLUSIONS Faculty facilitating sessions on implicit bias must attend faculty development sessions to be equipped to deal with some of the challenges they may face. Buy-in from institutional leadership is essential for successful implementation of implicit bias teaching, and medical educators need to consider formalized longitudinal curricula addressing the recognition and management of implicit biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Gonzalez
- C.M. Gonzalez is associate professor of medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, scholar, Macy Faculty Scholars Program, and former scholar, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Amos Medical Faculty Development Program. R.J. Garba is a doctoral candidate, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. A. Liguori is research assistant, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. P.R. Marantz is associate dean for clinical education and professor, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. M.D. McKee is codirector and professor, Division of Research, Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. M.L. Lypson is director of medical and dental education, Office of Academic Affiliations, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, clinical professor of medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, and adjunct clinical professor of medicine and learning health sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranit Mishori
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
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Rockich-Winston N. Critical Race Theory for Pharmacy Diversity Curriculum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2018; 82:6929. [PMID: 29606716 PMCID: PMC5869758 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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